PP GII TON HA HC-GV TRNG CHU THNH-THPT CHUYEN-TIN GIANG

PHNG PHP GII TON HA HU C v V C & MT S LU V HP CHT HU C (GV: Trng Chu Thnh-Trng THPT Chuyn TG) --- -- A-GII NHANH BI TON TRC NGHIM V C 1/ H2SO4 2H+ + SO42- H2 HCl H+ + Clm mui = mKim Loi + mgc axt mM VD1:Cho 2,81 g hn hp Fe2O3, ZnO, MgO tc dng va vi 500 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,1M. Khi lng mui sunfat to ra trong dung dch l: Gii: nH2SO4 =0,05 = n SO42- --->nH += 0,1 2H+ + O2- = H2O 0,1 0,05 mol m mui = m oxit m O(trong oxit) +m gc axit =2,81 0,05.16 +0,05.96 =6,81 gam VD2:Cho 8 g hn hp bt kim lai Mg va Fe tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl thy thot ra 5,6 lit H2 ktc. Khi lng mui to ra trong dung dch l Gii: nH2 =0,25 ---> nHCl =nCl = 0,25.2 =0,5. m mui =8 + 0,5.35,5=25,75 gam VD3Cho 11 gam hn hp 2 kim loi tan hon ton trong HCl d thy c 8,96 lt kh thot ra (kc) v dd X, c cn dd X th khi lng hn hp mui khan thu c l (gam): Gii: nH2 =0,4 ---> nHCl =nCl- = 0,4.2 =0,8. m mui =kl kim loi +kl ion Cl-=11+0,8.35,3=39,4 gam 2/ Axt + Ocid baz ( k c ocid baz khng tan) 2H+ + O2- H2O VD1: Fe2O3 a mol Phn ng dung dch HCl 2H+ + O2- H2O 6a+2yb 3a+yb VD2:Ho tan 2,4 g mt oxit st va 90ml ddHCl 1M. Cng thc ca oxit st ni trn l: Gi CTPT oxit st l:FexOy a mol nHCl =0,09mol 2H+ + O2- H2O 0,09 0,045 mol 2nO =ay = 0,045 (1) 56a + 16ya = 2,4 (2) xa =0,03 x:y =2:3 CTPT l Fe2O3 3/ Axt + Baz ( k c baz khng tan) H+ + OH- H2O VD: Dung dch H2SO4 phn ng vi hn hp: Fe(OH)3 amol, Al(OH)3 bmol, Cu(OH)2 cmol nOH- = 3a+3b+2c = nH+ 4/ Axt + Kim Loi Mui v gii phng kh H2 nH+ + M Mn+ + n/2 H2 FexOy b mol nO2- = 3a+ by

PP GII TON HA HC-GV TRNG CHU THNH-THPT CHUYEN-TIN GIANG

VD: Na H H2 Al 3H 3/2 H2 VD1:Cho 8.3 g hn hp Al,Fe tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl. Sau phn ng khi lng HCl tng thm 7.8 g. Khi lng mi mui to ra trong dung dch v kl mi kim loi trong hh Gii;n H2 =(8,3-7,8 ):2 =0,25 3/2a+b = 0,25 27a +56 b= 8,3---> a=b= 0,1 mol VD 2: Cho m gam nhm,Magi, st vo 250 ml dd X cha hh axt HCl 1M,H2SO4 0,5 M, thu c 0,2375 mol kh H2 v dd Y.Tnh pH ca dd Y. Gii:n H+b=0,25 +0,25.0,5.2 = 0,5 nH+ p = 0,2375.2=0,475 nH+ d =0,025 mol CH+=0,1 pH =1 5/ CO, H2 kh oxt kim loi sau Al to Kim loi + CO2 , H2O CO + O CO2 H2 + O
( trong oxt)

to to

( trong oxt)

VD: Hn hp gm CuO amol Fe2O3 bmol + CO nO(trong oxt) = a+3b CO + O CO2 a+3b a+3b a+3b VD:Mt hn hp X gm Fe2O3, FeO v MgO c khi lng l 4,24 g trong c 1,2 g MgO. Khi cho X phn ng vi CO d (phn ng hon ton), ta c cht rn A v hn hp CO v CO2. Hn hp ny khi qua nc vi trong cho ra 5 g kt ta. Xc nh khi lng Fe2O3, FeO trong hn hp X. Gii: m 2 oxit st l: 4,24 1,2 =3,04 gam---> 160 a +72 b =3,04 n CO2 = n O(trong 2 oxit st) = 0,05 ----> 3a +b = 0,05 ---> a=0,01 ; b= 0,02 6/ Phn ng gia 2 ion ch xy ra khi sn phm c cht kt ta, d bay hi, in li yu. VD1: Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3 2H+ + CO32- H2O + CO2 2H+ + S2- H2S Na+ + NO3- x khng xy ra VD2 : Dung dch cha amol AlCl3, bmol CuCl2, cmol NaCl phn ng dung dch AgNO3 d thu dmol kt ta. Mi lin h a,b,c,d nCl- = 3a+2b+c nAgCl = nCl- = nAg+phn ng = 3a+2b+c = d Ag+ + Cl- AgCl 7/ nh lut bo ton khi lng: mghn hp kim loi + m1 g dung dch HCl thu c m2 g dung dch A, m3 g kh B v m4 g rn khng tan. Ta c : m + m1 = m2 + m3 + m4 m2 = m + m1 m3 m4 8/ Bo ton in tch: Trong 1 dung dch : Tng in tch dng = tng in tch m VD1: Dung dch cha amol Al3+, bmol Ca2+, cmol SO42-, dmol Cl-. Ta co: 3a + 2b = 2c + d VD2: mg hn hp Fe, Mg, Zn phn ng dung dch HCl d thu (m+m1) gam mui. mg hn hp trn phn ng dung dch HCl thu bao nhiu gam mui? . mmui clorua = mkim loi + mCl- mCl- = m1g nCl- =
m1 mol 35,5

PP GII TON HA HC-GV TRNG CHU THNH-THPT CHUYEN-TIN GIANG

. Bo ton in tch: 2Clm 1 35,5

SO42- ( 2.nSO42- = nCl-) m1 71

m1 x 96 71 VD3:Cho m g hn hp Cu, Zn, Fe tc dng vi dung dch HNO 3 long, d thu c dung dch A. C cn dung dch A thu c (m+62) gam mui khan. Nung hn hp mui khan trn n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng l: Gii: n NO3- =62:62 = 1mol ---> 2NO3- -------> O2- . n O2- =0,5 mol 1 mol 0.5 mol m oxit = m kim loi + m O = m + 0,5.16 =( m + 8 ) gam Vd 4: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS 2 v a mol Cu2S vo dung dch HNO3 va , thu c dung dch X ch cha 2 mui sunf v kh NO duy nht. Gi tr a l: Gii: dd gm:0,12 mol Fe3+, 2a mol Cu2+ ,(0,24+a) mol SO42- . p dng lbt in tch: 3.0,12 +2.2a =2(0,24 +a) a=0,06 9/ Bo ton nguyn t : VD1: Cho 1mol CO2 phn ng 1,2mol NaOH thu mg mui. Tnh m? nOH. = 1,2 sn phm to 2 mui nCO2

. mui sunfat = m +

. Gi CT 2 mui NaHCO3 amol BT nguyn t Cacbon: a+b = 1 a= 0,08mol Na2CO3 bmol BT nguyn t Natri: a+2b = 1,2 b = 0,02mol VD2 : Hn hp A gm FeO a mol, Fe 2O3 b mol phn ng vi CO t0 cao thu c hn hp B gm: Fe cmol, FeO dmol, Fe2O3 e mol, Fe3O4 f mol. Mi quan h gia a,b,c,d Ta c : nFe (trong A) = nFe (trong B) a+3b = c + d + 3e + 4f VD 3: Hp th hon ton 0,12 mol SO2 vo 2,5 lt dd Ba(OH)2 a mol/l thu c 0,08 mol kt ta. g tr ca a l bao nhiu. Gii:n BaCO3 =0,08 n C cn li to Ba(HCO3)2 = 0,04 nBa(HCO3)2 =0,02 n Ba =n Ba(OH)2 =0,08 + 0,02 =0,1 CM =0,1/2,5 =0,04 M VD 4:Ha tan 5,6 gam Fe vo dd H2SO4 d thu dc dd X.dd X phn ng va vi V lt dd KMnO 4 0,5 M gi tr ca V l? Gii: nFe = nFe2+ =0,1 mol nMn2+ = 0,1.1/5=0,02(lBT electron) V = 0,02:0.5 =0,04 lt 10/ Bo ton Electron : . Ch s dng i vi phn ng oxi ha kh . Phng php: + Xc nh cht kh + xc nh cht oxi ha + Vit 2 qu trnh + nh lut bo ton Electron : ne cho = ne nhn VD : 0,3 mol FexOy phn ng vi dd HNO3 d thu c 0,1mol kh NO. Xc nh FexOy. Gii : xFe2y/x ( 3x-2y) xFe+3 nFexOy = 0,3 nFe2y/x = 0,3x x = 3 0,3x 0,3(3x-2y) y = 4 hoc x=y=1 +5 +2 N + 3e N 0,3.(3x 2y) = 0,3 3x 2y = 1 0,3 0,1 Vy CTPT : Fe3O4 hoc FeO 11/ Xc nh CTPT cht : VD : 1 oxt ca st c % mFe chim 70%. Xc nh CTPT ca oxt.

PP GII TON HA HC-GV TRNG CHU THNH-THPT CHUYEN-TIN GIANG

x 70 / 56 2 = 0,666 = Gi CT ca oxt l: FexOy y = Fe2O3 30 / 16 3

B. HIDROCACBON: CT chung: CxHy (x 1, y 2x+2). Nu l cht kh k thng hoc k chun: x 4. Hoc: CnH2n+2-2k, vi k l s lin kt , k 0. I- DNG 1: Hn hp gm nhiu hidrocacbon thuc cng mt dy ng ng. PP1:Gi CT chung ca cc hidrocacbon

CnH2n+ 2 2k (cng dy ng ng nn k ging nhau)

- Vit phng trnh phn ng - Lp h PT gii n , k. - Gi CTTQ ca cc hidrocacbon ln lt l Cn1H2n1+ 2 k ,Cn2 H2n2 + 2 k ... v s mol ln ln lt l a1,a2. n1a1 + n2a2 + ... Ta c: + n = a1 + a2 + ... + a1+a2+ =nhh Ta c k: n1<n2 n1< n <n2. Th d : + Nu hh l hai cht ng ng lin tip v n =1,5 Th n1<1,5<n2=n1+1 0,5<n1<1,5 n1=1, n2=2. + Nu hh l khng lin tip, gi s c M cch nhau 28 vC (2 nhm CH2-) Th n1< n =1,5<n2=n1+2 n1=1, n2=3. PP2 : - gi CT chung ca hai hidrocacbon l CxHy . - Tng t nh trn x,y - Tch ra CTTQ mi hidrocacbon Cx1H y1 ,Cx2 H y2 ... Ta c: x1< x <x2, tng t nh trn x1,x2. y1 < y <y2; K: y1,y2 l s chn. nu l ng ng lin tip th y2=y1+2. th d y =3,5 y1<3,5<y2=y1+2 1,5<y1<3,5 ; y1 l s chn y1=2, y2=4 nu l khng k tip th ta thay K : y2=y1+2 bng k y2=y1+2k (vi k l hiu s nguyn t cacbon). Cho vi th d: II. DNG 2: Tm CTPT ca hidrocacbon khi bit KL phn t: Phng php: + Gi CTTQ ca hidrocacbon l CxHy; k: x 1, y 2x+2, y chn. + Ta c 12x+ y=M
M (chn trn) (1) 12 M 2 + y 2x+2 M-12x 2x+2 x (chn di) (2) 14

+ Do y>0 12x<M x<

Kt hp (1) v (2) x v t y. Th d : KLPT ca hydrocacbon CxHy = 58 Ta c 12x+y=58 + Do y>o 12x<58 x<4,8 v do y 2x+2 58-12x 2x+2 x 4 x=4 ; y=10 CTPT hydrocacbon l C4H10. III. DNG 3 : GII BI TON HN HP Khi gii bi ton hh nhiu hydrocacbon ta c th c nhiu cch gi : - Cch 1 : Gi ring l, cch ny gii ban u n gin nhng v sau kh gii, di, tn thi gian. - Cch 2: Gi chung thnh mt cng thc C x H y hoc C n H 2 n +2 2 k (Do cc hydrocacbon khc dy ng ng nn k khc nhau)

PP GII TON HA HC-GV TRNG CHU THNH-THPT CHUYEN-TIN GIANG Phng php: Gi Ct chung ca cc hydrocacbon trong hh l C x H y (nu ch

t chy hh)

hoc C n H 2 n +2 2 k (nu va t chy va cng hp H2, Br2, HX) - Gi s mol hh. n , k... - Vit cc ptp xy ra, lp h phng trnh, gii h phng trnh x , y hoac + Nu l x , y ta tch cc hydrocacbon ln lt l C x 1 H y1 , C x 2 H y 2 ..... Ta c: a1+a2+ =nhh x a + x 2a 2 + .... x= 1 1 a1 + a 2 + ... y a + y 2a 2 + ... y= 1 1 a1 + a 2 + ... Nh ghi iu kin ca x1,y1 + x1 1 nu l ankan; x1 2 nu l anken, ankin; x1 3 nu l ankadien Ch : + Ch c 1 hydrocacbon duy nht c s nguyn t C=1 n l CH4 (x1=1; y1=4) + Ch c 1 hydrocacbon duy nht c s nguyn t H=2 n l C 2H2 (y2=4) (khng hc i vi C4H2). Cc v d: IV. CC PHN NG DNG TNG QUT: 1. Gi CT chung ca cc hydrocacbon l C n H 2 n +2 2 k a.Phn ng vi H2 d (Ni,to) (Hs=100%) ,t C n H 2 n +2 2 k + k H2 Ni C n H 2 n +2 hn hp sau phn ng c ankan v H2 d Ch : Phn ng vi H2 (Hs=100%) khng bit H2 d hay hydrocacbon d th c th da vo M ca hh sau phn ng. Nu M <26 hh sau phn ng c H2 d v hydrocacbon cha no phn ng ht b.Phn ng vi Br2 d: C n H 2 n +2 2 k + k Br2 C n H 2 n +2 k Br2 k c. Phn ng vi HX C n H 2 n +2 2 k + k HX C n H 2 n +2 k X k d.Phn ng vi Cl2 (a's'k't') C n H 2 n +2 2 k + k Cl2 C n H 2 n +2 2 k Cl k +xHCl e.Phn ng vi AgNO3/NH3 2 C n H 2 n +2 2 k +xAg2O NH x C n H 2 n +2 2 k x Ag x + xH 2 O 2) i vi ankan: CnH2n+2-xClx + xHCl K: 1 x 2n+2 CnH2n+2 + xCl2 ASKT Crackinh CmH2m+2 + CxH2x CnH2n+2 K: m+x=n; m 2, x 2, n 3. 3) i vi anken: + Phn ng vi H2, Br2, HX u tun theo t l mol 1:1 + Ch phn ng th vi Cl2 cacbon C CH3-CH=CH2 + Cl2 500 ClCH2-CH=CH2 + HCl 4) i vi ankin: + Phn ng vi H2, Br2, HX u tun theo t l mol 1:2 ,t VD: CnH2n-2 + 2H2 Ni CnH2n+2 + Phn ng vi dd AgNO3/NH3 2CnH2n-2 + xAg2O 2CnH2n-2-xAgx + xH2O K: 0 x 2 * Nu x=0 hydrocacbon l ankin ankin-1 * Nu x=1 hydrocacbon l ankin-1 * Nu x= 2 hydrocacbon l C2H2. 5) i vi aren v ng ng: + Cch xc nh s lin kt ngoi vng benzen.
o

PP GII TON HA HC-GV TRNG CHU THNH-THPT CHUYEN-TIN GIANG

Phn ng vi dd Br2 + Cch xc nh s lk

n Br2 n hydrocacbon nH2 n hydrocacbon

l s lin kt ngoi vng benzen.

trong vng:
= +

Phn ng vi H2 (Ni,to):

* vi l s lk nm ngoi vng benzen * l s lk trong vng benzen. Ngoi ra cn c 1 lk to vng benzen s lk tng l + +1. VD: hydrocacbon c 5 trong c 1 lk to vng benzen, 1lk ngoi vng, 3 lk trong vng. Vy n c k=5 CTTQ l CnH2n+2-k vi k=5 CTTQ l CnH2n-8 CH KHI GII TON V D 1 :t chy 0,1 mol hn hp 2 ankan l ng ng k tip ,thu c 3,36 lt CO 2(KTC).Hai ankan trong hn hp l: Gii : s nt cacbon trung bnh= s mol CO2 : s mol 2 ankan ---> CTPT VD 2 :t chy 6,72 lt kh ( ktc) hai hirocacbon cng dy ng ng to thnh 39,6 gam CO2 v 10,8 gam H2O. a)Cng thc chung ca dy ng ng l: b) Cng thc phn t mi hirocacbon l: Gii :Do chng th kh, s mol CO2> s mol H2O --->l ankin hoc ankadien s mol 2 cht l :nCO2- n H2O = 0,3 ---> S nt cacbon trung bnh l : nCO2 :n 2HC=3 ---> n1=2 ,n2 =4 ---> TCPT l C2H2 v C4H6 VD 3 :Cho 4,6 gam hn hp 2 anken l ng ng k tip qua dung dch brm d,thy c 16 brm phn ng.Hai anken l 4, 6 Gii:n Br2= 0,1 =n 2anken ---->s nguyn t cacbon trung bnh = 0 ,1.14 =3,3 CTPT 2anken l: C3H6 v C4H8 VD 4:Khi t chy 1hh gm:0,1 mol C2H4 v 1 hydrocacbon A,thu c 0,5 mol CO2 v 0,6 mol H2O.CTPT ca hydrocacbon A l: Gii:nH2O > nCO2 ---> A l ankan S mol A= nH2O - nCO2 =0,1---> n =(0,5 0,1.2): 0,1 =2--->CTPT ca A l:C2H6 VD 5:Khi t chy 0,2 mol hh gm: C2H2 v 1 hydrocacbon A,thu c: s mol CO2 =s mol H2O =0,5 mol.CTPT ca hydrocacbon A l ? Gii:nH2O = nCO2 ---> A l ankan --> nC2H2 =n A= 0,1---> s nguyn t cacbon trong Al: (0,5 0,1.2): 0,1 =3 ---> ctpt ca A l: C3H8 V- MT S DNG BIN LUN KHI BIT MT S TNH CHT PHNG PHP: + Ban u a v dng phn t + Sau a v dng tng qut (c nhm chc, nu c) + Da vo iu kin bin lun. VD1: Bin lun xc nh CTPT ca (C2H5)n CT c dng: C2nH5n Ta c iu kin: + S nguyn t H 2 s nguyn t C +2 5n 2.2n+2 n 2 + S nguyn t H l s chn n=2 CTPT: C4H10 VD2: Bin lun xc nh CTPT (CH2Cl)n CT c dng: CnH2nCln Ta c K: + S nguyn t H 2 s nguyn t C + 2 - s nhm chc 2n 2.2n+2-n n 2. + 2n+n l s chn n chn n=2 CTPT l: C2H4Cl2. VD3: Bin lun xc nh CTPT (C4H5)n, bit n khng lm mt mu nc brom. CT c dng: C4nH5n, n khng lm mt mu nc brom n l ankan loi v 5n<2.4n+2 hoc aren. K aren: S nguyn t H =2s C -6 5n =2.4n-6 n=2. Vy CTPT ca aren l C8H10.

PP GII TON HA HC-GV TRNG CHU THNH-THPT CHUYEN-TIN GIANG

Ch cc qui tc: + Th halogen vo ankan: u tin th vo H C bc cao. + Cng theo Maccpnhicp vo anken + Cng H2, Br2, HX theo t l 1:1 vo ankaien. + Phn ng th Ag2O/NH3 vo ankin. + Quy lut th vo vng benzen + Phn ng tch HX tun theo quy tc Zaixep. C. NHM CHC I- RU: 1) Khi t chy ru: n H O > n CO ru ny no, mch h. 2) Khi tch nc ru to ra olefin ru ny no n chc, h. 3) Khi tch nc ru A n chc to ra cht B. - d B / A < 1 B l hydrocacbon cha no (nu l ru no th B l anken). - d B / A > 1 B l ete. 4) - Oxi ha ru bc 1 to ra andehit hoc axit mch h. R-CH2OH [O] R-CH=O hoc R-COOH - Oxi ha ru bc 2 th to ra xeton: R-CHOH-R' [O] R-CO-R' - Ru bc ba khng phn ng (do khng c H) 5) Tch nc t ru no n chc to ra anken tun theo quy tc zaixep: Tch -OH v H C c bc cao hn 6) - Ru no a chc c nhm -OH nm cacbon k cn mi c phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 to ra dd mu xanh lam. - 2,3 nhm -OH lin kt trn cng mt C skhng bn, d dng tch nc to ra anehit, xeton hoc axit cacboxylic. - Nhm -OH lin kt trn cacbon mang ni i s khng bn, n ng phn ha to thnh anehit hoc xeton. CH2=CHOH CH3-CHO CH2=COH-CH3 CH3-CO-CH3. CH KHI GII TON Ru no
2 2

a. Khi t chy ru :

nH 2O nCO2 ru nay la ru no

nCO2 nH 2O nCO2 = nru so nguyen t cacbon = phan ng nru

Nu l hn hp ru cng dy ng ng th s nguyn t Cacbon trung bnh. VD : n = 1,6 n1< n =1,6 phi c 1 ru l CH3OH nH 2 x = b. x l s nhm chc ru ( tng t vi axt) nru 2 c. ru n chc no (A) tch nc to cht (B) (xc tc : H2SO4 ) . dB/A < 1 B l olfin . dB/A > 1 A l ete ,t 0 d. + oxi ha ru bc 1 to anehit : R-CHO Cu R- CH= O + oxi ha ru bc 2 to xeton : R- CH R [O] R C R OH O + ru bc 3 khng b oxi ha.

PP GII TON HA HC-GV TRNG CHU THNH-THPT CHUYEN-TIN GIANG

II. PHENOL: - Nhm OH lin kt trc tip trn nhn benzen, nn lin kt gia O v H phn cc mch v vy hp cht ca chng th hin tnh axit (phn ng c vi dd baz)
OH ONa + NaOH +H2O

tip

Nhm -OH lin kt trn nhnh (khng lin kt trc trn CH2OH nhn benzen) khng th hin tnh axit.
+ NaOH kho ng pha n ng

CH KHI GII TON a/ Hp cht HC: A + Na H2 -COOH.

nNaOH phan ng = y y l s nhm chc phn ng nA vi NaOH l OH lin kt trn nhn hoc COOH v cng l s nguyn t H linh ng phn ng vi NaOH. n H2 = 1 A c 2 nguyn t H linh ng phn ng Natri VD : . nA nNaOH = 1 A c 1 nguyn t H linh ng phn ng NaOH . nA . nu A c 2 nguyn t Oxi A c 2 nhm OH ( 2H linh ng phn ng Na) trong c 1 nhm OH nm trn nhn thm ( H linh ng phn ng NaOH) v 1 nhm OH lin kt trn nhnh nh HO-C6H4-CH2-OH

nH 2 nA

x x l s nguyn t H linh ng trong OH hoc 2

b/ Hp cht HC: A + Na mui + H2O

III. AMIN: - Nhm ht e lm gim tnh baz ca amin. - Nhm y e lm tng tnh baz ca amin. VD: C6H5-NH2 <NH3<CH3-NH2<C2H5NH2<(CH3)2NH2 (tnh baz tng dn) CH KHI GII TON
nH + namin = x x l s nhm chc amin

VD: nH+ : namin = 1 :1 amin ny n chc CT ca amin no n chc l CnH2n+3N (n 1) . Khi t chy nH2O > nCO2 nH2O nCO2 = 1,5 namin nCO2 = namin s nguyn t cacbon . Bc ca amin : -NH2 bc 1 ; -NH- bc 2 ; -N - bc 3 IV. ANEHIT : 1. Phn ng trng gng v vi Cu(OH)2 (to) o 3, t R-CH=O +Ag2O ddNH R-COOH + 2Ag R-CH=O + 2Cu(OH)2 to R-COOH + Cu2O +2H2O Nu R l Hydro, Ag2O d, Cu(OH)2 d:

PP GII TON HA HC-GV TRNG CHU THNH-THPT CHUYEN-TIN GIANG

o 3, t H-CHO + 2Ag2O ddNH H2O + CO2 + 4Ag H-CH=O + 4Cu(OH)2 to 5H2O + CO2 + 2Cu2O Cc cht: H-COOH, mui ca axit fomic, este ca axit fomic cng cho c phn ng trng gng. o 3, t HCOOH + Ag2O ddNH H2O + CO2+2Ag o 3, t HCOONa + Ag2O ddNH NaHCO3 + 2Ag o 3, t H-COOR + Ag2O ddNH ROH + CO2 + 2Ag Anehit va ng vai tr cht kh, va ng vai tr cht oxi ha: + Cht kh: Khi phn ng vi O2, Ag2O/NH3, Cu(OH)2(to) + Cht oxi ha khi tc dng vi H2 (Ni, to) CH KHI GII TON

= 2 x x la so nhom chc andehyt. a. n anehyt + Trng hp c bit : H-CH = O phn ng Ag2O to 4mol Ag nhng %O = 53,33% + 1 nhm andehyt ( - CH = O ) c 1 lin kt i C = O andehyt no n chc ch c 1 lin kt nn khi t chy nH 2O = nCO2 ( v ngc li) + andehyt A c 2 lin kt c 2 kh nng : andehyt no 2 chc ( 2 C = O) hoc andehyt khng no c 1 lin kt i ( 1 trong C = O, 1 trong C = C).

nAg

b. + +

= x x la so nhom chc andehyt n andehyt nCu(OH) phan ng 2 = 2 x x la so nhom chc andehyt n andehyt

nCu2O

nH 2 phan ng = x x la ( so nhom chc andehyt + so lien ket oi( ) C = C) nandehyt

V. AXIT CACBOXYLIC: + Khi cn bng phn ng chy nh tnh cacbon trong nhm chc. VD: CnH2n+1COOH + (
3n +1 ) O2 (n+1)CO2 + (n+1)H2O 2

+ Ring axit fomic trng gng, phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 to gch. Ch axit phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 to ra dd mu xanh do c ion Cu2+ + Cng HX ca axit acrylic, axit metacrylic, andehit acrylic n tri vi quy tc cng Maccopnhicop: VD: CH2=CH-COOH + HCl ClCH2-CH2-COOH + Khi gii ton v mui ca axit cacboxylic khi t chy trong O2 cho ra CO2, H2O v Na2CO3 VD : CxHyOzNat + O2 ( x + ) CO2 +
t 2 y t H2O + Na2CO3 2 2

CH KHI GII TON

nOH - phan ng = x x la so nhom chc axt( - COOH) naxt

Ch c axt fomic ( H-COOH) tham gia phn ng trng gng t axt : nonchc. ( va ngc lai) CT : C nH 2nO2 Ta c : nH 2O = nCO2 axttren nH 2 sinh ra x = x la so nhom chc axt( phan ng kimloai) naxt 2 Lu khi gii ton :

PP GII TON HA HC-GV TRNG CHU THNH-THPT CHUYEN-TIN GIANG

+ S mol Na (trong mui hu c) = s mol Na (trong Na2CO3) (bo ton nguyn t Na) + S mol C (trong Mui hu c) = s mol C (trong CO 2) + S mol C (trong Na2CO3) (bo ton nguyn t C) So snh tnh axit : Gc ht e lm tng tnh axit, gc y e lm gim tnh acit ca axit cacboxylic. VI. ESTE : cch vit CT ca mt este bt k :x y Este do axit x chc v ru y chc : Ry(COO)x.yRx . Nhn cho x cho gc hidrocacbon ca ru v y cho gc hdrocacbon ca axit. x.y l s nhm chc este. VD : - Axit n chc + ru 3 chc : (RCOO)3R - Axit 3 chc + ru n chc : R(COO-R)3 1. ESTE N CHC : o Este + NaOH t Mui + ru Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 anehit este ny khi phn ng vi dd NaOH to ra ru c nhm -OH lin kt trn cacbon mang ni i bc 1, khng bn ng phn ha to ra anehit. VD: R-COOCH=CH2 + NaOH to R-COONa + CH2=CH-OH p ha Este + NaOH kt trn cacbon mang ni i bc 2 khng bn ng phn ha to xeton. to RCOOC=CH + NaOH R-COONa + CH2=CHOH-CH3
2

1 mui + 1 xeton este ny khi phn ng toCH=O ru c nhm --OH lin

CH3-

CH3

p ha CH -CO-CH Este + NaOH 2mui +H2O Este ny c gc3 ru l ng 3 ng ca phenol hoc phenol.. + 2NaOH to RCOONa + C6H5ONa + H2O ( do phenol c tnh axit nn phn ng tip vi NaOH to ra mui v H2O) Este + NaOH 1 sn phm duy nht Este n chc 1 vng

VD :
RCOO

C O O

+NaOH

R OH

COONa

XC NH S NHM CHC ESTE : nNaOH(phan ng) = l s nhm chc este (tr trng hp este ca phenol v nEste ng ng ca n) nNaOHcn <2neste(este phn ng ht) Este ny n chcv NaOH cn d. Este n chc c CTPT l : CxHyO2 R-COOR K : y 2x Ta c 12x+y+32 = R + R + 44. Khi gii bi ton v este ta thng s dng c hai cng thc trn. + Ct CxHyO2 dng t chy cho ph hp. + CT R-COOR dng phn ng vi NaOH CT cu to ca este. Hn hp este n chc khi phn ng vi NaOH to 1 mui + 2 ru n chc 2 este ny cng gc axit v do hai ru khc nhau to nn. R COOR1 C x H yO 2 Vy cng thc 2 este l R-COO R ' gii R,R ; K : R1< R ' <R2 CT R COOR 2

CCH

Hn hp este n chc khi phn ng vi NaOH to ra 3 mui + 1 ru 3 este ny cng gc ru v do 3 axit to nn.

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PP GII TON HA HC-GV TRNG CHU THNH-THPT CHUYEN-TIN GIANG

R 1COOR ' CT 3 este l R COOR CT 3este R 2COOR ' R COOR ' 3

Cx H yO2

Hn hp este khi phn ng vi NaOH 3 mui + 2 ru u n chc CTCT ca 3este l R COO R ' (trong 2 este cng gc ru) R 1COOR 1' CT 3este l: R 2COOR 1' Cx H yO2 R COOR ' 2 3 Hn hp 2 cht hu c n chc khi phn ng vi NaOH thu c 1 mui + 1 ru : C 3 trng hp xy ra : + TH1 : 1 axit + 1 ru
RCOOH R ' OH RCOOH RCOOR ' R ' OH RCOOR '

+ TH2 : 1 axit + 1 este (cng gc axit)

+ TH3 : 1 ru + 1 este (cng gc ru)

Hn hp hai cht hu c khi phn ng vi dd NaOH thu c hai mui + 1 ru (u n chc). C hai trng hp : + TH1 : 1 axit + 1 este
RCOOH RCOOR '

R 1COOR ' RCOO R ' . + TH2 : 2 este (cng gc ru) : R 2COOR ' Hn hp hai cht hu c n chc khi phn ng vi dd NaOH thu c 1 mui + 2 ru. C hai trng hp :

+ TH1 : 1 ru + 1 este

R ' OH RCOOR '

RCOOR 1 + TH 2 : 2 este cng gc axit RCOOR 2 Lu : Nu gi thit cho cc hp cht hu c ng chc th mi phn trn ch c 1 trng hp l hh 2 este (cng gc ru hoc cng gc axit). 2. ESTE A CHC : a) - Do axit a chc + ru n chc : R(COOR)x (x 2) - Nu este ny do axit a chc + ru n chc (nhiu ru) : R(COO R ' )x - Nu este a chc + NaOH 1 mui+2ru n chc este ny c ti thiu hai chc.

VD :

COOR1 COOR2

(3

- Nu este ny c 5 nguyn t oxi este ny ti a hai chc este (do 1 chc este c ti a hai nguyn t oxi) b) - Do axit n + ru a : (RCOO)yR (y 2) + Tng t nh phn a. c) Este do axit a + ru a : Ry(COO)x.yRx (K : x,y 2) nu x=y CT : R(COO)xR Khi cho este phn ng vi dd NaOH ta gi Ct este l RCOOR nhng khi t ta nn gi CTPT l CxHyO2 (y 2x) v vy ta phi c phng php i t CTCT sang CTPT d gii.

COOR1 COOR1 COOR2

chc este m ch thu c 2 ru)

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PP GII TON HA HC-GV TRNG CHU THNH-THPT CHUYEN-TIN GIANG

VD : este 3 chc do ru no 3 chc + 3 axit n chc (c 1 axit no, iaxit c 1 ni i, 1 axit c mt ni ba) (este ny mch h) Phng php gii : + este ny 3 chc Pt c 6 nguyn t Oxi + S lkt : c 3 nhm COO- mi nhm c 1 lk 3 . + S lk trong gc hydrocacbon khng no l 3 ( 1 trong axit c 1 ni i, 2 trong axit c 1 ni ba) CT c dng : CnH2n+2-2kO6 vi k=6 CT : CnH2n-10O6. + Gi CTCT l : Cm+x+y+a+3H2m+2x+2y+2a-4O6 CmH2m+1COO t : n=m+x+y+a+3 10O6 Ch : Phn ng este ha gia axit v ru : (phn ng khng hon ton) + Ru a chc + axit n chc :

CnH2n-

CxH2x-1COO CyH2y-3COO

CaH2a-1

xRCOOH + R(OH)n + Ru n +

H , to

(RCOO)xR(OH)(n-x) + xH2O iu kin : 1 x n axit a :

+ (COOR')x + xH O R(COOH)n + xROH H , to 2 R iu kin : 1 x n (COOH)(n-x) Ngoi ra cn nhng este c bit khc : Este do ru a, axit a v axit n :

VD :
R R' COO R COO COO R" R'

COO COO COO

R"

Khi phn ng vi NaOH to ra R(COONa)2, RCOONa v R(OH)3 Hoc este + NaOH mui ca axit a + ru a v ru n VD :

khi cho phn ng vi NaOH cho R(COONa)3 + R(OH)2 + ROH

Este do axit tp chc to nn : VD : R-COO-R-COO-R khi phn ng NaOh to : R-COONa, VD : COO R R khi phn ng vi NaOH to : OOC CH KHI GII TON : Este + NaOH t0 mui + nc

R' OH R' OH

COONa

v ROH

COONa

nNaOH phan ng = x x la so nhom chc este tr trng hp ac biet este cua phenol neste ( va ong ang cua no).

VD: CH3 COOC6H5 + NaOH CH3 COONa + C6H5ONa + H2O nay nonchc CT la C nH 2nO2 t chy este : nH 2O = nCO2 este
t0

VII. BIN LUN XC NH CNG THC CA HP CHT HU C C NHM CHC CT chung : CnH2n+2-x-2kXx vi X l nhm chc ha hc : -OH, -CHO, -COOH, -NH2

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PP GII TON HA HC-GV TRNG CHU THNH-THPT CHUYEN-TIN GIANG

Gi thit cho CT dng phn t v mt s tnh cht ca hp cht hu c. Phng php :- a CTPT v dng CTCT c nhm chc ca n. - t iu kin theo cng thc chung : + Nu no : k=0 th ta lun c s nguyn t H = 2 s nguyn t C + 2 s nhm chc. + Nu khng cho no th ta c : s nguyn t H 2 s nguyn t C + 2 s nhm chc. VD1 : Mt ru no c cng thc l (C2H5O)n. Bin lun xc nh CTPTca ru . + a CT trn v dng cu to : (C2H5O)n C2nH4n(OH)n + t K : s nguyn t H = 2 s nguyn t C + 2 s nhm chc 4n=2.2n+2-n n=2 Ct ru l C4H8(OH)2 VD2 : Mt axit hu c c CTPT l (C4H3O2)n, bit rng axit hu c ny khng lm mt mu dd nc brom. Xc nh CTCT ca axit ? + a v dng cu to : (C4H3O2)n C4nH3nO2n C3nH2n(COOH)n + Do axit hu c ny khng lm mt mu nc brom nn c 2 trng hp : Axit ny no : (k=0) loi v theo K : H=2C+2-s nhm chc 2n=6n+2-n n<0. Axit ny thm : k=4 (do 3 lk to 3 lk i C=C v mt lk to vng benzen) K : H=2C+2-2k-s nhm chc 2n=6n+2-8-n n=2. Vy Ct ca axit l C6H4(COOH)2 (v CTCT : c 3 CT).

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