MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC

HA I CNG
I. TNH pH
1. Dung dch axit yu HA: pH = (log Ka + logCa) hoc pH = log( Ca) (1)
(Ca > 0,01M ; : in li ca axit)
2. Dung dch m (hn hp gm axit yu HA v mui NaA): pH = (log Ka + log
a
m
C
C
) (2)
3. Dung dch baz yu BOH: pH = 14 + (log Kb + logCb) (3)
II. TNH HIU SUT PHN NG TNG HP NH3 :
H% = 2 2
X
Y
M
M
(4) (X: hh ban u; Y: hh sau)
3
X
NH trong Y
Y
M
%V = ( - 1).100
M
(5)
- K: t l mol N2 v H2 l 1:3
HA V C
I. BI TON V CO2
1. Tnh lng kt ta khi hp th ht lng CO2 vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2
iu kin:


2
CO
n n
Cng thc:

-
2
CO
OH
n = n - n
(6)
2. Tnh lng kt ta khi hp th ht lng CO2 vo dung dch cha hn hp gm NaOH v Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2
iu kin:

2-
2
3
CO
CO
n n
Cng thc:
2- -
2
3
CO
CO OH
n = n - n
(7)
(Cn so snh
2-
3
CO
n
vi nCa v nBa tnh lng kt ta)
3. Tnh th tch CO2 cn hp th ht vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2 thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu
(Dng ny c 2 kt qu) Cng thc:
2
CO
n = n
(8) hoc 2 -
OH
CO
n = n - n
(9)
II. BI TON V NHM KM
1. Tnh lng NaOH cn cho vo dung dch Al
3+
thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu (Dng ny c 2 kt qu)
Cng thc:
OH
n = 3n
(10) hoc
3+
-
OH
Al
n = 4n - n
(11)
2. Tnh lng NaOH cn cho vo hn hp dung dch Al
3+
v H
+
thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu (Dng ny c 2 kt qu)

- +
min
OH H
n = 3n +n
(12)
3+

- +
max
OH H Al
n = 4n + n - n
(13)
3. Tnh lng HCl cn cho vo dung dch Na[Al(OH)4] (hoc NaAlO2) thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu
(Dng ny c 2 kt qu) Cng thc: +
H
n = n
(14) hoc
2

+
H
AlO
n = 4n - 3n
(15)
4. Tnh lng HCl cn cho vo hn hp dung dch NaOH v Na[Al(OH)4] (hoc NaAlO2) thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu
(Dng ny c 2 kt qu) Cng thc: +

+
-
H OH
n = n n
(16) hoc
2

+
+
H
AlO OH
n = 4n - 3n n
(17)
5. Tnh lng NaOH cn cho vo dung dch Zn
2+
thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu (Dng ny c 2 kt qu):

-
OH
n = 2n
(18) hoc

-
2+
OH
Zn
n = 4n - 2n
(19)
III. BI TON V HNO3
1. Kim loi tc dng vi HNO3 d
a. Tnh lng kim loi tc dng vi HNO3 d:
. .
KL KL spk spk
n i n i
(20)
- iKL=ha tr kim loi trong mui nitrat - isp kh: s e m N
+5
nhn vo (Vd: iNO=5-2=3)
- Nu c Fe d tc dng vi HNO3 th s to mui Fe
2+
, khng to mui Fe
3+
b. Tnh khi lng mui nitrat thu c khi cho hn hp kim loi tc dng vi HNO3 d (Sn phm khng c NH4NO3)
Cng thc: mMui = mKim loi + 62nsp kh . isp kh = mKim loi + 62( )
2 2 2
NO NO N O N
3n +n +8n +10n
(21)
-
-
3
NO
M = 62
c. Tnh lng mui nitrat thu c khi cho hn hp st v oxit st tc dng vi HNO3 d (Sn phm khng c NH4NO3)
mMui = ( )
hh spk spk
242
m +8 n .i
80
=
2 2 2
) 1 + +
]
hh NO NO N O N
242
m +8(3n +n 8n 10n
80
(22)
d. Tnh s mol HNO3 tham gia:

3 2 2 2 4 3
HNO NO NO N N O NH NO
= n .(i +s N ) =
spk sp kh trongsp kh
n 4n +2n +12n +10n +10n
(23)
2. Tnh khi lng kim loi ban u trong bi ton oxh 2 ln
R + O2 hn hp A (R d v oxit ca R)
+

3
HNO
R(NO3)n + SP Kh + H2O
mR= ( )
.
hh spk spk
M
m +8. n i
80
R
= ) 1 + +
] 2 2 4 3 2
hh NO NO N O NH NO N
M
m +8(n 3n 8n +8n +10n
80
R
(24)
IV. BI TON V H2SO4
1. Kim loi tc dng vi H2SO4 c, nng d
GV Nguyn Trung Kin (st) 1
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
a. Tnh khi lng mui sunfat mMui =
96
m + n .i
KL spk spk
2
=
m + 96(3.n +n +4n )
KL S SO H S
2 2
(25)
a. Tnh lng kim loi tc dng vi H2SO4 c, nng d:
. .
KL KL spk spk
n i n i
(26)
b. Tnh s mol axit tham gia phn ng:
2

2 4 2 2
H SO S SO H S
i
sp kh
= n .( +s S )=
spk trongsp kh
n 4n +2n +5n (27)
2. Hn hp st v oxit st tc dng vi H2SO4 c, nng d
mMui =
400
160
_

,
2
2
H S
m + 8.6n +8.2n +8.8n
hh S SO
(28)
3. Tnh khi lng kim loi ban u trong bi ton oxh 2 ln
R + O2 hn hp A (R d v oxit ca R)
2 4
+

dac
H SO
R(SO4)n + SP Kh + H2O
mR= ( )
.
hh spk spk
M
m +8. n i
80
R
= 6 10 ) 1 + +
] 2 2
hh SO S H S
M
m +8(2n n n
80
R
(29)
- n gin: nu l Fe: m
Fe
= 0,7m
hh
+ 5,6n
e trao i
; nu l Cu: m
Cu
= 0,8.m
hh
+ 6,4.n
e trao i
(30)
V. KIM LOI (R) TC DNG VI HCl, H2SO4 TO MUI V GII PHNG H2
tng (gim) khi lng dung dch phn ng ( m) s l:
2
KL H
m= m - m
(31)
Kim loi R (Ha tr x) tc dng vi axit thng: nR.x=2nH2 (32)
1. Kim loi + HCl Mui clorua + H2
2
clorua KLp H muoi
m =m +71.n
(33)
2. Kim loi + H2SO4 long Mui sunfat + H2
2
sunfat KLp H muoi
m =m +96.n
(34)
VI. MUI TC DNG VI AXIT: (C th chng minh cc CT bng phng php tng gim khi lng)
1. Mui cacbonat + ddHCl Mui clorua + CO2 + H2O
2
CO muoi clorua muoi cacbonat
m =m +(71-60).n
(35)
2. Mui cacbonat + H2SO4 long Mui sunfat + CO2 + H2O
2
CO muoi sunfat muoi cacbonat
m =m +(96-60)n
(36)
3. Mui sunfit + ddHCl Mui clorua + SO2 + H2O
2
SO muoi clorua muoi sunfit
m =m -(80-71)n
(37)
4. Mui sunfit + ddH2SO4 long Mui sunfat + SO2 + H2O
2
SO muoi sunfat muoi sunfit
m =m +(96-80)n
(38)
VII. OXIT TC DNG VI AXIT TO MUI + H2O:
c th xem phn ng l: [O]+ 2[H] H2O


2
O/ oxit O/ H O H
1
n = n = n
2
(39)
1. Oxit + ddH2SO4 long Mui sunfat + H2O
2 4
oxit H SO muoi sunfat
m =m +80n
(40)
2. Oxit + ddHCl Mui clorua + H2O
2
oxit H O oxit HCl muoi clorua
m =m +55n =m +27,5n
(41)
VIII. CC PHN NG NHIT LUYN
1. Oxit tc dng vi cht kh
TH 1. Oxit + CO : RxOy + yCO

xR + yCO2 (1) R l nhng kim loi sau Al.

Phn ng (1) c th vit gn nh sau: [O]oxit + CO

CO2
TH 2. Oxit + H2 : RxOy + yH2

xR + yH2O (2) R l nhng kim loi sau Al.

Phn ng (2) c th vit gn nh sau: [O]oxit + H2

H2O
TH 3. Oxit + Al (phn ng nhit nhm) : 3RxOy + 2yAl

3xR + yAl2O3 (3)

Phn ng (3) c th vit gn nh sau: 3[O]oxit + 2Al

Al2O3
C 3 trng hp c CT chung:
n = n = n = n =n
[O]/oxit CO H CO H O
2 2 2
m = m - m
R oxit [O]/oxit
(42)
2. Th tch kh thu c khi cho hn hp sn phm sau phn ng nhit nhm (Al + FexOy) tc dng vi HNO3:
( )
x y
spk
kh Al Fe O
i
n = [3n + 3x - 2y n ]
3
(43)
3. Tnh lng Ag sinh ra khi cho a(mol) Fe vo b(mol) AgNO3; ta so snh:
3a>b nAg =b 3a<b nAg =3a (44)
GV Nguyn Trung Kin (st) 2
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
HA HU C
1. Tnh s lin kt ca CxHyOzNtClm:

i i
2 + n .(x - 2) 2 + 2x + t - y - m
k = =
2 2
(n: s nguyn t; x: ha tr) (45)
k=0: ch c lk n k=1: 1 lk i = 1 vng k=2: 1 lk ba=2 lk i = 2 vng
2. Da vo phn ng chy:
S C =
2
CO
A
n
n
S H=
2
H O
A
2n
n
2 2
Ankan(Ancol) H O CO
n = n - n
2 2
Ankin CO H O
n = n - n
(46)
* Lu : A l CxHy hoc CxHyOz mch h, khi chy cho:
2 2
CO H O A
n - n = k.n
th A c s = (k+1)
3. Tnh s ng phn ca:
- Ancol no, n chc (CnH2n+1OH): 2
n-2
(1<n<6) (47)
- Anehit n chc, no (CnH2nO) : 2
n-3
(2<n<7) (48)
- Axit no n chc, mch h CnH2nO2 2
n 3
(2<n<7) (49)
- Este no, n chc (CnH2nO2): 2
n-2
(1<n<5) (50)
- Amin n chc, no (CnH2n+3N): 2
n-1
(1<n<5) (51)
- Ete n chc, no (CnH2n+2O): (n-1)(n-2) (2<n<5) (52)
- Xeton n chc, no (CnH2nO): (n-2)(n-3) (3<n<7) (53)
4. S Trieste to bi glixerol v n axit bo n
2
(n+1) (54)
5. Tnh s n peptit ti a to bi x amino axit khc nhau x
n
(55)
6. Tnh s ete to bi n ancol n chc: n(n+1) (56)
7. S nhm este =
NaOH
este
n
n
(57)
8. Amino axit A c CTPT (NH2)x-R-(COOH)y
HCl
A
n
x =
n
NaOH
A
n
y =
n
(58)
GV Nguyn Trung Kin (st) 3
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
MT S CNG THC GII NHANH BI TI TRC NGHIM HA HC
C v d minh ha
1. Cng thc tnh s ng phn ancol n chc no, mch h : C
n
H
2n+2
O
2
S ng phn C
n
H
2n+2
O
2
= 2
n- 2

( 1 < n < 6 )
V d : S ng phn ca ancol c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
3
H
8
O = 2
3-2
= 2
b. C
4
H
10
O = 2
4-2
= 4
c. C
5
H
12
O = 2
5-2
= 8
2. Cng thc tnh s ng phn anehit n chc no, mch h : C
n
H
2n
O
S ng phn C
n
H
2n
O = 2
n- 3

( 2 < n < 7 )
V d : S ng phn ca anehit n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
4
H
8
O = 2
4-3
= 2
b. C
5
H
10
O = 2
5-3
= 4
c. C
6
H
12
O = 2
6-3
= 8
3. Cng thc tnh s ng phn axit cacboxylic n chc no, mch h : C
n
H
2n
O
2
S ng phn C
n
H
2n
O
2
= 2
n- 3

( 2 < n < 7 )
V d : S ng phn ca axit cacboxylic n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
4
H
8
O
2
= 2
4-3
= 2
b. C
5
H
10
O
2
= 2
5-3
= 4
c. C
6
H
12
O
2
= 2
6-3
= 8
4. Cng thc tnh s ng phn este n chc no, mch h : C
n
H
2n
O
2
S ng phn C
n
H
2n
O
2
= 2
n- 2

( 1 < n < 5 )
V d : S ng phn ca este n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
2
H
4
O
2
= 2
2-2
= 1
b. C
3
H
6
O
2
= 2
3-2
= 2
c. C
4
H
8
O
2
= 2
4-2
= 4
5. Cng thc tnh s ng phn ete n chc no, mch h : C
n
H
2n+2
O
S ng phn C
n
H
2n+2
O =
2
) 2 ).( 1 ( n n

( 2 < n < 5 )
V d : S ng phn ca ete n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
3
H
8
O =
2
) 2 3 ).( 1 3 (
= 1
b. C
4
H
10
O =
2
) 2 4 ).( 1 4 (
= 3
c. C
5
H
12
O =
2
) 2 5 ).( 1 5 (
= 6
6. Cng thc tnh s ng phn xeton n chc no, mch h : C
n
H
2n
O
S ng phn C
n
H
2n
O =
2
) 3 ).( 2 ( n n

( 3 < n < 7 )
V d : S ng phn ca xeton n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
4
H
8
O =
2
) 3 4 ).( 2 4 (
= 1
b. C
5
H
10
O =
2
) 3 5 ).( 2 5 (
= 3
c. C
6
H
12
O =
2
) 3 6 ).( 2 6 (
= 6
7. Cng thc tnh s ng phn amin n chc no, mch h : C
n
H
2n+3
N
S ng phn C
n
H
2n+3
N = 2
n-1

( n < 5 )
V d : S ng phn ca anin n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
2
H
7
N = 2
2-1

= 1
b. C
3
H
9
N = 2
3-1

= 3
c. C
4
H
12
N = 2
4-1

= 6
GV Nguyn Trung Kin (st) 4
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
8. Cng thc tnh s trieste ( triglixerit ) to bi glixerol v hn hp n axt bo :
S tri este =
2
) 1 (
2
+ n n


V d : un nng hn hp gm glixerol vi 2 axit bo l axit panmitic v axit stearic ( xc tc H
2
SO
4 c
)
th thu c bao nhiu trieste ?
S trieste =
2
) 1 2 ( 2
2
+
= 6
9. Cng thc tnh s ng phn ete to bi hn hp n ancol n chc :
S ete =
2
) 1 ( + n n


V d : un nng hn hp gm 2 ancol n chc no vi H
2
SO
4 c
140
0
c c hn hp bao nhiu ete ?
S ete =
2
) 1 2 ( 2 +
= 3
10. Cng thc tnh s C ca ancol no, ete no hoc ca ankan da vo phn ng chy :
S C ca ancol no hoc ankan =
2 2
2
CO O H
CO
n n
n

( Vi n
H
2
O
> n
CO
2
)
V d 1 : t chy mt lng ancol no n chc A c 15,4 gam CO
2
v 9,45 gam H
2
O . Tm cng
thc phn t ca A ?
S C ca ancol no =
2 2
2
CO O H
CO
n n
n

=
35 , 0 525 , 0
35 , 0

= 2
Vy A c cng thc phn t l C
2
H
6
O
V d 2: t chy hon ton mt lng hirocacbon A thu c 26,4 gam CO
2
v 16,2 gam H
2
O . Tm
cng thc phn t ca A ?
( Vi n
H
2
O
= 0,7 mol > n
CO
2
= 0,6 mol ) => A l ankan
S C ca ankan =
2 2
2
CO O H
CO
n n
n

=
6 , 0 7 , 0
6 , 0

= 6
Vy A c cng thc phn t l C
6
H
14
11. Cng thc tnh khi lng ancol n chc no hoc hn hp ankan n chc notheo khi lng CO
2
v
khi lng H
2
O :
m
ancol
= m
H
2
O
-
11
2
CO
m


V d : Khi t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol n chc no, mch h thu c 2,24 lt CO
2
( ktc ) v 7,2 gam H
2
O. Tnh khi lng ca ancol ?
m
ancol
= m
H
2
O
-
11
2
CO
m

= 7,2

-
11
4 , 4

= 6,8
12. Cng thc tnh s i, tri, tetra..n peptit ti a to bi hn hp gm x amino axit khc nhau :
S n peptit
max
= x
n

V d : C ti a bao nhiu ipeptit, tripeptit thu c t hn hp gm 2 amino axit l glyxin v
alanin ?
S ipeptit = 2
2
= 4
S tripeptit = 2
3
= 8
13. Cng thc tnh khi lng amino axit A( cha n nhm -NH
2
v m nhm COOH ) khi cho amino axit ny
vo dung dch cha a mol HCl, sau cho dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi b mol NaOH.
m
A
= M
A

m
a b
V d : Cho m gam glyxin vo dung dch cha 0,3 mol HCl . Dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va
vi 0,5 mol NaOH. Tm m ? ( M
glyxin
= 75 )
m = 75
1
3 , 0 5 , 0
= 15 gam
GV Nguyn Trung Kin (st) 5
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
14. Cng thc tnh khi lng amino axit A( cha n nhm -NH
2
v m nhm COOH ) khi cho amino axit ny
vo dung dch cha a mol NaOH, sau cho dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi b mol HCl.
m
A
= M
A

n
a b
V d : Cho m gam alanin vo dung dch cha 0,375 mol NaOH . Dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va
vi 0,575 mol HCl . Tm m ? ( M
alanin
= 89 )
m
A
= 89
1
375 , 0 575 , 0
= 17,8 gam
15. Cng thc xc nh cng thc phn t ca mt anken da vo phn t khi ca hn hp anken v H
2
trc v sau khi dn qua bt Ni nung nng.
Anken ( M
1
) + H
2

c t Ni
o
,
A (M
2
) ( phn ng hiro ha anken hon ton )
S n ca anken (C
n
H
2n
) =
) ( 14
) 2 (
1 2
1 2
M M
M M

V d : Cho X l hn hp gm olefin M v H
2
, c t khi hi so vi H
2
l 5 . Dn X qua bt Ni nung
nng phn ng xy ra hon ton c hn hp hi Y c t khi so vi H
2
l 6,25 .
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca M.
M
1
= 10 v M
2
= 12,5
Ta c : n =
) 10 5 , 12 ( 14
10 ) 2 5 , 12 (

= 3
M c cng thc phn t l C
3
H
6
16. Cng thc xc nh cng thc phn t ca mt ankin da vo phn t khi ca hn hp ankin v H
2
trc v sau khi dn qua bt Ni nung nng.
Ankin ( M
1
) + H
2

c t Ni
o
,
A (M
2
) ( phn ng hiro ha ankin hon ton )
S n ca ankin (C
n
H
2n-2
) =
) ( 14
) 2 ( 2
1 2
1 2
M M
M M

17. Cng thc tnh hiu sut phn ng hiro ha anken.

H% = 2- 2
My
Mx
18. Cng thc tnh hiu sut phn ng hiro ha anehit no n chc.
H% = 2- 2
My
Mx
19. Cng thc tnh % ankan A tham gia phn ng tch.
%A =
X
A
M
M
- 1
20. Cng thc xc nh phn t ankan A da vo phn ng tch.
M
A
= X
A
hhX
M
V
V

21. Cng thc tnh khi lng mui clorua khi cho kim loi tc dng vi dung dch HCl gii phng kh H
2
m
Mui clorua
= m
KL
+ 71. n
H
2
V d : Cho 10 gam hn hp kim loi gm Mg, Al, Zn tc dng vi dung dch HCl thu c 22,4 lt kh
H
2
( ktc). Tnh khi lng mui thu c .
m
Mui clorua
= m
KL
+ 71 n
H
2
= 10 + 71. 1 = 81 gam
22. Cng thc tnh khi lng mui sunfat khi cho kim loi tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long gii phng
kh H
2
m
Mui sunfat
= m
KL
+ 96. n
H
2
V d : Cho 10 gam hn hp kim loi gm Mg, Al, Zn tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long thu c
2,24 lt kh H
2
( ktc). Tnh khi lng mui thu c .
m
Mui Sunfat
= m
KL
+ 96. n
H
2
= 10 + 96. 0,1 = 29,6 gam
23. Cng thc tnh khi lng mui sunphat khi cho kim loi tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
c to sn phm
kh SO
2
, S, H
2
S v H
2
O
GV Nguyn Trung Kin (st) 6
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
m
Mui sunft
= m
KL
+
2
96
.( 2n
SO
2
+ 6 n
S
+ 8n
H
2
S
) = m
KL
+96.( n
SO
2
+ 3 n
S
+ 4n
H
2
S
)
* Lu : Sn phm kh no khng c th b qua
* n
H
2
SO
4
= 2n
SO
2
+ 4 n
S
+ 5n
H
2
S
24. Cng thc tnh khi lng mui nitrat khi cho kim loi tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
gii phng kh :
NO
2
,NO,N
2
O, N
2
,NH
4
NO
3
m
Mui Nitrat
= m
KL
+ 62( n
NO
2

+ 3n
NO
+ 8n
N
2
O
+10n
N
2

) + 80n
NH
4
NO
3
* Lu : Sn phm kh no khng c th b qua
* n
HNO
3
= 2n
NO
2
+ 4 n
NO
+ 10n
N
2
O
+12n
N
2

+ 10n
NH
4
NO
3
25. Cng thc tnh khi lng mui clorua khi cho mui cacbonat tc dng vi dung dch HCl

gii phng
kh CO
2
v H
2
O
m
Mui clorua
= m
Mui cacbonat
+ 11. n
CO
2
26. Cng thc tnh khi lng mui sunfat khi cho mui cacbonat tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4 long
gii
phng kh CO
2
v H
2
O
m
Mui sunfat
= m
Mui cacbonat
+ 36. n
CO
2
27. Cng thc tnh khi lng mui clorua khi cho mui sunfit tc dng vi dung dch HCl

gii phng kh
SO
2
v H
2
O
m
Mui clorua
= m
Mui sunfit
- 9. n
SO
2
28. Cng thc tnh khi lng mui sunfat khi cho mui cacbonat tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4 long
gii
phng kh CO
2
v H
2
O
m
Mui sunfat
= m
Mui cacbonat
+ 16. n
SO
2
29. Cng thc tnh s mol oxi khi cho oxit tc dng vi dung dch axit to mui v H
2
O
n
O (Oxit)
= n
O ( H
2
O)
=
2
1
n
H
+
( Axit)
30. Cng thc tnh khi lng mui sunfat khi cho oxit kim loi tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4 long
to mui
sunfat v H
2
O
Oxit + dd H
2
SO
4
long Mui sunfat + H
2
O
m
Mui sunfat
= m
Oxit
+ 80 n
H
2
SO
4
31. Cng thc tnh khi lng mui clorua khi cho oxit kim loi tc dng vi dung dch HCl to mui clorua
v H
2
O
Oxit + dd HCl Mui clorua + H
2
O
m
Mui clorua
= m
Oxit
+ 27,5 n
HCl
32. Cng thc tnh khi lng kim loi khi cho oxit kim loi tc dng vi cc cht kh nh: CO, H
2
, Al, C
m
KL
= m
oxit
m
O ( Oxit)
n
O (Oxit)
= n
CO
= n
H
2
= n
CO
2

= n
H
2
O
33. Cng thc tnh s mol kim loi khi cho kim loi tc dng vi H
2
O, axit, dung dch baz kim, dung dch
NH
3
gii phng hiro.
n
K L
=
a
2
n
H
2

vi a l ha tr ca kim loi
V d: Cho kim loi kim tc dng vi H
2
O:
2M + 2H
2
O

2MOH + H
2
n
K L
= 2n
H
2

= n
OH

34. Cng thc tnh lng kt ta xut hin khi hp th ht mt lng CO

2
vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
hoc
Ba(OH)
2
.
n
kt ta
= n
OH

- n
CO
2

( vi

n
kt ta

n
CO
2

hoc cho dd baz phn ng ht )
V d : Hp th ht 11,2 lt CO
2
(ktc ) vo 350 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
1M. Tnh kt ta thu c.
Ta c : n
CO
2
= 0,5 mol
n
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,35 mol => n
OH

= 0,7 mol
GV Nguyn Trung Kin (st) 7
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
n
kt ta
= n
OH

- n
CO
2
= 0,7 0,5 = 0,2 mol
m
kt ta
= 0,2 . 197 = 39,4 ( g )
35. Cng thc tnh lng kt ta xut hin khi hp th ht mt lng CO
2
vo dung dch cha hn hp gm
NaOH, Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
.
Tnh n
CO
2
3
= n
OH

- n
CO
2

ri so snh n
Ca
+ 2

hoc n
Ba
+ 2

xem cht no phn ng ht
suy ra n
kt ta
( iu kin n
CO
2
3

n
CO
2
)
V d 1 : Hp th ht 6,72 lt CO
2
( ktc) vo 300 ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,1 M v Ba(OH)
2
0,6 M. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c .
n
CO
2
= 0,3 mol
n
NaOH
= 0,03 mol
n
Ba(OH)2
= 0,18 mol
=> n
OH

= 0,39 mol
n
CO
2
3
= n
OH

- n
CO
2

= 0,39- 0,3 = 0,09 mol
M n
Ba
+ 2

= 0,18 mol nn n
kt ta
= n
CO
2
3
= 0,09 mol
m
kt ta
= 0,09 . 197 = 17,73 gam
V d 2 : Hp th ht 0,448 lt CO
2
( ktc) vo 100 ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,06 M v
Ba(OH)
2
0,12 M thu c m gam kt ta . Tnh m ? ( TSH 2009 khi A )
A. 3,94 B. 1,182 C. 2,364 D. 1,97
n
CO
2
= 0,02 mol
n
NaOH
= 0,006 mol
n
Ba(OH)2
= 0,012 mol
=> n
OH

= 0,03 mol
n
CO
2
3
= n
OH

- n
CO
2

= 0,03 - 0,02 = 0,01 mol
M n
Ba
+ 2

= 0,012 mol nn n
kt ta
= n
CO
2
3
= 0,01 mol
m
kt ta
= 0,01 . 197 = 1,97 gam
36. Cng thc tnh th tch CO
2
cn hp th ht vo mt dung dch Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
thu c mt
lng kt ta theo yu cu .
Ta c hai kt qu :
- n
CO
2
= n
kt ta
- n
CO
2
= n
OH

- n
kt ta
V d : Hp th ht V lt CO
2
( ktc) vo 300 ml dung dch v Ba(OH)
2
1 M thu c 19,7 gam kt ta .
Tnh V ?
Gii
- n
CO
2
= n
kt ta
= 0,1 mol => V
CO
2
= 2,24 lt
- n
CO
2
= n
OH

- n
kt ta
= 0,6 0,1 = 0,5 => V
CO
2
= 11,2 lt
37. Cng thc tnh th tch dung dch NaOH cn cho vo dung dch Al
3+

xut hin mt lng kt ta theo
yu cu .
Ta c hai kt qu :
- n
OH

= 3.n
kt ta
- n
OH

= 4. n
Al
+ 3
- n
kt ta
V d : Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch NaOH 1M vo dung dch cha 0,5 mol AlCl
3
c 31,2 gam
kt ta .
Gii
Ta c hai kt qu :
n
OH

= 3.n
kt ta
= 3. 0,4 = 1,2 mol => V = 1,2 lt
n
OH

= 4. n
Al
+ 3
- n
kt ta
= 4. 0,5 0,4 = 1,6 mol => V = 1,6 lt
GV Nguyn Trung Kin (st) 8
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
38. Cng thc tnh th tch dung dch NaOH cn cho vo hn hp dung dch Al
3+

v H
+
xut hin mt
lng kt ta theo yu cu .
Ta c hai kt qu :
- n
OH

( min )
= 3.n
kt ta
+ n
H
+
- n
OH

( max )
= 4. n
Al
+ 3
- n
kt ta
+ n
H
+
V d : Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch NaOH 1M ln nht vo dung dch cha ng thi 0,6 mol AlCl
3
v 0,2 mol HCl c 39 gam kt ta .
Gii
n
OH

( max )
= 4. n
Al
+ 3
- n
kt ta
+ n
H
+

= 4. 0,6 - 0,5 + 0,2 =2,1 mol => V = 2,1 lt
39. Cng thc tnh th tch dung dch HCl cn cho vo dung dch NaAlO
2
hoc Na[ ]
4
) (OH Al xut hin
mt lng kt ta theo yu cu .
Ta c hai kt qu :
- n
H
+

= n
kt ta

- n
H
+

= 4. n
AlO

2
- 3. n
kt ta
V d : Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch HCl 1M vo dung dch cha 0,7 mol NaAlO
2
hoc Na
[ ]
4
) (OH Al thu c 39 gam kt ta .
Gii
Ta c hai kt qu :
n
H
+

= n
kt ta
= 0,5 mol => V = 0,5 lt
n
H
+

= 4. n
AlO

2
- 3. n
kt ta
= 4.0,7 3.0,5 = 1,3 mol => V = 1,3 lt
40. Cng thc tnh th tch dung dch HCl cn cho vo hn hp dung dch NaOH v NaAlO
2
hoc Na
[ ]
4
) (OH Al xut hin mt lng kt ta theo yu cu.
Ta c hai kt qu :
n
H
+

= n
kt ta
+ n
OH

n
H
+

= 4. n
AlO

2
- 3. n
kt ta
+ n
OH

V d : Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch HCl 1M cc i vo dung dch cha ng thi 0,1 mol NaOH
v 0,3 mol NaAlO
2
hoc Na[ ]
4
) (OH Al thu c 15,6 gam kt ta .
Ta c hai kt qu :
n
H
+
(max)
= 4. n
AlO

2
- 3. n
kt ta
+ n
OH

= 4.0,3 3.0,2 + 01 = 0,7 mol => V = 0,7 lt

41. Cng thc tnh th tch dung dch NaOH cn cho vo hn hp dung dch Zn
2+

xut hin mt lng kt
ta theo yu cu .
Ta c hai kt qu :
n
OH

( min )
= 2.n
kt ta

n
OH

( max )
= 4. n
Zn
+ 2
- 2.n
kt ta
V d : Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 1M cn cho vo 200 ml dung dch ZnCl
2
2M c 29,7 gam
kt ta.
Ta c n
Zn
+ 2

= 0,4 mol
n
kt ta
= 0,3 mol
p dng CT 41 .
n
OH

( min )
= 2.n
kt ta
= 2.0,3= 0,6 =>V
ddNaOH
= 0,6 lt
n
OH

( max )
= 4. n
Zn
+ 2
- 2.n
kt ta
= 4.0,4 2.0,3 = 1 mol =>V
ddNaOH
= 1lt
42. Cng thc tnh khi lng mui thu c khi cho hn hp st v cc oxt st tc dng vi HNO
3
long d
gii phng kh NO.
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
)
V d : Ha tan ht 11,36 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
trong dung dch HNO
3
long d
thu c m gam mui v 1,344 lt kh NO ( ktc ) l sn phm kh duy nht . Tm m ?.
GV Nguyn Trung Kin (st) 9
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
Gii
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
) =
80
242
( 11,36 + 24 .0,06 ) = 38,72 gam
43. Cng thc tnh khi lng mui thu c khi ha tan ht hn hp st v cc oxt st bng HNO
3
c nng,
d gii phng kh NO
2
.
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 8 n
NO
2
)
V d : Ha tan ht 6 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
trong HNO
3
c nng, d thu c
3,36 lt kh NO
2
(ktc ). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan.
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 8 n
NO
2
) =
80
242
( 6 + 8 .0,15 ) = 21,78 gam
44. Cng thc tnh khi lng mui thu c khi ha tan ht hn hp st v cc oxt st bng HNO
3
d gii
phng kh NO v NO
2
.
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 24. n
NO
+ 8. n
NO
2
)
V d : Ha tan ht 7 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
trong HNO
3
d thu c 1,792 lt
(ktc ) kh X gm NO v NO
2
v m gam mui . Bit d
X/H
2
= 19. Tnh m ?
Ta c : n
NO
= n
NO
2
= 0,04 mol
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
+ 8 n
NO
2
) =
80
242
( 7+ 24.0,04 + 8.0,04 )= 25,047 gam
45. Cng thc tnh khi lng mui thu c khi ha tan ht hn hp Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng H
2
SO
4
c,
nng, d gii phng kh SO
2
.
m
Mui
=
160
400
( m
hn hp
+ 16.n
SO
2
)
V d : Ha tan ht 30 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng H
2
SO
4
c nng, d thu c
11,2 lt kh SO
2
(ktc ). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan.
m
Mui
=
160
400
( m
hn hp
+ 16.n
SO
2
) =
160
400
( 30 + 16.0,5 ) = 95 gam
46. Cng thc tnh khi lng st dng ban u, bit oxi ha lng st ny bng oxi c hn hp rn X .
Ha tan ht X vi HNO
3
long d gii phng kh NO.
m
Fe
=
80
56
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
)
V d : t m gam st trong oxi thu c 3 gam cht rn X . Ha tan ht X vi HNO
3
long d gii
phng 0,56 lt kh NO ( ktc) . Tm m ?
m
Fe
=
80
56
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
) =
80
56
( 3 + 0,025 ) = 2,52 gam
47. Cng thc tnh khi lng st dng ban u, bit oxi ha lng st ny bng oxi c hn hp rn X .
Ha tan ht X vi HNO
3
c , nng ,d gii phng kh NO
2
.
m
Fe
=
80
56
( m
hn hp
+ 8 n
NO
2
)
V d : t m gam st trong oxi thu c 10 gam hn hp cht rn X . Ha tan ht X vi HNO
3
c
nng, d gii phng 10,08 lt kh NO
2
( ktc) . Tm m ?
m
Fe
=
80
56
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
2
) =
80
56
( 10 + 8. 0,45 ) = 9,52 gam
51. Cng thc tnh hiu sut phn ng tng hp NH
3
H% = 2 - 2
Y
X
M
M

vi M
X
: hn hp gm N
2
v H
2
ban u ( t l 1:3 )
M
Y
: hn hp sau phn ng
V d : Tin hnh tng hp NH
3
t hn hp X gm N
2
v H
2
c t khi hi so vi H
2
l 4,25 thu c
hn hp Y c t khi hi so vi H
2
l 6,8. Tnh hiu sut tng hp NH
3
.
Ta c : n
N
2
: n
H
2
= 1:3
GV Nguyn Trung Kin (st) 10
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
H% = 2 - 2
Y
X
M
M
= 2 - 2
6 , 13
5 , 8
= 75 %
GV Nguyn Trung Kin (st) 11