CHUYEN E NHAN BIET.

A. PHAN VO C Chat can Thuoc th nhan biet Li K Na Ca Ba Li, K, Na,Ca, Ba Be Zn Pb Al H2O ot chay Hien tng Ngon la mau o ta Ngon la mau tm Ngon la mau vang Ngon la mau o da cam Ngon la mau vang luc Dung dch trong + H2

Phng trnh phan ng

Khong phan ng

M + n H2O

Vi Ca dd uc dd OHdd NaOH Tan + H2

M(OH)n + n H2
2

M + (4 n) OH- + (n-2)H2O H2

MO2n-4 + n

Cac kim loai t dd H+ (dd HCl) Mg en Pb HNO3 ac / t0 Cu dd HCl, dd H2SO4 loang, co suc O2 ot chay trong O2 HNO3 ac/t0 sau o cho NaCl vao dd Hon hp HNO3 : 3HCl un nong Ho tinh bot ot trong O2 ot chay sp hoa tan vao nc, th quy tm ot chay

Tan + H2 Vi Pb co PbCl2 trang Tan + dd mau xanh + NO2 nau Tan + dd mau xanh Mau o Cu en CuO

M + n H+

Mn+ + n H2
2

Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O. 2Cu + O2 + 4HCl 2Cu + O2

2CuCl2 + 2H2O.

mau

2CuO.

Ag Au I2 (mau tm en) S(mau vang) P (mau o) C (mau

Tan + NO2 nau + trang Tan + NO Thang hoa(hi mau tm) Mau xanh Kh SO2 mui hac Quy tm hoa o CO2 lam uc nc voi trong

Ag + 2HNO3 AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3 Au + HNO3 + 3HCl 2H2O

AuCl3 + NO +

S + O2

SO2
0

4P + 5O2 t 2P2O5. P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4. dd axit lam quy tm hoa o C + O2 t CO2. CO2 + Ca(OH)2
0

CaCO3 + H2O.

en) Cl2 I2 (hi) O2 H2O(Hi ) Chat can nhan biet H2 CO CO2 Nc Br2 (nau) dd KI + Ho tinh bot Ho tinh bot Que om tan o Cu o, t0 CuSO4 khan Thuoc th ot lam lanh CuO (en), t0 CuO en, t0 Nc voi trong Nc Br2 nau dd thuoc tm
Canh hoa mau hong

Nhat mau Khong mau xanh Khong mau xanh Bung chay Hoa en Mau trang Mau xanh Hien tng Hi nc ong lai Hoa o Cu Hoa o Cu Van uc Nhat mau Nhat mau Mat mau BaSO4 Trang Trng thoi PbS en Hoa o Tao khoi trang AgCl trang Hoa xanh Tao khoi trang Hoa nau Mau nau Hoa o Mau nau Khong mau Tat Chet Ngon la o ta Ngon la vang Ngon la tm Kh NH3 (mui khai) Ket tua trang Ket tua trang Ket tua trang trang xanh trang xanh

5Cl2 + Br2 + 6H2O

10HCl + 2HBrO3.

mau Ho tinh bot mau

I2 Mau xanh.

2Cu + O2

2CuO

CuSO4 + 5H2O CuSO4.5H2O Phng trnh phan ng 2H2 + O2 t 2H2O CuO + H2 t Cu + H2O CuO + CO t Cu + CO2
0

SO2 SO3 H2S HCl NH3 NO NO2

CaCO3 + H2O SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HBr 2SO + 2KMnO +2H O 2H SO + 2MnSO
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
2 4 2 2 4

K2SO4.

dd BaCl2 Mui dd Pb(NO3)2 Quy tm am NH3 dd AgNO3 Quy tm am HCl(ac) Khong kh Mau Quy tm am Lam lanh
Que om ang chay

BaCl2 +SO2 + H2O Pb2+ + H2S

BaSO4 + 2HCl

PbS + 2H+ .

HCl + NH3 NH4Cl HCl + AgNO3 AgCl + HNO3 . HCl + NH3 NH4Cl. 2NO +O2 2NO2. 3NO2 + H2O 2NO2
11 C
0

2HNO3 + NO.

N2O4 (khong mau)

N2 Li Na+ K+ NH + 4
+

Sinh vat nho Tam len day Pt roi ot tren en kh NaOH ac dd H2SO4 dd Na2CO3 dd Na2CO3 dd OHdd NaOH

Ba2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cu2+ Fe2+

NH3 + H2O. 2Ba2+ + SO 4 BaSO4 2Ba2+ + CO3 BaCO3 2Ca2+ + CO3 CaCO3 Mg2+ + 2OH- Mg(OH)2 Cu2+ + 2OH- Cu(OH)2 Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2
NH + 4 + OH

Fe3+ Ag
+

nau en

dd NaOH dd HCl dd H2S dd H2S

nau

Cd2+ Pb2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Be2+ Pb2+ Cr3+ Chat can nhan biet
Cl

trang vang (de tan trong axit manh) en

Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3 Ag+ + OH- AgOH (2AgOH H2O) Ag+ + Cl- AgCl

Ag2O +

CdS Pb2+ + S2- PbS

Cd2+ + S2Al3+ Zn2+ Be2+ Pb2+ Cr3+
OH 3

trang tan Cho t t dung dch ngay trong OH NaOH en d d xam tan ngay trong
OH- d Thuoc th Hien tng
trang vang

Al(OH)3 OH AlO2

OH 2 Zn(OH)2 OH
OH 2 Be(OH)2 OH

2 ZnO2 2 BeO2 2 PbO2

OH 2 Pb(OH)2 OH

OH 3

Cr(OH)3 OH AlO2

Phng trnh phan ng

Ag + + Cl AgCl Ag + + Br AgBr Ag + + I AgI
3 Ag3PO4 3 Ag + + PO4

Br I
3 PO4

nhat

dd AgNO3

vang

S 2

SO

2 4

dd Pb(NO3)2 dd BaCl2

vang (tan trong HNO3) en en trang

2 Ag + + S 2 Ag2S Pb 2 + + S 2 PbS 2 Ba 2 + + SO4 BaSO4

2 SO3

Sui bot SO2 Dung dch H (HCl)

+

2 SO2 + H2O 2 H + + SO3

HSO3
2 CO3

Sui bot SO2 Sui bot CO2 Sui bot CO2 trang NO2 mau nau, dd Cu2+ mau xanh NO2 mau nau Kh O2, que om con than hong bung chay.
keo

+ H2O H + + HSO3 SO2 2 2 H + + CO3 CO2 + H2O

HCO
NO3

2 SiO3

NO2

ClO3

H2SO4(ac) +Cu(t0) H2SO4 loang, un nong, co khong kh Co can, nung, co xuc tac MnO2.

+ H2O H + + HCO3 CO2 2 2 H + + SiO3 H2SiO3 Cu + 4HNO3 t Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O 2 3 NO2 + H2SO4l t NO3 +2NO + SO4 + H2O 2NO +O2 2NO2 .
0 0

, MnO 2 KClO3 t 2KCl + 3O2

0 2

BAI TAP NHAN Cau 1: Co 5 mau kim loai Ba, Mg, Fe, Al, Ag, BIET neu ch dung dung dch H2SO4 loang
co the nhan biet nhng kim loai nao. Viet phng trnh phan ng. Cau 2: Neu cach nhan biet: a) 5 chat bot: Cu, Al, Fe, Ag, S b) 4 chat bot mau trang: CaO, Na2O, MgO va P2O5. c) 4 chat bot kim loai: K, Al, Ag, Fe. d) 4 chat bot: Na2O, Al2O3, Fe, Fe2O3. Cau 3: Nhan biet 4 kim loai: a) Mg, Ag, Fe, Al. b) Al, Zn, Cu, Fe.

Cau 4: a) Ch dung them mot hoa chat, neu cach nhan biet cac oxit: K2O, Al2O3, CaO, MgO. b) Ch dung them Cu va mot muoi tuy y hay nhan bie6t1 cac hoa chat b mat nhan trong cac lo ng tng chat sau: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4. Cau 5: Co 4 ong nghiem ng rieng biet cac dung dch Ba(OH)2, H2SO4, Na2SO3, ZnSO4. Khong c dung them hoa chat nao khac, trnh bay phng phap hoa hoc nhan biet 4 dung dch tren. Cau 6: a). Bang phng phap nao co the phan biet c 3 chat: BaCO3, MgCO3, Na2CO3. Giai thch va viet phng trnh phan ng. b) Hay nhan biet moi dung dch ng trong 5 lo rieng biet sau: HNO3, Ca(OH)2, NaOH, HCl, NH3. Cau 7: a) Co 4 chat ran ng trong 4 lo rieng biet: Na2SO4, CaCO3, Na2CO3, CaSO4.2H2O. Hay t chon 2 chat dung lam thuoc th e nhan biet chat ran ng trong moi lo. b) Trnh bay phng phap hoa hoc e nhan biet 3 chat ran ng trong 3 lo rieng biet: NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2. Cau 8: Hay t chon mot hoa chat thch hp e nhan biet cac muoi: NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, MgCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3, Al(NO3)3. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng. Cau 9: a) Ch dung cac kim loai hay nhan biet cac dung dch NaNO3, HCl, NaOH, HgCl, HNO3, CuSO4. b) Ch co nc va kh CO2 hay phan biet 5 chat bot trang sau ay: NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, BaCO3, BaSO4. Cau 10: Khong c dung them hoa chat nao khac, Hay nhan biet 5 lo b mat nhan sau ay: NaHSO4, NaHCO3, Mg(HCO3)2, Na2CO3, Ba(HCO3)2. Cau 11: Trnh bay phng phap phan biet: a) 5 dung dch: NaOH, NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, HCl. b) 4 chat long: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H2O. Cau 12: Neu cac phan ng phan biet: a) 3 dung dch: Na2SO3, NaHSO3, Na2SO4. b) 5 dung dch: NaNO3, NaCl, Na2S, Na2SO4, Na2CO3. c) 6 dung dch: NaNO3, NaCl, Na2S, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, NaHCO3. d) 8 dung dch: NaNO3, Na2SO4, Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2, MgSO4, FeSO4, CuSO4. Cau 13: Bang phng phap hoa hoc nao hay nhan biet tng hon hp chat sau ay: a) Fe + Fe2O3. b) Fe + FeO. c) FeO + Fe2O3. Cau 14: Co 6 lo bot mau tng t nhau nhng khong co nhan: (Fe + FeO), Ag2O, MnO2, FeO, Fe3O4, CuO. Ch c dung them dd HCl e phan biet 6 lo tren. Cau 15: Co hai lo sau ay: Dung dch A la KOH, dd B cha hon hp (HCl + AlCl3). Khong c dung them hoa chat nao khac hay nhan biet tng dung dch. Cau 16: Khong c dung them hoa chat nao khac, hay nhan biet tng dung dch ng trong cac lo dung dch sau ay:KOH, HCl, FeCl3, Pb(NO3)2, Al(NO3)3, NH4NO3. Cau 17: Co 3 lo ng hon hp bot (Al + Al2O3), (Fe + Fe2O3), (FeO + Fe2O3). Dung phng phap hoa hoc nhan biet chung . Cau 18: Co 3 lo khong nhan hieu ng rieng biet tng dung dch sau: K2CO3, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, Al2(SO4)3, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3. Ch dung dung dch NaOH hay cho biet lo nao ng dung dch g? Cau 19: a) Ch dung mot thuoc th hay nhan biet ba chat bot ngg5 trong ba bnh mat nhan: Al, Al2O3, Mg. b) Co 5 lo mat nhan ng 5 dung dch: NaOH, KCl, MgCl2, CuCl2, AlCl3. Hay nhan biet tng dung dch tren ma khong c dung them hoa chat nao khac. Cau 20: Bang phng phap hoa hoc n gian co the phan biet: a) 5 chat bot: MgO, P2O5, BaO, Na2SO4, Al2O3.

b) 8 oxit dang bot: Na2O, CaO, Ag2O, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MnO2, CuO, CaC2. Cau 21: Cho 3 bnh ng dung dch mat nhan: Bnh A (KHCO3 + K2CO3), bnh B (KHCO3 + K2SO4), bnh C (K2CO3 + K2SO4). Ch dung dd BaCl2 va dd HCl, neu cach nhan biet cac bnh tren. Cau 22: Trong phong th nghiem co 3 lo mat nhan ng 3 dung dch: HCl, H2SO4 va NaOH co cung nong o CM. Ch dung phenolphtalein hay nhan biet 3 dd tren. Cau 23: Ch dung phenolphtalein hay nhan biet: a) 3 dung dch : KCl, KOH, H2SO4. b) 5 dung dch: Na2SO4, H2SO4, NaOH, BaCl2, NaCl. c) 5 dung dch: NaOH, HCl, H2SO4, BaCl2, NaCl. Cau 24: Ch dung mot dd axit thong dung va mot dung dch baz thong dung. Hay phan biet 3 hp kim sau ay: a) Hp kim Cu Ag. b) Cu Al. c) Cu Zn.