B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC M TP.

H CH MINH

TI LIU HNG DN HC TP

THANH TON QUC T

Bin son: PGS. TS. Trn Hong ngn ThS. V Th Tuyt Anh ThS. Hong Th Minh Ngc ThS. Trn Phng Tho CN. Phan Chung Thu CN. Nguyn Tin Dng Ch bin: PGS. TS. Trn Hong Ngn

THNH PH H CH MINH 2009

MC LC

BI GII THIU .................................................................................... 5

Bi 1: I. II.

T GI HI OI

Khi nim ....................................................................................... 10 Phng php biu th t gi (Yt gi Quotation) ........................ 10

III. Mt s quy c trong giao dch hi oi quc t ........................... 11 IV. Xc nh t gi theo phng php tnh cho .................................. 13 V. C ch xc nh t gi hi oi ...................................................... 18 VI. Nhng nhn t nh hng n s bin ng ca t gi hi oi ................................................................................................. 20 VII. Cc loi t gi hi oi ................................................................... 23 Cu hi n tp ........................................................................................ 24

Bi 2: I. II.

TH TRNG HI OI

Khi nim ....................................................................................... 15 c im th trng hi oi .......................................................... 26

III. i tng tham gia th trng hi oi .......................................... 26 IV. Phng thc giao dch .................................................................... 27 Cu hi n tp ........................................................................................ 28

Bi 3:

CC NGHIP V HI OI & TH TRNG GIAO SAU, TIN GI NGOI T

I. II.

Cc nghip v hi oi ................................................................... 30 Th trng giao sau.......................................................................... 38

III. Th trng tin gi ngoi t ............................................................. 40 Bi c thm: C ch t gi hi oi ca Vit Nam .............................. 42 Cu hi n tp ........................................................................................ 45

Bi 4: I. II. III. IV. V. VI.

HI PHIU C s php l ca Hi phiu ........................................................ 47 Khi nim ..................................................................................... 48 c m ca Hi phiu ................................................................ 50 Ni dung ca Hi phiu .............................................................. 50 Chp nhn Hi phiu ................................................................... 51 K hu Hi phiu ......................................................................... 51

VII. Bo lnh Hi phiu ...................................................................... 52 VIII. Khng ngh ................................................................................... 52 IX. Chit khu Hi phiu ................................................................... 53

Cu hi n tp ........................................................................................ 55

Bi 5:

CHEQUE & TH THANH TON

I. II.

Sc .................................................................................................. 58 Th ngn hng ................................................................................ 60

Cu hi n tp ........................................................................................ 66

Bi 6: I. II.

PHNG THC CHUYN TIN V GHI S

Phng thc chuyn tin ............................................................... 68 Phng thc ghi s ......................................................................... 71

Cu hi n tp ........................................................................................ 72

Bi 7: I. II.

PHNG THC THANH TON NH THU

Khi nim chung v nh thu .......................................................... 74 Cc loi nh thu .............................................................................. 74

III. Nhng c im cn ch khi p dng phng thc nh thu ....... 83 Cu hi n tp ........................................................................................ 84

Bi 8: I. II.

PHNG THC GIAO CHNG T NHN TIN

Khi nim ....................................................................................... 86 Quy trnh thanh ton ....................................................................... 86

Cu hi n tp ........................................................................................ 89

Bi 9:

PHNG THC THANH TON TN DNG CHNG T

I. II.

S lc v ICC UCP No.500 1993 .......................................... 91 Khi nim ....................................................................................... 92 t ..................................................................................................... 93

III. Quy trnh tin hnh nghip v phng thc tn dng chng IV. Nhng ni dung quan trng khi kim tra chng t ...................... 121 V. Cc loi th tn dng .................................................................... 123 Cu hi n tp ...................................................................................... 126

BI GII THIU

Mn hc Thanh ton quc t l mn hc nghip v ca chuyn nghnh Ngoi thng, Ti chnh Ngn hng v l mn b tr ca cc chuyn ngnh khc. Mn hc c nhiu ni dung phong ph, hu ch v gn vi thc t kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip, mang tnh thi s cao. Hc vin c th tm hiu v gii thch cc hin tng kinh t trong x hi, lin quan n t gi hi oi trn th trng ti chnh quc t v Vit Nam. Hc vin c trang b nhng kin thc c bn v cc phng tin v hnh thc thanh ton quc t, gip hc vin c iu kin thc hin cc hp ng thng mi quc t, thanh ton giao dch quc t. Mn hc c tnh ng dng cao trong kinh doanh xut nhp khu, kinh doanh tin t v hot ng ngn hng.

1.

Mc tiu mn hc Thanh ton quc t: Hc xong mn hc ny sinh vin c th thc hin cc k thut

nghip v ca mt nhn vin phng kinh doanh xut nhp khu ca cc doanh nghip, thanh ton vin ca phng thanh ton quc t ngn hng thng mi, chuyn vin kinh doanh ca phng kinh doanh ngoi t ti cc ngn hng thng mi

2.

Ni dung mn hc:

Mn hc Thanh ton quc t s c chia lm 9 bi. Ni dung bi 1 cung cp cho ngi hc nhng kin thc c bn lin quan n t gi hi oi. Bi 2 gii thiu khi qut v s hnh thnh, c im, quy m v vai tr ca th trng hi oi trong hot ng kinh t. Bi 3 gii thiu nhng l thuyt v cc bi tp thc hnh v cc nghip v hi oi nh Spot, Arbitrage, Forward, Swap, Future Contracts, Options. Ni dung, c im, quy m v t chc hot ng ca th trng giao sau v th trng tin gi ngoi t cng c gii thiu trong bi 3. Bi 4 v bi 5 cp n cc phng tin thanh ton quc t nh Bill of Exchange, Cheque, International Card. Ni dung v quy trnh thc hin cc phng thc thanh ton quc t: phng thc chuyn tin T/T, phng thc nh thu trn Clean collection, phng thc nh thu km chng t D/P D/A c cp trong bi 6 v bi 7. Ton b ni dung v qui trnh th hin phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng t Documentary credit v phng thc giao chng t nhn tin CAD c gii thiu trong bi 8 v bi 9. Ngoi ra, ngi hc cn c cung cp mt s tnh hung v cch x l trong thanh ton quc t.

3.

Hng dn hc tp: hc tt mn hc ny, hc vin phi c ti liu trc, tham

kho sch thanh ton quc t, vo mng internet theo cc website trong ti liu, thc hin cc bi tp, tp trung nghe ging vin gii thiu mn hc, mnh dn trao i v t cu hi cho ging vin.

4.

Ti liu tham kho: Sch Thanh ton quc t, PGS.TS. Trn Hong Ngn. Hng dn p dng UCP 500, Nguyn Trng Thu. Incoterms 2000 ICC. Cc website: www.exchangerete.com ; www.saxobank.com ;
www.sbv.gov.vn www.vcb.com.vn ; www.forexdiriectory.net ;

5.

a ch lin lc: PGS.TS. Trn Hong Ngn Tel: (08) 38.551.776 Email: ngankdtt@yahoo.com ngannh@ueh.edu.vn tranthao@ueh.edu.vn

6.

Kt cu bi ging: Bi 1: T gi hi oi (5 tit). Bi 2: Th trng hi oi (2 tit). Bi 3: Cc nghip v hi oi & th trng giao sau, th trng tin gi ngoi t (8 tit). Bi 4: Hi phiu (5 tit). Bi 5: Cheque & Th thanh ton quc t (5 tit). Bi 6: Phng thc chuyn tin & phng thc ghi s (3 tit). Bi 7: Phng thc nh thu (7 tit). Bi 8: Phng thc giao chng t nhn tin (CAD-COD) (3 tit). Bi 9: Phng thc tn dng chng t th tn dng L/C (12 tit).

BI 1:

T GI HI OI

A. I.

GII THIU: MC TIU: Hc xong bi ny, hc vin phi: Hiu nguyn tc nim yt, xc nh t gi ca cc ngn hng d dng la chn t gi thch hp. Xc nh c t gi cho, t gi mua v t gi bn ca hai ng tin bt k. Xc nh v phn tch c nhng nhn t nh hng n t gi hi oi.

II.

NI DUNG TM TT: Ni dung bi 1 s gii thiu cho hc vin cch c, hiu v xc

nh t gi hi oi, ng thi nm bt c c s hnh thnh t gi hi oi trong cc ch tin t khc nhau. Ngoi ra, bi hc cn gip hc vin d bo xu hng bin ng ca t gi hi oi thng qua phn tch ni dung ca tng nhn t nh hng n t gi hi oi.

B.

NI DUNG:

I.

KHI NIM: T gi hi oi l s so snh mi tng quan gi tr gia hai ng tin vi nhau. T gi hi oi l gi c ca mt n v tin t nc ny th hin bng s lng n v tin t nc khc.

V d: Ngy xx/xx/xxxx, trn th trng hi oi quc t ta c thng tin: 1 la M (USD) =114.18 Yn Nht (JPY) 1 Bng Anh (GBP) =1.7684 la M (USD) 1 la M (USD) =1.2737 France Thu S (CHF)

II.

PHNG PHP BIU TH T GI (YT GI QUOTATION):

1.

ng tin yt gi ng tin nh gi: ng tin yt gi (Commodity Terms): l ng tin c th hin gi tr ca n qua mt ng tin khc. ng tin nh gi (Currency Terms): l dng tin c s dng xc nh gi tr ca ng tin yt gi.

2.

Phng php biu th t gi: a. Phng php biu th th nht (Direct Quotation Price Quotation):

1 Ngoi t = x Ni t 10

Phng php yt gi ny c p dng nhiu quc gia: Nht, Thi Lan, Hn Quc, Singapore, Vit Nam b. Phng php biu th th hai (Indirect Quotation Volume Quotation):

1 Ni t = y Ngoi t

Phng php yt gi ny p dng mt s nc nh: Anh, c, Chu u, M Tuy nhin trong giao dch quc t hin nay, khng c gii hn v tr a l v vic yt gi giao dch khng cn theo qui nh a phng m theo tp qun quc t. Bn c th tham kho trn website: www.forexdirectory.net th bn s thy GBP, AUD, EUR lun l ng tin yt gi so vi USD v USD l ng tin yt gi hu ht cc ng tin khc (JPY, NCY, HKD, CHF, VND,..).

III.

MT S QUY C TRONG GIAO DCH HI OI QUC T:

1.

K hiu tin t: Gm 3 k t (XXX), trong : Hai ch u l tn quc gia. Ch cui l tn gi ca ng tin.

11

V d: K hiu tin t ca Vit Nam (VND), la M (USD), Bng Anh (GBP), Yn Nht (JPY), Bt Thi Lan (THB) Xem k hiu tin t ca cc ng tin chnh trn th gii qua website: www.exchangerate.com ; www.yahoo.com/finance ; www.saxobank.com ; www.forexdiretory.net 2. Cch vit t gi:

A 1 = B B A
T gi 1USD =120JPY ta c th vit USD/JPY = 120 hoc l 120JPY/USD. 3. Phng php c t gi (Ngn ng trong giao dch hi oi quc t): V d: Ngi ta ni Dollars Zurich mt, ba mi, su mi, iu c ngha l 1USD = 103060CHF (ng Franc ca Thu S). V nhng l do nhanh chng, chnh xc v tit kim, cc t gi khng bao gi c c dy trn th trng, m ngi ta thng c nhng con s c ngha, thm ch s u, tc l s mt c khi ngi ta khng c v ai cng bit khi tham gia th trng. Qua cch c rt ra quy tc sau: Cc con s ng sau du phy c c theo nhm hai s. Hai s thp phn u tin c gi l s (Figure), hai s k tip gi l im (Point).

12

Trong v d trn th s l 30, im l 60. 4. T gi mua T gi bn: Trong giao dch vi khch hng, cc ngn hng thng mi lun nim yt hai t gi l t gi mua v t gi bn. y l t gi mua v t gi bn ca ngn hng. Theo , khi khch hng n mua ngoi t, ngn hng s p dng t gi bn, v ngc li, khch hng n bn ngoi t th th ngn hng s p dng t gi mua. Thng thng, t gi mua v t gi bn c khong chnh lch (ting Anh gi l: Spread) vo khong 5 n 20 im. Trong : S nh l gi mua ng tin yt gi (USD) v l gi bn ng tin nh gi (CHF). S ln l gi bn ng tin yt gi (USD) v l gi mua ng tin nh gi (CHF).

IV.

XC NH T GI THEO PHNG PHP TNH CHO:

1.

Nguyn tc tnh t gi cho:

A A C = x B C B

Mun xc nh t gi ca ng tin A so vi ng tin B theo phng php tnh cho ta ly t gi gia ng A so vi ng C nhn vi t gi ca ng C so vi ng B.

13

GBP GBP USD = x VND USD VND CHF VND = CHF USD USD / VND x = USD VND USD / CHF
=

GBP GBP CHF x = USD CHF USD

GBP / CHF USD / CHF

2.

Vn dng nguyn tc tnh t gi cho:

V d 1: Mt cng ty Singapore sau l hng xut khu thu c 100.000CHF cn bn cho ngn hng ly ng SGD (mua SGD). Nh vy, ngn hng s thanh ton cho cng ty bao nhiu SGD? Cho bit t gi: USD/CHF l 1.3250 55 USD/SGD l 1.7190 95 Bi gii: Cn c vo phng php tnh cho ta c:
USD / SGD CHF CHF USD x = = SGD USD SGD USD / CHF

Vn cn li y l dng t gi mua hay t gi bn. Ta thy u tin cng ty phi bn 100,000 CHF mua USD, do ngn hng s p dng t gi mua CHF tng ng vi t gi bn USD ca ngn hng. Theo v d trn th l t gi 1.3255. Sau , cng ty ly USD bn cho ngn hng mua SGD v ngn hng s p dng t gi mua USD l 1.7190.

14

Th vo cng thc trn ta c t gi bn CHF ca cng ty nh sau:

CHF 1.7190 = = 1.2970 SGD 1.3255

Nh vy, tng s tin SGD ngn hng thanh ton cho cng ty l: 100,000 x 1.2970 = 129,700 SGD V d 2: Cng s liu trn, tnh t gi bn CHF ca ngn hng khi khch cn mua CHF. Bi gii:
CHF CHF USD USD / SGD x = = SGD USD SGD USD / CHF

Vn l dng t gi mua hay t gi bn th vo cng thc trn y? u tin cng ty phi dng SGD mua USD ca ngn hng, do ngn hng s s dng t gi bn USD/SGD tc l 1.7195. Sau , cng ty ly USD va mua c bn cho ngn hng mua CHF, ngn hng s s dng t gi mua USD l 1.3250. Th vo cng thc trn ta c:

CHF 1 .7195 = = 1 .2977 SGD 1 .3250

Nh vy, tng s SGD cng ty phi tr cho ngn hng mua 100,000 CHF l:

15

100,000 x 1.2977 = 129,770 SGD Nhn xt: Khi ngn hng bn th ngn hng s dng t gi cao. Khi ngn hng mua th ngn hng s dng t gi thp. Do , bt li s thuc v khch hng khi cn mua hay bn. V d 3: Mt cng ty cn bn cho ngn hng 100,000 GBP ly CHF (mua CHF). Nh vy, ngn hng s tr cho cng ty bao nhiu CHF? Cho bit t gi: GBP/USD = 1.6810 20 USD/CHF = 1.3250 55 Bi gii: Cn c vo phng php tnh t gi cho ta c:
GBP GBP USD = x CHF USD CHF

Vn l s dng t gi mua hay bn ca tng ngoi t? Ta gi thit rng u tin cng ty s bn GBP mua USD. Do , ngn hng s p dng t gi mua GBP l 1.6810. Sau , cng ty ly USD va mua c bn cho ngn hng ly CHF theo t gi ngn hng p dng l 1.3250. Th vo cng thc trn ta c:

GBP = 1 . 6810 x1 . 3250 = 2 . 2273 CHF

16

Nh vy, ngn hng s thanh ton cho cng ty tng s tin CHF l: 100,000 x 2.2273 = 222,73 CHF V d 4: Mt cng ty cn mua 100.000 GBP v tr bng CHF. Nh vy, ngn hng s bn GBP vi t gi l bao nhiu? Cho bit t gi: GBP/USD = 1.6810 20 GBP/CHF = 1.3250 55 Bi gii: Vn dng phng php tnh t gi cho ta c t gi sau:
GBP CHF = USD GBP x CHF USD

Ta lp lun nh sau: u tin, khch hng ly CHF mua USD, do ngn hng p dng t gi bn USD tc l 1.3255. Sau , ngn hng bn USD mua GBP, ngn hng p dng t gi 1.6820. Th vo cng thc trn ta c:
GBP = 1.6820 x1.3255 = 2.2295 CHF

Nh vy khch hng phi tr cho ngn hng l: 100,000 x 1.3255 = 222,950 CHF Nhn xt: khi khch hng mua th phi chu hai gi bn cng mt lc v ngc li. Nhng trong thc t th nh th no cn cn c

17

vo nhiu yu t khc nh cung cu ngoi t, tnh n nh, xu hng bin ng, khch quen hay khng quen, bn s hay l

V. 1.

C CH XC NH T GI HI OI: Trong ch bn v vng: u th k 20: 1 GBP c hm lng vng l 7,32g vng (nm 1821). 1 USD c hm lng vng l 1,50463g vng (nm 1879). 1 FRF c hm lng vng l 0,32258g vng (nm 1803).

Da vo nguyn l ng gi vng, ngang gi vng th t gi gia GBP v USD c xc nh l:

1GBP =

7.32 GBP = 4.8650USD hay = 4 .8650 USD 1.50463

Ngoi ra cn c cc thut ng im vng, im xut vng, im nhp vng. 2. H thng t gi Bretton Woods The Gold Exchange Standard: Trong nhng nm 30, do nh hng ca khng hong kinh t, nhiu nc t b ch bn v vng, c bit l nh hng ca chin tranh th gii ln th II (1939 1945), tnh hnh ti chnh tin t ca cc nc t bn ch ngha hn lon. V vy, c th to ra mt trt t kinh t quc t mi ph hp vi iu kin hin ti, M, Anh v mt s nc ng minh ca h hp ti Bretton Woods New
18

Hampshire (cch Boston 150 km). Hi ngh ko di t 01/07/1944 n ngy 20/07/1944 di s lnh o ca J.M Keynes v H.D White, 44 quc gia tham d hi ngh i n tho thun: Thnh lp qu tin t quc t IMF International Monetary Fund (website: www.imf.org). Ngn hng th gii WB The World Bank Group (website: www.worldbank.org) Hnh thnh h thng t gi hi oi Bretton Woods (The Gold Exchange Standard) 1946 1973. T gi hi oi chnh thc ca cc nc c hnh thnh trn c s so snh vi hm lng vng chnh thc ca la M (0.888671g 35USD/ounce) v khng c php bin ng qu phm vi x% (lc y l 1%) ca t gi chnh thc ng k ti IMF. Nm 1971 (15/08/1971), tng thng M Nixon tuyn b ph gi USD v bin x l 2.25%. Nm 1973, IMF chnh thc hu b c ch t gi Bretton Woods. 3. Trong ch tin t hin nay (t nm 1973): a. T gi c nh (Fixed Exchange Rate): l t gi khng bin ng thng xuyn, khng ph thuc vo quy lut cung cu, ph thuc vo mun ch quan ca chnh ph (103 nc), 1998 Malaixia thc hin c ch t gi c nh cho ng Ringgit (MYR) v ngy 21/07/2005 tr v vi th ni. b. T gi th ni t do v t gi th ni c qun l t gi linh hot (Flexible Exchange Rate Regimes):

19

T gi th ni t do (Freely Floating Exchange Rate): t gi th ni t do l c ch t gi m theo gi c ngoi t s do cung cu quyt nh v khng c s can thip ca Chnh ph (hoc can thip thng qua cc cng c ti chnh tin t) (40 nc).

T gi th ni c qun l (Managed Float exchange Rate): l t gi th ni nhng c s can thip ca Chnh ph. Theo , Chnh ph (NHTW) s dng cc cng c ti chnh tin t hoc cng c hnh chnh tc ng ln t gi hi oi phc v cho chin lc kinh t x hi ca nc mnh (43 nc).

c.

T gi th ni tp th:

Mt s nc tp hp trong mt khi tin t thng nht n nh t gi gia h vi nhau hay cn gi l r tin t. Ni bt nht l h thng tin t chu u (EMS European Monetary System 1987). Ngy 09/05/1978, Ngh vin chu u ph chun danh sch 11 nc tiu chun gia nhp EU 11 nc l c, Php, Ailen, o, B, B o Nha, H Lan, , Lucxembua, Phn Lan, Ty Ban Nha v vo ngy 01/01/2001 c c Hy Lp EU 12). Ngy 01/01/1999, Euro chnh thc ra i vi y t cch ca mt ng tin thc, chung v duy nht cho c khi EU-12.

VI.

NHNG NHN T NH HNG N S BIN NG CA T GI HI OI:

1.

Lin quan gia t gi hi oi vi t l lm pht:

20

Lm pht l g? Lm pht l s suy gim sc mua ca tin t v c o lng bng ch s gi c chung ngy cng tng ln. Nm 2004, ch s gi tiu dng VN (CPI Conumer Price Index) tng 9.5 % so vi cui nm 2003. Nm 1998 l 9.2%; nm 1999 l 0.1%; nm 2000 l -0.6%; nm 2001 l 0.8%; nm 2002 l 4%; nm 2003 l 3%. 2. L thuyt ng gi sc mua Purchasing Power Parity Ricardo Cassel (1772 1823): Vi gi thuyt trong mt nn kinh t cnh tranh lnh mnh, tc l trong cc ph vn chuyn, thu hi quan c gi nh bng khng. Do , nu cc hng ho u ng nht th ngi tiu dng s mua hng nc no m gi tht s thp. Cng theo gi thit , mt kin hng X Canada gi 150 CAD v cng kin hng M gi 100 USD th t gi hi oi s chuyn n mc l:

USD 150 CAD = = 1 . 50 CAD 100 USD

V vy, nu cui nm lm pht xy ra ti cc nc ny th t gi s thay i v gi c khng cn l 150CAD hay 100USD. Khi t gi cui k s l: (1+LPb) TCK = TDK x (1+LPa) TCK TDK = TDK LPb - LPa (1 + LPa)
21

 % TG = % LP
Vi: 3. a: l ng tin yt gi. b l ng tin nh gi. TDK l t gi u k. TCK l t gi cui k. LPa l lm pht ti quc gia ng tin a. LPb l lm pht ti quc gia ng tin b.

Tnh hnh d tha hay thiu ht ca cn cn thanh ton: Nu cn cn thanh ton thng xuyn thm ht (chi > thu), th

d tr ngoi t ca quc gia gim, tnh hnh ngoi t cng thng, t to ra nhu cu ngoi t tng ln, gi ngoi t tng. Nu cn cn thanh ton thng d (thu > chi), d tr ngoi t tng, cung ngoi t trn th trng tng, gi ngoi t c khuynh hng gim. 4. Mt s nhn t khc: S iu chnh cc chnh sch ti chnh tin t, cc s kin kinh t, x hi, chin tranh, thin tai, s bin ng ca cc ch s thng k v vic lm tht nghip tng trng kinh t. c bit l cc ch s v cc s kin ti M s nh hng n t gi hi oi trn th trng th gii. C th l cc nhn t: Ch s tht nghip tng, gim trong thng. Ch s bn l.

22

Vic tng li sut hay gim li sut ca ngn hng trung ng v nhng d bo ca th trng v li sut, t gi. Ky qu cc hi ngh G7, EU, Asian Sn lng cng nghip, GDP, GNP

Tm li: Khi thc hin c ch t gi th ni th t gi rt nhy cm vi nhng s kin kinh t, chnh tr, x hi, chin tranh, k c cc yu t tm l

VII. CC LOI T GI HI OI: T gi chnh thc t gi bnh qun trn th trng ngoi t lin ngn hng. T gi kinh doanh ca ngn hng thng mi: t gi mua v t gi bn. T gi xut khu. T gi nhp khu. T gi m ca. T gi ng ca.

23

CU HI N TP

1.

T gi hi oi l g? T gi hi oi c nhng cch biu th nh th no? Nu cc quy c dng trong giao dch hi oi quc t. Hng dn: xem phn khi nim, cc phng php biu th t gi v nhng quy c trong giao dch hi oi.

2.

Phng thc tnh t gi cho c xc nh nh th no? Trnh by ngha ca vic vn dng phng thc tnh t gi cho trong thc t. Hng dn: xem phn t gi cho.

3.

Chng minh mi lin quan gia t gi hi oi v t l lm pht? V cho v d minh ho. Hng dn: xem phn cc nhn t tc ng n t gi hi oi nhn t lm pht (l thuyt ngang gi sc mua PPP).

24

BI 2:

TH TRNG HI OI

A. I.

GII THIU: MC TIU: Hc xong bi ny, hc vin c th hiu s ra i, c im v

nguyn tc hot ng ca th trng hi oi cng nh vai tr ca th trng hi oi trong hot ng kinh t.

II.

NI DUNG TM TT: Ni dung bi 2 s gii thiu cho hc vin nhng kin thc c

bn v th trng hi oi nh khi nim, s ra i, c im hot ng, thnh phn tham gia v vai tr ca th trng hi oi trong hot ng kinh t. Ngoi ra, hc vin cn c lm quen vi cc phng thc giao dch c s dng ch yu hin nay trn th trng hi oi.

B. I.

NI DUNG: KHI NIM: Th trng hi oi l ni thc hin vic trao i mua bn cc

ngoi t v phng tin chi tr c gi tr nh ngoi t, m gi c ngoi

25

t c xc nh trn c s cung cu hoc c th ni th trng hi oi l ni chuyn mn ho v trao i, mua bn ngoi t thng qua s c xt gia cung v cu ngoi t tho mn nhu cu ca cc ch th kinh t, ng thi xc nh cc iu kin giao dch, tc l gi c v s lng ngoi t mua bn. Nhng cn ch , hin nay theo h thng Anh, Mth th trng ngoi hi c tnh cht biu tng thng qua vic giao dch ngoi hi thng xuyn gia mt s ngn hng, ngi mi gii. Ngc li, ti mt s nc khc th th trng hi oi c a im nht nh hng ngy, nhng ngi mua bn ngoi hi ti giao dch v k kt hp ng, nhng ch yu qua in thoi, telex, fax

II.

C IM TH TRNG HI OI: Th trng hot ng lin tc 24/24 bi v do s chnh lch mi gi (tr nhng ngy ngh cui tun). Th trng mang tnh quc t. T gi th trng c xc nh trn c s c xt ca cung v cu ngoi t trn th trng quyt nh. Nhng ng tin mnh nh USD, EUR, JPY, CHF, GBP, gi v tr quan trng ca th trng, c bit l ng la M (USD).

III.

I TNG THAM GIA TH TRNG HI OI: Tu theo lut l ca tng quc gia m i tng tham gia th

trng hi oi c th ging hoc hi khc nhau.

26

Cc ngn hng thng mi (Commercial Banks). Cc nh mi gii (Broker, Courtier). Ngn hng trung ng (Central Bank). Cc cng ty kinh doanh (Corporate customers).

IV.

PHNG TRADING):

THC

GIAO

DCH

(METHODS

OF

Nhiu phng thc giao dch c s dng nh thc hin cc nghip v trn th trng hi oi: in thoi (Telephone). H thng x l in t (Electronic Dealing Systems). Telex. SWIFT (Society For World Wide InterBank Finacial Telecommunication).

27

CU HI N TP

1.

Th trng hi oi l g? Nu nhng u im ca th trng hi oi? Hng dn: xem phn khi nim v c im ca th trng hi oi.

2.

Trnh by mc tiu ca cc i tng tham gia th trng hi oi? Theo cc bn, i tng no c vai tr quan trng nht trn th trng hi oi? Hng dn: xem phn cc i tng trn th trng hi oi. Ngn hng thng mi l i tng quan trng nht ca th trng hi oi.

28

BI 3:

CC NGHIP V HI OI & TH TRNG GIAO SAU, TIN GI NGOI T

A. I.

GII THIU: MC TIU: Hc xong bi ny, hc vin phi: Thc hnh cc nghip v kinh doanh trn th trng hi oi nh Spot, Arbitrage, Swap, Forward Contrac, Future Contrat, Option. Nm c u, nhc im ca tng nghip v v vn dng cc nghip v mt cch linh hot trong tng trng hp c th mang li hiu qu ti u trong vic thanh ton ca doanh nghip. La chn cng c bo him t gi nhm gim thiu ri ro t gi cho khon thanh ton ti doanh nghip. Hiu c im v nguyn tc hot ng ca th trng giao sau v th trng tin gi ngoi t.

II.

NI DUNG TM TT:

29

Ni dung bi 3 s gii thiu cho hc vin cch thc hin mt s nghip v kinh doanh trn th trng hi oi nh Spot, Atbirage, Forward, Future, Option T , hc vin c th vn dng mt cch linh hot tng nghip v ny em li hiu qu ti u nht cho c nhn, doanh nghip trong vic xc nh s tin phi thanh ton trong hp ng. Ngoi ra, mt s cng c bo him t gi cng c cp trong ni dung gp phn gim thiu ri ro t gi trong hot ng kinh doanh v thanh ton quc t ca doanh nghip. Ni dung, c dim v nguyn tc hot ng ca th trng giao sau v th trng tin gi ngoi t cng c cp ti trong bi 3.

B. I. 1.

NI DUNG: CC NGHIP V HI OI: Nghip v Spot: Nghip v Spot cn gi l nghip v giao ngay (Spot

Operations) l nghip v ph bin v chim t trng ln trong cc nghip v ca th trng hi oi. Nghip v Spot l hot ng mua bn ngoi t m theo vic chuyn giao ngoi t c thc hin ngay, theo t gi c tho thun. Thng thng nghip v Spot c thi gian gi tr l 2 ngy lm vic k t ngy tho thun.

2.

Nghip v Acbt (Arbitrage Operations):

30

Acbt l mt loi nghip v hi oi nhm s dng mc chnh lch t l gia cc th trng hi oi thu li nhun. Tc l mua ni r nht v bn ni mc nht. Hin nay nghip v ny t c thc hin v thng tin gia cc th trng c kt ni nn t gi gia cc th trng khng cn chnh lch nhiu. V d: ti thi im t ta c thng tin trn ba th trng nh sau: Toronto: Zurich: New York: USD/CAD = 1.1580 1.1586 CAD/CHF = 1.0980 1.0987 USD/CHF = 1.2750 1.2755

Yu cu kinh doanh acbt vi 100 triu USD, 100 triu CAD, 100 triu CHF.

3.

Nghip v mua bn ngoi t c k hn (Forward Operations): Mt giao dch ngoi t c k hn l mt giao dch trong mi

d kin c nh ra vo hin ti nhng vic thc hin s din ra trong tng lai. Tc l hai bn mua bn s tho thun v vic chuyn giao mt s ngoi t nht nh sau mt thi gian nht nh k t ngy k kt hp ng theo t gi c xc nh trc thi im k kt. T gi c k hn s c xc nh trn c s t gi giao ngay, thi hn tho thun v li sut ca hai ng tin . C th n c tnh ton bng cng thc sau y (cng thc 1): 1+KLB
31

TK = TS x 1+KLA Trong : A l ng tin yt gi, B l ng tin nh gi TK l t gi c k hn ca ng tin A so vi ng tin B. K l thi gian, thi hn tho thun (ngy, thng, nm). LA l li sut ca ng tin A (ngy, thng, nm). LB l li sut ca ng tin B (ngy, thng, nm). TS l t gi giao ngay (A/B = x).

Chng minh cng thc s (1): V d: Mt cng ty Thu S cn mua 100.000 USD c k hn 3 thng, tc l sau 3 thng k t ngy giao dch n v mi cn la M ny. Hi ngn hng s ng bn USD vi t gi bao nhiu? Cho bit t gi giao ngay TS USD = 1.30CHF. Li sut ng CHF l 8% /nm, USD l 6% /nm. Bi gii: hn ch ri ro ngn hng s i vay ng CHF trn th trng (li sut cho vay thi hn 3 thng l 8% /nm, s tin vay CHF l 100000 USD x TS). S USD va mua c ngn hng cha cn phi giao cho n v ngay (3 thng sau mi giao). Ngn hng s em gi 100.000 USD trn th trng (li sut tin gi), thi hn 3 thng, li sut 6 % /nm. V vy sau 3 thng, an ton vn v hn ch ri ro th tng s thu phi bng tng s chi.

32

Tng s thu ca Ngn hng do vic gi USD trn th trng l: 100000 +

100000 x 6 % x 3 12

100000 (1+3 x -

6 ) = 100000 (1+KLA) 12 x100

(PT 1)

Tng s chi ca ngn hng do vic vay 130.000 CHF trn th trng l: (100000 x 1.3) + 100000 x 1.3 x 3 x
8 100 x12

(100000 x 1.3)(1+3 x { -

8 }) = 100000 x 1.3 x (1+KLB) 100 x12

(PT 2)

phng trnh 1 bng phng trnh 2 ta phi i ra cng mt n v tin t, c th ta i PT 1 ra CHF. Ta c: Tng thu = tng chi 100,000 x (1+KLA) x TK = 100,000 x TS x (1+KLB) 1 + KLB TK = TS x 1 + KLA

Trong : TK l t gi c k hn ca ng USD so vi CHF. TS l t gi giao ngay USD/CHF. LA l li sut ca USD. LB l li sut ca CHF.

33

Tuy nhin, hin nay ti cc giao dch hi oi quc t ngi ta thng dng cng thc gn ng v n gin l: Forward Rate = Spot Rate + Swap cost TK = TS + TS x K x (LS LA) Khi LB >LA => TK > TS, phn di ra c gi l im gia tng (Report, Premium). Khi LB < LA => TK < TS, phn chnh lch c gi l im khu tr (Deport, Discount)
-

Khi LB =LA =>TK = TS

4.

Nghip v Swap (Cm c, hon i): L nghip v hi oi kp, gm 2 nghip v Spot v Forward.

Hai nghip v ny c tin hnh cng mt lc, vi cng mt lng ngoi t theo 2 hng ngc nhau. V d: Mt cng ty X n ngn hng A xin vay 150.000 SGD, thi hn vay 3 thng km theo phng n xin vay hiu qu. Ngn hng ng cho vay nhng trong ngn qu ch c 100.000 USD. V vy p ng nhu cu ca khch hng, bo tn ngn qu, ngn hng A cn thc hin nghip v Swap. Cho bit: TS: USD/SGD = 1.50. Li sut ng USD l 5.5% /nm, li sut ng SGD l 5.75% /nm. Bi gii: (1) Ngn hng A bn 100.000 USD theo nghip v Spot:
34

100.000 USD x 1.50 = 150.000 SGD (2) Ngn hng A cho cng ty X vay 150.000 SGD, thi hn vay 3 thng li sut 5.75 % /nm Thu = 150,000 +150,000 x 3 x (3)
5 . 75 = 152,156.25 100 . 12

Ngn hng A mua 100.000 USD theo nghip v Forward 3 thng: Chi = 100.000 USD x TK

Trong : TK = 1.50 + 1.50 x 3 x

5 . 75 5 . 5 100 . 12

= 1.5009

Chi = 100.000 x 1.5009 = 150,090 SGD Li nhun ca ngn hng A sau 3 thng l: 152,156.25 150,090 = 2,006.25 SGD = 1,376.7 USD Nu khng thc hin nghip v Swap, Ngn hng A em gi 100,000 USD, 3 thng li sut 5.50% /nm th s c thu nhp tng ng l: 100,000 x 3 x
5 . 50 = 1,375 USD 100 . 12

5.

Nghip v Call Opition (Quyn chn mua):

35

a.

Ngi mua quyn chn mua (Byeer Call Opiton Long Call):

Ngi mua quyn chn mua (Call Opition) phi tr cho ngi bn Call Opition mt khon chi ph mua ci quyn v ngi mua Call Opition s c c quyn mua nhng khng bt buc phi mua mt lng ngoi t nht nh, theo mt t gi nh trc vo mt ngy c xc nh trong tng lai hoc trc ngy . b. Ngi bn quyn chn mua (Sell Call Option Short Call): Ngi bn quyn chn mua (Call Option) nhn c tin t ngi mua Call Option v do ngi bn Call Option s c trch nhim phi bn mt s ngoi t nht nh, theo mt gi nh trc ti mt ngy xc nh hoc trc ngy khi ngi mua mun thc hin ci quyn ca n. V d: th biu din li l ca nh u t khi tham gia nghip v quyn chn mua

Call Breakeven = Strike (exercise price) + Premium 13050 = 1.3020 + 30

36

Trn th trng quyn chn trn th gii c 2 cch giao dch (style): Ameri Style: c thc hin bt k thi im no trong thi gian ca hp ng. European Style: ch dc thc hin vo thi im kt thc ca hp ng.

6.

Nghip v Put Option (Quyn chn bn): a. Ngi mua quyn chn bn (Buyer Put Option Long Put): Ngi mua quyn chn bn (Put Option) phi tr cho ngi bn

Put Option mt khon chi ph mua ci quyn v ngi mua Put Option s c c quyn bn nhng khng bt buc phi bn mt lng ngoi t nht nh, theo mt t gi nh trc vo mt ngy xc nh trong tng lai hoc trc ngy . b. Ngi bn quyn chn bn (Seller Put Optino Short Put): Ngi bn quyn chn bn (Put Option) nhn c tin t ngi mua Put Option v do ngi bn quyn chn bn c trch nhim phi mua mt s ngoi t nht nh, theo mt t gi nh trc ti mt ngy xc nh hoc trc ngy , khi ngi mua (ngi nm quyn chn bn) mun thc hin ci quyn bn ca h.

37

Gi Option (Premium) ph thuc vo nhiu nhn t: t gi giao ngay (Spot Rate), t gi tho thun trn hp ng (Strike), thi hn tho thun (Maturity), t gi k hn (Forward Rate), li sut, t gi d on, phng sai V d: th biu din li l ca nh u t khi tham gia nghip v quyn chn bn

American Style: c thc hin bt k thi im no trong thi gian ca hp ng. European Styley: ch c thc hin vo thi im kt thc ca hp ng.

II.

TH TRNG GIAO SAU (FUTURES MARKET): Th trng giao sau l ni giao dch mua bn cc hp ng giao

sau v hng ho, tin t v cc cng c ti chnh. Ni mt cch c th:

38

Hp ng giao sau (Future Contract) l mt s tho thun bn hoc mua mt ti sn (tin, hng hoc chng khon) nht nh ti mt thi im xc nh trong tng lai v hp ng ny c thc hin ti quy giao dch. tham gia mt hp ng giao sau, ngi mua hay ngi bn phi c mt khon tin k qu (Margin) cho quy giao dch. Thng thng vo khong 5% gi tr ca hp ng giao sau. Tin k qu c dng thanh ton cc khon thua l do gi c bt li, ng thi tu theo s bin ng gi c, ban qun l th trng c quyn yu cu b sung tin k qu xung di mc cho php. Th trng giao sau c mt s c im sau y: c thc hin ti quy giao dch mua bn ca th trng, thng qua mi gii (Broker). Phn ln cc hp ng giao sau thng c kt thc trc thi hn. Trong khi hp ng c k hn (Forward) th a s cc hp ng u c thanh ton bng vic giao hng chnh thc. Hp ng giao sau ch c 4 ngy c gi tr trong nm (4 value date per year): ngy th t tun th ba, thng 3, thng 6, thng 9 v thng 12. Bn tng ng (Counterpart) khng phi mt ngn hng m l quy giao dch. Cc khon li l (loss or profit) c ghi nhn hng ngy vi clearing house (Phng thanh ton b tr). Th trng giao sau quy nh kch c cho mt n v hp ng (fixed amuaunt per contract). Trong khi hp ng Forward th khi lng giao dch bt k.

39

Hp ng (Contract) GBP/USD CHF/USD

Kch c (Size) 62,500 GBP 125,000 CHF

C tch (Tich size) 0.0001 0.0001

Gi tr ca mt tick (Value of 1 tick) 6.25 USD 12.50 USD

V d: Nu khch hng c khon giao dch l 250,000 GBP (tc l 4 hp ng) v nu t gi giao ng t 1.5960 ln 1.5970 th khong chnh lch bng USD s l: 250,000 x 0.0010 USD/GBP = 250 USD Hoc l: 62,500 x 4 x 0.001 = 250 USD Hoc = 4 x 10 x 6.25 = 250 USD

III. 1.

TH TRNG TIN GI NGOI T: Khi nim: Th trng tin gi l ni tin hnh cc hot ng vay v cho

vay bng ngoi t vi nhng thi hn xc nh km theo mt khon tin li th hin qua li sut, nh th trng tin t chu u, th trng tin t quc t vi nhng li sut LiBor, PiBor, FiBor, SiBor, ZiBor 2. Cc loi giao dch trn th trng tin gi: a. Giao dch qua m (J+1, Overnight, O/N):

Tc l giao dch m ngy vay vn l ngy hm nay (ngy J), ngy tr n l ngy hm sau (J+1).
40

b.

Giao dch ngy mai (J+2, Tomorrow/net, tomnext): k hiu T/N.

Tc ngy tho thun l ngy hm nay (ngy J), ngy giao vn l ngy mai (J+1), ngy tr n l ngy (J+2). c. Giao dch ngy kia (J+3, Spotnext, S/N):

Tc l ngy tho thun l ngy hm nay (ngy J), ngy giao vn l ngy (J+2), ngy tr n l ngy mt (J+2+1). d. Ngy giao dch cho k hn th n:

L ngy giao dch m ngy tho thun l ngy hm nay (ngy J), ngy giao vn l ngy J+2, ngy tr n l ngy (J+2+n).

41

BI C THM:

C CH T GI HI OI CA VIT NAM

Trc nm 1988, Vit Nam thc hin chnh sch t gi c nh, gi c ngoi t do Nhn hng Nh nc (NHNN) quyt nh v hu nh c nh theo thi gian. K t ngy 20/10/1988, thc hin quyt nh 271/CTHBT, NHNN iu chnh t gi theo tn hiu th trng, theo gi USD tng bc c iu chnh ph hp vi th trng (11/1988 l 2.600 VN/USD, 01/1989 l 3.300, 12/1989 l 7.000). Tuy nhin, do tnh hnh bung lng trong qun l ngoi t dn n hin tng u c ngoi t lm gi USD ln cn st 14.000 VN/USD, NHNN thnh lp trung tm giao dch ngoi t ti Tp.HCM v H Ni. ng thi Chnh ph ban hnh quyt nh 337/HBT ngy 25/10/1991 v mt s bin php qun l ngoi t: cm cc n v khng c cho vay, thanh ton, mua bn, chuyn nhng vi nhau bng ngoi t, vic mua bn c thc hin ti ngn hng hoc ti trung tm giao dch ngoi t Bin php trn bc u ct c cn st USD v ko gi USD trn th trng xung dn (12/1991 l 12.700 VN/USD, thng 12/1992 l 10.500, 12/1993 l 10.840). Ngy 20/09/1994, (Quyt nh 203/Q NH) NHNN thnh lp th trng ngoi t lin ngn hng thay th cho 2 trung tm giao dch ngoi t trc y v ch c ngn hng mi c giao dch trn trn th trng ny. Mi ngy, NHNN s cng b t gi chnh thc gia

42

ngoi t vi VN, do t gi mua bn trn th trng ch c dao ng trong phm vi x% so vi t gi chnh thc (lc u l 0,5%, 11/1996 l 1%). Nhng trong thi gian ny, t gi b ng qun, hu nh l c nh trong sut thi gian t 1994 n 1996 vi t gi l 11.000 VN/USD, trong khi gi USD lin tc tng gi so vi ngoi t khc trn th trng quc t, li sut ng Vit Nam th rt cao Thc trng trn dn n vic nhp siu vi tc ngy cng cao (nhp siu l chuyn bnh thng i vi nhng nc nh Vit Nam). 1994 nhp siu l 1.771,4 triu USD, 1995 l 2.706,5 triu USD, 1996 l 3.859,3 triu USD, cn cn vng lai thm ht n mc bo ng, nm 1996 l 11,2%GDP, t lm cho n nc ngoi gia tng (t s n/GDP mc trn 50%). Hin tng nhp siu t gp phn lm cho lm pht ang chuyn dn sang gim pht => thiu pht => kinh t t pht trin vi t l cao 1996 GDP tng 9,37% xung cn 8,8% nm 1997, 5,8% nm 1998 v cn tip tc gim. Ngy 27/02/1997, NHNN thay i bin ln 10% so vi t gi chnh thc c cng b l 11.175 VND/USD, lm cho gi USD tng ln v nm mc 12.293 VN vo cui 1997. Nh vy, vic NHNN cng b thay i bin theo hng m rng l bin php ph gi gin tip v tc dng ca n cng lm cho USD tng gi, gim gi ni t. Cng vi nhiu gii php gp phn gim nhp siu, nm 1997 l 2,3 t USD, nm 1998 l 2 t USD. Nhng tnh hnh ngoi t vn mc cng thng, ngy 16/021998 NHNN thng bo t gi chnh thc t 11.175 VN ln 11.800 VN tc l ph gi 5,3%, a t gi trn th trng lin ngn hng ln 12.980 VND/USD. iu cn lu l: do t gi chnh thc lun thp hn t gi trn th trng nn c mi ln thay i bin l lp tc t gi th trng tng ln theo mc ti a = t gi chnh thc +
43

bin x%. Ngy 07/08/1998, NHNN thay i bin t 10% xung 7%, ng thi cng b t gi chnh thc t 11.816 VN ln 12.998 VN/USD, tc l ph gi VND 9.1%, theo t gi th trng ngn hng t 12.998 VN ln 13.908 VND/USD. Trong thi gian ny, NHNN thng xuyn thay i t gi chnh thc c lc tng vi ng cng c lc gim vi ng, nhn chung l n nh. Cng thi gian ny, mt ngh nh quan trng c ban hnh l ngh nh 63/N CP ngy 17/08/1998 ca Chnh ph v qun l ngoi hi. Theo t gi hi oi ca ng Vit Nam so vi ngoi t c hnh thnh da trn c s cung cu ngoi t trn th trng c s iu tit ca nh nc. Hng ngy, NHNN cng b t gi giao dch bnh qun trn th trng ngoi t lin ngn hng gia ng Vit Nam vi USD trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng. Cn c vo mc tiu ca chnh sch tin t trong tng thi k, NHNN quy nh bin dao ng so vi t gi giao dch bnh qun trn th trng ngoi t lin ngn hng cc ngn hng c php xc nh t gi mua, t gi bn gia VND vi USD. Ngy 25/02/1999, NHNN cng b t gi giao dch bnh qun trn th trng ngoi t lin ngn hng thay cho vic cng b t gi chnh thc v cng b t gi lin ngn hng vo ngy 26/02/1999 l 13.880 VND/USD thay cho t gi chnh thc trc l 12.972 VN/USD. ng thi thng bo bin cc t chc tn dng kinh doanh ngoi t xc nh t gi mua bn l 0,1% so vi t gi giao dch thc t bnh qun trn th trng lin ngn hng do NHNN cng b hng ngy (hin nay, bin ny l 0.25%).

44

CU HI N TP

1.

Trnh by cc nghip v hi oi trn th trng hi oi? Cho bit ngha ca vic vn dng cc nghip v ny? Hng dn: xem ni dung ca cc nghip v giao ngay, kinh doanh chnh lch gi, k hn, hi oi, giao sau v quyn chn.

2.

Cho bit s ging v khc nhau gia 3 hp ng Forward, Future v potion. Hng dn: xem ni dung ca 3 loi nghip v k hn, giao sau, quyn chn, khc nhau l ch yu, ch ging nhau v vic t gi mua bn c n nh trc, da trn li sut v thi hn ca hp ng m nh u t k kt vi ngn hng gip nh u t phng nga ri ro t gi. Khc nhau: nghip v k hn, giao sau v quyn chn khc nhau v c im v tnh cht nh: tnh bt buc thc hin hp ng, mc ch s dng l u c, tm kim li nhun i vi quyn chn v giao sau

45

BI 4:

HI PHIU

A. I.

GII THIU: MC TIU: Hc xong bi ny, hc vin phi: Hiu c ni dung v phm vi p dng ca hi phiu mt trong nhng phng tin thanh ton quc t c s dng ph bin nht hin nay. Nhn bit c u v nhc im ca phng tin thanh ton hi phiu v t , s dng mt cch linh hot phng tin ny trong tng phng thc thanh ton c th. K pht hi phiu theo ng quy nh v tp qun quc t.

II.

NI DUNG TM TT: Ni dung bi 4 s gii thiu cho hc vin nhng kin thc c

bn v phng tin thanh ton quc t hi phiu, c bit l nhng nghip v c lin quan n hi phiu. Ngoi ra, phng php lp, x l i vi hi phiu cng c cp c th trong ni dung bi, t , gip hc vin thy c u nhc dim v phm vi p dng ca phng tin thanh ton hi phiu trong thanh ton quc t.
46

B.

NI DUNG: chuyn tin thanh ton cho nhau trong quan h ngoi

thng, ngi ta thng dng cc phng tin lu thng tn dng c gi tr nh tin. Trong hi phiu, sc l nhng phng tin thanh ton c s dng thng dng nht hin nay.

I.

C S PHP L CA HI PHIU: Hi phiu Bill Of Exchange hay cn gi l Drafts. Hin nay, thng nht vic lu thng hi phiu, cc nc t

bn ban hnh cc lut hi phiu nh: Lut hi phiu Anh 1882 (Bill Of Exchange Act of 1882). Lut thng mi thng nht ca M nm 1962 (Unifrom Commercial Codes of 1962 UCC). c bit l cng c Gi-ne-v (Geneve) c cc nc k kt nm 1920. l lut thng nht v hi phiu (Unifrom Law For Bills of Exchange ULB). U ban thng mi quc t ca Lin hp quc k hp th 15 ti New York thng qua vn kin A/CN 9/211 ngy 18/02/1982 v hi phiu v lnh phiu quc t (International Bill of Exchange and Promissory notes). Hin nay gii thch v hi phiu, p dng hi phiu chng ta p dng theo UBL nm 1930.

47

II.

KHI NIM: Hi phiu l mt mnh lnh i tin v iu kin do ngi xut

khu, ngi bn, ngi cung ng dch v k pht i tin ngi nhp khu, ngi mua, ngi nhn cung ng v yu cu ngi ny phi tr mt s tin nht nh, ti mt a im xc nh, trong mt thi gian nht nh cho ngi hng li c quy nh trong mnh lnh y. No BILL OF EXCHANGE

For ............................................................../../200 At sight ot this FIRST Bill of Exchange (Second ot the same tenor and date being unpaid) Pay to the order of BANK.. the sum of Value received as per our invoice (s) No( s) Date .. Drawn under Confirmed/ irrvocable/ without recourse L/C Dated / wied To. No. Drawer

BILL OF EXCHANGE

For -----------------------------------------------------------/-------/2 At.sighhht of this SECOND Bill of Exchange (First of the same tenor and date being unpaid) Pay to the order of BANK the sum of Value received as per oui invoice (s) No (s) Date Drawn under Confirmsd / irrvocable / without recourse
48

L/C Dated / wired To .. Drawer

Trong quan h mu dch quc t, hi phiu chnh l cng c, phng tin cho ngi xut khu i ngi nhp khu. Qua khi nim hi phiu, ta thy trn hi phiu c lin quan n nhng bn sau y: Ngi k pht hi phiu: thng thng l ngi bn, i din cho t chc xut khu, cung ng dch v (Drawer). Ngi tr tin hi phiu l ngi m hi phiu gi n cho h, i tin h: c th l ngi mua, Ngn hng m L/C, Ngn hng xc nhn, Ngn hng thanh ton (Drawee). Ngi hng li hi phiu: trc ht l ngi k pht hi phiu, k n l ngi do ngi k pht hi phiu ch nh trn hi phiu. nc ta, thng thng ngi hng li l cc ngn hng kinh doanh i ngoi c ngn hng nh nc cp giy php (Beneficiary). Nu hi phiu khng km chng t thng mi gi l hi phiu trn v nu c km theo chng t th gi l hi phiu km chng t. Nu hi phiu tr ngay th gi l Sight Draft v hi phiu tr chm th gi l Usance Draft.

49

III.

C IM CA HI PHIU: C 3 c im: Tnh tru tng ca hi phiu. Tnh bt buc tr tin ca hi phiu. Tnh lu thng ca hi phiu.

IV.

NI DUNG CA HI PHIU: Theo qui dnh ca lut thng nht v hi phiu (ULB), hi

phiu c gi tr php l l hi phiu c lp ra vi y ni dung sau: Tiu hi phiu. a im v ngy thng k pht hi phiu. Mnh lnh tr tin v iu kin. S tin v loi tin. Ngi c hng hi phiu (Benificiary). Ngi tr tin hi phiu (Drawee).

Ch : khi ghi hi phiu cn ch mt s im sau Khi ghi khon mc ngi tr tin phi xem xt li th tn dng ghi cho ng vi yu cu ca th tn dng c m. Theo iu 9 UCP 500 th ghi hi phiu k pht i tin ngn hng m L/C (the issuing Bank) hoc ngn hng c ch nh thanh ton trn L/C. Ngi k pht hi phiu (Drawer): c ghi gc di bn phi ca t hi phiu v ngi k pht hi phiu phi

50

k tn bng ch k thng dng trong giao dch. Ngoi ra hi phiu c dng trong phng thc tn dng chng t th c thm cc yu t v: ho n thng mi, th tn dng (xem mu hi phiu). Theo ho n thng mi s ??? ngy thng nm? K pht cho ai. Theo th tn dng loi no? s L/C? ngy thng nm m L/C?

V.

CHP NHN HI PHIU ACCEPTANCE: Chp nhn hi phiu l mt hnh thc xc nhn vic m bo

thanh ton ca ngi tr tin hi phiu. S chp nhn hi phiu c thc hin bng cch: ngi tr tin ghi vo mt trc, gc di bn tri ca t hi phiu bng ch Chp nhn (Accepted) k bn l ch k ca ngi tr tin. Nu mt trc ca hi phiu y kn, ngi chp nhn tr tin c th k chp nhn mt sau, hoc c th chp nhn bng mt thng bo chp nhn.

VI.

K HU HI PHIU ENDORSEMENT: K hu hi phiu l mt th tc chuyn nhng hi phiu t

ngi hng li ny sang ngi hng li khc. Vic k hu s c thc hin bng cch chuyn nhng hi phiu phi k vo mt sau ca t hi phiu ri chuyn hi phiu cho

51

ngi c chuyn nhng. Vic k hu c th c thc hin mt trong 4 hnh thc sau: K hu trng (Blank endorsement). K hu theo lnh (To order endorsement). K hu hn ch (Restrictive endorsement). K hu min truy i (Without recourse endorsement).

VII. BO LNH HI PHIU GUARANTEE: Bo lnh hi phiu l s cam kt ca ngi th ba (thng thng l t chc ti chnh) v vic tr tin cho ngi hng li nu nh n thi hn m ngi b k pht khng thanh ton. Hnh thc bo lnh c thc hin bng cch ghi ch bo lnh vo mt trc hoc sau ca t hi phiu v ngi bo lnh s k ln hi phiu. Ngoi ra, mt s nc ngi ta c th thc hin vic bo lnh bng mt vn th ring gi l bo lnh b mt.

VIII. KHNG NGH PROTEST: Khng ngh l mt th tc php l bo v quyn li cho ch n, l bn tuyn b ca cng chng vin, ngi i din c quan php lut, xc thc tnh trng khng tr n ca con n. Bn khng ngh c th c thng bo rng ri, c trn bo ch buc con n v danh d ca mnh m phi tr n. Thng thng cng chng vin s gi thng bo cho con n trc, nu khng c phn ng th mi lp giy khng ngh cho ngi chp nhn tr tin v nhng ngi c lin quan nh

52

ngi bo lnh, ngi k hu chuyn nhng. Giy khng ngh phi do ngi hng li lp ra trong thi gian khng qu hai ngy lm vic k t ngy ht hn thanh ton ca hi phiu.

IX.

CHIT KHU HI PHIU DISCOUNT: Chit khuu hi phiu l nghip v cho vay ca ngn hng rt

pht trin cc nc t bn ch ngha. Ngi bn hoc hng li hi phiu xut trnh hi phiu cha n hn tr tin cho ngn hng. Nu h cn bn hi phiu ly tin ngay, ngn hng s mua hi phiu vi mt gi thp hn s tin ghi trn hi phiu. Nu hai bn ng , ngi hng li hi phiu s thc hin nghip v k hu chuyn nhng hi phiu cho ngn hng. Chnh lch gia s tin ghi trn t hi phiu vi s tin ngn hng b ra mua t hi phiu gi l li tc chit khu. T l phn trm gia li tc chit khuu v s tin ghi trn hi phiu gi l t sut chit khu. Trong thng mi quc t, bn cnh hi phiu cn c lnh phiu (Promissory Notes) Hi phiu nhn n. Lnh phiu l li ha, li cam kt tr tin ca ngi nhp khu, ngi mua i vi ngi hng li. Lnh phiu v hi phiu gp thnh thng phiu.

53

Mu 1: LNH PHIU TR NGAY NewYork 30 December 2005 USD 5,000.00 I promise to pay bearer on demand the sum of US Dollars five thousand only. Mr Agassi

Mu 2: LNH PHIU C K HN NewYork 24 January 2005 USD 5,000.00 Three months after date I promise to pay David Henry or order the sum of US Dollars five thousand only. David Cantona

54

CU HI N TP

1.

Th no l hi phiu? Trnh by cc ni dung chnh trn mt hi phiu? Hng dn: xem phn khi nim v ni dung ca hi phiu.

2.

K hu hi phiu l g? Vic k hu hi phiu c th c thc hin theo cc cch thc no? Cho bit ngha vic k hu hi phiu? Hng dn: xem phn khi nim v hnh thc k hu hi phiu.

3.

Lp hi phiu i tin n v nhp khu vi cc thng tin sau y: Cng ty TNHH Nam Phan k kt hp ng xut khu s 20/2005 HDXK ngy 20/11/2005 vi cng ty Suzakoma (Nht). Gi tr hp ng: 95.000 USD. Phng thc thanh ton tr chm 60 ngy k t ngy ca vn n. Ngy giao hng 11/01/2006 theo ho n s 6 2006/HTM. Cng ty Nam Phan nh ngn hng ngoi thng thu h s tin trn. Hng dn:

55

No: TD/1234 For: USD 95,000.00

BILL OF EXCHANGE TpHCM, 15/01/2006

At 60 days after bill of lading date sight of this SECOND Bill of Exchange (First of the same tenor and date being unpaid) Pay to the order of BANK FOR FOREIGN TRADE OF VIETNAM the sum of United States Dollars ninty five thousand only. Value received as per our invoice (s) No(s) 6-2006/HTM Dated 11 january 2006 Draw under contract No(s) 20/2005- HXK Dated 20/11/2005 To: Suzakoma company in Japan Drawer General Director Nguyen Thuy Anh Nam Phan company

56

BI 5:

CHEQUE & TH THANH TON

A. I.

GII THIU: MC TIU: Hc xong bi ny, hc vin phi: Hiu c ni dung v phm vi p dng ca hai phng tin s dng ph bin trong thanh ton quc t l sc v th ngn hng. Nhn bit c u v nhc im ca cc phng tin thanh ton v t , s dng mt cch linh hot cc phng tin trong tng phng thc thanh ton c th. Lp v s dng sc, th thanh ton theo ng thng l quc t.

II.

NI DUNG TM TT: Ni dung bi 5 s gii thiu cho hc vin hai phng tin c

s dng ph bin trong thanh ton quc t l sc v th nha. Phng php lp, x l v s dng i vi tng phng tin cng c cp c th trong ni dung bi, t , gip hc vin thy c u nhc im v phm vi p dng ca tng phng tin trong thanh ton quc t.

57

B. I. 1.

NI DUNG: SC (CHEQUE CHECK CHQUE): Khi nim: Sc l mt t mnh lnh v iu kin ca ngi ch ti khon

tin gi, ra lnh cho ngn hng trch t ti khon ca mnh mt s tin nht nh tr cho ngi cm sc, ngi c tn trong sc hoc tr theo lnh ca ngi y. Hin nay sc l phng tin chi tr c dng hu nh ph bin trong giao lu thanh ton ni a ca tt c cc nc (trong thanh ton ni a nc ta c sc chuyn khon, sc bo chi, sc chuyn tin). Trong thanh ton quc t, sc cng c s dng rng ri trong thanh ton v hng ho, cung ng dch v, du lch v cc khon chi tr phi mu dch. 2. Ni dung t sc: T sc mun c hiu lc bt buc phi c nhng yu t sau y: Trc ht phi c tiu Sc. Ngy thng nm pht hnh sc. a im pht hnh sc. Ngn hng tr tin. Ti khon c trch tr. Yu cu tr mt s tin nht nh khng km theo iu kin bo lu no. Ngi hng li t sc.

58

Ch k ngi pht hnh sc, km theo h tn v a ch c in sn trn t sc.

Tu tng loi sc m c thm mt s ni dung khc. Sc cng c th do ngn hng ny pht hnh lnh tin ti mt ngn hng khc. 3. Nhng ngi lin quan n sc: Ngi pht hnh sc l ch ti khon, ngi mua hng, ngi nhn cung ng, ngi n tin lp ra sc tr n. Ngn hng thanh ton l ngn hng tr tin t sc. Ngi nhn tin cn gi l ngi th hng s tin trn t sc. Sau khi t sc c pht hnh ra lu thng th ngi c quyn hng li t sc cn gi l ngi cm sc. 4. Thi hn hiu lc ca sc - Thi gian xut trnh t sc: c im ng ch ca t sc l n c tnh cht thi hn, tc l t sc ch c gi tr thanh ton nu thi hn hiu lc ca n cha ht hn. Thi gian xut trnh ca t sc c tnh t ngy pht hnh sc n khi ngi th hng xut trnh t sc ti a im thanh ton ghi trn t sc. Thi hn xut trnh ca t sc thng thng l tu thuc vo phm vi khng gian m sc lu hnh v lut php cc nc quy nh (Vit Nam hin nay quy nh thi hn xut trnh l 30 ngy k t ngy k pht). Nhng ni chung, sc lu hnh trong ni a thi gian thanh ton ngn hn lu hnh trong thanh ton quc t. Tuy nhin, nu t sc c xut trnh qu thi hn xut trnh quy nh nhng

59

trong thi gian cho php (Vit Nam l 6 thng) vn c th c thanh ton nu ngi k pht c tin thanh ton t sc . 5. Cc loi sc: a. Cn c vo tnh lu chuyn ca sc: ngi ta chia ra lm 3 loi b. Sc ch danh (Nominal Cheque). Sc v danh (Cheque to Bearer). Sc theo lnh (Cheque to Order). Cn c vo c im s dng sc: ngi ta chia lm nhiu loi sc khc nhau Sc gch cho (Corossed Cheque). Sc xc nhn (Certified Cheque). Sc du lch (Travller Cheque).

II.

TH NGN HNG BANK CARD: Sc gi v tr quan trng trong s nhng phng tin chi tr,

nhng v phng din rt tin v chi tr, sc v ang b th nha cnh tranh. Nhng th chi tr u tin c xut hin Hoa K vo nhng nm ca th k 20. Nhng n ch thc s pht trin trong nhng nm 1950. Vo khong nm 1965 th chi tr xut tr chu u v pht trin t nm 1971 song song vi s rt tin ca my t ng (DAB: Distributeurs ATM: Automatic Teller Machine) v cc ghi s t ng ca ngn hng (GAB: Guchet Automatique de Banque). Php c

60

khong 2 triu th ang lu hnh, M c khong 700 triu th lu hnh Th ngn hng l g? l phng tin thanh ton m ngi s hu ch th c th s dng n rt tin mt ti cc my, cc quy t ng ca ngn hng, ng thi c th s dng th thanh ton tin hng ho dch v. 1. M t k thut: Th c lm bng nha cng (Plastique Rigide) c hnh ch nht, c kch thc tiu chun l 96mm x 54mm x 0,76mm. Trn th c mt s thng tin sau: Mt trc ca th ghi: tn ca th, ngn hng, biu tng, s ca th (13 hoc 16 s), ngy bt u c gi tr v ngy ht hn hiu lc (valid fromexpired end) v tn ngi ch th, c th c hnh v ch k ch th Tt c thng tin c in ni. Mt sau ca th: c nhng ng bng t tnh, mt bng trng trn c ch k ca ch th Bng t tnh l mt b nh cha ng mt phn hay ton b nhng thng tin sau y: S ca th. Tn ch th. Thi hn hiu lc. L lch ngn hng. M s b mt (mi ch th c mt mt m ring). Mc rt tin ti a cho php v cng s d.

61

Mt s th c bit nhng thng tin ny ghi vo b nh c bit (memory chip) v c khi c gn thm mt b phn tnh ton cc nh (micro processor). C th ghi ch thm ngn hng, a ch ca ngn hng. 2. Cc loi th v cng dng ca n: Th ATM: l loi th ghi n, gip cho ngi ch th c th s dng ni chuyn vi my ATM (Automated Teller Machine) v qua my ATM, ch th c th bit s d ti khon, rt tin, i m s PIN (Personal Identification Number), chuyn khon, np tin vo ti khon, thanh ton tin dch v, mua th co in thoi. Th thanh ton (Payment Card): l loi th c dng rt tin mt v thanh ton tin hng ho dch v ti cc c s chp nhn th. Th thanh ton c th l th ghi n hoc th tn dng, th ni a hoc th quc t. Th ghi n (Debit Card): loi th pht hnh da trn c s ti khon k qu, ti khon th hay ti khon tin gi khng k hn, khi ch th s dng th s d ca ti khon s gim tc thi. Nu c ngn hng cp hn mc thu chi, th khch hng c th chi tiu vt qu s d trn ti khon vng lai nhng phi trong hn mc tn dng thng bo trc cho khch hng (thng thng bng mt hay hai thng lng ca bn). Th tn dng (Credit Card): l loi th dng thanh ton trc, tr tin cho ngn hng sau, ngha l da vo uy tn hoc kh nng ti chnh ca ch th m ngn hng s cp cho ch th mt hn mc tn dng nht nh cho php

62

ch th tiu xi trong hn mc y, sau theo tng nh k (c th cui thng) ngn hng s gi ho n thanh ton cho ch th (Statement of Cardholder Account), ch th phi thanh ton li cho ngn hng s tin tn dng m ch th s dng. Th quc t: l loi th thanh ton ca mt t chc th quc t c pht hnh bi mt ngn hng thnh vin ca t chc v c s dng rng ri trn tan th gii nh: Master Card, Visa csrd, JCP card N c th l th tn dng hay th ghi n. Nu th ch s dng trong nc th gi l th ni a. 3. Nhng li ch ca th thanh ton i vi x hi, ngn hng, ch th, c s chp nhn th: a. i vi ngi s dng th: Th l phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt c php lut chp nhn, thun tin cho vic thanh ton nhanh chng, chnh xc v tin li trong vic thanh ton tin hng ho dch v Ch th khng cn phi mang theo nhiu tin mua hng, khng phi nhn nhng t tin l, tin gi, tin rch, khng tn nhiu thi gian kim m L hnh thc gi tin mt ni, s dng c nhiu ni, vic s dng d dng, an ton, vn minh v hin i. C th s dng th trn phm vi ton quc v quc t. Trong mt s trng hp, ch th c ngn hng cho vay tin s dng trc tr sau m khng cn phi th chp.

63

c bit khi c th (th ghi n v th tn dng), trong ti ngi ch th rt t tin v kh nng ti chnh v cm thy mnh sang trng, t tin trc bn b, gia nh, nht l i vo nhng ni sang trng v du lch hay i cng tc nc ngoi nn c th quc t mang theo.

b.

i vi ngn hng pht hnh th:

Ngn hng pht hnh th s a dng ho c sn phm dch v m cn c th tng doanh thu khi pht hnh th cho khch hng v thu c ph ca c hai bn: Ph thu t ch th v ph t i l chp nhn th. Tin li trong thanh ton th s to iu kin cho ngn hng thu ht khch hng n giao dch vi ngn hng. Mt khc ngn hng cn huy ng c s lng ln trn ti khon tin gi ca ch th vi li sut thp v m rng tn dng thng qua thu chi hay th tn dng. Tuy nhin trong giai on u, chi ph cho nhng ngn hng pht hnh th l rt ln v cc ngn hng cn ch : Hiu qu trong pht hnh th khng ch th hin qua doanh thu ph trong thanh ton th m n phi c th hin trong mi quan h vi cc hot ng khc ca ngn hng: huy ng vn, tn dng, maketing, s lng khch hng c. i vi ngn hng thanh ton th:

Ngn hng thanh ton c th gia tng li nhun t phn hoa hng c hng khi lm trung gian thanh ton, c thm cc dch v thanh ton mi phc v khch hng hin c. d. i vi c s chp nhn th (n v c thit b kim tra v c th, c th):

64

Thng qua vic lm i l chp nhn th, cc n v kinh doanh c th thu ht khch hng s dng th. a dng ho hnh thc thanh ton s gip n v kinh doanh to thun tin cho khch hng trong vic thanh ton, qua gp phn tng doanh thu. c bit l khch du lch quc t hin nay, i a s h dng th v nhng ngi giu c, ch th hay i siu th, khi c s kinh doanh s bn c nhiu hng khi chp nhn thanh ton th. e. i vi x hi: Gim c nhiu chi ph cho x hi: Thanh ton qua th s gim c khi lng tin mt trong lu thng, t gim c mt khon chi ph rt ln cho vic in n, bo qun, vn chuyn, kim m, nhn s thc hin Thanh ton bng th s em li nn vn minh lch s trong thanh ton v v sinh trong s dng tin t. H thng ngn hng thu ht c ngun vn tm thi nhn ri ti tr cho nn kinh t vi li sut thp. Gp phn kim sot v tng ngun thu cho nh nc: khi m hu ht cc khon thu nhp v chi ph u thanh ton qua ngn hng th vic tnh thu v thu thu s d dng hn, hn ch c tnh trng trn thu.

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CU HI N TP

1.

Sc l g? Sc bao gm nhng loi no? Hy gii thiu c im ca tng loi? Hng dn: xem phn khi nim v cc loi sc.

2.

Th no l th thanh ton? Th thanh ton bao gm nhng loi no? Nu u nhc im ca vic s dng th thanh ton so vi vic thanh ton bng tin mt? Hng dn: xem phn khi nim v th thanh ton, cc loi th v cng dng ca n, nhng li ch ca th thanh ton i vi x hi, ngn hng, ch th, c s chp nhn th.

66

BI 6:

PHNG THC CHUYN TIN & GHI S

A. I.

GII THIU: MC TIU: Hc xong bi ny, hc vin phi: Hiu c ni dung v cc bc c th trong quy trnh thc hin ca phng thc chuyn tin v ghi s. nh gi c u, nhc im v phm vi p dng ca phng thc thanh ton quc t. Kt hp mt cch linh hot vi cc phng thc khc v t , la chn c phng thc thanh ton quc t ti u nht cho doanh nghip trong tng trng hp c th.

II.

NI DUNG TM TT: Ni dung bi 6 s gii thiu cho hc vin hai phng thc n

gin nht v s dng kh ph bin trong thanh ton quc t l phng thc chuyn tin v ghi s. Hc vin s c cung cp quy trnh cng nh l cc bc thc hin c th, t thy c u, nhc im v phm vi p dng ca tng phng thc trong nhng trng hp c th.
67

B.

NI DUNG: Phng thc thanh ton quc t l ton b qu trnh, cch thc

nhn tr tin trong giao dch mua bn ngoi thng gia ngi nhp khu v ngi xut khu. Trong quan h ngoi thng i vi cc nc t bn ch ngha c rt nhiu phng thc thanh ton khc nhau nh: Phng thc chuyn tin, phng thc ghi s, phng thc nh thu, phng thc tn dng chng t Mi phng thc thanh ton u c u v nhc im, th hin qua s mu thun v quyn li gia cc bn tham gia: ngi nhp khu v ngi xut khu. V vy, vic vn dng phng thc thanh ton no phi c hai bn bn bc thng nht v ghi vo hp ng mua bn ngoi thng. Nhng ni chung l tu thuc vo quan h gia n v chng ta vi n v bn tn nhim hay khng tn nhim, c bit l quan h gia Ngn hng nc ta vi Ngn hng nc bn cng l nhn t ng ch khi la chn phng thc thanh ton thch hp.

I. 1.

PHNG THC CHUYN TIN (REMITTANCE): Khi nim: Phng thc chuyn tin l phng thc thanh ton n gin

nht, trong mt khch hng (ngi tr tin, ngi mua, ngi nhp khu) yu cu Ngn hng phc v mnh chuyn mt s tin nht nh cho ngi hng li (ngi bn, ngi xut khu, ngi nhn tin) mt a im xc nh trong mt thi gian nht nh.

68

2.

Qu trnh tin hnh nhim v: Trong phng thc chuyn tin cho cc bn lin quan: Ngi pht hnh lnh chuyn tin (ngi mua, nhp khu). Ngn hng nhn thc hin vic chuyn tin (Ngn hng ni n v chuyn tin m ti khon tin gi ngoi t). Ngn hng chi tr, chuyn tin (ngn hng i l ca ngn hng chuyn tin). Ngi nhn chuyn tin (ngi bn, t chc xut khu). S 1: Quy trnh thanh ton theo phng thc chuyn tin Bc 1: Sau khi tho thun i n k kt hp ng mua bn ngoi thng, t chc xut khuu thc hin vic cung ng hng ho, dch v cho t chc nhp khu ng thi chuyn giao ton b chng t (vn n, ho n, chng t v hng ho v chng t c lin quan). Bc 2: T chc nhp khu sau khi kim tra chng t, ho n vit lnh chuyn tin gi n ngn hng phc v mnh. Bc 3: Sau khi kim tra, nu hp l v kh nng thanh ton Ngn hng s trch ti khon ca n v chuyn tin gi giy bo n, giy thanh ton cho n v nhp khu. Bc 4: Ngn hng chuyn tin ra lnh (bng th hay in bo) cho Ngn hng i l ca mnh nc ngoi chuyn tr cho ngi nhn tin (t chc xut khu).

69

Buc 5: Ngn hng i l chuyn tin cho ngi c hng (trc tip hoc gin tip qua ngn hng khc) v gi giy bo cho n v.

Lu : cc bc trn c th thay i trt t tu theo iu khon thanh ton ca hp ng, tr trc, tr sau hay tr ngay sau khi nhn c chng t. 3. Hnh thc chuyn tin: Hnh thc in bo (T/T Telegraphic Transfer) thng qua Bank draft. Hnh thc th chuyn tin (M/T Mail Transfer) thng qua Bank draft. 4. Nhn xt: Trong phng thc chuyn tin, Ngn hng ch l trung gian thc hin vic thanh ton theo u nhim hng th tc ph (hoa hng) v khng b rng buc g c. Vic tr tin ph thuc vo thin ch ca ngi mua. Do , nu dng phng thc ny quyn li ca t chc xut khu khng m bo. V vy, phng thc ny t c s dng. Ngi ta p dng phng thc thanh ton chuyn tin trong vic thanh ton cc khon tng i nh nh thanh ton chi ph c lin quan n xut nhp khu, chi ph vn chuyn bo him, bi thng thit hi, hoc dng trong thanh ton ph mu dch, chuyn vn, chuyn li nhun u t v nc Tuy nhin, trong thc t cc t chc xut khu Vit Nam thng yu cu t chc nhp

70

khu phi chuyn tin trc ngy giao hng t 3 n 5 ngy.

II.

PHNG THC GHI S ( OPEN ACCOUNT): Phng thc ghi s l phng thc thanh ton m trong t

chc xut khu khi xut khu hng ho, cung ng dch v th ghi n cho bn nhp khu vo mt cun s ring ca mnh v vic thanh ton cc khon n ny c thc hin trong thi k nht nh (hng thng, qu). Thc hin phng thc ny l t chc xut khu thc hin vic cp mt khon tn dng thng mi. Thng thng phng thc ny ch p dng trong thanh ton gia hai n v quan h thng xuyn v tin cy ln nhau.

71

CU HI N TP

1.

Th no l phng thc chuyn tin? Trnh by quy trnh thanh ton quc t theo phng thc chuyn tin tr trc v chuyn tin tr sau? Nu u v nhc im ca vic vn dng cc phng thc i vi mt doanh nghip xut khu v doanh nghip nhp khu. Hng dn: xem phn khi nim, quy trnh v nhn xt ca phng thc chuyn tin.

2.

Nu u v nhc im ca phng thc ghi s? Hng dn: xem phn ni dung ca phng thc ghi s, Lu , phng thc ghi s thng c s dng khi i tc c mi quan h lu di, thng xuyn v tin cy.

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BI 7:

PHNG THC THANH TON NH THU (COLLECTION OF PAYMENT)

A. I.

GII THIU: MC TIU: Hc xong bi ny, hc vin phi: Hiu c ni dung v cc bc c th trong quy trnh thc hin ca phng thc thanh ton nh thu. nh gi c u, nhc im v phm vi p dng ca phng thc thanh ton nh thu trong thanh ton quc t. Kt hp mt cch linh hot vi cc phng thc khc v t , la chn c phng thc thanh ton quc t ti u nht cho doanh nghip trong tng trng hp c th.

II.

NI DUNG TM TT: Ni dung bi 7 s gii thiu cho hc vin quy trnh, cc bc

thc hin c th ca phng thc thanh ton nh thu. Qua , hc vin c th thy c u, nhc im v phm vi p dng ca phng thc nh thu trong nhng trng hp c th. Ngoi ra, cc phng tin thanh ton quc t cng c gii thiu v vn dng mt cch linh hot trong phng thc thanh ton.

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B.

NI DUNG: Phng thc thanh ton nh thu c thc hin theo quy tc

thng nht v nghip v nh thu do phng thng mi quc t ban hnh s xut bn 522 nm 1995 c gi tr hiu lc t ngy 01/01/1996 (The uniform rules for collection ICC PUB N 522-1995 Revision).

I.

KHI NIM CHUNG V NH THU: Phng thc nh thu l nghip v x l ca Ngn hng i vi cc chng t quy nh theo ng ch th nhn c nhm : Chng t c thanh ton hoc c chp nhn. Chuyn giao khi chng t c thanh ton hay c chng nhn. Chuyn giao chng t theo ng cc iu khon v iu kin khc. Chng t (Documents) bao gm: ho n, vn n, giy chng nhn s lng, cht lng, phiu ng gi, phiu kim dch v sinh

II.

CC LOI NH THU: Cn c vo ni dung cc chng t thanh ton gi n Ngn

hng nh thu m chia phng thc thanh ton thnh 2 loi:

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1.

Nh thu trn (Clean Collection): Khi nim: Nh thu trn l phng thc thanh ton m trong

t chc xut khu sau khi giao hng cho t chc nhp khu, nh ngn hng thu h trn c s chng t ti chnh khng c km theo chng t thng mi. Thc t th nh thu trn thng pht sinh trong thanh tan cheque. S 2: Quy trnh thanh ton theo phng thc nh thu trn

Bc 1: Cn c vo hp ng mua bn ngoi thng t chc xut khu giao hng cho t chc nhp khu, ng thi gi thng b chng t hng ho cho t chc nhp khu nhn hng. B chng t trong thanh ton nh thu thng qua gm c: ho n thng mi, chng t hng ho (giy chng nhn trng lng, phiu ng gi, bng k chi tit, vn ti n, chng t bo him, chng t phm cht, kim nghim v cc chng t khc).

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Bc 2: Trn c s giao hng v chng t hng ho gi bn nhp khu, t chc nhp khu k pht hi phiu, gi n Ngn hng phc v mnh nh thu h tin

Bc 3: Ngn hng nh thu gi th u nhim km theo hi phiu ca t chc xut khu, sang Ngn hng i l ti nc nhp khu nh thu h.

Bc 4: Ngn hng i l gi hi phiu cho t chc nhp khu theo ng a ch trn hi phiu yu cu thanh ton

Bc 5: Sau khi kim tra, i chiu hi phiu vi b chng t hp ng nu thy hp l, t chc nhp khu s ra lnh cho ngn hng ph v mnh thanh ton (trng hp hp phiu tr ngay) hoc k chp nhn ln hi phiu (hi phiu c k hn). Trng hp khng hp l t chc nhp khu s khng thanh ton.

Bc 6: Ngn hng i l thc hin cc bt ton chuyn tin v gi bo c hoc hi phiu chp nhn v ngn hng nh thu bn xut khu, hoc thng bo v s t chi thanh ton ca bn nhp khu.

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2.

Nh thu km chng t (Documenttay Collection): Khi nim: Phng thc nh thu km chng t l phng thc

thanh ton m trong t chc xut khu nh ngn hng thu h tin t t chc nhp khu khng nhng ch cn c vo hi phiu m cn cn c vo b chng t hng ho gi km theo hi phiu, vi iu kin nu t chc nhp khu ng tr tin hoc chp nhn ln hi phiu th ngn hng mi giao b chng t hng ho cho t chc nhp khu nhn hng. Nh vy, trong trng hp n v nhp khu khng ng tr tin, th ngn hng khng giao b chng t tc l hng ho cung ng qua nc nhp khu vn thuc quyn s hu ca t chc xut khu.

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Bc 1: Cn c vo hp ng mua bn ngoi thng c k kt gia hai n v, t chc xut khu thc hin nghip v giao hng sang nc nhp khu.

Bc 2: Trn c s giao hng t chc xut khu k pht hi phiu i tin t chc nhp khu km theo b chng t hng ho v ch th nh thu (Ph lc 1) gi n ngn hng phc v mnh nh thu h (Remitting Bank).

Bc 3: Ngn hng nh thu gi hi phiu, b chng t hng ho km theo ch th nh thu (Ph lc 2) gi ngn hng i l nc nhp khu nh thu h tin (Collecting Bank). Nu khng ng thu h th phi thng bo ngay (Fax, telex, swift).

Ni dung ch th nh thu (Collection instruction):

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Chi tit v ngn hng gi nh thu: Tn, a ch, in thoi, fax, telex Chi tit v tn ngi tr tin: Tn, a ch, in thoi, fax, telex S tin v loi tin nh thu. Danh mc chng t, s lng tng loi chng t nh km. iu khon thanh ton D/P, D/A. Ph nh thu. Li sut, k hn, c s tnh li. Phng thc thanh ton v phng thc tr tin. Cc ch th trong trng hp t chi thanh ton, t chi chp nhn hoc s mu thun gia cc ch th.

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PH LC 1: NI DUNG CH TH NH THU GI NGN HNG CHUYN NH THU

Collection Instruction Place and Date Ref 1. (The principal) 3. Drawee 5. Collection Documents: Commercial Documents - Draft: - Invoice: - B/L: 6.Terms of Collection - Your charges & expenses - at our Account - at the Drawees Account - If refused by the Drawee - It may be Waived - It can bot be waived without our Approval Financial Documents - Bill of Exchange - Promissory Note: - Cheques: 2. To: (The Remitting) 4. Collecting Bank:

- Collecting Banks Charges & expenses - If refused bu the Drawee expenses PH L C 2: N I DUNG CH TH NH THU I NGN - at our Account -G It may be Waived - at the Drawees Account - It can not be waived witouth our HNG THU H Approval 8. Interest of usance Usance intererst atP.A (360/365 days per year) fromto Amount available: If fefused by the Drawee. It may be waied COLLECTION INSTRUCTION o It can mot be waied withoit our approval

o o o o

Advice of Payment and / or Acceptance and maturity date by Cable Mail is required Protest in case of non-payment/non-acceptance is required

This collection is subject to the Uniform Rules for Collection, 1995 Revision ICC Publication No 522. (Authorised Signature)

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PH LC 2: NI DUNG CH TH NH THU GI NGN HNG THU H (COLLECTION INSTRUCTION)

Logo, name, address Fax, phone of Remitting Bank Mail to: (Place and date) Our ref. Cont. No. Date: Principal: Drawee: Terms of collection: (Marked (x) where appropriate) Documents against Payment Documents against Acceptance for days from/after maturity Mail to:

Amount

Docs 1st Mail 2nd Mail -This collection is subject to the Uniform Rules for collection, 1995 Revision, ICC Publication No.522 -Incase of non-acceptance/non-payment, please notify us by teles given reason. - Please advise us the maturity date by telex: - Collecting commissionand other wxpenses are covered by the Drawee. - Our banking charges and expenses are at the Drawees A/C. Please collect and remit the amount to us a instructed hereafter. If refused It may be waied It can not be qaied without our approval -Interest at the Drawees A/C at % for period of on the basic of days per yaer. Please collect and remit to us instructed hereafter It may be waied It can not be waied without out approval - Instruction for payment: - Prorest in case of non payment/ non acceptance is required

Authorized Signature

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Bc 4: Ngn hng nh thu gi li b chng t gc, ngn hng ch gi hi phiu v bn sao chng t cho t chc nhp khu.

Bc 5: n v nhp khu kim tra hi phiu v bn sao chng t, i chiu vi hp ng m quyt nh ng hay t chi thanh ton. Nu ng th c hai trng hp: Nu l nh thu tr tin ngay (D/P Documents against payment) th t chc nhp khu phi tr tin thanh ton ngay ngn hng mi giao b chng t gc nhn hng. Nu l nh thu chp nhn tr tin theo chng t (D/A documents against Acceptance) th t chc nhp khu ch cn k chp nhn tn hi phiu ngn hng s giao b chng t.

Bc 6: Ngn hng i l chuyn giao chng t hng ho cho t chc nhp khu nhn hng (Ngn hng chp nhn c s ng thanh ton).

Bc 7: Ngn hng i l thc hin cc bt ton chuyn tin v gi bo co hoc hi phiu chp nhn v Ngn hng nh thu bn xut khu, hoc thng bo v s t chi thanh ton ca t chc nhp khu.

Bc 8: Ngn hng tin hnh thanh ton cho t chc xut khu hoc chuyn hi phiu chp nhn hoc thng bo v s t chi thanh ton ca bn nhp khu.

Nhn xt: S dng phng thc thanh ton nh thu km chng t quyn li ca t chc xut khu c c m bo hn khng b mt hng nu bn nhp khu khng thanh ton,
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vai tr ngn hng c nng cao thm trch nhim. Tuy nhin tc thanh ton vn chm, ri ro cho bn xut khu vn ln.

III.

NHNG C IM CN CH KHI P DNG PHNG THC NH THU: Trong trng hp n v chng ta l t chc xut khu th ch nn dng phng thc thanh ton nh thu km chng t vi iu kin D/P (tr tin mi giao b chng t). Khi lp hi phiu i tin t chc nhp khu, th cn lu , t chc nhp khu l ngi tr tin ch khng phi ngn hng v vy hi phiu phi ghi tn ngi tr tin l nh nhp khu vi y chi tit tn, a ch Chi ph nh thu tr ngn hng bn no chu? Nu thu khng c th bn xut khu phi thanh ton ph cho c hai ngn hng. Trng hp t chc nhp khu khng ng thanh ton th cch gii quyt l hng nh th no?

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CU HI N TP

1.

Th no l phng thc thanh ton nh thu km chng t theo iu khon D/A? Trnh by quy trnh v gii thch cc bc thc hin phng thc ny? L mt doanh nghip nhp khu, bn cn xem xt nhng vn g khi k kt mt hp ng xut khu vi phng thc thanh ton l phng thc nh thu km chng t theo iu khon D/A? Hng dn: Xem phn khi nim, quy trnh v c im cn ch ca phng thc nh thu km chng t. Lu phng thc thanh ton nh thu km chng t theo iu khon D/A l phng thc nh thu chp nhn tr tin theo chng t.

2.

Trnh by quy trnh thanh ton quc t ca mt hp ng ngoi thng vi iu khon thanh ton l 30% gi tr hp ng thanh ton trc theo iu khon T/T v 70% gi tr hp ng thanh ton theo iu khon D/P. Nu r cc bc trnh by trong quy trnh ny? Hng dn: Quy trnh thanh ton quc t ca mt hp ng ngoi thng vi iu khon thanh ton l 30% gi tr hp ng thanh ton trc theo iu khon T/T v 70% gi tr hp ng thanh ton theo iu khon D/P chnh l s kt hp ca hai phng thc thu tin tr ngay.

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BI 8:

PHNG THC GIAO CHNG T NHN TIN (CAD COD)

(Cash Against Documents Cash On Delivery)

A. I.

GII THIU: MC TIU: Hc xong bi ny, hc vin phi: Hiu c ni dung v cc bc c th trong quy trnh thc hin ca phng thc giao chng t nhn tin. nh gi c u, nhc im v phm vi p dng ca phng thc thanh ton giao chng t nhn tin trong thanh ton quc t. Kt hp mt cch linh hot vi cc phng thc khc v t , la chn c phng thc thanh ton quc t ti u nht cho doanh nghip trong tng trng hp c th.

II.

NI DUNG TM TT :

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Ni dung bi 8 s gii thiu cho hc vin quy trnh, cc bc thc hin c th ca phng thc thanh ton giao chng t nhn tin. Qua , hc vin c th thy c u, nhc im v phm vi p dng ca phng thc giao chng t nhn tin trong nhng trng hp c th.

B. I.

NI DUNG: KHI NIM: Phng thc CAD l phng thc thanh ton m trong t chc

nhp khu trn c s hp ng mua bn, yu cu ngn hng bn xut khu m cho mnh mt ti khon tn thc (Trust account) thanh ton tin cho t chc xut khu, khi nh xut khu xut trnh y chng t theo nhng tho thun.

II.

QUY TRNH THANH TON: Bc 1: Trn c s hp ng mua bn ngoi thng, t chc

nhp khu yu cu ngn hng bn xut khu m cho mnh mt ti khon tn thc (Trust account). S d ti khon ny bng 100% tr gi hp ng v n c dng thanh ton cho t chc xut khu theo ng cc tho thun gia nhp khu v ngn hng (Memorandum) v vic nh nhp khu m ti khon tn thc.

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Bc 2: Ngn hng thng bo cho t chc xut khu. Bc 3: T chc xut khu cung ng hng sang nc nhp khu theo ng tho thun trn hp ng. Bc 4: Trn c s giao hng, t chc xut khu xut trnh chng t theo ng ch nh. Bc 5: Ngn hng kim tra chng t, i chiu vi bn ghi nh trc y, nu ng th thanh ton tin cho n v xut khu t ti khon tn thc ca n v nhp khu. Bc 6: Ngn hng chuyn b chng t cho nh nhp khu v quyt ton ti khon tn thc.

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Phng php ny c p dng trong trng hp t chc nhp khu rt tin tng nh xut khu v t chc nhp khu c vn phng i din ti nc xut khu.

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CU HI N TP

1.

Th no l phng thc CAD? Trnh by quy trnh v gii thch cc bc thc hin ca phng thc CAD? Hng dn: Xem phn khi nim v quy trnh thanh ton ca phng thc thanh ton CAD

2.

Nu vai tr ca ngn hng trong phng thc CAD? Hng dn: Xem quy trnh thanh ton ca phng thc CAD. Lu n vic kim tra tnh y ca b chng t m ngn hng nhn t nh xut khu.

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BI 9:

PHNG THC THANH TON TN DNG CHNG T

(Documentary Credit Le Crdit Documentaire)

A. I.

GII THIU: MC TIU: Hc xong bi ny, hc vin phi: Hiu c ni dung v cc bc c th trong quy trnh thc hin ca phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng t. nh gi c u, nhc im v phm vi p dng ca phng thc thanh ton ng dng chng t trong thanh ton quc t. Kt hp mt cch linh hot vi cc phng thc khc, v t , la chn c phng thc thanh ton quc t ti u nht cho doanh nghip trong tng trng hp c th.

II.

NI DUNG TM TT: Ni dung bi 9 s gii thiu cho hc vin quy trnh thanh ton,

cc bc thc hin c th ca phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng

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t. Qua , hc vin c th thy c u, nhc im v phm vi p dng ca phng thc tn dng chng t trong nhng trng hp c th.

B.

NI DUNG: Mt trong nhng phng thc thanh ton quc t hin nay c

s dng ph bin l phng thc tn dng chng t. Ni dung phng thc thanh ton tn dung chng t c thc hin theo bn Quy tc v thc hnh thng nht v tn dng chng t (Uniform Customs and practice for documentary credits) do phng thng mi quc t (ICC) ban hnh. Vn bn u tin c xut bn nm 1933 sau c sa i qua cc nm 1951, 1962, 1974 v tip theo l bn sa nm 1983 (s 400.ICC). Phng thng mi quc t ICC ban hnh vn bn mi nht ICC UCP No500 c gi tr hiu lc t ngy 1/1/1994 c cc gii kinh doanh thng mi v ngn hng hu ht cc nc p dng ph bin. Trong phng thc tn dng chng t ngn hng khng ch l ngi trung gian thu h, chi h, m cn l ngi i din bn nhp khu thanh ton tin cho bn xut khu, m bo cho t chc xut khuu c khon tin tng ng vi hng ho m h cung ng, ng thi m bo cho t chc nhp khu nhn c s lng, cht lng hng ho tng ng vi s tin mnh thanh ton. Vi nhng u im phng thc thanh ton chng t tr thnh phng thc thanh ton hu hiu nht cho c hai bn xut khu v nhp khu. I. S LC V ICC UCP No.500 RE 1993:

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UCP 500 l mt vn bn php l quc t khng mang tnh cht bt buc cc bn mua bn quc t phi p dng. Do nu p dng UCP500 th phi dn chiu iu y trong th tn dng ca mnh. n nay c hn 160 nc trn th gii cng nhn v tuyn b p dng UCP 500 RE 1993.T ngy ra i n nay, UCP tri quy 5 ln sa i vo cc nm 1951,1962,1974,1983 v ln sau cng nht l thng 10/1993 c hiu lc t 1/1/1994. iu ng lu l cc vn bn ra i sau khng hu b cc vn bn trc , cho nn cc vn bn u c gi tr thc hnh thanh ton quc t. Bn Quy tc thng nht v hon tr lin ngn hng theo

phng thc tn dng chng t - The Uniform Rules for Bank to bank reimbursement under Documentaty credit URR 525-1995-ICC c gi tr t ngy 1/7/1996. Ph bn UCP: UCP 500.1 v 500.2 eUCP (UCP500.1) The supplement to the uniform customs and practice for documentary credits for electronic presentation- 01/2002 p dng cho xut trnh chng t in t theo L/C. eUCP c 12 iu khon ISBP 645 (UCP 500.2) The Internation standard Banking pratice for Examination of Document inder Documentary Credits. Thc hnh nghip v ngn hng theo tiu chun quc t v kim tra chng t theo L/C.

II.

KHI NIM:

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Phng thc tn dng chng t l mt s tho thun m trong mt ngn hng (Ngn hng m th tn dng) p ng nhng yu cu ca khch hng (ngi xin m th tn dng) cam kt hay cho php ngn hng khch chi tr hoc chp nhn nhng yu cu ca ngi hng li khi nhng iu khon v iu kin quy nh trong th tn dng c thc hin ng v y . Qua khi nim phng thc tn dng chng t ta thy c lin quan n cc bn sau: Ngi xin m L/C (Applicant for the credit). Ngi hng li (Benneficiary). Ngn hng m th tn dng (ngn hng pht hnh The issuing bank). Ngn hng thng bo th tn dng (The advising bank). Ngn hng xc nhn (The confirming bank). Ngn hng than ton (The paying bank). Ngn hng thng lng (the negotiating bank). Ngn hng chuyn nhng (Tranfering bank), Ngn hng ch nh (Nominated bank), Ngn hng hon tr (Reimbyrsing Bank), Ngn hng i tin (Claiming bank). Ngn hng chp nhn (accepting bank), Ngn hng chuyn chng t (Remitting bank). Tt c c giao trch nhim c th trong th tn dng

III.

QUY TRNH TIN HNH NGHIP V PHNG THC TN DNG CHNG T:

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1.

Bc 1: Cn c vo hp ng mua bn ngoi thng (hoc ho n

cho hng) t chc nhp khu vit n xin m tn dng gi n ngn hng phc v mnh (Ni n v m ti khon ngoi t yu cu ngn hng m mt th tn dng cho ngi bn, ngi xut khu hng. Khi vit n xin m L/C t chc nhp khu (Ngi xin m L/C) cn lu mt s ni dung quan trng: Vit ng theo mu n xin m ca ngn hng pht hnh (Ph lc 3). Thn trng cn nhc k lng trc khi a nhng iu kin rng buc bn xut khu vo n m L/C, lm th no m bo c quyn li ca mnh v tn trng cc iu khon ca hp ng. Ni dung n xin m L;/C l c s ngn hng vit L/C gi bn hng li.

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n xin m L/C l c s php l gii quyt tranh chp gia ngn hng m L/C v ngi xin m. n lm 2 bn, mi bn gi mt bn

PH LC S 3: N XIN M TH TN DNG

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM c lp T do Hnh phc

GIY NG M TN DNG TH TR NGAY

Trn trng ngh ngn hng ngoi thng Vit Nam chi nhnh Thnh ph H Ch Minh m cho chng ti mt tn dng th c ni dung nh sau:

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HOCHIMINH CITY To: Test: We open irrevocable ( ) Tranferablw ( ) Confirmerd Credit number + Beneficiary: + Applicant: + Amount ( ) FOB ( ) CF ( ) CIF Availavle by beneficiarys right draft (S) qrawn on issuing Bank for 100 percent invoice value accompanied by the follwing documents (marked X) in (unless otherwise stated) -Signed commercial invoice - Full ser (3/3) of clean shipped on board ocean Bill of Lading showing L/C number made our ( ) to order blank endorsed ( ) to the order of Vietcombank Hochiminh city marked freight ( ) prepaid ( ) collect and notify the applicant - The duplicate of airway Bill (for the consignor) showing L/C number marked freight ( ) prepaid ( ) collect consigned to ( ) applicant ( ) the order of Vietcombank Hochiminh city and notify the applicant -Quality ( ) and Quality certifycate issued by ( ) manufacturer ( ) beneficiary - Insurance Covered by the applicant - Insurance policy/ certificate covering for 110j percent of invoice vallue showing claim payable in Hochiminh city Vietnam and number of policy/ certificate issued - Certificate of origin issued by ( ) Chamber of Commerce ( ) Beneficiary ( ) manufacturer Detailed packing list - Copy of cable/ telex advising applicant particulars of shipment and also telex Vietcombank Hochiminh City shipment date, invoice value and L/C number within 2 days after shipment. -Peceipt of shipmaster acknowledging due receipt of sets of non negotiable documents for transmission to applicant at destination port - Beneficiarys certificate certifiyng that set of non negotiable documents has been sent by DHL directly to the applicant within days after shipment DHL receipt presented. - One extra copy of n/n invoice and transport document required document required for issuing banks files + Shippment from to + Covering: + Packing: + Shippment must be effected not latter than + Negotiation must be effected not latter than + Partial shipment ( ) allowed ( ) prohibited
96

+ Transhpment ( ) allowed ( ) prohibited +All banking cherges outside Vietnam, amendment and reimbursement charges are for beneficiarys account Documents must be presented for negotiation within days the date of shipment but within the validity of the cerdit + Instruction to negotiating banks - Free should be deducted from the proceeds for each set of discrepant document under this L/C - On receipt documents in compliance with trems and conditions of the credit please sent documents to us by DHL - Upon receipt of your tested able/telex advice of negotiation certifying to us that all terms and conditions of the credit have been complied with and document have been courried by DHL to us we shall reimburse you according to your instruction in the cerrency of the credit - Upon receipt of said documents, we shall reimburse you according to your instruction in the currency of the credit. + This L/C is subject to UCPDC 1993 Revision ICC Publication No.500 + Operative instrument please notify. VIETCOMBANK HOCHIMINH CITY S ngoi t qu m L/C l: Chng ti hon ton chu trch nhim v ni dung hn ngch v giy php nhp khu ca tn dng thu ni trn. Ngn hng c t ng trch TK Noca chng ti m ti qu ngn hng k qu m L/C v thanh ton khi nc ngoi i tin: Gm c tin hng v cc chi ph lin quan theo L/C ny. Nhn c chng t (hoc xin thng lng chng tDOC) c im bt hp l ngh qu ngn hng thng bo ngay cho chng ti. Nu qu thi hn nm ngy k t ngy nhn c chng t hoc in bo m cha c kin ca chng ti, qu ngn hng c php thng bo t chi thanh ton cho ngi nc ngoi. Chng ti chu mi chi ph lin h. Tp. H Ch Minh, ngy // Gim c cng ty K ton trng GIY NGH M TN DNG TH DOCUMENTARY CREDIT APPLACATION

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Knh gi: NGN HNG TMCP CHU To: ASIA COMMERCIAL BANK
L/C referent Number:

Cam kt tun th nhng iu khon v iu kin trang sau, chng toi6 ngh qu ngn hng pht hnh mt tn dng th khng hu ngang bao gm nhng ni dung sau: Sybject to the term and conditions printed overleaf, we request then Bank to issue a Irrevocable Letter of Credit as follows

98

99

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Cam kt ca n v xin m L/C: C y giy t th tc hp php nhn hng: C giy php kinh doanh xut nhp khu i vi mt8 hng xin nhp khu, c giy php nhp khu ca B Thng Mi(i vi mt8 hng qun l bng k hoch v hn ngch), khng n thu xut nhp khu Np tin k qu v cc khon ph theo yu cu ca ACB trc khi ACB pht hnh L/C. S tin k qu ny s c chuyn sang thanh ton L/C m khi n hn thanh ton.
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Khi nhn c in i tin( nu L/C cho php i tin bng in) hoc khi b chng t ph hp vi cc iu kin ca L/C c xut trnh ti ACB, chng ti cam kt chp nhn thanh ton v iu kin ton b s tin mua hng ghi trong L/C v cc vn bn tu chnh( Amendment) km theo cng nh tt c cc chi ph c lin quan n L/C ngay c trong trng hp hng ho b tn tht mt phn hay ton b, hng ho khng n c hoc khng c php nhp vo Vit Nam v bt c l do g

Do , khi nhn c in i tin hoc nhn b chng t ca ngi bn ph hp vi ch th trong L/C, ngn hng Chu c quyn trch tin t ti khon ca chng ti ( hay chp nhn hoi61 phiu i vi L/C tr chm) hoc cho vay bt buc thanh ton cho ngi bn m khng nht thit phi thng bo hay ch i s chp nhn thanh ton ca chng ti. Bi vic mua bn c tho thun trc tip gia chng ti ( ngi mua) v ngi bn do vy chng ti cam kt khng quy trch nhim cho ngn hng v: Nhng thay i s lng, cht lng hng ho, tr gi, iu kin giao nhn hng. S chm tr, tht thot, gin on, sai st hay tnh xc thc ca cc chng t c gi ti. Chng ti s np hp ng bo him cho ngn hng trc khi ngn hng pht hnh L/C.

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 ngh ngn hng mua bo him thay cho chng ti, chng ti chu trch nhim thanh ton ph bo him, Khi: Gi mua khng bao gm ph bo him L hng nhp khu c cm c cho ACB

Phn chnh lch gia phn k qu v tr gi L/C c coi nh phn ca ngn hng bo lnh cho chng ti. Do vy, khi chng ti cha hon tt vic thanh ton cho Ngn hng th ngn hng c quyn gi cc chng t v hgn ho c gi theo L/C ny hoc nhng gi tr ti sn khc m chng ti cm c, th chp cho Ngn hng m bo cho khon tin m chng ti cn n ngn hng. Ngn hng c quyn bn mt phn hay ton b l hng hoc ti sn m chng ti cm c, th chp thu n m khng cn thng bo cho chng ti. Trng hp s tin thu c do bn cc ti sn ny khng thanh ton cc mn n, chng ti chu trch nhim thanh ton ht phn cn thiu;

Trong trng hp nhp khu u thc cho mt n v khc, chng ti hon ton chu trch nhim v iu 1 v lin i chu trch nhim vi n v u thc v vic thc hin cc cam kt ni trn;

Chng ti ng mua ngoi t ca ACB theo gi giao ngay (Spot) hoc k hng (forward) theo thi im thanh ton L/C cho nc ngoi.

Tn dng th ny c p dng theo cc quy tc thc hnh thng nht v Tn Dng Chng T n bn s 500do Phng Thng Mi Quc T ban hnh.
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2.

Bc 2: Cn c vo yu cu m th tn dng ca t chc nhp khu v

xc chng t c lin quan. Nu ng Ngn hng trch ti khon n v m ti khon tn dng (K qu c th l 100% tr gi th tn dng trong trng hp thanh ton ngay hoc X% tr gi th tn dng trong trng hp thanh ton c k hn). Sau Ngn hng vit th tn dng gi cho t chc xut khu thng qua ngn hng thng bo ti nc xut khu. Vic m th tn dng qua bn xut khu c th thc hin bng ng hng khng bu chnh hoc bng in tn (telex), hay thng qua h thng Swift. a. Khi nim th tn dng (Letter of credit L/C)

Th tn dng l mt vn kin ca ngn hng c vit ra theo yu cu ca ngi nhp khu (Ngi xin m th tn dng) nhm nu ln nhng cam kt tr tin cho nh xut khu (ngi hng li) mt s tin nht nh vi iu kin ngi ny thc hin ng v y nhng iu khon v iu kin quy nh trong l th . b. Ni dung ca th tn dng (Ph lc s 4): (1) S hiu, a im ngy m L/C. S hiu ca L/C a im m L/C Ngy m L/C

(2) Loi th tn dng. (3) Tn a ch ca nhng ngi c lin quan. (4) S tin ca th tn dng. (5) Thi hn hiu lc ca L/C.
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(6) Thi hn tr tin ca L/C (Date of payment). (7) Thi hn giao hng (Date of delivery). (8) iu khon v hng ha. (9) Nhng ni dung v vn ti, giao nhn hng ho. (10) Cc chng t m ngi xut khu phi xut trnh. (11) S cam kt tr tin ngn hng m th tn dng. (12) Nhng iu kin c bit khc.

PH LC 4: MU TH TN DNG HOCHIMINH CITY AUG 08, 2005 FR: EASTERN ASIA C.J.S BANK H.O HOCHIMINH CITY.VIETNAM (EASTASIABANK) To: STANDARD CHARTERED BANK, TOKYO BRANCH TEST ON USD 67,392.00 DD 08.08.2005 ATTN: L/C ADVISING DEPT. PLEASE ADVICE THAT WE OPEN OUR IRREVOCABLE CREDIT NUMBER: 50 JASN O5LAO 179 ISSUING DATE: 08.08.05 EXPIRY DATE: 30 SEP 05 IN FAVOUR OF: NICH CORP. KYOBASHI, TOKYO JAPAN. BOX TOKYO JAPAN APPLICANT: NHAKHACO DIST. 1, HOCHIMINH CITY,S.R VIETNAM - AMOUNT; USD 67,392.00 - CIF HOCHIMINH CITY PORT, VIETNAM. (SAY US DOLLARS SIXTY SEVEN THOUSAND THREE HUNDRED NINETY TWO ONLY) THIS CREDIT IS AVAILABLE WITH ANY BANK BY BENEFICIARY'S DRAFT (S) AT SIGHT DRAWN ON ISSUING BANK FOR 100 PCT OF INVOICE VALUE ACCOMPANIED BY THE FOLLOWING DOCUMENTS IN TRIPLICATE (UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED): SIGNED COMMERCIAL INVOICE IN QUADRUPLICATE 2- FULL SET (3/3) ORIGINAL OF CLEAN SHIPPED ON BOARD OCEAN B/L SHOWING L/C NO. MADE OUT TO ORDER OF
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EASASIABANK H.O MARKED FREIGHT PREPAID N NOTIFY THE APPLICANT 3- CERT OF QUALITY, QUANTITY. ISSUED BY THE MANUFACTURER 4 - INSURANCE COVERED BY SELLER INSURANCE POLICY/CERTIFICATE IN DUBLICATE COVERING ALL RISKS BLANK ENDORESED FOR 110 PERCENT OF INVOICE VALU E SHOWING CLAIM PAYABLE AT HOCHIMINH CITY.VIETNAM 5 - CERT OF ORIGIN ISSUE BY CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 6 - DETAILED PACKING LIST 7 - COPY OF FAX/TLX/CABLE ADVISING APPLICANT N EASTASIABANK H.O HCMC (TLX NO.813148 OR FAX No.S484435550) PARTICULARS OF SHIPMENT INCLUDING B/L No. AND DATE,VESSEL NAME, QUANTITY OF GOODS, NAME OF COMMODITY. INV. VALUE AND L/C NO. WITHIN 02 DAYS AFTER SHIPMENT. 8 - BEN'S CERT CERTIFYING THAT ONE SET OF NON NEGOTIABLE DOCS HAS BEEN SENT TO APPLICANT B.Y DHL WITHIN 05 DAYS AFTER SHIPMENT (DHL RECEIPT ENCLOSED) SHIPMENT FROM ANY JAPANESE PORT TO HOCHIMINH CITY PORT VIETNAM. COVERING COMMODITY CELLOPHANE PHNG THC NO300 HAKUSAN BRAND SUBSTANCE: 30 GRS/M2 MORD OR LESS 5 PCT CORE: 3 ROLL WIDTH: 800MM - ROLL LENGTH:4,000M. UNIT PRICE: USD 390 /KG : - CIF HOCHIMINH CITY PORT,VIETNAM TOTAL QUANTITY: 17.280.00 KGS (I 80 ROLLS) TOTAL AMOUNT: USD 67,392.00 CIF HOCHIMINH CITY PORT, VIETNAM PACK ING : MILL'S STANDARD EXPORT PACKING WITH 2 OR 3 LAVERS OF PR OUTSIDE OF 'THE ROLL AND FIBER DRUM. MARKING: UKSIME/CELLOPHANE PHNG THC NO.300/MADE IN IAPAN. MANUFACTURER: RENGO CO.LDT. LATEST SHIPMENT DATE : 15 SEP 05 PARTIAL SHIPMENT: NOT ALLOWED TRANSHIPMENTS: ALLOWED SPECIAL CONDITIONS: ALL BANKING CHRGS OUTSIDE VIETNAM INCLUDING
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ADVISING, NEGOTIATING REIMBURSEMENT COMMISSION AND AMENDMENT CHARGES AT SELER'S ACCOUNT. DOCUMENTS MUST BE PRESENTED FOR NEGOTIATION WITHIN 16 DAYS FROM B/L DATE BUT WITHIN THE VALIDITYOF THE CREDITe INSTRUCTIONS TO NEGOTIATING BANK: USD 50 FEE SHOULD BE DEDUCTED FROM THE PROCEEDS FOR. EACH SET OF DISCREPANT DOCUMENTS UNDER THIS L/C ON RECEIPT DOCUMENTS UN COMPLIANCE WITH TERMS N CONDITIONS OF THE CREDIT PLEASE FORWARD ALL TO US 130 PHAN DANG LUU. ST. PHU NHUAN DIST, HCM CITY, VIETNAM BY DHL/TNT UPON GECEIPT OF DOCUMENTS STRICLY COMPLIED WITH L/C TREMS AND CONDITIONS WE SHALL REIMBURSE YOU ACCORDING TO YOUR INSTRUCTION IN THE CURRENCY OF THE CREDIT THIS L/C IS SUBJECT TO UCPDC 1993 REVISTON ICC PUBLICATION NO.500 OPERATIVE INSTRUMENT PLEASE NOTIFY. NO MAIL CONFIRMATION WILL FOLLOW. INT'S BUSINESS DEPT. c. Tnh cht, ngha ca th tn dng Th tn dng l ct li, l phng tin ch yu ca phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng t. Do , nu th tn dng ht thi hn hiu lc th phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng t s khng c ngha. Th tn dng l vn bn th hin s cam kt ca ngn hng m th tn dng i vi nh xut khu thc hin ngha v thanh ton theo iu khon ca hp ng mua bn ngoi thng. Do n c son tho trn c s hp ng mua bn c k kt gia 2 n v. Nhng v th tn dng do ngn hng m L/C cam kt do th tn dng hon ton c lp vi hp ng mua bn. Tnh cht c lp th tn dng th hin ch ngn hng m
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th tn dng khng cn bit n hp ng mua bn m ch cn c vo ni dung n xin m L/C ca nh nhp khu vit th tn dng( M L/C) cho nh xut khu Th tn dng l c s php l chnh ca vic thanh ton, n rng buc cc bn hu quan tham gia vo phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng t nh: Nh nhp khu( ngi xin m LC), ngn hng bn nhp khu (ngn hng m L/C), nh xut khu (ngi hng li L/C), ngn hng thng bo, thanh ton. Cn hp ng mua bn ngoi thng ch c gi tr php l rng buc v quyn li v ngha v gia bn nhp khu v xut khu Ngoi nhng ngha trn, bn nhp khu cn s dng th tn c th ho, chi tit ho hoc b sung mt cch y hn vo iu khon ca hp ng mua bn v cng c th dng L/C nh chnh, sa cha nhng ni dung k trong hp ng Trong trng hp khng c k kt hp ng, bn mua da vo ho n cho hng ( Protoma invoice) ca bn bn, t mnh xin m L/C v c bn bn chp nhn th th tn dng cng chnh l hp ng

3.

Bc 3: Ngn hng thng bo khi nhn c th tn dng ca ngn hng

m L/C gi n tin hnh kim tra, xc bo im m L/C ri chuyn bn chnh L/C v cng vn thng bo (Ph lc 5) cho nh xut khu
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di hnh thc vn bn Nguyn vn (nhn th no th chuyn th ). Nu gi bng th th kim ch k, gi in th kim m (xem iu 7 UCP 5001993). Lu : Ngn hng thng bo c quyn t chi khng thng bo L/C v mt l do no (V d khng kim tra c ch k hoc kho in Telex), th phi bo ngay quyt nh cho ngn hng pht hnh, khng c chm tr (bng phng tin telex, fax, swift) PH LC 5: THNG BO TH TN DNG BANK FOR FOREIGN TRADE OF VIETNAM Vietcombank Telex Fax: Cable: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S T.C/ Our Ref:..Ngy/ Date..
Knh gi/ To.

Th qu cng ty/ Dear Sirs, S L.C/L/C NoNgy/ Date. S tin/ Value: Xin c thng bo vi qu cng ty chng tn nhn c th in m/ sa L/C vi ni dung theo bn nh km Please be advised that we have received letter/ SWIFT message telex of Credit/ Amend- men of Credit in your favour reading in substance as shown on the attached sheet:
T/ From:.

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+ M c kim ng Duly tested + Khng c m/ m sai Untested/ Wrong tested +C xc nhn ca chng ti Adding out confirmation +Ch k c xc nhn ng Authenticated signature +Khng xc nhn c ch k Not Authenticated signature +Khng c xc nhn ca chng ti Without sdding our confirmation Xin qu cng ty cho kim tra cn thn cc iu kin ca th tn dng hoc bn sa i. Trong trng hp khng ng vi iu kin no hoc khng c kh nng thc hin bt c iu khon no trong th tn dng ny hay trong bn sa i, ngh qu cng ty tha thun vi ngi m th tn dng sa i. You are requested to check the credit terms carefull/ In the event the you do not agree or feel unable to comply with any terms and conditions, please arrange an amendment of the credit/ Amendment with the applicant for the Credit. Bn thng bo ny tun th quy tc v thc hnh thng nht v tn dng chng t bn sa i 1993 s 500 ca phng thng mi quc t Tis advice is subject to the Uniform Customs and Pratise for Documentary Credits 1993 Revision ICC Publication No 500 Phi chi tr cho chng ti l: Charger(s) should be paid: Ph thng bo: Advising charge Ph xc nhn Confirmation charge Ph sa i Amendment charge in ph Comunication charge Knh cho/ Yours faithfully

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111

4.

Bc 4: T chc xut khu nhn c th tn dng do ngn hng thng

bo gi n, tin hnh kim tra, dch thut, i chiu vi hp ng mua bn ngoi thng k trc y. y l khu quan trng i vi t chc xut khu v th tn dng c th ging hp ng v cng c th khc hp ng nhng khi thanh ton th phi thc hin iu khon ca th tn dng. V vy sau khi kim tra cht ch L/C nu ng th tin hnh giao hng cho bn nhp khu, nu khng ng th ngh bn nhp khu iu chnh hoc b sung thm cho n khi hon chnh th mi giao hng. Nhng ni dung quan trng cn kim tra trn th tn dng: - Thi gian m L/C. - Ngn hng m L/C. - Loi th tn dng. - Thi hn hiu lc. - Kim nghch th tn dng. - iu kin giao hng. - a im gi nhn hng. - B chng t thanh ton. - iu kin v hng ho. - iu kin c bit khc nh ph, xc nhn, cch gi chng t, lu nu trong telex c cu: Full details to follow hoc ghi l The mail comfirmation is to be the operative credit instrument th telex cha c gi tr phi i th mi c gi tr. Tm li: T chc xut khu khi nhn c th tn dng cn ht sc thn trng trong kim tra, phn tch tng iu khon tin hnh giao hng, lp b chng t thanh ton ph hp vi th

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tn dng. Ch cn sai mt trong nhng iu khon trong L/C th s khng c thanh ton. Do nu khng ng iu khon no th ngh sa i b sung. Vic ngh c th thc hin bng cch : in trc tip cho cc t chc nhp khu, hoc in cho ngn hng m L/C thng qua ngn hng thng bo. Sau khi thc hin vic kim tra, sa i, b sung th tn dng c m hon chnh t chc xut khu tin hnh nghip v giao hng, thng thng chi ph tu chnh L/C do bn xut khu chu.

5.

Bc 5: Sau khi hon thnh ngha v giao hng, t chc xut khu lp

b chng t thanh ton theo ng iu khon trong th tn dng xut trnh cho ngn hng ch nh yu cu thanh ton. H s chng t gi ngn hng thanh ton gm c: Phiu xut trnh chng t thanh ton hng xut khu (Ph lc 6) v cc chng t chi tit ph hp vi nhng iu khon ghi trong th tn dng. Nu cn tin trang tri chi ph th c th yu cu ngn hng chit khu chng t (Phlc 7)

PH LC S 6: THU YU CU THANH TON CHNG T THEO HNH THC L/C Tn n v

NAM CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT

(Tn a ch y s in thoi, telex)

c lp T do Hnh phc -----------o0o-------------113

TH YU CU THANH TON CHNG T THEO HNH THC L/C

Knh gi Ngn hng ngoi thng Vit Nam. ngh ngn hng thc hin thanh ton b chng t giao hng nh km theo hnh thc sau: Khi ngn hng nc ngoi tr tin Chit khu min truy i ngay sau khi xut trnh chng t Chit khu truy i vi s tin l Advising Banks Ref Opening Banks ref S tin hi phiu

Chng t xut trnh:

Drafts Com Packing Cert Quality Cert Bill of Cert. Other Invoice list of quan of Lading of Weight Cert. Insurarce Benet Cert

Other docs: ngh ngn hng thanh ton s tin trn bng cch ghi C vo ti khon ca chng ti s.. ti ngn hng Trng hp chit khu truy i chng ti cam kt: 1. U quyn cho ngn hng t ng thu hi tin gc v ph pht sinh khi nhn c bo C ca ngn hng nc ngoi. 2. Nu ngn hng nc ngoi t chi thanh ton, chng ti s hon li y s tin hng cng ph pht sinh.
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3. 3. Sau 60 ngy k t ngy chit khu chng t m ngn hng khng nhn c tin ca ngan hng nc ngoi, Ngn hng c quyn t ng trch ti khon tin gi ngoi t ca chng ti ti Qu ngn hng thu hi khon tin chit khu. nu ti khon ca chng ti khng tin, ngh qu ngn hng chuyn sang n qu hn v thu li theo li sut cho vay qa hn do ngn hng Ngoi thng quy nh. * Trong trng hp yu cu chit khu phi c y ch k ca Ch ti khon (Nu th trng n v khng phi l ch ti khon) v ch k ca k ton trng. Ngn hng k nhn, K ton trng

PH LUC S 7: N YU CU CHIT KHU CHNG T L/C XUT KHU Tn doanh nghip Ngy. N YU CU CHIT KHU CHNG T L/C XUT KHU Knh gi: NGN HNG CNG THNG VIT NAM TP.HCM Ngy chng ti xut trnh ti qu ngn hng b chng t tr giho n s thuc L/C s dopht hnh Bao gm: -Drafts: . bn -Commercial invoice:.bn -Insurance policy/ Cert:bn -Packing list: ..bn -Billof lading:.bn -Certificate: bn

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-Bens cert: bn Shipmasters :..bn - Copy of cable / Talex: ..bn Nay do: Nhu cu vn hot ng kinh doanh tr n vay tn dng ti ICB HCMC hp ng s.. ngh qu ngn hng xem xt chit khu.(%) tr gi b chng t ni trn. S tin c chit khu, ngh qu ngn hng chuyn vo: TK ca..No ti: TK ca..No ti: Chng ti cam kt tun th Quy nh v chit khu ca ICB HCMC Ghi ch:

TP. H Ch Minh, Ngy. Gim c n v k tn

6.

Bc 6: Khi ngn hng bn xut khu nhn c chng t cng bn gc

L/C do t chc xut khu (ngi hng li L/C) gi n (km cc bn tu chnh nu c), ngn hng xut khu cn thc hin: Sau khi kim tra chi tit tng loi chng t, thanh ton vin s xem li ngy xut trnh chng t c nm trong thi hn hiu lc v ng theo quy nh ca L/C hay khng? Kin tra cc loi chng t c xut trnh cha?

116

Cui cng kim tra tng qut bng cch c li L/C mt ln na xem b chng t c iu g khng tho mn L/C khng?

Tt c cc sai st hoc bt hp l ca chng t u c thanh ton vin ghi vo phiu kim chng t xut khu (Ph lc 8)

PH LC S 8: PHIU KIM CHNG T XUT KHU

NGN HNG NGOI THNG VIT NAM Chi nhnh thnh ph H Ch Minh Phng THANH TON XUT NHP KHU PHIU KIM CHNG T XUT KHU -Ngy lp phiu - Tham chiu: S TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ghi ch: Kt lun: Chng t khng ph hp, chp nhn ngh ca n v. Chng t Draft Invoice B/L Ins. Policy Packing list Weight list Origin Cert Insp Cert Phyto Sanitary Cert Quality Cert Bens Cable Shipmasters receip S b n Kim 1 Kim 2

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Chng t khng ph hp, khch hng nhn li lc.gi. ngy thngnm. Chng t khng ph hp, khch hng bo lu kin v chu trch nhim nu nc ngoi t chi thanh ton. kin ca Kim sot vin

Xc nhn ca khch hng (K v ghi r h tn)

X l b chng t sau khi kim tra: Sau khi kim tra th tu vo tnh trng c th ca b chng t m ngn hng s gii quyt nh sau: Nu b chng t khng c sai st: S c chuyn sang thc hin cc bc k tip, chit khu hoc thanh ton theo ch nh trn L/C v chuyn chng t v ngn hng m L/C. Nu b chng t c sai st, th chia ra cc trng hp: Sai st c th sa cha c: Cc li ny lin quan n vic lp chng t. Thng c cc trng hp sau: Ngi lp chng t nh nhm hoc nh sai li chnh t cc thng tin trn chng t. li ny rt ph bin trong thc t. Tuy c v khng quan trng nhng c th l l do ngn hng nc ngoi tr hon vic thanh ton thm ch t chi thanh ton. Do thiu kinh nghim trong vic lp chng t nn ngi lp hiu sai ni dung v th hin sai ni dung m L/C quy nh

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S thiu st cc iu kin ghi thm do ngi lp c khng k L/C Cc chng t xut trnh khng ph hp nh: Xut trnh 2 hi phiu u l bn s 1 hoc bn s 2. Chng t xut trnh khng phi l bn gc theo yu cu ca L/C

Trn y ch l lit k vi trng hp sai st chng t c th nht. Ngoi ra cc sai st trong khi lp chng t rt a dng, phi tu thuc vo yu cu c th ca L/C m nh gi. Tuy nhin cc sai st v vic lp chng t u c th sa cha c. Do khi b chng t c kim tra c nhng sai st thuc loi ny, thanh ton vin s cn c vo kt qu kim tra yu cu nh xut khu iu chnh li sai st. Cc sai st khng th sa cha c: Cc li ny thng lin quan n hng ho nh: Cht lng hng ho hoc lin quan cc th tc ca c quan qun l nh nc hay cc c quan khc nn khng sa cha c. Cc trng hp bt hp l sau y khng th sa cha c: Giao hng thiu hoc qu s lng yu cu. Giao hng tr. Hng ho c giao ngoi quy nh ca L/C. L/C ht hn hiu lc. Xut trnh chng t tr hn. Sai n gi. Cch thc giao hng v phng thc vn chuyn khng ph hp vi L/C.

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7.

Bc 7: Ngn hng m L/C nhn c b chng t thanh ton do bn

xut khu gi n tin hnh kim tra i chiu vi nhng iu khon quy nh trn L/C m trc y. Nu thy ph hp ngn hng m L/C s thanh ton cho bn xut khu theo lnh ca ngn hng chit khu. Trng hp mua hng tr chm th ngn hng m L/C nu ng thanh ton th gi in chp nhn v ngn hng bn xut khu. Lu : Ch c kim tra trong 7 ngy. (iu 13 UCP). Lu : Khi kim tra b chng t thanh ton nu pht hin sai mt iu kin th ngn hng m L/C s khng thanh ton. Nhng tt nht l gi cng vn hi kin n v nhp khu (ngi vit n xin m L/C) v nhng bt hp l v x l trong thi gian sm nht.

8.

Bc 8: Nhn c in bo c v khon thanh ton b chng t hng

xut khu, ngn hng bo c cho t chc xut khu hoc thng bo hi phiu c k hn uc chp nhn thanh ton v cng c th nhn c thng bo v s t chi ca ngn hng m L/C

9.

Bc 9: Ngn hng m L/C yu cu ngi xin m L/C thanh ton v

chuyn b chng t cho ngi xin m L/C (ngi nhp khu). Nu t

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chc nhp khu t chi thanh ton th tu trng hp m ngn hng m L/C s gii quyt. C s php l gii quyt tranh chp ny l n xin m tn dng.

IV.

NHNG NI DUNG QUAN TRNG KHI KIM TRA CHNG T: Vic kim tra, pht hin cc sai st ca b chng t v yu cu

sa cha kp thi, gp phn to nim tin cho khch hng vo i ng cn b nghip v ngn hng v cng gip cho cc cng ty xut khu trnh phin phc trong vn thanh ton b chng t. 1. Kim tra ni dung th tn dng: Th tn dng l c s thit lp b chng t. do kim tra b chng t c hp l hay khng, thanh ton vin cn phi nm c ton b nhng quy nh cng nh nhng iu khon c bit ghi trong th tn dng thng qua vic kim tra th tn dng. Tuy nhin vic kim tra y khng ging nh kim tra th tn dng khu thng bo.

2.

Kim tra b chng t: 1. Nguyn tc kim tra: Vic kim tra chng t phi tht khn trng ngay sau khi nhn c y chng t ca khch hng v phi m bo theo ng quy nh ca L/C v UCP. 2. Kim tra s lc ban u:

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Trc ht ngn hng kim tra xem ngy lp chng t c nm trong thi hn hiu lc ca L/C khng. Xut trnh chng t c ng thi hn hay khng. Xem xt cc khon mc trn chng t c ng v y theo yu cu ca L/C hay khng. Ngoi ra chng t c cp bi c quan no cng cn c kim tra.

3.

Kim tra nhng yu t c bn ca b chng t: Kim tra xem s tin gi tr ca b chng t c nm trong phm vi tr gi ca th tn dng hay khng? Vic giao hng tng phn c cho php hay khng trong trng hp cha s dng ht gi tr ca th tn dng m

Tm li s sai bit ca chng t v mt ni dung cng nh cch th hin so vi quy nh ca L/C u b coi l bt hp l v phi c sa cha (Nu bt hp l c th sa cha c) Cn kim tra c th tng chng t: 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Hi phiu (Draft / Bill of exchange). Ho n thng mi (Commercial Invoice). Vn n ng bin (Marine Bill of Lading/ Ocean Bill of Lading). Chng t bo him (Insurrance Policy). Phiu ng gi (Packing list). Bng k chi tit trng lng (Weight list). Giy chng nhn xut x (Certificate of origin). Giy chng nhn kim tra (Inspection Certificate).
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12.

Cc chng t minh ho bn cht hng ho.

V. 1. 2.

CC LOI TH TN DNG: Th tn dng c hu ngang (Revocable L/C). Th tn dng khng th hu ngang (Irrevocable letter of credit). Nu L/C khng ghi hu ngang hay khng c hu ngang th

l L/C khng c hu ngay (Irrevocable letter of credit) 3. Th tn dng khng hu ngang c xc nhn(Confirmed irrevocable letter of credit)

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Ch : Ngn hng thng bo c th va l ngn hng xc nhn (Confirming bank) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Th tn dng khng th hu ngang v khng c truy i li tin (Inrrevocable without recourse letter of credit). Th tn dng tun hon (Revolving letter of credit). Th tn dng gip lng (Back to back letter of credit). Th tn dng i ng (Reciprocal L/C). Th tn dng thanh ton chm (Deferred payment L/C). Th tn dng vi iu khon (Red clause L/C). Th tn dng d phng (Stand by L/C). Th tn dng c iu khon T/TR (Telegraphic transfer reimbursement). L/C c th chuyn nhng (Itrrevocable Transferable L/C).

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(1) Nhp khu Vit Nam ngh m L/C c th chuyn nhng (Transferable L/C) cho ngi hng li Hn Quc. (2) VCB HCM thng bo L/C chuyn nhng m c. (3) Ngi trung gian Hn Quc yu cu ngn hng chuyn nhng cho ngi xut khu Indonesia. (4) Ngn hng chuyn nhng cho ngi xut khu. (5) Ngi xut khu lp b chng t gi cho ngn hgn chuyn nhng. (7) Ngn hng chuyn nhng thng bo cho ngi trung gian thay th cc chng t nh ho n, hi phiu. (8) Ngn hng chuyn nhng xut trnh b chng t cho VCB HCM (9) VCB HCM thanh ton chng t.

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CU HI N TP

1.

Th tn dng l g? Cho bit nhng ni dung chnh ca mt th tn dng? Ti sao mt doanh nghip nhp khu phi c k nit dung mt th tn dng trc khi tin hnh giao hng? Hng dn: Xem phn khi nim, ni dung, tnh cht v ngha ca th tn dng

2.

Th no l phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng t? Trnh by quy trnh thanh ton th tn dng ti ngn hng m th tn dng? Ti sao phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng t l phng thc c p dng ph bin nht so vi nhng phng thc thanh ton quc t khc. Hng dn: Xem khi nim, quy trnh thanh ton phng thc tn dng chng t. Lu n hot ng ca ngn hng m trong ton bt quy trnh thanh ton tn dng chng t. Tnh ph bin ca phng thc tn dng chng t xut pht t vic m bo kh nng nhn c tin hng ca nh xut khu.

Bi 1: T gi th trng ngy 22/5 nh sau: USD/CHF = 1.600-20 EUR/USD = 1.130-42

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USD/JPY = 130.65-73 GBP/USD = 1.8935-48 Xc nh t gi cho gia EUR/CHF; CHF/JPY; GBP/JPY; 9GBP/CHF? p n : EUR/CHF = 1.8080-1.8170, CHF/JPY = 81.554-81.706 GBP/JPY = 247.39-247.71, GBP/CHF = 3.0296-3.0355

Bi 2: Ti mt sn bay, mt doanh nghip c mun mua mt my tnh Kodar. Loi tin ng ta c l USD, JPY, CAD, EUR. T gi hm nay c cng b nh sau: USD/JPY = 115.32-46 USD/CHF = 1.5235-47 EUR/USD = 1.2815-35 USD/CAD = 1.3568-73 Gi my nh: 100,000JPY 870 USD 650 EUR 1.132 CAD

Hi ng nn mua my nh bng ng tin no th s tin phi tr l thp nht? p n: ng nn mua my nh bng ng EUR, vi gi 650 EUR.

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Bi 3: Trn th trng ngoi hi ti mt thi im cng b cc t gi sau: USD/CHF = 1.5520-50 EUR/USD = 1.2510-25 a. Mt cng ty xut khu c thu c 100.000 EUR, cn chuyn i s tin ny sang CHF a vo ti khon tin gi ti ngn hng. Hi cng ty nu c th thu c bao nhiu CHF? b. Nu bn 350.000 CHF, cng ty c th mua c bao nhiu EUR? p n: 194.160 CHF 179708.34 EUR

Bi 4: Mt nh kinh doanh t t tham kho t gi trn th trng ti mt thi im nh sau: Ti New York Ti Frankfurt Ti London GBP/USD = 1.8590-15 EUR/USD = 1.1224-42 GBP/EUR = 1.6472-90

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Vi 100 triu USD, 100 triu GBP nn kinh doanh nghip v Arbitrage nh th no thu li nhun. p n: Li nhun l 280,505 USD v 280,505 GBP.

Bi 5: Ngy 1/1/2005, theo hp ng k kt, mt doanh nghip xut khu ti M s nhn c 350.000 GBP khi n hn thanh ton vo thng 3 ti. Doanh nghip c th bn s GBP trn mua USD chuyn vo ti khon ca mnh theo mt trong hai phng thc sau: Bn giao ngay GBP mua USD khi thu c tin (1/4/2005) K hp ng bn k hn GBP vi ngn hng ngay ti thi im hin ti (1/1/2005) Hy la chn phng thc thc hin ti u nht cho doanh nghip, bit rng thng tin trn th trng t gi hi oi nh sau: Ngy 1/1/2005, T gi GBP/ USD = 1.8523-35 Tin gi Li sut (GBP) Li sut (USD) 3.8% 5.2% Cho vay 4.5% 6.0% GBP/ USD = 1.8560-72

Ngy 1/4/2005, T gi

p n : Phng n 1 cho kt qu s USD = 649,600 USD v phng n 2 cho kt qu 649,425 USD. Do doanh nghip
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nn la chn phng n bn giao ngay GBP mua USD khi thu c tin (1/4/2005)

Bi 6: Vo ngy 1/12/2004, p ng nhu cu vay JPY 3 thng ca khch hng, ngn hng ngoi thng bn giao ngay 150.000 EUR. Tuy nhin, bo tn ngn qu, ngn hng tin hng k mt hp ng mua li 3 thng 150.000 EUR vi ngn hng Citibank ti thi im hin ti. Hy xc nh thu nhp ca ngn hng khi thc hin nghip v ny, nu trn th trng hi oi c cc thng tin v t gi hi oi nh sau: Ngy 1/12/2004, T gi EUR/JPY = 114.56-70 Tin gi Li sut (EUR) Li sut (JPY) 3.7% 6.2% Cho vay 4.5% 7%

p n: Thu nhp ca ngn hng l 158,952 JPY, tng ng 1,387.5 EUR.

Bi 7: Hy k pht hi phiu i tin vi cc thng tinsau y:

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Cng ty TNHH Anh Nam k kt hp ng xut khu s 28/HXK/2005 ngy 15/12/2005 vi cng ty Hun Jung Ki (Nht Bn)

Gi tr hp ng: 100,000 USD iu khon thanh ton: Thanh ton theo phng thc L/C tr chm 60 ngy k t ngy k pht hi phiu S hiu L/C: 202005LC do ngn hgn Tokyo Mitsubishi k pht ngy 20/12/2005 Ngy giao hng 10/1/2006 theo ho n s 62006/HTM

p n: Hi phiu s dng trong phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng t c lp c ni dung sau:
No:TD/1234 For: USD 100,000.00 BILL OF EXCHANGE TpHCM, 15/01/2006

At 60 days after bill of exchange date sight of this FIRST Bill of Exchane (SECONS of the same tenor and date being unpaid) Pay to the order of BANK FOR FOREIGN TRADE OF VIETNAM. The sum of United States Dollars one hundred thousand only. Value received as per our invoice (s) No(s) 6-2006/HTM Date 10 January 2006 Drawn under contract No(s) 20/2005-HXK Dated 15/12/2005 Irrevocable L/C No(s) 202005LC Dated 20/12/2005 To: Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi Authorized signatuer General Director Nguyen Thuy An Anh Nam company

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