Tai Lieu Tim Hieu Va Thiet Ke Bo Bien Tan 3 Pha

Din n Bin tn Vit Nam
Website: http://bientan.hnsv.com

TI LIU:
TM HIU V THIT K
B BIN TN 3 PHA

MC LC

PHN I: C S L THUYT ...............................................................................4
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V NG C KHNG NG B BA PHA..........4
CHNG 2: CC VN LIN QUAN N IU KHIN NG C IN
KHNG NG B BA PHA ..............................................................................14
1. Cc yu cu t ra i vi vic iu khin ng c .................................14
2. Cc phng php iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b ba pha........16
3. iu chnh ng c khng ng b bng cch thay i tn s ngun ......16
4. Phng php iu chnh U/f = const.......................................................17
CHNG 3: BIN TN......................................................................................21
1. Bin tn v tm quan trng ca bin tn trong cng nghip.....................21
2. Phn loi bin tn....................................................................................23
3. Cu trc c bn ca mt b bin tn........................................................25
4. Phng thc iu khin...........................................................................27
PHN II: THIT K S B................................................................................45
1. S cu trc .........................................................................................46
2. S tnh nng .......................................................................................49
PHN III: THIT K CHI TIT ..........................................................................50
CHNG 1: THIT K PHN CNG...............................................................50
1. Tnh ton cc thng s ng c...............................................................50
2. Thit k tng nghch lu v tng mch kch ............................................50
2.1. Gii thiu v module cng sut IRAMX16UP60A..................................51
2.2. Tnh chn t boostrap .............................................................................57
3. Thit k mch theo di dng in............................................................59
4. Thit k mch iu khin ........................................................................63
5. Thit k b ngun ...................................................................................66
CHNG 2: GII THUT V LU THUT TON..................................70
1. Phn tch kho st phng php iu ch rng xung SPWM..............70
2. Phng php iu ch tn hiu SPWM ba pha theo lut U/f=const s dng
PSoC Error! Bookmark not defined.
PH LC..............................................................................................................84
TI LIU THAM KHO.....................................................................................91

PHN I
C S L THUYT

CHNG I
Tng quan v ng c in khng ng b ba pha

1. Nguyn l hot ng

Nh bit trong vt l, khi cho dng in ba pha vo ba cun dy t lch
nhau 120
o
trong khng gian th t trng tng m ba cun dy to ra trong l mt t
trng quay. Nu trong t trng quay ny c t cc thanh dn in th t trng
quay s qut qua cc thanh dn in v lm xut hin mt sc in ng cm ng
trong cc thanh dn.

Ni cc thanh dn vi nhau v lm mt trc quay th trong cc thanh dn s c
dng in (ngn mch) c chiu xc nh theo quy tc ban tay phi. T trng quay
li tc dng vo chnh dng in cm ng ny mt lc t c chiu xc nh theo
quy tc ban tay tri v to ra momen lm quay roto theo chiu quay ca t trng
quay.

Tc quay ca roto lun nh hn tc quay ca t trng qua. Nu roto
quay vi tc bng tc ca t trng quay th t trng s qut qua cc dy
qun phn cm na nn sdd cm ng v dng in cm ng s khng cn, momen
quay cng khng cn. Do momen cn roto s quay chm li sau t trng v cc
dy dn roto li b t trng qut qua, dng in cm ng li xut hin v do li
c momen quay lm roto tip tc quay theo t trng nhng vi tc lun nh
hn tc t trng.

ng c lm vic theo nguyn l ny gi l ng c khng ng b (KDB) hay
ng c xoay chiu.

Hnh 1-1: Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c khng ng b ba pha

Nu gi tc t trng quay l
o
(rad/s) hay n
o
(vng/pht) th tc quay
ca roto l ( hay n ) lun nh hn ( <
o
; n <n
o
). Sai lch tng ti gia hai
tc gi l trt s:

o
o
s
e e
=
e
(1-1)

T ta c:
=
o
(1 s) (1-2)
hay
n =n
o
(1 s) (1-3)

Vi:
2 n
60
e=
t
(1-4)

o 1
o
2 n 2 f
60 p
e =
t t
= (1-5)

f
1
- tn s in p t ln cun dy stato.

Tc
o
l tc ln nht m roto c th t c nu khng c lc cn no.
Tc ny gi l tc khng ti l tng hay tc ng b.
ch ng c, trt s c gi tr 0 s 1.
Dng in cm ng trong cun dy phn ng roto cng l dng in xoay
chiu vi tn s xc nh bi tc tng i ca roto i vi t trng quay:

o
2 1
n p(n
f
6
)
s
0
f
= = (1-6)

2. c tnh c ca ng c in khng ng b ba pha

2.1. Phng trnh c tnh c

Theo l thuyt my in, khi coi ng c v li in l l tng, ngha l ba
pha ca ng c i xng, cc thng s dy qun nh in tr v in khng khng
i, tng tr mch t ha khng i, b qua tn tht ma st v tn tht trong li
thp v in p li hon ton i xng, th s thay th mt pha ca ng c nh
hnh v 1-2

Hnh 1-2: S thay th mt pha ng c khng ng b

Trong :
U
1
tr s hiu dng ca in p pha stato (V)
I
, I
1
, I
2
dng in t ha, dng in stato v dng in roto quy i v
stato (A)
X
, X
1
, X
2
in khng mch t ha, in khng stato v in khng roto
quy i v stato ()
R
, R
1
, R
2
in tr tc dng mch t ha, mch stato v mch roto quy
i v stato ()

Phng trnh c tnh c ca ng c khng ng b biu din mi quan h
gia mmen quay v tc ca ng c c dng:

'
'
2
1 2
2
2
o 1 nm
3U
M
R
s R X
s
R
,[Nm] =
(
| |
e + (
|
( \ .

+
(1-7)

Trong :
X
nm
in khng ngn mch, X
nm
=X
1
+X
2

2.2. ng c tnh c

Vi nhng gi tr khc nhau ca s (0 s 1), phng trnh cho nhng gi tr
ca M. ng biu din M = f(s) trn trc ta sOM nh hnh v 1-4, l
ng c tnh c ca ng c in xoay chiu khng ng b ba pha.


Hnh 1-3: ng c tnh c ca ng c khng ng b ba pha

ng c tnh c c im cc tr gi l im ti hn K. Ti im :

dM
0
ds
= (1-8)

Gii phng trnh ta c:

2
th
2 2
1 nm
'
R
R
s
X +
= (1-9)

Thay vo phng trnh c tnh c ta c:

2
1
th
2 2
o 1 1 nm
3U
M
2 (R R X ) + e
= (1-10)

V ta ang xem xt trong gii hn 0 s 1 ( ch ng c ) nn gi tr s
th
v
M
th
ca c tnh c trn hnh ng vi du (+).

c tnh c ca ng c in xoay chiu KDB l mt ng cong phc tp c
hai on AK v BK, phn bi im ti hn K. on AK gn thng v cng. Trn
on ny momen ng c tng khi tc gim v ngc li. Do vy ng c lm
vic trn on ny s n nh. on BK cong vi dc dng. Trn on ny
ng c lm vic khng n nh.

Trn ng c tnh c t nhin, im B ng vi tc = 0 ( s = 1 ) v
momen m my:

2
1 2
mm
2 2
o 1 2
'
nm
'
R
R )
3U
X
M
(R
=
( e +
+

(1-11)

im A ng vi momen cn bng 0 ( M
c
=0 ) v tc ng b:

1
o
2 f
p
e =
t
(1-12)

3. nh hng ca tn s ngun f
1
n c tnh c:

Khi thay i f
1
th theo (1-5) tc ng b
o
thay i, ng thi X
1
, X
2
cng
b thay i ( v X =2fL ), ko theo s thay i ca c trt ti hn s
th
v
momen ti hn M
th
.

Quan h trt ti hn theo tn s s
th
=f(f
1
) v momen ti hn theo tn s M
th

=f(f
1
) l phc tp nhng v
o
v X
1
ph thuc t l vi tn s f
1
nn c th t cc
biu thc ca s
th
v M
th
rt ra:

th
1
th 2
1
s
1
1
f
M
f
(1-13)

Khi tn s f gim, trt ti hn s
th
v momen ti hn M
th
u tng nhng M
th
tng nhanh hn.
Khi gim tn s f
1
xung di tn s nh mc f
1dm
th tng tr ca cc cun
dy gim nn nu gi nguyn in p cp cho ng c s dn n dng in ng
c tng mnh. V vy khi gim tn s ngun xung di gi tr nh mc cn phi
ng thi gim in p cp cho ng c theo quan h:

1
1
u
const
f
= (1-14)

Nh vy M
th
s gi khng i vng f
1
<f
1dm
. vng f
1
>f
1dm
th khng th
tng in p ngun m gi U
1
=U
1dm
nn vng ny M
th
s gim t l nghch vi
bnh phng tn s, ng thi phi iu chnh in p theo quy lut
f c / t U ons = gi cho ng c khng b qu ti v cng sut.

Hnh 1-4: H c tnh c khi thay i tn s ngun

Hnh 1-5: c tnh c ca ng c KDB khi thay i tn s ngun kt hp vi thay
i in p

4. ng dng ca ng c khng ng b

Ngy nay cc h thng truyn ng in c s dng rt rng ri trong cc
thit b hoc dy truyn sn xut cng nghip, trong giao thng vn ti v trong cc
thit b in dn dng c tnh c khong 50% in nng sn xut ra c tiu
th bi cc h thng truyn ng in.

H thng in c th hot ng vi tc khng i hoc tc thay i c.
Hin nay c khong 75 80% cc h truyn ng l loi hot ng vi tc
khng i. Vi cc h thng ny, tc ca ng c hu nh khng cn iu khin
tr cc qu trnh khi ng v hm. Phn cn li l cc h thng c th iu chnh
c tc phi hp c tnh ng c vi c tnh ti theo yu cu. Vi s pht
trin mnh m ca k thut bn dn cng sut ln v k thut vi x l, cc h thng
iu tc s dng k thut in t ngy cng c s dng rng ri v cng c
khng th thiu trong qu trnh t ng ha.

ng c khng ng b c nhiu u im nh sau: kt cu n gin, lm vic
chc chn, hiu sut cao, gi thnh h, c kh nng lm vic trong mi trng c
hi hoc ni c kh nng chy n cao. V nhng u im ny nn ng c khng
ng b c s dng rt rng ri trong cc ngnh kinh t quc dn vi cng sut
t vi chc n hng nghn kW. Trong cng nghip, ng c khng ng b thng
c dng lm ngun ng lc cho cc my cn thp loi va v nh, cho cc my
cng c cc nh my cng nghip nh Trong nng nghip, c dng lm my
bm hay my gia cng nng sn phm. Trong i sng hng ngy, ng c khng
ng b ngy cng chim mt v tr quan trng vi nhiu ng dng nh: qut gi,
ng c trong t lnh, trong my iu ha Tm li cng vi s pht trin ca nn
sn xut in kh ha v t ng ha, phm vi ng dng ca ng c khng ng
b ngy cng rng ri.

Bn cnh th nhc im ca ng c khng ng b l so vi my in mt
chiu, vic iu khin my in xoay chiu gp nhiu kh khn bi v cc thng s
ca my in xoay chiu l cc thng s bin i theo thi gian cng nh bn cht
phc tp v mt cu trc ca ng c in xoay chiu.

c th iu khin c lp t thng v momen ca ng c in xoay chiu
i hi mt h thng tnh ton cc nhanh v chnh xc trong vic quy i cc gi tr
xoay chiu v cc bin n gin. V vy cho n gn y, phn ln ng c xoay
chiu lm vic vi cc ng dng c tc khng i do cc phng php iu
khin trc y dng cho my in thng t v c hiu sut km.

5. Kh nng dng ng c xoay chiu thay th ng c in mt chiu

Nhng kh khn trong vic ng dng ng c in xoay chiu chnh l lm th
no c th d dng iu khin c tc ca n nh vic iu khin ng c
mt chiu. V vy mt tng v vic bin i mt my in xoay chiu thnh mt
my in mt chiu trn phng din iu khin ra i. y chnh l iu khin
vector. iu khin vector s cho php iu khin t thng v momen hon ton c
lp vi nhau thng qua iu khin gi tr tc thi ca dng (ng c tip dng) hoc
gi tr tc thi ca p (ng c tip p).

iu khin vecto cho php to ra nhng phn ng nhanh v chnh xc ca c t
thng v momen trong c qu trnh qu cng nh qu trnh xc lp ca my in
xoay chiu ging nh my in mt chiu. Cng vi s pht trin ca k thut bn
dn v nhng b vi x l c tc nhanh v gi thnh h, vic ng dng ca iu
khin vector ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong nhiu h truyn ng v tr
thnh mt tiu chun cng nghip.

Vi s pht trin nhanh chng, ngnh cng nghip t ng lun i hi s ci
tin thng xuyn ca cc loi h truyn ng khc nhau. Nhng yu cu ci tin
ct yu l tng tin cy, gim kh nng tiu th in nng, gim thiu chi ph bo
dng, tng chnh xc v tng kh nng iu khin phc tp. V vy, nhng h
truyn ng vi ng c in mt chiu ang dn b thay th bi nhng h truyn
ng vi ng c xoay chiu s dng iu khin vector. L do chnh s dng
rng ri ng c mt chiu trc kia l kh nng iu khin c lp t thng v
momen cng nh cu trc h truyn ng kh n gin. Tuy nhin chi ph mua v
bo tr ng c cao, c bit l khi s lng my in phi dng ln. Trong khi ,
cc ng dng thc t ca l thuyt iu khin vector c thc hin t nhng
nm 70 vi cc mch iu khin lin tc. Nhng cc mch lin tc khng th p
ng c s i hi phi chuyn i tc thi ca h quy chiu quay do iu ny i
hi mt khi lng tnh ton trong mt thi gian ngn.

S pht trin ca nhng mch vi x l lm thay i vic ng dng ca l
thuyt iu khin vector. Kh nng ti u trong iu khin qu ca iu khin
vector l nn mng cho s pht trin rng ri ca cc h truyn ng xoay chiu ( v
gi thnh ca ng c xoay chiu r hn so vi ng c mt chiu ).

Ngoi nhng pht trin trong iu khin vector, mt s pht trin ng ch
khc chnh l pht trin mng neural ( neural network ) v logic m ( fuzzy logic )
vo iu khin vector ang l nhng ti nghin cu mi trong nghin cu truyn
ng. Hai k thut iu khin mi ny s to nn nhng ci tin vt bc cho h
truyn ng xoay chiu trong mt tng lai gn. Trin vng ng dng rng ri ca
hai k thut ny ph thuc vo s pht trin ca b vi x l bn dn (
Semiconductor Microprocessor ).

Vi s pht trin mnh m ca cc b bin i in t cng sut, mt l thuyt
iu khin my in xoay chiu khc hn vi iu khin vector ra i. l l
thuyt iu khin trc tip momen lc ( Direct Torque Control hay vit tt l DTC )
do gio s Noguchi Takahashi a ra vo cui nm 80. Tuy nhin k thut DTC
vn cha hon ho v cn c nghin cu thm.

CHNG 2
CC VN LIN QUAN N IU KHIN NG C IN KHNG
NG B BA PHA

1. Cc yu cu t ra i vi vic iu khin ng c

Nhng ng c trc y thng c ch to lm vic vi ti khng i
trong sut qu trnh lm vic. iu ny lm cho hiu sut lm vic ca h thng
thp, mt phn ng k cng sut u vo khng c s dng hiu qu. Hu ht
thi gian momen ng c sinh ra u ln hn momen yu cu ca ti.

Khi khi ng trc tip t li ngun, dng khi ng rt ln. iu ny lm tn
tht cng sut ln trn ng truyn v trong roto, lm nng ng c, thm ch c
th lm hng lp cch in. Dng khi ng ln c th lm st in p ngun, nh
hng n cc thit b khc dng chung ngun vi ng c.

Khi chy khng ti, dng in chy trong ng c ch yu l dng t ha, ti
hu nh ch c tnh cm. Kt qu l h s cng sut ( PF: Power Factor ) rt thp,
khong 0,1. Khi ti tng ln dng in lm vic bt u tng. Dng in t ha duy
tr hu nh khng i trong sut qu trnh hot ng t khng ti n y ti. V
vy khi ti tng h s cng sut cng ln. Khi ng c lm vic vi h s cng sut
nh hn 1, dng in trong ng c khng hon ton sin. iu ny cng lm gim
cht lng cng sut ngun, nh hng n cc thit b khc dng chung ngun vi
ng c.

Trong qu trnh lm vic, nhiu lc cn dng khn cp hoc o chiu ng c.
chnh xc trong tc , kh nng dng chnh xc, o chiu tt lm tng nng
sut lao ng cng nh cht lng sn phm. Trong cc ng dng trc y cc
phng php hm c c s dng. Lc ma sat gia phn c v m phanh c tc
dng hm. Tuy nhin vic hm ny rt km hiu qu v tn hao nhit ln.

Trong nhiu ng dng, cng sut u vo l mt hm ph thuc vo tc nh
qut, my bm. nhng ti loi ny, momen cn t l vi bnh phng tc ,
cng sut t l vi lp phng ca tc . Do vic iu chnh tc , iu ny
ph thuc vo ti, c th tit kim in nng. Tnh ton cho thy vic gim 20% tc
ng c c th tit kim c 50% cng sut u vo. M iu ny l khng th
thc hin c i vi nhng ng c s dng trc tip in p li.

Khi li in cp cho ng c c h s cng sut nh hn n v, dng in
trong ng c cha nhiu thnh phn iu ha bc cao. iu ny lm tng tn tht
trong ng c dn n gim tui th ca ng c. Momen sinh ra bi ng c b
gn sng. Cc thnh phn iu ha bc cao c th loi b khi hot ng tn s cao
bi tnh cht cm ca ng c. Nhng tn s thp ng c chy s b rung, lm
nh hng n cc vng ng ca roto. ng c lm vic li ngun khng n
nh nu khng c bo v s lm gim tui th ca ng c.

T nhng phn tch trn ta thy rng cn phi c mt h iu khin thng minh.
S pht trin ca cc van cng sut, cng ngh sn xut IC tch hp cao cho ra i
nhng b vi x l c tc x l ngy cng nhanh v s pht trin ca k thut tnh
ton dn n vic iu khin ng c khng ng b c th t c cht lng
cao.

2. Cc phng php iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b ba pha

C nhiu phng php iu chnh tc ng c nh:
- iu chnh bng cch thay i in tr ph trong mch roto R
f

- iu chnh bng cch thay i in p stato
- iu chnh bng cch thay i s i cc t
- iu chnh bng cun khng bo ha
- iu chnh bng phng php ni tng
- iu chnh bng cch thay i tn s ngun f
1

Trong cc phung php trn th phng php iu chnh bng cch thay i tn
s cho php iu chnh c momen v tc vi cht lng cao nht, t n mc
tng ng nh iu chnh ng c in mt chiu bng cch thay i in p
phn ng. Ngy nay cc h truyn ng s dng ng c khng ng b iu chnh
tn s ang ngy cng pht trin. Sau y xin trnh by phng php iu chnh
ng c khng ng b bng cch thay i tn s ngun f
1
.

3. iu chnh ng c khng ng b bng cch thay i tn s ngun

Nh ta bit, tc ng b ca ng c ph thuc vo tn s ngun v s i
cc t theo cng thc:

1
o
2 f
p
e
t
= (2-1)
M ta li c, tc ca roto ng c quan h vi tc ng b theo cng thc:

o
(1 s) e= e (2-2)

Do bng vic thay i tn s ngun f
1
hoc thay i s i cc t c th iu
chnh c tc ca ng c khng ng b. Khi ng c c ch to th s
i cc t khng th thay i c do ch c th thay i tn s ngun f
1
. Bng
cch thay i tn s ngun c th iu chnh c tc ca ng c. Nhng khi
tn s gim, tr khng ca ng c gim theo ( X=2fL ). Kt qu l lm cho dng
in v t thng ca ng c tng ln. Nu in p ngun cp khng gim s lm
cho mch t b bo ha v ng c khng lm vic ch ti u, khng pht huy
uc ht cng sut. V vy ngi ta t ra vn l khi thay i tn s cn c mt
lut iu khin no sao cho t thng ca ng c khng i. T thng ny c th
l t thng stato
1
, t thng ca roto
2
, hoc t thng tng ca mch t ha
.
V momen ng c t l vi t thng trong khe h t trng nn vic gi cho t
thng khng i cng lm gi cho momen khng i. C th k ra cc lut iu
khin nh sau:
- Lut U/f khng i: U/f = const
- Lut h s qu ti khng i: = M
th
/M
c
=const
- Lut dng in khng ti khng i: I
o
=const
- Lut iu khin dng stato theo hm s ca st tc: I
1
= f()

4. Phng php iu chnh U/f = const

Sdd ca cun dy stato E
1
t l vi t thng
1
v tn s f
1
theo biu thc:

1 1 1 1 1 1
K f U I Z E = = u

(2-3)
T (2-3) nu b qua st p trn tng tr stato Z
1
, ta c E
1
U
1
, do :

1
1
1
U
K
f
u = (2-4)

Nh vy gi t thng khng i ta cn gi t s U
1
/f
1
khng i. Trong
phng php U/f = const th t s U
1
/f
1
c gi khng i v bng t s ny
nh mc. Cn lu khi momen ti tng, dng ng c tng lm tng st p trn
in tr stato dn n E
1
gim, ngha l t thng ng c gim. Do d ng c
khng hon ton lm vic ch t thng khng i.

Ta c cng thc tnh momen c ca ng c nh sau:

2
1
2 2 2
0 1
'
2
'
1 2
'
3U R / s
M
[(R ) ]
R
(X X )
s
=
e + + +
(2-5)

V momen ti hn:

2
1
th
2
0 1 1 1 2
'
3U
M
2 ( R R X (X )) + + +
=
e
(2-6)

Khi hot ng nh mc:

2
1dm
dm
2 2
2
0dm 1 1dm 2d
'
2
'
m
'
3U R / s
M
[(R )
R
s
(X X ) ]
=
= + + +
(2-7)

2
1dm
thdm
2 2
0dm 1 1 1dm 2dm
'
3U
M
2 (R (X R X ) ) e + + +
= (2-8)

Ta c cng thc sau:
1dm
1
a
f
f
= (2-9)

Vi f
1
l tn s lm vic ca ng c, f
1dm
l tn s nh mc. Theo lut U/f=
const :

1 1dm 1 1
1 1dm 1dm dm
U U U f
a
f f U f
= = = (2-10)

Ta thu c:

1 1dm
1 1dm
U aU
f af
=
=
(2-11)

Phn tch tng t, ta cng thu c
o
= a
odm
; X
1
=aX
1dm
; X
2
=aX
2dm
. Thay
cc gi tr trn vo (2-5) v (2-6) ta thu c cng thc tnh momen v momen ti
hn ca ng c tn s khc nh mc:

2
2
'
'
1dm
2 2
1 2 o
1 2
'
3
R R
) X )
a a.
R
U
a.s
M
( (X
s
=
e
(
(
(

+
(
+
(
(2-12)

2
1dm
th
2
o
2
1 1
'
1 2
3
2
R R
X )
a a
U
M
(X
=
e
| |
+ +
|
\ .
+
(2-13)

Da theo cng thc trn ta thy, cc gi tr X
1
v X
2
ph thuc vo tn s trong
khi R
1
li l hng s. Nh vy khi hot ng tn s cao, gi tr (X
1
+X
2
) >>R
1
/a,
st p trn R
1
rt nh nn gi tr E suy gim rt t dn n t thng c gi gn
nh khng i. Momen cc i ca ng c gn nh khng i.

Tuy nhin khi hot ng tn s thp th gi tr in tr R
1
/a s tng i ln so
vi gi tr ca (X
1
+X
2
) dn n st p nhiu trn in tr stato khi momen ti ln.
iu ny lm cho E b gim, dn n suy gim t thng momen cc i.

b li s suy gim t thng tn s thp, ta s cung cp thm cho ng c
in mt in p U
o
t thng ca ng c nh mc khi f = 0. T ta c quan
h sau:

U
1
=U
o
+Kf
1
(2-14)

Vi K l mt hng s c chn sao cho gi tr U
1
cp cho ng c U=U
dm
ti f
=f
dm
. Khi a >1 (f >f
dm
), in p c gi khng i v bng nh mc. Khi
ng c hot ng ch suy gim t thng. Sau y l th biu th mi quan
h gia momen v in p theo tn s trong phng php iu khin U/f=const:

Hnh 2-1: th biu th mi quan h gia momen v in p theo tn s theo lut
iu khin U/f=const

T (hnh 2-1) ta c nhn xt sau:
- Dng in khi ng yu cu thp hn
- Vng lm vic n nh ca ng c tng ln. Thay v ch lm vic tc
nh mc, ng c c th lm vic t 5% ca tc ng b n tc nh
mc. Momen to ra bi ng c c th duy tr trong vng lm vic ny.
- Chng ta c th iu khin ng c tn s ln hn tn s nh mc
bng cch tip tc tng tn s. Tuy nhin do in p t khng th tng trn in p
nh mc. Do ch c th tng tn s dn n momen gim. vng trn vn tc
c bn cc h s nh hng n momen tr nn phc tp.
- Vic tng tc gim tc c th c thc hin bng cch iu khin s
thay i ca tn s theo thi gian.

CHNG 3
BIN TN

1. Bin tn v tm quan trng ca bin tn trong cng nghip
Vi s pht trin nh v bo v chng loi v s lng ca cc b bin tn, ngy
cng c nhiu thit b in in t s dng cc b bin tn, trong mt b phn
ng k s dng bin tn phi k n chnh l b bin tn iu khin tc ng c
in.
Trong thc t c rt nhiu hot ng trong cng nghip c lin quan n tc
ng c in. i lc c th xem s n nh ca tc ng c mang yu t sng
cn ca cht lng sn phm, s n nh ca h thng V d: my p nha lm
giy, cn thp, h thng t ng pha trn nguyn liu, my ly tm nh hnh khi
c V th, vic iu khin v n nh tc ng c c xem nh vn
chnh yu ca cc h thng iu khin trong cng nghip.
iu chnh tc ng c l dng cc bin php nhn to thay i cc thng
s ngun nh in p hay cc thng s mch nh in tr ph, thay i t thng
T to ra cc c tnh c mi c nhng tc lm vic mi ph hp vi yu
cu ca ph ti c. C hai phng php iu chnh tc ng c:
- Bin i cc thng s ca b phn c kh tc l bin i t s truyn chuyn
tip t trc ng c n c cu my sn xut.
- Bin i tc gc ca ng c in. Phng php ny lm gim tnh phc
tp ca c cu v ci thin c c tnh iu chnh, c bit linh hot khi ng dng
cc h thng iu khin bng in t. V vy, b bin tn c s dng iu
khin tc ng c theo phng php ny.
Kho st cho thy:
- Chim 30% th trng bin tn l cc b iu khin moment.
- Trong cc b iu khin moment ng c chim 55% l cc ng dng qut
gi, trong phn ln l cc h thng HAVC (iu ha khng kh trung tm),
chim 45% l cc ng dng bm, ch yu l trong cng nghip nng.
- Nng cp ci to cc h thng bm v qut t h iu khin tc khng i
ln h tc c th iu chnh c trong cng nghip vi li nhun to ln thu v
t vic tit gim nhin liu in nng tiu th.
Tnh hu dng ca bin tn trong cc ng dng bm v qut
- iu chnh lu lng tng ng vi iu chnh tc Bm v Qut.
- iu chnh p sut tng ng vi iu chnh gc m ca van.
- Gim ting n cng nghip.
- Nng lng s dng t l thun vi ly tha bc ba ca tc ng c.
- Gip tit kim in nng ti a.
Nh tn gi, b bin tn s dng trong h truyn ng, chc nng chnh l thay
i tn s ngun cung cp cho ng c thay i tc ng c nhng nu ch
thay i tn s ngun cung cp th c th thc hin vic bin i ny theo nhiu
phng thc khc, khng dng mch in t. Trc kia, khi cng ngh ch to linh
kin bn dn cha pht trin, ngi ta ch yu s dng cc nghch lu dng my
bin p. u im chnh ca cc thit b dng ny l sng dng in p ng ra rt tt
(t hi) v cng sut ln (so vi bin tn hai bc dng linh kin bn dn) nhng cn
nhiu hn ch nh:
- Gi thnh cao do phi dng my bin p cng sut ln.
- Tn tht trn bin p chim n 50% tng tn tht trn h thng nghch lu.
- Chim din tch lp t ln, dn n kh khn trong vic lp t, duy tu, bo
tr cng nh thay mi.
- iu khin kh khn, khong iu khin khng rng v d b qu in p
ng ra do c hin tng bo ho t ca li thp my bin p.
Ngoi ra, cc h truyn ng cn nhiu thng s khc cn c thay i, gim
st nh: in p, dng in, khi ng m (Ramp start hay Soft start), tnh cht ti
m ch c b bin tn s dng cc thit b bn dn l thch hp nht trong trng
hp ny.

2. Phn loi bin tn

Bin tn thng c chia lm hai loi:
- Bin tn trc tip
- Bin tn gin tip

2.1. Bin tn trc tip

Bin tn trc tip l b bin i tn s trc tip t li in xoay chiu
khng thng qua khu trung gian mt chiu. Tn s ra c iu chnh nhy cp v
nh hn tn s li ( f
1
<f
li
). Loi bin tn ny hin nay t c s dng.

2.2. Bin tn gin tip

Cc b bin tn gin tip c cu trc nh sau:


Hnh 3-1: S cu trc ca bin tn gin tip

Nh vy bin i tn s cn thng qua mt khu trung gian mt chiu v vy
c tn gi l bin tn gin tip. Chc nng ca cc khi nh sau:

a) Chnh lu: Chc nng ca khu chnh lu l bin i in p xoay chiu
thnh in p mt chiu. Chnh lu c th l khng iu chnh hoc c iu chnh.
Ngy nay a s chnh lu l khng iu chnh, v iu chnh in p mt chiu
trong phm vi rng s lm tng kch thc ca b lc v lm gim hiu sut b bin
i. Ni chung chc nng bin i in p v tn s c thc hin bi nghch lu
thng qua lut iu khin. Trong cc b bin i cng sut ln, ngi ta thng
dng chnh lu bn iu khin vi chc nng lm nhim v bo v cho ton h
thng khi qu ti. Ty theo tng nghch lu yu cu ngun dng hay ngun p m
b chnh lu s to ra dng in hay in p tng i n nh.

b) Lc: B lc c nhim v san phng in p sau chnh lu.

c) Nghch lu: Chc nng ca khu nghch lu l bin i dng mt chiu thnh
dng xoay chiu c tn s c th thay i c v lm vic vi ph ti c lp
Nghch lu c th l mt trong ba loi sau:

- Nghch lu ngun p: trong dng ny, dng in p ra ti c nh dng
trc (thng c dng xung ch nht) cn dng dng in ph thuc vo tnh cht
ti. Ngun in p cung cp phi l ngun sc in ng c ni tr nh. Trong cc
ng dng iu kin ng c, thng s dng nghch lu ngun p.

- Nghch lu ngun dng: Ngc vi dng trn, dng dng in ra ti c
nh hnh trc, cn dng in p ph thuc vo ti. Ngun cung cp phi l ngun
dng m bo gi dng mt chiu n nh, v vy nu ngun l sc in ng th
phi c in cm u vo ln hoc m bo iu kin trn theo nguyn tc iu
khin n nh dng in.

Nghch lu cng hng: Loi ny dng nguyn tc cng hng khi mch hot
ng, do dng dng in (hoc in p) thng c dng hnh sin. C in p v
dng in ra ti ph thuc vo tnh cht ti.

3. Cu trc c bn ca mt b bin tn

Cu trc c bn ca mt b bin tn nh hnh ()


Tn hiu vo l in p xoay chiu mt pha hoc ba pha. B chnh lu c nhim
bin i in p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu.

B lc c nhim v san phng in p mt chiu sau chnh lu.

Nghch lu c nhim v bin i in p mt chiu thnh in p xoay chiu c
tn s c th thay i c. in p mt chiu c bin thnh in p xoay chiu
nh vic iu khin m hoc kha cc van cng sut theo mt quy lut nht nh.

B iu khin c nhim v to tn hiu iu khin theo mt lut iu khin no
a n cc van cng sut trong b nghch lu. Ngoi ra n cn c chc nng
sau:
- Theo di s c lc vn hnh
- X l thng tin t ngi s dng
- Xc nh thi gian tng tc, gim tc hay hm
- Xc nh c tnh momen tc
- X l thng tin t cc mch thu thp d liu
- Kt ni vi my tnh.
-

Mch kch l b phn to tn hiu ph hp iu khin trc tip cc van cng
sut trong mch nghch lu. Mch cch ly c nhim v cch ly gia mch cng sut
vi mch iu khin bo v mch iu khin.

Mn hnh hin th v iu khin c nhim v hin th thng tin h thng nh tn
s, dng in, in p, v ngi s dng c th t li thng s cho h thng.

Cc mch thu thp tn hiu nh dng in, in p nhit , bin i chng
thnh tn hiu thch hp mch iu khin c th x l c. Ngi ra cn c cc
mch lm nhim v bo v khc nh bo v chng qu p hay thp p u vo

Cc mch iu khin, thu thp tn hiu u cn cp ngun, cc ngun ny
thng l ngun in mt chiu 5, 12, 15VDC yu cu in p cp phi n nh. B
ngun c nhim v to ra ngun in thch hp .

S ra i ca cc b vi x l c tc tnh ton nhanh c th thc hin cc thut
ton phc tp thi gian thc, s pht trin ca cc l thuyt iu khin, cng ngh
sn xut IC c mc tch hp ngy cng cao cng vi gi thnh ca cc linh kin
ngy cng gim dn n s ra i ca cc b bin tn ngy cng thng minh c kh
nng iu khin chnh xc, p ng nhanh v gi thnh r.

4. Phng thc iu khin

4.1. Phng php iu ch rng xung (PWM)

Ni dung ca phng php iu ch rng xung l to ra mt tn hiu sin
chun c tn s bng tn s ra v bin t l vi bin in ra nghch lu. Tn
hiu ny s c so snh vi mt tn hiu rng ca c tn s ln hn rt nhiu tn
s ca tn hiu sin chun. Giao im ca hai tn hiu ny xc nh thi im ng
m van cng sut. in p ra c dng xung vi rng thay i theo tng chu k.

Hnh 3-2: Dng sng u ra theo phng php iu ch rng xung
(v
o1
l thnh phn sin c bn, v
i
l in mt chiu vo b nghch lu, v
o
l in p
ra

)

Trong qu trnh iu ch, ngi ta c th to xung hai cc hoc mt cc, iu
bin theo rng xung n cc v iu bin theo rng xung lng cc. Trong
ti ny em s dng phng iu ch rng xung n cc.
C hai phng php iu ch c bn l:
- iu ch theo phng php sin PWM (SPWM)
- iu ch vect

4.1.1. iu ch theo phng php SPWM

to ra in p xoay chiu bng phng php SPWM, ta s dng mt tn hiu
xung tam gic v
tri
(gi l sng mang) em so snh vi mt tn hiu sin chun v
c
(gi
l tn hiu iu khin). Nu em xung iu khin ny cp cho b nghich lu mt
pha, th ng ra s thu c dng xung in p m thnh phn iu ha c bn c
tn s bng tn s tn hiu iu khin v
c
v bin ph thuc vo ngun in mt
chiu cp cho b nghch lu v t s gia bin sng sin mu v bin sng
mang. Tn s sng mang ln hn rt nhiu tn s tn hiu iu khin. Hnh 3-3
miu t nguyn l ca ca phng php iu ch SPWM mt pha:

Hnh 3-3: Nguyn l iu ch SPWM mt pha

Khi:
v
c
> v
tri
, V
A0
= V
dc
/2
v
c
< t
tri
, V
A0
= -V
dc
/2

i vi nghch lu p ba pha c s nh hnh 3-4. to ra in p sin ba pha
dng iu rng xung, ta cn ba tn hiu sin mu.

Hnh 3-4: Nghch lu p ba pha

Nguyn l iu ch v dng sng nh sau:

Hnh 3-5: Nguyn l iu ch SPWM ba pha

H s iu ch bin m
a
c nh ngha l t s gia bin ca tn hiu iu
khin vi bin ca sng mang:

c
a
tri
V
m
V
= (3-1)

m
a
- h s iu bin
V
c
- bin sng iu khin
V
tri
- bin sng mang

Trong vng tuyn tnh (0 < m
a
< 1), bin ca thnh phn sin c bn V
A01

(in p pha) trong dng sng u ra t l vi h s iu bin theo cng thc:

dc
A01 a
V
m V
2
= (3-2)

i vi in p dy l:

dc
AB1 a
V
3V
m
2
= (3-3)

Nh vy trong phng php ny bin in p dy u ra b nghch lu ch c
th t 86,67% in p mt chiu u vo trong vng tuyn tnh (0 <m
a
<1).

H s iu ch t s m
f
l t s gia tn s sng mang v tn s tn hiu iu
khin:

tri
f
c
f
m
f
= (3-4)

m
f
- h s iu ch t s
f
tri
- tn s sng mang, bng tn s PWM
f
c
- tn s tn hiu iu khin

Gi tr ca m
f
c chn sao cho nn c gi tr dng v l. Nu m
f
l mt gi
tr khng nguyn th trong dng sng u ra s c cc thnh phn iu ha ph
(subharmonic). Nu m
f
khng phi l mt s l, trong dng sng u ra s tn ti
thnh phn mt chiu v cc hi bc chn. Gi tr ca m
f
nn l bi s ca 3 i
nghch lu p ba pha v trong in p dy u ra s trit tiu cc hi bc chn v hi
l bi s ca ba.

Nh vy, nu in p mt chiu u vo khng i, iu chnh bin v tn
s ca in p u ra ta ch vic iu chnh bin v tn s ca tn hiu sin chun
v
c
. c trng c bn ca phng php ny l thnh phn sng iu ha ca in p
ra. Mun gim cc sng iu ha bc cao cn phi tng tn s sng mang hay tn s
PWM. Tuy nhin cng tng tn s PWM th tn hao chuyn mch li tng ln.

4.1.2. Phng php iu ch vect khng gian (SVPWM)

Phng php iu ch vect khng gian khc vi cc phng php iu ch
rng xung khc. Vi phng php iu ch PWM khc, b nghch lu c xem
nh ba b bin i y ko ring bit vi ba in p pha c lp nhau. i vi
phng php iu ch vect khng gian, b nghch lu c xem nh mt khi duy
nht vi 8 trng thi ng ngt t 0 n 7.

4.1.2.1. Thnh lp vect khng gian

i vi ngun p ba pha cn bng, ta lun c phng trnh sau:

a b c
(t) u (t) u ( ) 0 u t + + = (3-5)

V bt k ba hm s no tha mn phng trnh trn u c th chuyn sang h
ta hai chiu vung gc. Ta c th biu din phng trnh trn di dng ba
vect gm [u
a
0 0]
T
, trng vi trc x, vect [0 u
b
0]
T
lch mt gc 120
o
v vect [0 0
u
a
]
T
lch mt gc 240
o
so vi trc x, nh hnh v sau:

Hnh 3-6: biu din vect khng gian trong h ta x0y

T ta xy dng c phng trnh ca vect khng gian trong h ta phc
nh sau:

2 2
j j
3 3
a b c
u(t)
2
u u .e u .e
3
t t |
= + +
|
|
\ .
(3-6)

Trong 2/3 l h s bin hnh. Phn tch u(t) trong phng trnh trn thnh
phn thc v phn o.

t x y
u u u j = + (3-7)

Ta xy dng c cng thc chuyn i h ta t ba pha abc sang h ta
phc x-y bng cch cn bng phn thc v phn o trong phng trnh (3-6), ta c:

( ) ( )
| |
| |
a b
x a b
y b
a
x
c
c
b
y
c
c
2
u u cos(2 / 3) jsin(2 / 3) u cos( 2 / 3) jsin( 2 / 3)
3
2
u u u cos(2 / 3) u cos( 2 / 3)
3
2
u u sin(2 / 3) u sin( 2 / 3)
3
1 1
u
1
u
2 2 2
u
u 3
3 3
u 0
u(t)
2 2
+ t + t + t + t (

= + t + t
= t t
| |
| |
|
| |
|
| =
|
|
|
\ . |
|
\ .
\
=
.
(3-8)

Tip theo hnh thnh ta quay - bng cch cho h ta x-y quay vi vn
tc gc t. Ta c cng thc chuyn i h ta nh sau:

x x
y y
cos( t) cos( t)
u u u
cos( t) sin( t)
u u u sin( t) cos( t)
sin( t) co
2
2
s( t)
o
|
t | |
e e
|
| | | | | | e e | |
= = |
| | |
|
t e e
\ . | \ . \ . \ .
e e
|
\ .
+
+
(3-9)

Ngun p ba pha to ra l cn bng v sin nn ta c th vit li phng trnh
in p pha nh sau:

a
b
m c
m
m
sin( t)
sin( t 2 / 3)
u V
u V
u V sin( t 2 / 3)
e
e
e + =
t
t
=
= (3-10)

T phng trnh (3-9) ta xy dng c phng trnh sau:

j j t
r r
e V e u(t) V
u e
= = (3-11)

Th hin vect khng gian c bin V
r
quay vi vn tc gc t quanh gc ta
0. Phng trnh in p dy theo phng trnh (3-8) nh sau:

L
s 3
5
1
L
1 1
2 3 2 2
V
3 2 3 3
q
1
V
q
V
q 0
2 2
o
|
| |
| |
|
| |
|
| =
|
|
|
\ . |
|
\ .
\ .
(3-11)

Trong 2 chuyn t gi tr bin sang gi tr hiu dng, 3 chuyn
gi tr in p pha thnh in p dy. Vect in p dy s sm pha hn vect in
p pha mt gc /6. Nu lng ghp cc trng thi c th c ca q
1
, q
3
v q
5
vo
phng trnh (3-11) ta thu c phng trnh in p dy (tr bin ) theo cc
trng thi ca cc kha.

j(2n 1) /6
n
2 2 (2n 1 ) (2n 1 )
e cos jsin
6
2.
6 3 3
V
t
( t t | | | |
+
| | (
\ \ .
=
.
= (3-12)

Vi n = 0,1,2,,6 ta thnh lp c 6 vect khng gian V
1
V
6
v hai vect 0
l V
0
v V
7
nh hnh sau:


Hnh 3-7: Cc vect khng gian t 1 n 6

Hnh 3-8: Trng thi ng ngt ca cc van


Bng 3-1: Gi tr in p cc trng thi ng ngt v vect khng gian tng ng
(Ghi ch: ln in p phi nhn vi V
dc
)

4.1.2.2. Tnh ton thi gian ng ngt

Xt trng hp vect V
r
nm trong vng 1 nh hnh sau:

Hnh 3-9: Vect khng gian V
r
trong vng 1

Gi s tn s bm xung f
PWM
cao trong sut chu k iu rng xung T
s
,
vect V
r
khng thay i v tr. Nh ta c th phn tch V
r
theo cc vect V
1
, V
2

v vect V
0
hoc V
7
nh phng trnh sau:

1 1 2 r s
s 1 2
2 0 7 0
0 7
7
V T V T V T V
T
T
T T T

= +
+ +
+
=
(3-13)

Vi: T
s
l chu k iu rng xung
T
n
l thi gian duy tr trng thi V
n

Chuyn sang h ta vung gc, ta c phng trnh sau suy ra t phng
trnh (3-11) v (3-12):

s 1 1 0 7
cos
cos cos
2 2
m T T T .0
3 3
sin s
6
6 2
in si
T
6 2 6
n

| | | |
| | | |
+ u
| |
| |
\ .
|
= + + | |
|
| | | |
+ u | |
| |
\ . \ .
\
t
t t
t t
. \ .
t
(3-14)

Cn bng phn thc v phn o, ta c:

s 1 1
s 1 1
2 2
mcos cos cos
3 3
2 2
ms
T T T
6 6 2
T T T in sin sin
6 6 2 3 3
t t t | |
=
|
\ .
t t t | |
=
|
| | | |
+ u +
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
+ u +
| |
\ . \ .
\ .
(3-15)

Gii phng trnh trn tm T
1
v T
2
:

1 s s
1 s s s
2 s s
2 s
3 3
m m
T Tcos
cos cos
6 6
T T T
2 2 3
cos
6
2
6
Tcos T sin
3
m sin mcos
T m s
2 3 3
T T T sin
2 6 6 6
T cos cos
6
n
6
i
6
+ u + u
=
| |
= + u u
t t | | | |
| |
\ . \ .
=
t
| | t t t t | | | |
= =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
t t t | | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
t t t | | | | |

| |
\
u
|
\ .
+ u + u
= + u +
.
u
. \ \
2 s s
T T msin
sin
6
6
T msin(
6
)
(
(

| |
= + u =
t | | |
|
u
|
\ .
|
. \ .
t t
(3-16)

Suy ra:

1 s
2 s
0 7 s 2
Tmsin( / 3 )
T msin( )
T
T
T T T 1 T
= t u
= u
(3-17)

Trong :
m - t s iu bin
T
s
- chu k iu rng xung
- gc lch pha gia V
r
v V
n

Ta nhn thy vic gii phng trnh (3-13) tm T
1
, T
2
v T
s
khng ph thuc
vo hai vect gii hn vng :


Hnh 3-10:Vect khng gian V
r
trong vng bt k

Da trn kt qu trn phng trnh (3-17), ta xy dng cng thc tng qut
trong phng trnh (3-18) sau y:

A s
s
0 7 s A B
B
msin( / 3 )
msi
T T
T T
T T
n( )
T T
t u
u

=
(3-18)

4.1.2.3. Phn b cc trng thi ng ngt

Vn xt trng hp V
a
nm trong vng 1, vi kt qu t phng trnh (3-17):

1 s
2 s
0 7 s 1 2
Tmsin( )
T msi
T
T
T T
n( )
T T
= t / 3u
= u

(3-18)

4.1.2.4. K thut thc hin vect khng gian

Thng thng mt trong nhng tiu chun la chn gin ng kch linh
kin l gim thiu ti a s ln chuyn mch ca linh kin, gim tn hao trong
qu trnh ng ct ca chng. S ln chuyn mch s t nu ta trnh t iu khin
sau:

Hnh 3-11: Gin ng ct linh kin

4.1.2.5. Gin ng ct cc kha to ra vect V
s
trong tng sect:

Cc van cng sut trong tng nhnh ng ngt i nghch nhau. n gin
ha s , ta ch v trng thi ca 3 van cng sut pha trn. Ba van cn li c trng
thi i nghch vi ba van trn theo tng cp:
o S
0
S
1

o S
2
- S
3

o S
4
S
5


Hnh 3-12: Vect V
s
trong cc vng t 0-6
Nhn xt:

- Dng in p u hoc dng in u ra ca phng php SVPWM t b mo
hn do cha t cc thnh phn iu ha hn so vi phng php SPWM.
- Hiu sut s dng in p u vo ca phng php SVPWM cao hn so vi
phng php SPWM

4.2. Phng php iu khin trc tip momen (DTC: Direct Torque
Moment)

S khc nhau gia phng php iu ch SVPWM v phng php DTC l
phng php DTC khng s dng khun mu chuyn mch c nh (fixed
switching pattern). Phng php ny chuyn mch b nghch lu theo yu cu ca
ti. V khng s dng khun mu chuyn mch c nh, phng php ny p ng
cc nhanh theo s bin ng ca ti. chnh xc vn tc ca phng php ny ln
ti 0,5%, mc d khng cn phi s dng mt thit b phn hi no.

Tri tim ca phng php ny l khu thch ng ng c. Khu thch ng ny
da trn m hnh ton hc c bn ca ng c. Khu thch ng yu cu thng tin v
rt nhiu thng s ng c, nh in tr stato, in cm tng h, h s bo ha,..
Thut ton ny ly cc thng tin ny v ng c lc khi ng m khng lm quay
ng c. Nhng vic lm quay ng c trong vng vi giy s gip cho vic iu
chnh ca khu thch ng. Hiu chnh cng tt, vic iu khin tc v momen
cng c chnh xc cng cao. T in p mt chiu, dng in dy v v tr
chuyn mch hin thi, khu thch ng ny tnh ton ra t thng v momen thc t
ca ng c. Nhng gi tr ny c a ti b so snh hai lp t thng v momen
tng ng. u ra ca cc b so snh ny l tn hiu tham chiu momen v t thng
cho bng la chn chuyn mch ti u. V tr chuyn mch c la chn c a
thng ti b nghch lu m khng cn iu ch do c p ng rt nhanh.

Tn hiu tham chiu tc t t bn ngoi c gii m to ra t thng v
momen tham chiu. V th, trong phng php iu khin trc tip momen, t
thng v momen ng c l nhng bin c iu khin trc tip v th c tn l
iu khin trc tip momen.

u im ca phng php ny tc p ng rt nhanh, khng cn cc thit b
phn hi, gim c s hng hc v c kh, hiu sut gn bng my in mt chiu
m khng c phn hi. Nhc im ca phng php ny l s tr vn c ca b so
snh dn n t thng v momen b nhp nh. V chuyn mch c thc hin tn
s thp nn cc thnh phn iu ha bc thp tng ln

PHN II
THIT K S B

T c s l thuyt trn, trong ti ny em la chn thit k b bin tn kiu
gin tip, s dng chnh lu cu, b nghch lu c s nghch lu cu ba pha
ngun p, iu khin theo lut U/f khng i bng phng php iu ch rng
xung SPWM (Sinusoidal PWM).
Cc thng s ca b bin tn nh sau:
- in p vo xoay chiu mt pha 220V/50Hz
- u ra in p xoay chiu ba pha 220V
- Tn s ra nhy cp c f
min
=10hz, f
max
=50Hz
- Chng qu nhit
- Chng qu dng
- Tng tc, gim tc
- iu khin ng c c thng s nh sau: tc nh mc 1410rpm, in p
nh mc (Y/) 380/220, tn s nh mc 50Hz, cng sut nh mc 0,75kW.

1. S CU TRC

Hnh (1-1):S cu trc

a) Khu chnh lu: Khu chnh lu s dng s chnh lu cu mt pha khng
iu khin. Cc van cng sut trong s l cc diode cng sut. Chc nng ca
khu chnh lu l bin i in p xoay chiu u vo thnh in p mt chiu.
b) Lc: Chc nng ca b lc l san phng in p sau chnh lu.
c) Nghch lu: B nghch lu s dng nghch u p ba pha c nhim v bin i
in p u vo mt chiu thnh in p xoay chiu c tn s v bin c th thay
i c cp cho ng c. Cc van cng sut s dng trong b nghch lu l IGBT.
d) Mch li: Mch li c nhim v nhn tn hiu iu khin t b iu khin to
ra cc tn hiu iu khin trc tip cc van cng sut trong b nghch lu. Trong
ti ny, em s dng module cng sut thng minh (IPM: intelligent power module)
ca hng International Rectifier.

Hnh (1-2): S bin tn iu khin ng c s dng b nghch lu ngun p ba
pha
e) B iu khin: B iu khin c thit k s dng vi iu khin PSoC. B
iu khin c nhim v to tn hiu PWM theo mt lut no iu khin cc van
cng sut trong b nghch lu thng qua mch li. Lut iu khin em s dng
trong ti ny l phng phap iu ch rng xung SPWM (Sinusoidal PWM).
Ngoi ra, b iu khin cn c nhim v x l tn hiu t b theo di nhit v
b phn hi dng.
B iu khin nhn tn hiu iu khin t phm bm. Cc yu cu iu khin bao
gm khi ng, dng, o chiu, t tc .
f) Mch theo di nhit : Mch theo di nhit cp tn hiu in p t l vi
nhit trong module cng sut m thc cht chnh l nhit ca van cng sut.
g) Mch phn hi dng: Mch phn hi dng c nhim v bin i in p trn
in tr shunt thnh tn hiu ph hp cp cho b iu khin. Khi c qu dng xy
ra, b iu khin s to ra tn hiu kha module cng sut li, ct cng sut u ra.

Hnh (1-3): S mc in tr shunt theo di dng in
h) Phm: Ngi s dng c th t lnh iu khin b bin tn thng qua phm
tc dng.
i) Ngun: Ngun c chc nng to ra cc mc in p thch hp (5VDC v
15VDC) c cng sut cho cc mch iu khin, mch li. B ngun ly in p
sau b lc.

2. S D TNH NNG

Hnh (1-4): S tnh nng b bin tn

Gii thch s tnh nng:
- Tn hiu iu khin t bn phm bao gm khi ng, dng, o chiu, v
t vn tc thng qua vic t tn s iu khin. Khi iu chnh tc thng qua
vic t tn s, cn phi c thi gian chuyn t tn s ny sang tn s mi trnh
hin tng ng c b git mnh. Thi gian ng c chuyn t tn s iu khin
ny sang tn s iu khin mi c x l trong khu xc nh tn s iu khin
mi. Khi o chiu cng vy, phi a ng c v gi tr nh ri mi thc hin
o chiu quay trnh moment xon tc ng ln ng c.
- Sau khi xc nh c tn s iu khin mi, bng sin mi c tnh li
sao gi cho t s U/f u ra khng i
- B PWM c nhim v to tn hiu PWM cp cho cc van cng sut. Cc
tn hiu ny c iu ch theo phng php SPWM.

PHN III
THIT K CHI TIT

1. Tnh ton cc thng s ca ng c
Cc thng s cho trn ng c:
P
dm
=0,75kW f
dm
=50Hz U
dm
(Y/)=380/220V
n
dm
=1410 vng/pht p =2 cos
dm
=0,88
dm
=0,885

Tc gc nh mc ca ng c:
dm
dm
2 n 2. 141
14
0
60
7,65(rad/
0
)
6
s
t t.
e = = = (1-1)
Dng in nh mc :
dm
1dm
1dm dm
P
I
co
2,5
s
A /1,5A( / )
3U q
= = A Y (1-2)
Momen nh mc:
dm
dm
dm
P 750
M
14
5,083(Nm)
7,67 e
= = = (1-3)
Cng sut tc dng ng c tiu th:
dm
dtdm
P 750
P
0
847.45(W)
.885 q
= = = (1-4)
Tc ng b:
0
2 f 2 50
p 2
157(rad/ s)
t t
e = = = (1-5)
H s trt nh mc
0 dm
0
157 147
s
157
0,064
e
~ = =
e
e
(1-6)

2. Thit k tng nghch lu v tng mch kch

Vi vic s dng module cng sut IRAMX16UP60A ca International
Rectifier th vic thit k mch nghch lu cng nh mch kch tr nn n gin
hn rt nhiu. S mch nguyn l nh hnh ():

Hnh (1-1): S nguyn l mch nghch lu v mch li s dng IRAMX16UP60A

2.1. Gii thiu v module cng sut IRAMX16UP60A

Cc module cng sut tch hp iu khin ng c ang l mt xu th pht trin
hin ti bi nhng u im m n mang li nh tit kim khng gian mch in v d
dng lp rp. Tuy nhin vic s dng rng ri cc module ny b hn ch bi gi
thnh cng nh l kh nng thiu mm do trong thit k. Mt seri module cng
sut thng minh (IPM: intelligent power module) gi thnh thp mi c pht
trin cho cc ng dng iu khin ng c, nhm gii quyt nhng yu t trn. c
tnh ca cc module cng sut thng minh mi ny cho php tn tht cng sut
chung thp hn so vi cc cng ngh cnh tranh hin ti. Mt s ci tin ng k
na l kh nng gim nhiu in t (EMI) ca h thng mc d tn s chuyn mch
c th rt cao nh vo cng ngh ng v c bit.

Module cng sut IRAMX16UP60A ca International Rectifier lm mt module
cng sut tch hp c pht trin v ti u cho cc ng dng iu khin ng c
nh my git, cc b truyn ng my nn iu chnh tc trong cc h thng
iu ha khng kh trong nh v cc t lnh thng mi. Cng ngh PlugNDrive
a ra mt b iu khin ng c xoay chiu hiu sut cao, kt cu siu gn trong
mt v cch ly n cho mt thit k n gin.
Cu hnh h emitter IGBT pha thp cho php d dng phn hi dng, theo di
qu dng c th iu khin vi an ton v chnh xc cao.
Chc nng bo v qu dng v theo di nhit dng sn, cng vi chc nng
ngt khi thp p tch hp bn trong cho php hot ng an ton v bo v mc
cao.
Vic kt hp diode boostrap cho mch li pha cao v ch cn ngun cp n
cc cho mch pha trong lm n gin ha vic s dng module v a ra s thun
li cho vic gim gi thnh hn na.
c tnh ca module IRAMX16UP60A:
- Tch hp mch kch v diode boostrap
- Chc nng theo di nhit
- Ct khi qu dng hoc qu nhit
- ng v n hon ton
- Cng ngh IGBT Non Punch Through, in p VCE (on ) thp
- Chc nng kha khi in p thp cho tt c cc knh
- Tr lan truyn nh nhau cho tt c cc knh
- Chn emiter ca IGBT pha thp h cho vic iu khin dng in
- u vo logic Schmit-triggered
- di/dt thp lm cho vic chng nhiu tt hn
- Gii cng sut 0,75kW~2kW/85~253Vac
- in p cch ly thp nht 2000V
rms

u im ca gii php s dng module cng sut tch hp
IRAMX16UP60A

Bn cnh nhng u im nh nh gn hn, tin cy hn, n chp so vi vic s
dng linh kin ri, module IPM cn gip cho cc k s thit k trnh khi nhng li
thng gp khi thit k b nghch lu dng IGBT:
- t cm ca mch thp hn so vi linh kin ri lm gim xung in p
kim v kh nng hot ng tn s ng ct cao vi tn hao t hn.
- Kt ni cng sut n gin, bao gm chn V+, Le1, Le2, Le3 v cc chn ni
vi ng c gm U,V, W.
- Mch kch tch hp bn trong yu cu 6 u vo logic (c mc 3,3V) v 3 t
boostrap c chn theo tn s ng ct.
- Tr lan truyn thp cho c IGBT pha thp v pha cao c lm cho ph
hp vi vic ngn chn DC core flux tc ng vo ng c.
- B iu khin deadtime bn trong ngn trng dn
- Ch an ton s c c bo m bi tnh nng t ngt dng sn khi qu
dng hoc qu nhit.
- C cc chn cho php theo di nhit v dng in pha.

u im chnh khi s dng module IPM l d dng thit k mt h iu khin
ng c ti u, tin cy. K s thit k c th c gii phng khi nhng vn
kh khn sau:
- Lm sao c th to ra mt khong thi gian tr hp l (deadtime) trnh
trng dn.
- Lm sao thit k mch bo v qu dng cho cc van cng sut IGBT.
- Lm sao thit k mch kim tra qu nhit m thc t l theo di nhit
ca IGBT.
- Lm sao lm cho thi gian tr lan truyn ph hp trong mch kch
ngn khng cho dng mt chiu chy vo cun dy ca stato ng c.
- Lm sao la chn thi gian chuyn mch ti u hn ch nhiu in t
t c hiu sut cao nht.
- Lm sao gim kch thc cun lc gim qu in p kha IGBT.

Cu trc ca module cng sut IRAMX16UP60A


Hnh (1-2): S cu trc bn trong ca IRAMX16UP60A
Module IRAM 600V bao gm 6 kha IGBT cng vi mi in tr cc ca cho
mi kha, ba diode lin lc cho mi pha, mch kch dch mc (level shifting), ba
diode boostrap cng vi in tr hn ch dng v cp nhit in tr, in tr cho
vic ct khi qu nhit . Mch ct khi qu dng p ng vi in p u c to
ra t mt cm bin bn ngoi nh bin p dng hay nhit in tr. Chn u vo
cho mch ct thc hin chc nng i sau:
- u vo cho tn hiu qu dng
- u ra analog cho module theo di di nhit .
V m bo hai chc nng trn nn phi c mt mch bn ngoi tng t nh s
sau:


Hnh (1-3): S mch ITRIP
iu quan trng l t lc gia chn Vcc v chn GND phi t gn module
IRAM ngn nhiu truyn vo mch Itrip circuit gy ra vic ct sai. Transitor h
collector, iu khin qu dng lun trng thi m v cm chc nng kha dng.
Mch bo v qu nhit lun uc kch hot v c xp chng bi mch bo v qu
dng.

Tn hiu vo

Mt h iu khin ng c vng h, y gm ngun to tn hiu iu khin,
tng mch kch v tng cng sut. ng c ba pha y c th l ng c khng
ng b hoc ng c ng b nam chm vnh cu. Module IRAM tch hp tng
cng sut v tng mch kch. Nhng b no ca h thng phi to c tn hiu
iu khin PWM hoc thng tin PFM hon chnh chc nng ca mt h iu
khin.
H thng iu khin mc logic 5V c s dng thng dng hn theo quan
im chng nhiu nhng tn hiu iu khin cp cho module ny c th l 3,3V
mc hoc bt k mc no t 3,3V ti Vcc (+15V).
Tn hiu iu khin vo mch kch yu cu tch cc mc thp iu khin u
ra. Tn hiu u vo Itrip l 4,3V v in p ngt khi xy ra thp p l 11V.
Miu t chn IRAMS10UP60A

Hnh (1-4): Bng miu t chn IRAMX16UP60A

2.2. Tnh chn t boostrap

IGBT l phn t iu khin bng in p, ging nh MOSFET, nn yu cu in
p phi c mt lin tc trn cc iu khin v emitter xc nh ch kha, m.
i vi IGBT pha cao trong mt knh ca b nghch lu, in p ti chn emitter
lun thay i thng l gia t vin p dng ca ngun mt chiu. Do cn
phi to ra mt ngun in p tri cho mch li pha cao iu khin cc ca ca
IGBT trong khi tn hiu iu khin t vi x l ch c mc in p +5V so vi t.
C nhiu phng php thc hin iu ny mt trong nhng cch la s dng
mch boostrap. Mch boostrap bao gm mt in tr v mt t in c ni theo
s nh hnh (1-5). Phng php ny c u im l gi thnh thp v d thc hin
nhng b hn ch bi yu cu x in tch trn t boostrap.

Hnh (1-5): S mch boostrap
in p V
bs
(in p gia chn V
b
v V
s
ca IC) cp ngun cho mch kch pha
cao ca IC. in p ny i hi phi c gi trong khong t 10V n 20V
m hon ton van cng sut. Mt s IC ca Interational Rectifier tch hp c mch
d in p thp i vi V
bs
m bo rng IC s khng xut tn hiu iu khin
nu in p V
bs
thp hn gi tr no (c quy nh trong datasheet). iu ny
ngn khng cho van cng sut hot ng trong ch qu ti.
Nguyn l hot ng nh sau: khi IGBT pha thp m, t C
bs
np in qua diode
D
bs
, in tr R
bs
v van S
2
ti gn gi tr 15V, v in th chn V
s
gn nh bng 0.
T C
bs
c chn sao cho gi c hu ht in tch khi IGBT pha thp kha li v
V
s
t n gn gi tr in p dy. Sau , V
bs
xp x 15V, mch pha cao ca IC li
c phn cc bi t C
bs
. Vic la chn t, diode v in tr ph thuc vo cc yu
t sau:
- in p V
bs
phi c duy tr gi tr ln hn in p kha (under-voltage
lockout) ca IC iu khin.
- C
bs
khng np n chnh xc 15V khi van pha di m do in p st rn
diode V
bs
(V
fbs
) v in p V
ceon
ca S
2
.
- Khi van pha trn m, t x in ch y bng nhng c ch sau:
+ in tch Q
g
cho vic m van pha trn.
+ Dng in tnh (quiscient current) I
qbs
cho mch pha trn ca IC.
+ in tch dch mc (level-shift) Q
LS
yu cu bi mch dch mc (level-
shifters) trong IC.
+ Dng in r (leakage current) I
dl
trn diode boostrap D
bs
.
+ Dn in r trn t I
cbs
(b qua nu dng t nonelctrolytic)
+ in tch phc hi o diode boostrap Q
rrbs
.

Gi tr t boostrap theo ti liu ca nh sn xut c tnh theo cng thc sau:
( )
QBS
DL
g RSBS LS
sw sw
FBS CEON(S c ) c 2
I
I
Q Q
f f
C
0,01 V
Q
V V
+ + +
=

+
(1-7)
Trong :
Q
g
- in tch cc ca cho vic m IGBT
Q
RRBS
- in tch phc hi o diode boostrap
I
QBS
- dng in tnh mch li pha cao ca IC
Q
LS
- in tch dch mc bi b dch mc trong IC
I
DL
- dng in r trn diode
f
sw
- tn s bm xung
V
cc
- in p ngun cho mch kch pha cao
V
FBS
- in p ri trn diode
V
CEON(S2)
- in rp gia cc C v cc E khi IGBT pha thp dn
Cc thng s trn c th tra trong datasheet ca nh sn xut. Vi tn s bm
xung f
sw
=5,2kHZ, em chn gi tr t boostrap C
bs
=10F.

3. Thit k mch theo di dng in

Cc emitter ca cc IGBT pha thp trong module IRAMX16UP60A khng
c ni vi nhau cho php vi iu khin hay DSP c th theo di nhit trong
mi pha bng cc in tr c bin dng mc trn mi pha. Mc ch ca s lu
ny l ch ra mt gii php ring cho vic cung cp phn hi dng cho b A/D trong
s h thng.
Khi in tr shunt c mc vo mch ni gia cc emitter ca IGBT v cc
m ca ngun mt chiu (V-), dng in c cm ng trn mi pha. Hnh sau ch
ra mt s in hnh.

Hnh (1-6): S mc in tr shunt

Tn hiu in p c thao tc d dng hn so vi tn hiu dng in, do d in
tr shunt lm vic ging nh mt b chuyn i dng in sang in p.
Trong nhng ng dng iu khin ng c c trng, in p trn in tr shunt
c th m hoc dng so vi im t (V-). B A/D li ch c php ly u vo
tn hiu dng. y l mt hn ch ln v khng cho php ngi s dng c th s
dng trc tip thng tin t in tr shunt.
Tn hiu t in tr shunt phi tng thch vi u vo ng ca b A/D. N
cn phi c lch i mt gi tr thch hp.
Mt mch nh vy c th tham kho trong ti liu ca nh sn xut nh sau:

Hnh (1-7): S mch phn hi dng

l mt b khuch i in p hai u vo. so th n gin ha biu thc
lin h gia u ra v u vo, ta a ra s dng mt s gi thit, kt qu thu c
cng thc sau:
b 3
out d r
a 3 4
R R
V
R R
V V
R
= +
+
(1-8)
Trong , V
d
l tn hiu u vo hay chnh l in p ri trn in tr shunt, R
b

=R
5
v R
a
=R
2
xc nh h s khuch i p, V
r
v t s R
3
/(R
3
+R
4
) thit lp
lch u vo.
Mch theo di dng in c s nh hnh sau ():

Hnh (1-8): S nguyn l mch phn hi dng

Bin in p trn in tr shunt ph thuc vo gi tr in tr v dng in
ln nht cho php. Theo datasheet ca IRAMX16UP60A, ta c dng in ln nht
cho php l 16A. Theo khuyn co trong ti liu ca nh sn xut, ngi thit k
phi cung cp mt mch ngoi cp tn hiu vo trn T/Itrip tt h thng nhanh
nht c th khi gi tr dng in t gn n gi tr ln nht cho php. Vng bo v
phi tt h thng nhanh hn 10s nu khng IGBT s b ph hy.
T cng thc (1-8) ta tnh c:
3 a
dmax outM r
3 4 b
R R 100k 2,49k
V V V
R R 100k 100k 49,9k
5V 5V 0,125V
R
| |
| | O O
=
|
O +
= =
|
+ O O
\ .
\ .

(1-9)
3 a
dmax outm r
3 4 b
R R 100k 2,49k
V V V
R R 100k 100k 4
0V 5V 0,125V
R 9,9k
| |
= =
|
+
\ .
| | O O
=
|
O+ O O
\ .

(1-10)
Cho php dng in ln nht l 12,5A, ta tnh c gi tr ca in tr shunt nh
sau:
d
SHUNT
LEG
V 0,125V
R
I 12
10
,5A
m = = = O (1-11)

4. Thit k mch iu khin

Trong ti ny em x dng chp PSoC cho vic iu ch tn hiu sin PWM.
PSoC l t vit tt ca cm t ting anh Programmable System on Chip, ngha l
h thng kh trnh trn mt chp. Cc chp ch to theo cng ngh PSoC cho php
thay i c cu hnh n gin bng cch gn chc nng cho cc khi ti nguyn
c sn trn chp. Hn na n cn c th kt ni tng i mm do cc khi chc
nng vi nhau hoc gia cc khi chc nng vi cc cng vo ra. Chnh v vy m
PSoC c th thay th cho rt nhiu chc nng nn ca mt h thng c bn ch bng
mt chp n. Thnh phn ca chip PSoC bao gm cc khi ngoi vi s v tng t
c th cu hnh c, mt b x l 8 bit, b nh chng trnh (EEPROM) c th
lp trnh c v b nh RAM kh ln. Vic cu hnh cho chip nh th no l ty
thuc vo ngi lp trnh thng qua mt s th vin chun. Ngi lp trnh thip
lp cu hnh trn chp ch n gin bng cch mun chip c nhng chc nng g th
ko chc nng v th vo khi ti nguyn s hoc tng t, hoc c hai ty theo
tng chc nng (phng php lp trnh ko th). Vic thit lp ngt trn chn no,
loi ngt l g, cc chn vo ra c hot ng ch nh th no u ty thuc
vo vic thit lp ca ngi lp trnh khi thit k v lp trnh cho PSoC. Vi kh
nng t cu hnh mnh m ny, mt thit b iu khin, o lng c th gi gn
trn mt chp duy nht. Chnh v l do , hng Cypress MicroSystems khng
gi sn phm ca mnh l vi iu khin (C) nh truyn thng, m gi l thit b
PSoC (PSoC device), v h hy vng rng vi kh nng t cu hnh mnh m,
ngi s dng s c c nhng thit b iu khin, thit b o c gi r, kch thc
nh gn v sn phm PSoC ca ho s thay th c hu ht cc thit b da trn vi
x l hoc vi iu khin c t trc n nay.
Chp PSoC (CY8C29Xxxx) cung cp:
- B vi x l cu trc Harvard
o Tc vi x l ln n 24MHz
o Lnh nhn 8 bit 8 bit, thanh ghi tch ly l 32 bit
o Hot ng tc cao m nng lng tiu hao t
o Di in p hot ng t 3.0 n 5.25V
o in p hot ng c th gim xung 1.0V s dng ch kch in
p
o Hot ng trong di nhit -40
o
C n 85
o
C
- Cc khi ngoi vi c th c s dng c lp hoc kt hp
o 12 khi ngoi vi tng t c th c thit lp lm cc nhim v
sau:
Cc b ADC ln n 14 bit
Cc b DAC ln n 9 bit
Cc b khuch i c th lp trnh h s khuc i
Cc b lc v cc b so snh c th lp trnh c
o 8 khi ngoi vi s c th c thit lp lm cc nhim v:
Cc b nh thi a chc nng, m s kin, ng h thi gian
thc, b iu ch rng xung c v khng c di an ton
(deadband)
Cc module kim tra li (CRC module)
Hai b truyn thng ni tip khng ng b hai chiu
Cc b truyn thng SPI Master hoc Slave c th cu hnh
c
C th kt ni vi tt c cc chn vo ra
- B nh linh hot trn chip
o Khng gian b nh chng trnh Flash t 4K n 16K, ph thuc vo
tng loi chp vi chu k ghi xa cho b nh Flash l 50.000 ln
o Khng gian b nh RAM l 256 k t
o Chp c th lp trnh thng qua chun ni tip (ISSP)
o B nh Flash c th c nng cp tng phn
o Ch bo mt a nng, tin cy
o C th to c khng gian b nh Flash trn chip ln ti 2,034 byte
- C th lp trnh c cu hnh cho tng chn ca chip
o Cc chn vo ra ba trng thi s dng Trigger Schmitt
o u ra logic c th cung cp dng 25mA vi in tr treo cao hoc
thp bn trong
o Thay i c ngt trn tng chn
o ng ra tng t c th cung cp dng ti 40mA
o ng ra a chc nng c t 6 n 44 chn ty thuc vo tng chip
- Xung nhp ca chip c th lp trnh c
o B to dao ng 24/48MHz bn trong ( chnh xc l 2,5%, khng
cn thit b ngoi)
o C th la chn b dao ng ngoi ln ti 24MHz
o B to dong ng thch anh 32,768kHz bn trong
o B to dao ng tc thp bn trong s dng cho Watchdog v
Sleep
- Ngoi vi c thit lp sn
o B nh thi Watchdog v Sleep phc v ch an ton v ch
ngh
o Module truyn thng I
2
C Master v I
2
C Slave tc ti 400kHz
o Module pht hin in p thp c cu hnh bi ngi s dng
- Cng c pht trin
o Phm mm pht trin min ph (PSoCM
TM
Designer)
o B lp trnh v b m phng vi y chc nng
o M phng tc cao

Hnh (1-9): S khi bn trong ca chip PSoC

5. Thit k b ngun

xc nh yu cu v cng sut ca b ngun chung ta phi nh gi cc
ngun tiu hao cng sut. Cc ngun l:
- Tn hao iu khin cc van cng sut
- Yu cu cng sut cho vic to tn hiu iu khin
- Tn tht tnh ca IC li v tn tht dch mc
- Tn tht trn diode boostrap
- Cc tn tht ph khc nh cho led bo,

V c 6 van IGBT nn tn tht iu khin cho cc van ny Ps c xc nh bi
cng thc sau:
Ps =6 Qg Vge f (25)
Trong Qg l in tch cn m v kha mt IGBT trong mt chu k. Vge l
bin in p gia cc G v cc E v f l tn s bm xung. Trong trng hp xu
nht, gi tr ca Qg c th ly bng 80nC trong h module ny, gi tr in p ln
nht cho php ca in p cc G l 20V v tn s trong nhng ng dng iu khin
ng c in ln nht l 20kHz. T gi tr ln nht c th ca Ps l:
Ps =6 80 10
-9

20 20 10
3
10
3
200(mW)
Tn tht khi dn trong diode boostrap c cho bi cng thc:
Pd =3 Qd Vd f
Trong Qd l in tch chuyn qua diode np co t boostrap. Vd l in p ri
trn diode v f l tn s PWM. Nhng diode ny cha trong module v th tt c cc
thng s u c cho trong datasheet ca nh sn xut. Qd c gi tr l 100nC,
in p ln nht ri trn diode khi phn cc thn l 1V v tn s bm xung vn l
20kHz. Thay vo cng thc trn ta c:
Pd 6(mW)
Nh vy cng sut tng tiu hao trn IC li l:
Pt =Ps +Pd +Pic =200mW +6mW +100mW =306 (mW)
Nhn gi tr trn vi h s d tr bng 2 cng vi cc cng sut ph khc la cn
mt cng sut xp x 1W vi ngun 15V.
i vi mch iu khin v mch o dng in phn hi, mch theo di nhit
, cng sut yu cu ly xp x 1,5W. Cc mch ny u s dng ngun 5V.
Nh vy yu cu v ngun nh sau:
- Hai mc in p u ra l 5VDC v 15VDC
- Cng sut i vi ngun s5VDC l 1,5W
- Cng sut vi ngun 15VDC l 1W. Nh vy cng sut ngun yu cu l
2,5W.
T phn tch trn, em chn phng n s dng IC n p 7805 v 7815. S
nguyn l:

Hnh (1-10): S nguyn l ngun cung cp

S nguyn l ca mch:

CHNG 2
Gii thut v lu thut ton

1. Phn tch kho st phng php iu ch rng xung SPWM

to ra in p xoay chiu bng phng php SPWM, ta s dng mt tn hiu
xung tam gic v
tri
(gi l sng mang) em so snh vi mt tn hiu sin chun v
c
(gi
l tn hiu iu khin). Nu em xung iu khin ny cp cho b nghich lu mt
pha, th ng ra s thu c dng xung in p m thnh phn iu ha c bn c
tn s bng tn s tn hiu iu khin v
c
v bin ph thuc vo ngun in mt
chiu cp cho b nghch lu v t s gia bin sng sin mu v bin sng
mang. Tn s sng mang ln hn rt nhiu tn s tn hiu iu khin. Hnh 3-3
miu t nguyn l ca ca phng php iu ch SPWM mt pha:

Hnh 2-1: Nguyn l iu ch SPWM mt pha

Khi:
v
c
> v
tri
, V
A0
= V
dc
/2
v
c
< t
tri
, V
A0
= -V
dc
/2

i vi nghch lu p ba pha c s nh hnh 3-4. to ra in p sin ba pha
dng iu rng xung, ta cn ba tn hiu sin mu.

Hnh 2-2: Nghch lu p ba pha

Nguyn l iu ch v dng sng nh sau:


Hnh 2-3: Nguyn l iu ch SPWM ba pha

H s iu ch bin m
a
c nh ngha l t s gia bin ca tn hiu iu
khin vi bin ca sng mang:

c
a
tri
V
m
V
= (2-1)

m
a
- h s iu bin
V
c
- bin sng iu khin
V
tri
- bin sng mang

Trong vng tuyn tnh (0 < m
a
< 1), bin ca thnh phn sin c bn V
A01

(in p pha) trong dng sng u ra t l vi h s iu bin theo cng thc:

dc
A01 a
V
m V
2
= (2-2)

i vi in p dy l:

dc
AB1 a
V
3V
m
2
= (2-3)

Nh vy trong phng php ny bin in p dy u ra b nghch lu ch c
th t 86,67% in p mt chiu u vo trong vng tuyn tnh (0 <m
a
<1).

H s iu ch t s m
f
l t s gia tn s sng mang v tn s tn hiu iu
khin:

tri
f
c
f
m
f
= (2-4)

m
f
- h s iu ch t s
f
tri
- tn s sng mang, bng tn s PWM
f
c
- tn s tn hiu iu khin

Gi tr ca m
f
c chn sao cho nn c gi tr dng v l. Nu m
f
l mt gi
tr khng nguyn th trong dng sng u ra s c cc thnh phn iu ha ph
(subharmonic). Nu m
f
khng phi l mt s l, trong dng sng u ra s tn ti
thnh phn mt chiu v cc hi bc chn. Gi tr ca m
f
nn l bi s ca 3 i
nghch lu p ba pha v trong in p dy u ra s trit tiu cc hi bc chn v hi
l bi s ca ba.

Nh vy, nu in p mt chiu u vo khng i, iu chnh bin v tn
s ca in p u ra ta ch vic iu chnh bin v tn s ca tn hiu sin chun
v
c
. c trng c bn ca phng php ny l thnh phn sng iu ha ca in p
ra. Mun gim cc sng iu ha bc cao cn phi tng tn s sng mang hay tn s
PWM. Tuy nhin cng tng tn s PWM th tn hao chuyn mch li tng ln.

2. Phng php iu ch tn hiu Sin PWM ba pha theo lut U/f=const s
dng PSoC

to tn hiu sin PWM ba pha, em s dng ba b PWMDB 8 bit kt hp vi
mt b Timer 16 bit c trong PSoC.

PWMDB l mt module bao gm mt b iu ch rng xung PWM 8 hoc
16 bit kt hp vi mt b DB 8bit c chc nng to di an ton. B PWM to
xung c bin v chu k c th lp trnh c. Xung ny sau c a n b
DB.

Chc nng to di an ton s to ra trn c hai u ra chnh v u ra ph ca
khi. Chc nng ny sinh ra xung nhp khng gi ln nhau. Hai pha xung nhp
khng bao gi mc cao trong cng mt thi im v khong thi gian gia hai
pha gi l di an ton. rng ca di an ton c xc nh bi gi tr t
trc ca thanh ghi. Trong trng hp ny, ngun xung nhp cp cho b to gii an
ton DB l mt PWM, hai u ra ca b DB Phase1 v Phase2 l hai PWM m
bo khng gi ln nhau. Mt tn hiu tch cc trn u vo Kill s kha c hai u
ra ny ngay lp tc.

Module PWM c cu hnh s dng mt hay hai khi s to ra mt b
PWM 8 bit hay PWM 16 bit. y em s dng ba b PWMDB 8 bit. Vic s dng
PWMDB 16 bit cng tng t. Mi b PWMDB 8 bit c hai u ra phase1 v
phase2, hai u ra ny l hai tn hiu cp cho hai van trong cng mt knh ca b
nghch lu p ba pha.

Cch hot ng ca module PWMDB 8, 16 bit cng nh b Timer 16 bit c th
tham kho trong datasheet ca cc module ny trong phn ph lc. y, em ch
trnh by cc chc nng chnh phc v cho vic iu ch sin PWM ba pha.

B PWM 8 c ba thanh ghi chnh sau:
- Thanh ghi m (Counter Register), gi tr ca n c k hiu l c(i)
- Thanh ghi chu k (Period Register), gi tr ca n k hiu l p(i)
- Thanh ghi so snh (Compare Register), hay cn gi l thanh ghi rng
xung (PulseWidth Register), gi tr ca n c k hi l w(i)
Trong I k hiu cho chu k PWM th i. Nu ch vit c,p,w th c ngha l
ang n chu k bt k.

Gi tr trong thanh ghi m gim dn t gi tr trong thanh ghi chu k mi khi c
sn ln ca xung nhp u vo. Khi t gi tr ti hn, gi tr ca thanh ghi m
c np li gi tr trong thanh ghi chu k. Qu trnh c lp i lp li lin tc
(khi c tn hiu cho php v bt u chy ca b m). Gi tr trong thanh ghi chu
k gi l gi tr chu k (PeriodeValue), gi tr ny c th lp trnh thay i c.

Trong mi chu k, gi tr trong thanh ghi m c so snh vi gi tr trong
thanh ghi so snh. Khi gi tr trong thanh ghi m nh hn (less than) hoc nh hn
hoc bng (less than or equal) gi tr trong thanh ghi so snh, u ra c t ln
cao, ngc li u ra s c mc thp. u ra ca b PWM s lun gi mc cao
(HIGH) nu thit lp gi tr thanh ghi so snh ln hn gi tr thanh ghi chu k (w
> p), v lun gi mc thp nu gi tr thanh ghi so snh bng 0 (w = 0).

Trong thit k ny, ta s dng php so snh nh hn (less than) do cng thc
tnh rng xung PWM u ra nh sau:
d
w
P 1
=
+
(2-5)
d - rng xung (duty cylce)
w - gi tr trong thanh ghi so snh
P - gi tr trong thanh thi chu k

Tn s bm xung c xc nh nh sau:
clk
pwm
f
f
P 1
=
+
(2-6)
f
pwm
- tn s bm xung
f
clk
- tn s xung nhp u vo

Tn s xung nhp u vo c s dng cho c b PWM v DB cng nh cho c
ba b PWMDB. Hnh () minh ha mt xung PWM vi cc thng s c thit lp
nh sau:
- P =3
- W =0,1,2,3,4
- f
clk
=100kHz

Hnh 2-4: Gin miu t hot ng ca b PWM khi thay i gi tr thanh ghi so
snh
Vic chn tn s bm xung l s la chn dung ha gia nhiu yu t. Tn s
bm xung ln ngha l tn s chuyn mch ca cc van cng sut (hay cc kha
in t) trong b nghch lu ln dn n tng tn hao do chuyn mch nhng li
lm gim cc iu ha bc cao trong dng sng dng in do lm gim tn hao
chung trong ng c. Mch t ca ng c, ng vi tn s ca in p, c cc tn
hao t ln v gy ting n. Vic chuyn mch nhanh ca cc linh kin cng gy
ting n ln. Ngoi ra tc bm xung cng ph thuc vo kh nng p ng ca
cc khu cch ly, khu mch kch v kh nng ng ct ca van. Trong chng
trnh ny, em cu hnh nh sau, f
clk
= 4/3MHz, P = 255, do tn s bm xung l:
3
pwm
4/ 3.10 kHz
5,2kHz
255 1
f = =
+
(2-7)
Mt im cn lu l khi mt gi tr mi c ghi vo thanh ghi chu k, n s
c tc dng sau khi thanh ghi m m v 0 v s np li gi tr mi t thanh ghi
chu k. Trong khi , vic ghi vo thanh ghi so snh, s c tc dng ngay lp tc.

Xung PWM t b PWM a n b to di an ton DB. u ra Phase1 v
Phase2 to ra hai tn hiu PWM iu khin hai van cng sut trn cng mt knh
qua tng cch ly v tng mch kch. Do cc van trong b nghch lu l cac IGBT
(cc van ny yu cu thi gian ng lu hn thi gian m) nn trnh trng dn
phi to ra mt khong tr gia thi im m kha ny v ng kha kia. Thi gian
tr ny c tnh theo gi tr trong thanh ghi tr DeadTime (DeadTime Register)
nh sau:

T
tr
=(Gi tr trong thanh ghi tr +1)*T
clk
(2-8)
T
tr
- thi gian tr
T
clk
- chu k xung nhp u vo

Trong chng trnh ny, em cu hnh nh sau: f
clk
=4/3MHz nn T
clk
=1/f
clk
=
0,75s, gi tr thanh ghi tr l 2, v do T
tr
= 3.0,75 = 2,25s.

Hot ng ca b PWMDB c th c gii thch qua gin thi gian sau:

Hnh 2-5: Gin thi gian miu t hot ng b PWMDB8

to ra tn hiu sin, gi tr rng xung (PulseWitdhValue) c iu ch
theo mt hm sin. gii quyt bi ton ny, em s dng mt b Timer16 v mt
bng sin.

Bng sin ny cha cc gi tr t 0 n 2. Mt cu hi t ra y l bao nhiu
gi tr trong bng sin l hp l. Khng c mt cu tr li chnh xc cho cu hi ny.
Qu t git tr s lm cho dng dng in trong u ra b nghch lu c dng bc
thang, lm tn hao trong ng c tng ln. Nu qu nhiu im s lm tn b nh
ca MCU. Ta c th p dng lut sau xc nh s gi tr trong bng sin:

pwm(max)
modulation(max)
f
N
f
= (2-9)

N - s gi tr trong bng sin
f
pwm(max)
- tn s bm xung ln nht
f
modulation(max)
- tn s iu ch ln nht mong mun

Tn s bm xung em chn l 5,2kHz, tn s u ra ln nht l 50Hz. p dng
cng thc trn, N =100. y em chn N = 255. Bng sin ny c th to ra bng
cch s dng chng trnh Exel trong gi Microsoft Office.

Mt bin con tr c s dng ch n mt gi tr trong bng sin. Cc gi tr
trong bng sin c c ra theo mi chu k ngt c xc nh bi Timer16. Cc
gi tr ny c bin i ph hp vi tn s u ra nhm m bo lut
U/f=const, sau c ghi vo thanh ghi so snh ca b PWM.

i ht mt bng sin cn 255 chu k ngt Timer. Nh vy chu k v do d, tn
s u ra s ph thuc vo khong thi gian gia hai ln ngt. C th tnh tn s u
ra theo cng thc sau:

a
out
ng t
1
(N 1)T
f =
+
(2-10)
f
out
- tn s sng sin u ra
N - s gi tr trong bng sin
T
ngat
- chu k ngt ca Timer

Chu k ngt c xc nh theo gi tr trong thanh ghi chu k (Period Register)
ca b Timer theo cng thc sau:

ngat clk
.(PeriodValu T 1 T e ) = + (2-11)
PeriodValue - gi tr thanh ghi chu k ca b Timer16
T
clk
- chu k xung nhp u vo, T
clk
=1/f
clk
vi f
clk
l tn s xung nhp u
vo b Timer16.

iu chnh tn s u ra, ta iu chnh gi tr ca thanh ghi chu k ca b
Timer16 theo cng thc sau:
clk
out
Pe
f
1
(N 1)
riodVa e
f
lu =
+
(2-12)
Vi cu hnh chn: f
clk
=4/3MHz, N=255 ta c cng thc tnh gi tr thanh
ghi chu k ca b Timer16 theo tn s iu khin f
control
(f
control
f
out
) nh sau:

control
52
PeriodVal
08
f
u 1 e= (2-12)
gi cho t thng v momen cc i trn trc ng c khng i khi iu
chnh tc ng c theo tn s ta phi m bo t s U
1
/f
1
l khng i. M bin
ca sng sin u ra t l vi rng xung. rng xung t gi tr ln nht ti
nh ca hnh sin. Khi chy tn s nh mc (50Hz), in p u ra t gi tr nh
mc l 220V (gi tr hiu dng), gi tr nh s l 310V, tc l bng gi tr dng
ca in p mt chiu. Khi m
a
= 1, rng xung ln nht l 100% ti nh ca
hnh sin. thay i bin ca in p u ra, ta s thay i rng xung ti mi
chu k PWM sao t s U/f l khng i bng gi tr ny nh mc (U
1dm
/f
1dm
=
220/50 4,4). C th, sau khi c c gi tr tn s iu khin, ta tnh c chu k
ngt xc nh gi tr thanh ghi chu k ca b timer. Mt hm udateU_f nm
trong vng lp chnh c s dng tnh li cc gi tr trong bng sin sao cho bin
u ra tng ng vi tn s iu khin. Trong mi chu k ngt, gi tr thanh ghi
so snh trong b PWM s c truy xut t bng sin ( c tnh li theo gi tr
ca tn s iu khin) bi bin con tr, sau bin con tr c tng ln ch n
gi tr mi trong bng sin. Khi bin con tr ny t n gi tr ti hn, s c np
li gi tr ban u.

to ra tn hiu ba pha ta cn ba bin con tr lch nhau 120
o
, ta s dng ba
bin con tr tng ng vi ba b PWMDB. Gi tr ca ba bin con tr ny lc nhau
120
o
.
Lu thut ton:
Chng trnh chnh

Vng lp chnh
Khi to h thng bao gm, khi to 3 b PWMDB8, khi to Timer16, khi
to ngt.

Hm udateU_f:

Chng trnh con updateU_f


Chng trnh con tinhsin()

Chng trnh ngt Timer16
PH LC

Code chng trnh iu khin
Chng trnh chnh main.c
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// C main line
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

#include <m8c.h> // part specific constants and macros
#include "PSoCAPI.h" // PSoC API definitions for all User Modules
#include "ports.h"
#include "dieuche.h"
//#define PULSEWIDTH 127
//#define MAXPWM PULSEWIDTH-7
unsigned int nhay;
int Fset=60; // Tan so dat

unsigned char ku=150;

unsigned char
overload=0, // Qua tai
overcurrent=0; // Qua dong
unsigned char state=0;
void lock()
{
Port0_4(1);
}

void unlock()
{
Port0_4(0);
}
#pragma interrupt_handler overcurrent_ISR
void overcurrent_ISR() // qua dong 75%: Cat cong suat hoan toan.
{
lock();
}
#pragma interrupt_handler overload_ISR
void overload_ISR() // qua dong 50%: Giam cong suat.
{
lock();
}

void nhayled()
{ unsigned char led;
if(++nhay>100)
nhay=0;
led=(nhay>50);
Port2_0(led);
}

void main()
{

PRT0DR=0xFF;
M8C_EnableGInt; // enable all interrups, nescessery
M8C_EnableIntMask(INT_MSK0 , INT_MSK0_ACOLUMN_0);
M8C_EnableIntMask(INT_MSK0 , INT_MSK0_ACOLUMN_2);

PWMDB8_1_WritePeriod(255);
PWMDB8_1_WritePulseWidth(0);
PWMDB8_1_WriteDeadTime(2);



Timer16_1_EnableInt();
Timer16_1_WritePeriod(500);
Timer16_1_Start(); // start timer

PWMDB8_1_Start();
PWMDB8_2_Start();
PWMDB8_3_Start();

unlock();

while(1)
{
nhayled();
updateU_F(Fset);
if ((PRT0DR & 0x02)==0)
Fset=70;
else
Fset=6;
}
}

Chng trnh dieuche.c
#include "sintable.h"
#include "PSoCAPI.h" // PSoC API definitions for all User Modules
#define MS 100
unsigned char u_f=100;
unsigned char Fmin=5;

unsigned char sinU[LEN];
unsigned char sinA=0, sinB=0, sinC=0;
unsigned int TimeA=0, TimeB=LEN/3, TimeC=2*LEN/3;

#pragma interrupt_handler Timer16_1_ISR

int Fcontrol=20; // Tan so dieu khien

void Timer16_1_ISR()
{
PWMDB8_1_WritePulseWidth(sinA);
PWMDB8_2_WritePulseWidth(sinB);
PWMDB8_3_WritePulseWidth(sinC);

if (++TimeA>=LEN)
TimeA=0;

if (++TimeB>=LEN)
TimeB=0;

if (++TimeC>=LEN)
TimeC=0;

sinA=sinU[TimeA];

sinB=sinU[TimeB];

sinC=sinU[TimeC];
} .

void tinhsin(unsigned char kU)
{
unsigned int i;
if (kU>MS)
kU=MS;
for (i=0;i<LEN;i++)
{
int u=tablesin[i];
u*=kU;
u/=MS;
if (u>254)
sinU[i]=254;
else
sinU[i]=u;
}
}
int time=25000;
void updateU_F(unsigned char f)
{
unsigned int t=u_f;

// Luat tang toc - giam toc
if (++time>500)
{
time=0;
if (f!=Fcontrol)
{
if (f>Fcontrol)
{
if ((Fcontrol<Fmin)&&(f>Fmin))
Fcontrol=Fmin;
else
Fcontrol++;
}
else if (f<Fcontrol)
Fcontrol--;

t*=Fcontrol;
t/=50;

tinhsin(t);

// tinh lai chu ky ngat timer

Timer16_1_WritePeriod(5000/(Fcontrol));
}
}
}
Bng sin nm trong sintable.c
#include "sintable.h"
const unsigned char tablesin[LEN]={
250 ,246 ,243 ,239 ,235 ,231 ,228 ,224 ,220 ,216 ,212 ,208 ,
204 ,200 ,196 ,192 ,188 ,184 ,180 ,176 ,172 ,168 ,164 ,160 ,
156 ,152 ,148 ,144 ,140 ,136 ,132 ,128 ,124 ,120 ,116 ,112 ,
109 ,105 ,101 ,97 ,94 ,90 ,87 ,83 ,80 ,76 ,73 ,70 ,67 ,63 ,60 ,57 ,54 ,52 ,49 ,46 ,43 ,
41 ,38 ,36 ,34 ,31 ,29 ,27 ,25 ,23 ,21 ,20 ,18 ,17 ,15 ,14 ,12 ,11 ,10 ,9 ,8 ,8 ,7 ,6 ,6 ,
6 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,6 ,6 ,7 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14 ,16 ,17 ,19 ,21 ,22 ,24 ,
26 ,28 ,30 ,32 ,35 ,37 ,40 ,42 ,45 ,47 ,50 ,53 ,56 ,59 ,62 ,65 ,68 ,71 ,75 ,78 ,81 ,85 ,88 ,92 ,
96 ,99 ,103 ,107 ,110 ,114 ,118 ,122 ,126 ,130 ,134 ,138 ,142 ,
146 ,150 ,154 ,158 ,162 ,166 ,170 ,174 ,178 ,182 ,186 ,190 ,
194 ,198 ,202 ,206 ,210 ,214 ,218 ,222 ,226 ,230 ,233 ,237 ,
241 ,244 ,248 ,252 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,
255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,
255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 255 ,
255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,
255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,
255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,
255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,
255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,};

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Vn Nh. Gio trnh in t cng sut tp 1. Nh xut bn i hc
Quc Gia TP. H Ch Minh , 2005.
[2] L Vn Doanh, Nguyn Th Cng v Trn Vn Thnh. in t cng sut.
Nh sut bn khoa hc v k thut.
[3] V Minh Chnh, Phm Quc Hi v Trn Trng Minh. in t cng sut.
Nh sut bn khoa hc v k thut, 2007.
[4] Cyril W.Lander. in t cng sut v iu khin ng c in. Nh sut bn
khoa hc v k thut, 1997.
[5] Bi Quc Khnh, Nguyn Vn Lin, Phm Quc Hi v Dng Vn Nghi.
iu chnh t ng truyn ng in. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut, 2008.
[6] Prof. Ali Keyhani. Lecture 25, Pulse - width modulation (PWM) technique.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University.
[7] Dr. Zainal Salam. Power Electronics and Drivers (Version 2). 2002
[8] Muhammad H.Rashid. Power Electronics Handbooks.
[9] Bimal K.Bose. Model Power Electronics and AC Drivers. Pentice Hall, Inc,
2002.
Cc trang web:

http://www.bientan.hnsv.com
http://www.dientuvietnam.net
http://www.picvietnam.com
http://www.cypress.com
http://www.psocdeveloper.com
http://www.microchip.com

Tai Lieu Tim Hieu Va Thiet Ke Bo Bien Tan 3 Pha

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