. baoduongcokhi.

com

THIT B TRUYN NHIT.

THIT B TRUYN NHIT.

1. Gii thiu chung:
Truyn nhit l qu trnh vn chuyn nhit t mt lu th ny sang lu th khc. Qu trnh truyn nhit l qu trnh mt chiu, dng nhit ch truyn t vng c nhit cao sang vng c nhit thp. V vy, s truyn nhit ch xy ra khi c s chnh lch v nhit trong h hay ni cch khc l h tn ti mt gradient nhit . Nng lng c truyn i di dng dng nhit nn khng th o trc tip gi tr nhit lng m xc nh thng qua i lng vt l c th o c l nhit . S phn b nhit v gi tr ca dng nhit(lng nhit truyn qua mt n v din tch b mt trong mt n v thi gian) l nhng vn quan tm hng u trong nghin cu v thit k cc thit b trao i nhit. Cc phn tch v qu trnh truyn nhit l iu ct li quyt nh kch thc v kt cu ca thit b t a ra nhng gii php k thut v kinh t cho mt thit b trao i nhit. Ngi ta phn bit qu trnh truyn nhit n nh v qu trnh truyn nhit khng n nh, trong qu trnh truyn nhit n nh, nhit c th thay i theo khng gian nhng khng thay i theo thi gian, cn qu trnh truyn nht khng n nh th nhit thay i theo c khng gian v thi gian. Qu trnh truyn nhit n nh ch xy ra trong cc thit b lm vic lin tc, qu trnh truyn nhit khng n nh xy ra trong cc thit b lm vic gin on hoc trong giai on u v cui ca qu trnh lin tc. Nhit c truyn t vt ny sang vt khc theo cc phng thc sau y: Dn nhit: Dn nhit l qu trnh truyn nhit t phn t ny n phn t khc trong h khi chng tip xc trc tip vi nhau v c nhit khc nhau. Qu trnh ny thng xy ra trong cc vt th rn. Cc phn t c nhit cao hn th dao ng mnh, va chm vi cc phn t ln cn v truyn ng nng cho chng. C nh vy , nhit nng c truyn theo mi hng ca vt th. Dn nhit cng xy ra trong mi trng kh v lng nu cht kh v lng trng thi ng yn hay chuyn ng dng. i lu nhit: i lu nhit l hin tng truyn nhit do cc phn t kh hoc lng i ch cho nhau. S i ch l do c s chnh lch v khi lng ring do s khc nhau v nhit gia cc phn t hoc do cc tc ng c hc nh bm, qut, khuy... Bc x nhit: Bc x nhit l qu trnh truyn nht bng sng in t, ngha l nhit nng bin thnh cc tia bc x ri truyn i trong mi trng, khi gp vt th cn, mt phn nng lng t cc tia bc xai c vt hp th chuyn thnh nhit nng, mt phn b phn x tr li v mt phn i xuyn qua vt th. Trong thc t, truyn nhit l nt qu trnh phc tp, khng xy ra vi mt phng thc duy nht no m lun xy ra ng thi 2 hoc 3 phng thc trn. Khi xem xt, nghin cu mt qu trnh truyn nhit, tu tng trng hp c th, nu nh hng ca mt phng thc no khng ng k so vi ton b qu trnh th ta c th b qua.

.
2. Cc nh lut v truyn nhit. 2.1 Truyn nhit theo phng thc dn nhit qua b mt vch : 2.1.1 nh lut Fourier v dn nhit : Qu trnh dn nhit tun theo nh lut Fourier: Mt nguyn t nhit lng dQ truyn qua mt nguyn t b mt dA, trong khong thi gian d t l vi gradient nhit , vi i lng b mt v thi gian, ngha l:
dQ = . dt .dA.d . [J]. dn

Vi : dn nhit (W/m.0K). Q: lng nhit trao i (J). A: din tch b mt vung gc vi dng nhit truyn (m2). n: khong cch (m). Du () v phi ca phng trnh chng t l dng nhit bin i theo chiu gim nhit . Gi s lng nhit truyn khng ph thuc vo thi gian ta c: Lng nhit truyn i:
dQ = . .dA . n

Dng nhit truyn qua mt n v din tch b mt :

= dQ = . . dA n

2.1.2 Dn nhit qua vch phng: Dn nhit qua vch phng mt lp: Xt qu trnh dn nhit qua vch phng, ng nht. Theo nh lut Fourier ta c: Lu lng nhit truyn qua vch : 2 Q = .A. 1
e

Dng nhit truyn qua mt n v din tch b mt :

= dQ = . e dA

Vi R = e/m.

Vi e: chiu dy ca vch (m). R: nhit tr ca vch (m2.0K/W).

l 1 e

1 1 e1

2 2 e2

3 n n en

n+1

Dn nhit qua vch phng nhiu lp: R=

ei

Vi e , : b dy v dn nhit vch th i. Nh vy: Lu lng nhit trao i cng ln nu t c mt hoc tt c cc yu t sau y: - B mt truyn nhit ln. - Chnh lch nhit giu cc lu th ln. - Tr nhit nh. 2.1.3 Dn nhit qua vch ng:

de

di

e l

Xt qu trnh dn nhit qua mt ng kim loi c ng knh ngoi de, ng knh trong d, dn nhit . Vi mt nguyn t chiu di l ca ng, lu lng nhit trao i c tnh nh sau :

Q =

2. . ( i e ) . de Ln di

Dng nhit truyn qua mt n v din tch b mt :

i e Q = d .d e .l d e .Ln e 2. di
4

.
Nhit tr:

R=

de d .Ln e 2. di

Trng hp nhiu vch tr kp :

1 dm de 1 R = d e . 2. .Ln d + 2. .Ln d . i e m
2.2 Truyn nhit theo phng thc i lu nhit : Cc nh lut v truyn nhit i lu rt phc tp do chng lin quan n ch chuyn ng ca dng chy. Ch thu ng ng vai tr ch o trong ng lc ca qu trnh trao i nhit, hn na cn lin quan n cc nh lut v dn nhit. V thc cht qu trnh trao i nhit i lu n thun khng tn ti m lun i km vi qu trnh dn nhit, qu trnh ny cn c gi l to nhit i lu. To nhit i lu xy ra khi c s trao i nhit gia b mt vt rn vi cht lng chuyn ng, qu trnh ny rt ph bin trong truyn nhit. Trao i nhit i lu ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh : nguyn nhn gy ra chuyn ng ca cc lu th, s thay i trng thi ca lu th trong qu trnh truyn nhit(truyn nhit c chuyn pha hay khng chuyn pha) ch chuyn ng, tnh cht vt l ca cc lu th v hnh dng, kch thc ca b mt trao i nhit. Mt cch tng qut, dng nhit trong trng hp trao i nhit i lu c vit nh sau:
= = h. . R

h=

1 : h s cp nhit hay h s mng. R

2.2.1 H s cp nhit trong trng hp trao i nhit khng c s thay i pha: H s cp nhit l c trng ca qu trnh trao i nhit i lu nn cng ph thuc vo cc yu t lin quan n qu trnh: thng s hnh hc ca thit b, iu kin lm vic v tnh cht dng chy. Do s ph thuc phc tp , khng th thit lp c mt cng thc tng qut xc nh h s cp nhit h m ty tng trng hp c th ngi ta a ra nhng cng thc thc nghim tnh. Cc cng thc ny c xy dng trn c s cc chun s sau: Trng hp i lu cng bc, h s cp nhit h c suy ra t cng thc sau: Nu = a.Ren.Prm. Hoc: St = a.Ren1.Prm1. Cc h s: a, n, m c xc nh theo tng trng hp c th. Cc chun s: Nu, Re, St c thit lp t ng dng nhit. Chun s Nusselt: h: H s cp nhit. l: Kch thc hnh hc c trng ca thit b(m). 5

Nu =

h.l

.
: h s dn nhit(W/m2.K), Chun s Reynolds:

Re =

. .l .

l: chiu di hnh hc c trng ca thit b. : vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy. : khi lng ring ca lu th. : nht ng lc. Chun s Re c trng cho ch chuyn ng ca dng chy. Re<2100: Cht lng chy dng. 2100<Re<10000: Cht lng chy qu . Re>10000: Cht lng chy xoy. Chun s Prandtl: Pr=
C.

C: nhit dung ring ca lu cht. Chun s Pr l mt hm ca cc thng s vt l, biu th nh hng ca cc thng s vt l ln qu trnh trao i nhit. Chun s Stauton: St=
h C. .

Nh vy khi bit iu kin lm vic ca qu trnh, cc thng s c trng ca cht lng iu kin , kch thc ca thit b th cc chun s trn c xc nh v ta tm c h s cp nhit h. 2.2.2 H s cp nhit trong trng hp trao i nhit khng c s thay i pha: S chuyn pha trong qu trnh trao i nhit c th xy ra trong cc trng hp ngng t hoc bc hi. Xt qu trnh ngng t: Khi s dung mt lu th c nhit thp ngng t mt hn hp hi th trong qu trnh cp nhit, hi s ngng t trn b mt truyn nhit thnh cc git lng hoc mt mng lng ngng t. H s cp nhit trong trng hp ny bao gm h s cp nhit ca phn hi cha ngng t v phn lng ngng t c. Nh vy, lng lng ngng t c nh hng ln s cp nhit v n lin quan n ch chy ca phn cht lng trong thit b. Mc khc, s cp nhit do hi ngng t cn ph thuc vo vn tc v chiu chuyn ng ca hi, vo trng thi b mt ngng t, thnh phn ca hi. Khi vn tc ca pha hi b, ch chuyn ng ch c khng ch bi trng lc, h s cp nhit b. Khi vn tc pha hi tng ln, s chuyn ng ca dng hi gy nn ma st trn b mt phn chia pha lm tng tc ca mng nc ngng, h s cp nhit. B mt ngng t cng nhm th cng lm tng tr lc chuyn ng ca mng ngng t, lm gim tc chy v gim h s cp nhit. Lng kh khng ngng t trong hi cng nh hng ln n qu trnh cp nhit. Cc kh ny tch t li trn b mt ngoi ca mng ngng t v to thnh mt 6

.
lp m lm tng nhit tr cp nhit ng thi ngn cn hi tin n b mt truyn nhit, lm gim h s cp nhit ca hi. H s cp nhit khi qu trnh ngng t ch b khng ch bi trng lc: Nu=1.51Re-1/3 H s cp nhit khi qu trnh ngng t b khng ch bi ma st gia 2 pha lnghi: Nu=0.22Re0.6Pr0.4 i vi qu trnh ngng t hon ton: =0.5(1+ v, l: Khi lng ring ca hi v lng ngng t. H s cp nhit ca hi: Nu=0.22Re0.6Pr1/3 2.3 Truyn nhit theo phng thc bc x nhit: Tt c cc vt th c nhit cao hn 0K u c th pht ra nhng tia nng lng di dng tia bc x v lan truyn trong khng gian xung quanh vt th. Ni chung tia bc x l do kt qu ca s bin i cc dng nng lng khc m thnh, trong ch yu l do s bin i nng lng. Mc bin i ny c xc nh bng trng thi nhit ca vt th, th hin bng nhit ca n. Ngi ta chia ra bn loi vt th sau: Vt en tuyt i: Tt c cc tia bc x u c vt th hp th hon ton. Vt trng tuyt i: Tt c cc tia bc x u c phn x hon ton. Vt trong sut: Tt c cc tia bc x u xuyn qua vt. Vt th xm: Vt th ch hp th mt phn tia bc x vi mi bc sng. Trong thc t ch c mt vt th duy nht l vt xm, 3 vt th cn li khng tn ti. Cc nh lut c bn ca bc x: a. nh lut Stphan-Bnzman. E0=C0(
T 4 ) 100

L ) V

Trong : E0: kh nng bc x ca vt en tuyt i(W/m2). C0: H s bc x ca vt en tuyt i, gi tr ca n l 5.7W/m2(0K)4 Ni mt cch cht ch th nh lut Stphan-Bnzman ch ng i vi vt en tuyt i. Tuy nhin, bng thc nghim, Stphan v cc nh nghin cu khc i n kt lun l c th ng dung nh lut cho vt xm v phng trnh c dng: E=C(
T 4 ) 100

H s bc x C ph thuc vo loi vt th, trng thi b mt v nhit ca vt th. Gi tr ca n c xc nh bng thc nghim. b. nh lut Kichp: nh lut kichp thit lp quan h gia kh nng bc x v hng s bc x ca vt th.
E =E0 A

.
Vi A: Kh nng hp th ca vt th. Ni dung nh lut: T s gia kh nng bc x v kh nng hp th ca mi vt th l ging nhau v bng kh nng bc x ca vt en tuyt i cuing nhit v ch ph thuc vo nhit . 2.4 H s truyn nhit chung : 2.4.1 Trng hp truyn nhit qua vch phng: Xt qu trnh truyn nhit t lu th nng(lu th 1) c nhit cao, sang lu th lnh (lu th 2) c nhit thp.

1/h1 P 1
Lu th 1 Lu th 2

P1

P2

eP Dng nhit:

1/h2

1 2
1 eP 1 + + h1 P h2

= U P . . R

Vi R l tng nhit tr. - R1: Nhit tr ca qu trnh cp nhit t lu th 1 n tng. - Rp: Nhit tr ca tng. - R2: Nhit tr ca qu trnh cp nhit t tng n lu th 2. - Up: L h s truyn nhit chung. Ta c: R =

1 1 e 1 = + P + .=R1+Rp+R2 U P h1 P h2

Trong qu trnh truyn nhit, cc cn bn bm trn b ca hai mt vch gy ra mt nhit tr RS. RS = RS1 + RS2. Khi h s truyn nhit trong trng hp vch c bm cn c tnh nh sau: 1 1 = + RS =R1+Rp+R2+Rs US UP

.
2.4.2 Trng hp truyn nhit qua tng ng:

i di

de

Pi

Pe l
e

Dng nhit qua thnh ng, c ng knh ngoi de, ng knh trong d.

Pi Pe e i e Q = i = Pi = Pe = = U P .( i e ) . 1 de de 1 .d e .l R .Ln di he 2. P di hi . de
hi : h s mng trong ng.

Vi he : h s mng ngoi ng. H s truyn nhit chung c tnh nh sau :

d d 1 1 1 = + e .Ln e + . U P hie 2. P d i he
Nhit tr ca lp cn RS: RS = RSi . de + RSe . di

RSi, RSe : nhit tr do lp cn ng bn trong v ngoi ng. H s truyn nhit khi k n trng hp bm cn US:

1 1 = + RS . . US UP
2.5 Cc phng trnh c bn tnh ton lng nhit trao i gia hai lu th qua thit b trao i nhit: Phng trnh cn bng nhit: lng nhit ca lu th nng truyn i bng lng nhit ca lu th lnh nhn c (b qua tn tht nhit ra mi trng). Q = M.CP.(T1 T2) = m.cP.(t2 t1). Vi M, m: lu lng khi lng ca lu th nng v lnh. CP,cP : nhit dung ring ng p ca lu th nng v lnh. T1,T2: nhit vo v ra khi thit b trao i nhit ca lu th nng. t1,t2: nhit vo v ra khi thit b trao i nhit ca lu th lnh. Hoc: 9

C1 (t 2 t1 ) t = = . C 2 (T1 T2 ) T

Vi: C = M.CP gi l nhit dung lu lng khi lng. Phng trnh truyn nhit: nhit lng trao i gia hai lu th thng qua mt nguyn t b mt dA c tnh nh sau: dQ = U.(t1 t2).dA. Vi U: h s truyn nhit (W/m2.0K). (t1 t2) = t: chnh lch nhit gia hai lu th trn b mt nguyn t dA. Ly tch phn theo din tch b mt A phng trnh trn. Ta c:

Q = U .t.dA .
A

S bin thin ca U theo nhit l khng ng k (xem U = Const). Khi :

Q = U .t. A .

t : gi l chnh lch nhit trung bnh gia hai lu th (LMTD). Gi tr

khi lng ca cht lng.

t xc nh tu thuc vo chiu chuyn ng cc lu th v nhit dung lu lng

Trng hp hai lu th chuyn ng cng chiu:

t cc =

(T1 t1 ) (T2 t 2 ) (T t ) Ln 1 1 (T2 t 2 )

T1

T1

MC > mc
T2 t2

MC < mc
T2 t2

t1

t1

Trng hp hai lu th chuyn ng ngc chiu:

T1 t2

C>c T2

T1

C<c

t2 t1 A

T2 t1 A

10

.
t nc =

(T1 t 2 ) (T2 t1 ) . (T t ) Ln 1 2 (T2 t1 )

* Xt quan h nhit ra ca cc lu th v b mt truyn nhit: Kho st phng trnh cn bng nhit v phng trnh truyn nhit, ngi ta v ra ng c tnh mi quan h gia cc nhit v b mt truyn nhit T-A nh hnh trn. T th trn ta thy rng, trong chuyn ng xui chiu, nhit ra ca lu th ngui lun b gii hn v lun nh hn nhit u ra ca lu cht nng, trong khi i vi trng hp chuyn ng ngc chiu th c th ln hn. Mi quan h gia LMTDCC v LMTDNC: LMTDNC = F. LMTDCC. i vi cc thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm, gi tr F xc nh bng cng thc (thit b 1 passe trong ng, 2 passe ngoi ng) hay th thc nghim ph thuc vo gi tr R v E nh sau:

R=

T1 T2 . t 2 t1

E=

t 2 t1 . T1 t1

Cng vi mt thit b v cc dng lu th nh nhau, nu cc lu th chuyn ng ngc chiu c gi tr DTLM ln hn chuyn ng cng chiu.

F=

LMTDCC < 1. LMTDNC

V vy, trong thc t ngi ta thng s dng cc thit b trao i nhit loi ngc chiu.

II. CC YU T NH HNG N HIU SUT CA THIT B TRAO I NHIT.

Hiu sut ca mt thit b trao i nhit ph thuc ch yu vo h s truyn nhit t c trong thit b v chu nh hng ng k ca phng thc chuyn ng ca cc dng trong thit b. Kch thc ca thit b trao i nhit c nh hng ln n qu trnh cp nhit v nhng thay i v hnh dng v kch thc ca thit b s dn n nhng thay i v c tnh chuyn ng ca dng. Khi thit k, ngi ta la chn cc thng s hnh hc sao cho lu th c th t c ch chy ri m vn t c nhng rng buc v tn tht p sut cho php khi qua thit b. Vic thay i kch thc ng truyn nhit i khi vn khng mang li h s truyn nhit mong mun. tng ch chy ri ca lu th trong ng, ngi ta thng b tr cc tm chn dng( ti u phn phi) tc l tng s pass ca dng i trong ng. Nh cc tm chn dng ny, chm ng c chia thnh cc phn ring bit. Lu th u tin c phn phi vo mt phn chm ng truyn nhit, sau theo s nh hng ca cc tm chn ny tip tc lu ng qua cc phn cn li ca thit b thc hin qu trnh trao i nhit. Vi cng mt thit b, nu lu th trong ng chy ri, vic tng s ngoc ca lu th t 1 ln 2 pass ko theo: Vn tc tng gp i. 11

.
H s cp nhit tng 1.74 ln. Tn tht p sut tng ln 8 ln.

Nh vy, vic thay i s passe trong ng cho php iu chnh h s cp nhit trong ng, tuy nhin vn cn hn ch khi tn tht p sut ca lu th trong ng kh khng ch. Tng t, h s cp nhit bn ngoi ng c iu chnh bng cch thay i tit din dng chy ca lu th i trong v bc(shell side) khi thay i ng knh v bc, bc ng v lp t cc tm chn dc theo chm ng. Lu th i ngoi ng khi th chuyn ng song song vi cc tm chn, khi th chuyn ng dc theo chm ng qua khong trng gia tm chn v than thit b. Vic thay i lin tc hng ca dng chy nh vy cho php tng cng ng k hiu qu truyn nhit v tit din ca dng chy thay i, vn tc lu th tng ln, ch chy ri d t c. Tn tht p sut tng khi tng s tm chn trong thit b cng ln v khong trng gia thn thit b v tm chn cng nh. Vn tc cc lu th trong thit b cng b khng ch do cc qui tc v an ton cho thit b nh xi mn c hc v cc chn ng trong thit b. Lu lng c khi lng ring cng nh, vn tc cho php i trong thit b trao i nhit cng ln - Cht lng: i trong ng: 1-2.5m/s i ngoi ng: 0.3-1m/s - Cht kh: p sut chn khng: 45-80m/s p sut kh quyn 12-30m/s. p sut cao 6-12m/s. Khi cc thng s hnh hc ca thit b c c nh, h s cp nhit cn ph thuc vo lu lng ca dng. Khi lu th ang chy ri, nu tng lu lng ln 10%, h s cp nhit trong ng tng khong 8%, trong khi tn tht p sut tng khong 20%. Nu gim ng k lu lng c th ko theo s thay i ch chuyn ng ca dng chy v gim mnh h s cp nhit. Mt yu t na cng nh hng ln n h s cp nhit l tnh cht vt l ca lu th: nht, dn nhit v nhit dung ring. Trong , nht c tm quan trng ln nht trong bi ton trao i nhit i lu. i vi nhng cht lng c nht ln, ch chy ri kh t c v v vy h s cp nhit trong trng hp ny thng thp. Ngc li, h s cp nhit t l thun vi dn nhit ca cht lng. Kh nng ng cn ca lu th cng l mt nhn t lm gim h s cp nhit. Tu thuc vo tng lu th v iu kin lm vic( thi gian, vn tc chuyn ng, nhit ...) m lp cn bm ln b mt truyn nhit nhiu hay t. Lp cn ny ng thi lm tng tn tht p sut khi cc lu th chuyn ng trong thit b. Qu trnh to cn khng khng ch c, v vy khi thit k lun phi tnh sao cho h s truyn nhit cao hn so vi yu cu b vo phn nhit tr gy ra cho cc lp cn ny. Ngoi ra, khi la chn cng ngh cng cn phi tnh n kh nng ng cn ca cc lu th m bo kh nng tho d, lm sch. Cng nh phn tch phn trc, chiu chuyn ng ca lu th cng nh hng rt ln n hiu qu trao i nhit. Vi cng h s truyn nhit v nhit ca 12

.
cc lu th c xc nh, nu cc lu th chuyn ng ngc chiu th gi tr LMTD(Log mean temperature difference) tnh c ln hn, v vy b mt truyn nhit nh hn
LMTDnc UAcc Acc = = >1. Do vy cch b tr lu th chuyn ng LMTDcc UAnc Anc

ngc chiu c li hn.

III. PHN LOI THIT B TRAO I NHIT.

1 Yu cu i vi mt thit b trao i nhit: Mt thit b trao i nhit tt v mt thit k cng nh vn hnh phi cn p ng nhng nhu cu sau: H s trao i nhit cng ln cng tt. Cng mt lng nhit cn trao i, nu h s truyn nhit cng ln th thit b s gim din tch b mt trao i nhit. Tn tht p sut i vi cc dng lu cht cng nh cng tt. Khi s gim cng sut ca bm v qut... B mt trao i nhit ca thit b phi thit k sao cho t b bm cn bn, d lm sch v sa cha. B mt ngn cch gia cc lu cht nng v lnh phi tt, trnh hin tng hai lu th ha trn vo nhau. Thit b phi bo m an ton khi vn hnh, tui th cao, kt cu n gin d lp rp, gi thnh thp. 2 .Phn loi v cu to thit b trao i nhit: A. Cu to: Mt thit b trao i nhit ( heat exchanger) gm c cc b phn chnh sau: - V bc (shell). - u chp v bc ( shell cover). - Cc ng (tubes). - B phn phn phi dng chy ( channel, channel cover, channel nozzle, channel passrib, channel tubesheet). - Chm ng (tube sheet). - Cc vch ngn ( baffles). - Cc hng vo v ra ( nozzles). Mt thit b trao i nhit ( heat exchanger) c chia lm 3 phn chnh sau: Phn u, phn thn v phn ui. Hnh v di y s ch cho ta, hnh dng v cu to ca 3 vng chnh ca 1 heat exchanger.

13

B. Phn Loi: a. Phn loi theo nguyn l lm vic: - Trao i nhit trc tip: Hai lu th tip xc trc tip nhau hoc trn ln vo nhau. - Trao i nhit gin tip: Truyn nhit gia 2 lu th qua mt b mt phn cch. - Trao i nhit trn cng mt b mt rn: un nng b mt rn bng mt dng ti nhit, sau cho dng ngui i qua b mt vt rn ly nhit. Loi trao i nhit ny rt t dng trong cng nghip. 14

.
b. Phn loi theo chiu chuyn ng ca lu th: Chuyn ng cng chiu: cc lu cht i vo v i ra khi thit b cng mt pha, trong thit b cc lu cht chuyn ng cng chiu. Chuyn ng ngc chiu: cc lu cht i vo v ra khi thit b khc pha, trong thit b cc lu cht chuyn ng ngc chiu. Chuyn ng cho dng: cc lu cht chuyn ng ct ngang nhau gin tip qua vch ngn. Chuyn ng hn hp: cc dng lu th chuyn ng hn hp ca hai hay ba kiu chuyn ng trn. c. Phn loi theo chc nng lm vic ca thit b: Trong nh my lc du, cc thit b trao i nhit vi cc chc nng ch yu sau: Chc nng lm lnh: Gm cc thit b sau: + Thit b lm lnh: Lm lnh bng mt dng kh hoc lng bng mt dng ph tr( cc dng nguyn liu hoc sn phm trong qu trnh) hoc bng nc. +Thit b lm ngui bng khng kh

Cooler Finned fan

. + Thit b Trim cooler. Lm ngui sn phm n nhit yu cu sau khi lm ngui s b bng cc dng khc m bo nhit lu tr sn phm. + Thit b chiller: Lm lnh lu th bng cch bc hi mt tc nhn lnh. Chc nng ngng t: Dng ngng t mt phn hoc ton b lng hi bng cch s dung nc hoc mt dng c nhit thp, khng kh... Thit b bc hi v un si li: m bo bc hi mt phn hay ton b cht lng, qu trnh ny c thc hin bng hi nc qu nhit hay mt dng mang nhit khc.

15

.
Kettle reboiler:

16

u im: +: Thch hp vi dng cng ngh c phm vi thay i rng. +: B mt trao i nhit ln. +: Khng gian bay hi ln. 17

.
+: Lng y ra n nh nh c vch chy trn. Nhc im: Gi thnh cao. Thermosyphon reboiler:

Thng dc p dng khi lu lng vn hnh gn vi lu lng thit k. Vi loi ny th gi thnh thp nht trong cc loi reboiler, kh nng to cn thp. Forced circulation reboilers:

Fired heater reboiler:

18

* Chc nng un nng: un nng mt lu th bng hi nc hoc bng mt dng nhit khc tn dung c t qu trnh, gia nhit trc nguyn liu ca qu trnh bng cc dng nhit do cc sn phm sinh ra. d. Phn loi thit b trao i nhit theo cu to: Tu thuc vo dng trao i nhit trc tip hay gin tip, c nhiu loi thit b trao i nhit khc nhau. Sau y, ta ch xt cc kiu thit b trao i nhit gin tip. Thit b trao i nhit kiu ng trn: Loi thit b ny c chm ng t so le hoc song song. Trong lu cht cn un nng i ngoi ng, lu cht nng i ngoi ng. Loi ny thng c s dng cc thit b un nng nc, hi nc, khng kh... hay gia nhit trong cc thit b phn ng Thit b trao i nhit kiu ng lng ng:

ng ngoi c ng knh D bao bc ng bn trong c ng knh d2/d1. Bn trong c th mt hay nhiu ng, c cnh hoc khng c cnh. Cc lu cht chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau. Loi thit b ny c u im d lm v sinh v sa cha. Tuy nhin n c din tch b mt trao i nhit nh so vi cc loi thit b khc cng th tch, cc lu cht d b r r. 19

.
ng dng: lm ngng t hi, lm lnh lu cht th lng, un nng nc... Thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm:

THIT B TRAO I NHIT DNG NG V V

Parts Identification

20

.
Loi thit b ny c s dng rt rng ri trong nh my lc du do c nhiu u im nh : din tch b mt trao i nhit ln, chc chn, gn, hiu sut v an ton cao trong s dng. Thit b gm v bn ngoi bng kim loi dy, bn trong cha nhiu ng nh. Cc ng ny l ng trn hoc ng c cnh gn theo chu vi bn ngoi ng, ng thng hoc hnh ch U v c gn ln mt sng bng phng php hn hay nc ng. Mt lu th i trong trong cc ng nh, lu cht cn li i trong khng gian gia cc ng. Dc theo chm ng, ngi ta b tr cc tm ngn nhm tng cng qu trnh trao i nhit v chng rung ng cho cc ng.

Dch h

Dch h B

hai u thit b c gn cc b phn phn phi, cc b phn phn phi c tc dng nh hng cc dng chy v phn phi mt cch ng u lu lng cht lng i trong ng. Cn i vi lu th i ngoi ng, ca vo v ra c gn ln thn v thit b. Gi qung ng i ca lu th t u ny n u kia ca thit b l mt Passe, thit b trao i nhit c mt hay nhiu Passe i trong v ngoi ng. Thng th mi cht i ngoi ng l 1 pass, 2 passe trong ng, hoc s passe 12, 14,16,18... S passe tng ln s lm tng tc chy ca lu th trong khi lu lng khng i, do s lm tng h s trao i nhit ca thit b. chng gin n do nhit ngi ta ch to cc np b v thit b, hoc s dng ng hnh ch U, hoc dng loi thit b c phn ui c th di chuyn c. V tr t thit b c th nm ngang hoc thng ng. Khi t nm ngang thit b s vng chc hn nhng chim nhiu din tch, khi cht lng chy trong ng s chim y ng. Cn khi t thng ng, thit b chim t din tch nhng t vng chc, cht lng i trong ng khng chim y ng m c phn b to ra lp mng mng xung quanh b mt trong ca ng v chy t trn xung. C nhiu cch b ng trn mt sng, thng thng nht l l b tr theo hnh vung v tam gic u. Ngoi ra, c th c phn b theo theo hnh trn ng tm hay hnh lc gic u. 21

Khi b tr ng theo hnh tam gic, cho php gim c ng knh tng ng ca lu th i ngoi ng l 8,6% so vi cch b tr ng theo hnh vung, gim c chi ph u t. Tuy nhin, vi cch b tr ng theo tam gic khng ph hp vi lu th i ngoi ng c khuynh hng to cn cao.

S sp xp cc tm ngn trong thit b trao i nhit theo cc cch sau:

22

23

La chn lu th i trong v ngoi ng : Vic la chn lu th i trong ng hay ngoi ng nh hng n h s mng, h s trao i nhit ca thit b. ng thi, n cng thun tin trong vic bo dng, tu sa thit b. Thng thng, lu th c chn i ngoi ng hay trong ng da vo cc c im sau: Tit din dng chy ngoi ng ln hn trong ng. Lu th c lu lng th tch ln hn c chn i ngoi ng. Qu trnh lm sch cn bn trong ng d dng hn ngoi ng. Lu th c kh nng n mn v bm cn b mt trao i nhit cao c chn i trong ng. Lu th c p sut ln c chn i trong ng, gim bt chi ph u t do tng chiu dy v thit b.

24

.
Lu th c nhit thp c chn i ngoi ng, nhm gim bt tn tht nhit ra mi trng. Thit b trao i nhit kiu tm: Loi thit b trao i nhit kiu tm c s dng hu ht trong cc ngnh cng nghip ha cht, ha du, thc phm...

B mt trao i nhit l cc tm kim loi c lp ghp song song nhau. Trn tm kim loi ny c to nhiu knh dn cho c hai lu th i hai bn v xen k nhau. Cc knh dn thng l cc khe hp song song hoc an li, hnh dng cc khe hp v mt ct ngang cc tm trao i nhit rt phc tp. Cc lu th nng v lnh i trong knh dn hp ca cc tm xen k lin tip nhau. iu , s lm cho thit b ht sc gn, nh m tt c cc loi thit b trao i nhit khc khng c c. Gia cc tm trao i nhit c cc m lm kn, trnh hin tng cc lu cht r r vo nhau. Mt thit b c lp ghp nhiu tm trao i nhit v c nh bng cc bulong. Vic tnh ton h s truyn nhit v cc thng s thy ng hc ca thit b trao i nhit kiu tm rt phc tp, ty thuc vo kt cu ca tng loi tm khc nhau s tng ng vi mi phng php tnh c th. Loi thit b trao i nhit ny c rt nhiu u im nh sau: m bo c h s truyn nhit cao vi tn tht thy lc b. Thit b gn nh, chi ph ch to thp. Din tch b mt trao i nhit ln so vi cc loi thit b khc vi cng mt th tch. - S r r do khuyt tt hoc ph hu gasket l bn ngoi v d dng pht hin. - bm cn thp do ch chy ri cao to ra bi cc tm chn. Qu trnh lm vic m bo an ton, khng b r r tr phi vt liu b hng. Thit b d lp t, vn hnh, bo dng v sa cha. Vic tiu chun ha cc chi tit cho php p dng rng ri loi thit b ny lm vic iu kin cc nhit v p sut khc nhau. Nhc im: 25

.
- Ngi thc hin cng vic bo dng sa cha phi cn thn trnh s ph hy gasket trong sut qu trnh tho d, lm sch v lp ghp li. - Nhng vt liu lm gasket khng ph hp vi tt c cc dng. - Nhit v p sut lm vic tng i thp hn so vi chu ng ca vt liu. Thit b trao i nhit kiu tm c nhiu u im ni bt hn so vi loi thit b kiu ng chm. Tuy nhin, trong cng ngh lc du vn s dng thit b kiu ng chm ph bin hn, iu c th l do kinh nghim s dng, cc phng php tnh ton thy ng hc r rng, qu trnh lm vic ca thit b n nh trong iu kin nhit , p sut v mi trng khc nhau

3. Cc thng s cn gim st i vi thit b trao i nhit loi shell and tube

exchanger, reboiler, plate exchanger: - Nhit vo v ra ca lu th nng. - Nhit vo v ra ca lu th ngui. - Lu lng ca lu th nng i qua thit b. - Lu lng ca lu th ngui i qua thit b. - Chnh p ca lu th nng ti u vo v ra ca thit b. - Chnh p ca lu th ngui ti u vo v ra ca thit b. - Mc lng phn shell side( i vi mt s loi thit b trao i nhit). - Nhit dng hi i ra i vi cc thit bi trao i nhit c chc nng bc hi hoc un si li. IV. S ng cn bn trong thit b trao i nhit: Cc nguyn nhn gy ng cu bn: S ng cu bn ca thit b trao i nhit c th l kt qu t s tch t ca cn g hoc cht bn trong thit b trao i nhit. Cn nc c th lm bn ng trao i nhit ca thit b lm lnh hoc ngng t.

26

.
Thng thng, vt cht bm bn b mt du khng th loi b ngay bng phng php n gin. Khi cn thit, h thng chm ng (tube bundle) phi c tho ra lm sch.

Tuy nhin cn nc c th loi b m khng cn ko chm ng ra khi v. Cn nc c th l bn, b, bn ct, v/ hoc cn g. Loi b vt cht gy ng cu: Nu vt cht gy ng cu l bi: Vic s dng dng nc ra c th ci thin mt cch ng k hiu sut lm vic Vic o ngc dng chy tc thi, lc ca dng nc s nh bt tp cht bm cht t cui ng trao i nhit v loi b c mt t bn bn trn thnh ng. C mt vi cch sp xp lm cho n c th t c hiu qu lm vic nh thit k m khng phi dng thit b. Cu cn nc hnh thnh c th c loi b m khng phi tho ri thit b trao i nhit bng vic s dng ha cht lm sch. Cn nc c loi b bng bin php c hc v c hon thnh bi p lc phun nc ra. Lm sch c hc ca cu bn b mt du c th thc hin mt s cch. Khoan, hi nc, phun ct c th c s dng lm sch b mt ng. B mt v cng thng c lau chi bng tay hay ra bng nc p sut cao. Ha cht cng c th c s dng lm sch cu bn ny V. Nhng cch gim vic bo dng sa cha ( tips to reduce maintenance) Vn hnh vin l ngi c nh hng rt ln n trong vic gim qu trnh bo dng v ci thin hiu sut vn hnh. Bng vic tun th cht ch cc qui trnh vn hnh, s nhn thc r tc hi ca vic khng tun th qui trnh vn hnh s nh hng ln tui th thit b, vn hnh vin c th ngn nga s h hng v s mt kh nng ca thit b Mt vi v d c th gip chng ta gim bo dng, tng tui th v hiu sut lm vic ca thit b trao i nhit: Duy tr chnh xc nhit du ra nc lm mt (khng c vt qu 125oF) Nu lm sai khuyn co ny c th dn ti kt qu: 1. ng cn qu nhiu trn thnh ng. 2. Tng tc n mn cc phn ca thit b trao i nhit. 3. Bin dng, thay i tnh cht c hc ca cc ng i nhit. Trnh dn dng hi c nhit cao vo thit b trao i nhit trc khi dng mi cht lnh c thit lp. N c th ngn chn c ng sut qu mc cho kim loi. Duy tr lu lng dng thch hp qua thit b trao i nhit lm sch cu bn trong chm ng v duy tr tc gia nhit trong gii hn thit k trnh qu nhit.

Vn hnh trong gii hn thit k ngn nga s vt qu ng sut kim loi. S dng cc b by hi ( steam traps) nhng thit b gia nhit bng hi nc duy tr p sut hi ti a trong thit b trao i nhit. S r ca cc steam traps ny s lm cho s tiu th steam vt qu mc, gim h s truyn nhit 27

.
ton phn v ph hng cc thit b cung cp steam nh ng ng, cc gi ( support), cc van v hin tng HAMMERING. Ngn nga mt cch cn thn vic s dng hi nc qu nhit trong thit b trao i nhit c thit k cho hi bo ha nhit. Hi qu nhit trong ng gim tc truyn ton phn khong 10 ln v c th y qu nhit thit b VI. Vn Hnh: 1. m bo ton b h thng c lm sch trc khi bt u vn hnh ngn nga s bt( plugging) cc ng truyn nhit, phn v thit b(shell side) do s di chuyn cc cn bn. Nn s dng cc b lc ( strainer hoc settling tanks) trn cc ng ng dn n thit b trao i nhit. 2. M cc van vent trc khi khi ng. 3. Khi ng mt cch t t. Tham kho bng sau, qui trnh start up v shut down cho hu ht s p dng ca thit b trao i nhit. 4. Sau khi h thng c in y hon ton bi mi cht vn hnh, khng kh c vent hon ton, ng tt c cc van vent li. 5. Sit cht li tt c cc c, cc im ni, vng m(gasket) khi thit b t n nhit vn hnh ngn nga r r v h hng cc vng m. 6. Khng c vn hnh cc heat exchanger qu p sut v nhit thit k. 7. Ngn nga mt cch cn thn water hammer(hammering), x nc ngng t trong cc thit b steam heat exchanger cng nh cc thit b tng t khi thc hin khi ng v dng. 8. X tt c lng khi thc hin dng loi tr s ng lnh hoc n mn c th xy ra. 9. Tt c cc thit b lp t khng nn b rung khi c dng chy v s rung ng ny s lm gim tui th thit b. 10. Khng c vn hnh vi lu lng ln hn thit k v lu lng ln ny co th gy rung ng v ph v chum ng. 11. Cc heat exchanger khng c a vo vn hnh trong thi gian di nn c bo v trnh s n mn. Nu cc heat exchanger khng c a vo vn hnh trong thi gian ngn v s dng nc nh l mi cht th phi x lng v thi bng khng kh nng mt cch cn thn. Nu khng th thc hin iu ny th nn s dng nc tun hon hng ngy qua thit b ngn nga nc ng c th gy n mn thit b.

28

VII. S bo dng: Thc hin bo dng theo cc bc hng dn sau y:

29

30

31