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S CHNH PHNG
Nguyn Ngc Hng
I. NH NGHA: S chnh phng l s bng bnh phng ng ca mt s
nguyn.
II. TNH CHT:
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Bi 2: Chng minh tch ca 4 s t nhin lin tip cng 1 lun l s chnh
phng.
Gi 4 s t nhin, lin tip l n, n + 1, n+ 2, n + 3 (n N). Ta c
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) + 1 = n.(n + 3(n + 1)(n + 2) + 1
= (n2 + 3n)( n2 + 3n + 2) + 1 (*)
t n2 + 3n = t (t N) th (*) = t( t + 2 ) + 1 = t2 + 2t + 1 = ( t + 1 )2
= (n2 + 3n + 1)2
V n N nn n2 + 3n + 1 N Vy n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) + 1 l s chnh
phng.
Bi 3: Cho S = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + . . . + k(k+1)(k+2)
Chng minh rng 4S + 1 l s chnh phng .
Ta c k(k+1)(k+2) =
=
S =
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
k(k+1)(k+2).4 =
1
4
k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) -
.1.2.3.4 - 4 .0.1.2.3 +
k(k+1)(k+2)(k-1) =
k(k+1)(k+2).[(k+3) (k-1)]
1
4
k(k+1)(k+2)(k-1)
1
1
.2.3.4.5
.1.2.3.4
4
4
1
k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
4
++ 4 k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) -
4S + 1 = k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) + 1
Theo kt qu bi 2 k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) + 1 l s chnh ph ng.
Bi 4: Cho dy s 49; 4489; 444889; 44448889;
Dy s trn c xy dng bng cch thm s 48 vo gia s ng trc
n. Chng minh rng tt c cc s ca dy trn u l s chnh phng.
Ta c 4448889 = 44488..8 + 1 = 444 . 10n + 8 . 111 + 1
n ch s 4 n-1 ch s 8 n ch s 4 n ch s 8
n ch s 4
n ch s 1
10 n 1
10 n 1
. 10n + 8.
+1
9
9
4.10 2 n 4.10 n + 8.10 n 8 + 9
4.10 2 n + 4.10 n + 1
=
9
9
n
2.10 +1 2
= 4.
=
=
2
2.10 n +1
n-1 ch s 0
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2n ch s 1
n ch s 4
Kt qu: A =
2
10 n + 2
B=
10 n + 8
C=
2.10 n + 7
b. B = 1115556
n ch s 1 n-1 ch s 5
10 n 1
.
9
10n + 5.
10 2 n + 4.10 n + 4
=
9
n ch s 1
10 n 1
9
+1=
2
10 n + 2
n ch s 1
10 2 n 10 n + 5.10 n 5 + 9
9
Bi 7: Chng minh rng tng cc bnh phng ca 5 s t nhin lin tip khng
th l mt s chnh phng
Gi 5 s t nhin lin tip l n-2, n-1, n , n+1 , n+2 (n N , n 2 ).
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Ta c ( n-2)2 + (n-1)2 + n2 + ( n+1)2 + ( n+2)2 = 5.( n2+2)
V n2 khng th tn cng bi 3 hoc 8 do n2+2 khng th chia ht cho 5
5.( n2+2) khng l s chnh phng hay A khng l s chnh phng
Bi 8: Chng minh rng s c dng n6 n4 + 2n3 + 2n2 trong n N v n>1
khng phi l s chnh phng
n6 n4 + 2n3 +2n2 = n2.( n4 n2 + 2n +2 ) = n2.[ n2(n-1)(n+1) + 2(n+1) ]
= n2[ (n+1)(n3 n2 + 2) ] = n2(n+1).[ (n3+1) (n2-1) ]
= n2( n+1 )2.( n22n+2)
Vi n N, n >1 th n2-2n+2 = (n - 1)2 + 1 > ( n 1 )2
v n2 2n + 2 = n2 2(n - 1) < n2
Vy ( n 1)2 < n2 2n + 2 < n2 n2 2n + 2 khng phi l mt s chnh
phng.
Bi 9: Cho 5 s chnh phng bt k c ch s hng chc khc nhau cn ch s
hng n v u l 6. Chng minh rng tng cc ch s hng chc ca 5 s chnh
phng l mt s chnh phng
Cch 1: Ta bit mt s chnh phng c ch s hng n v l 6 th ch s
hng chc ca n l s l. V vy ch s hng chc ca 5 s chnh phng cho l
1,3,5,7,9 khi tng ca chng bng 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 52 l s chnh phng
Cch 2: Nu mt s chnh phng M = a2 c ch s hng n v l 6 th ch s
tn cng ca a l 4 hoc 6 a 2 a2 4
Theo du hiu chia ht cho 4 th hai ch s tn cng ca M ch c th l 16, 36,
56, 76, 96 Ta c: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 52 l s chnh phng.
Bi 10: Chng minh rng tng bnh phng ca hai s l bt k khng phi l
mt s chnh phng.
a v b l nn a = 2k+1, b = 2m+1 (Vi k, m N)
a2 + b2 = (2k+1)2 + (2m+1)2 = 4k2 + 4k + 1 + 4m2 + 4m + 1
= 4(k2 + k + m2 + m) + 2 = 4t + 2 (Vi t N)
Khng c s chnh phng no c dng 4t + 2 (t N) do a2 + b2 khng th l
s chnh phng.
Bi 11: Chng minh rng nu p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin th p-1 v p+1
khng th l cc s chnh phng.
V p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin nn p 2 v p khng chia ht cho 4 (1)
a. Gi s p+1 l s chnh phng . t p+1 = m2 (m N)
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V p chn nn p+1 l m2 l m l.
t m = 2k+1 (k N). Ta c m2 = 4k2 + 4k + 1 p+1 = 4k2 + 4k + 1
p = 4k2 + 4k = 4k(k+1) 4 mu thun vi (1)
p+1 l s chnh phng
b. p = 2.3.5 l s chia ht cho 3 p-1 c dng 3k+2.
Khng c s chnh phng no c dng 3k+2 p-1 khng l s chnh phng .
Vy nu p l tch n s nguyn t u tin th p-1 v p+1 khng l s chnh phng
Bi 12: Gi s N = 1.3.5.72007.
Chng minh rng trong 3 s nguyn lin tip 2N-1, 2N v 2N+1 khng c s no
l s chnh phng.
a. 2N-1 = 2.1.3.5.72007 1
C 2N 3 2N-1 khng chia ht cho 3 v 2N-1 = 3k+2 (k N)
2N-1 khng l s chnh phng.
b. 2N = 2.1.3.5.72007
V N l N khng chia ht cho 2 v 2N 2 nhng 2N khng chia ht cho 4.
2N chn nn 2N khng chia cho 4 d 1 2N khng l s chnh phng.
c. 2N+1 = 2.1.3.5.72007 + 1
2N+1 l nn 2N+1 khng chia ht cho 4
2N khng chia ht cho 4 nn 2N+1 khng chia cho 4 d 1
2N+1 khng l s chnh phng.
Bi 13: Cho a = 111 ; b = 10005
2008 ch s 1
Chng minh
2007 ch s 0
l s t nhin.
ab +1
Cch 1: Ta c a = 111 =
10
2008
2008 ch s 1
ab+1 =
ab +1
1)(10
9
2008
10
+ 2 2
(10
2008
2007 ch s 0
2008
+ 5)
+1=
(10
2008 ch s 0
) + 4.10 2008 5 + 9
9
2008 2
10 2008 + 2
3
3
nn
10 2008 + 2
3
N hay
ab +1
2007 ch s 0
2
10 2008 + 2
2008 ch s 0
2008 ch s 9
l s t nhin.
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= (3a +1) = 3a + 1 N
B. DNG 2: TM GI TR CA BIN BIU THC L S CHNH PHNG
Bi1: Tm s t nhin n sao cho cc s sau l s chnh phng:
a. n2 + 2n + 12
b. n ( n+3 )
c. 13n + 3
d. n2 + n + 1589
Gii
a. V n2 + 2n + 12 l s chnh phng nn t n2 + 2n + 12 = k2 (k N)
(n2 + 2n + 1) + 11 = k2 k2 (n+1)2 = 11 (k+n+1)(k-n-1) = 11
Nhn xt thy k+n+1 > k-n-1 v chng l nhng s nguyn dng, nn ta c th
vit (k+n+1)(k-n-1) = 11.1
k+n+1 = 11
k=6
kn-1=1
n=4
b. t n(n+3) = a2 (n N) n2 + 3n = a2 4n2 + 12n = 4a2
(4n2 + 12n + 9) 9 = 4a2
(2n + 3) 2 - 4a2 = 9
(2n + 3 + 2a)(2n + 3 2a) = 9
Nhn xt thy 2n + 3 + 2a > 2n + 3 2a v chng l nhng s nguyn dng, nn
ta c th vit (2n + 3 + 2a)(2n + 3 2a) = 9.1
2n + 3 + 2a = 9
n=1
2n + 3 2a = 1
a=2
c. t 13n + 3 = y2 ( y N) 13(n 1) = y2 16
13(n 1) = (y + 4)(y 4)
(y + 4)(y 4) 13 m 13 l s nguyn t nn y + 4 13 hoc y 4 13
y = 13k 4 (Vi k N)
13(n 1) = (13k 4 )2 16 = 13k.(13k 8)
n = 13k2 8k + 1
Vy n = 13k2 8k + 1 (Vi k N) th 13n + 3 l s chnh phng.
d. t n2 + n + 1589 = m2 (m N) (4n2 + 1)2 + 6355 = 4m2
(2m + 2n +1)(2m 2n -1) = 6355
Nhn xt thy 2m + 2n +1> 2m 2n -1 > 0 v chng l nhng s l, nn ta c th
vit (2m + 2n +1)(2m 2n -1) = 6355.1 = 1271.5 = 205.31 = 155.41
Suy ra n c th c cc gi tr sau: 1588; 316; 43; 28.
ab +1
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b. 0; 12; 40
c. 12; 33; 48; 97; 176; 332; 565; 1728
Bi 3: Tm s t nhin n 1 sao cho tng 1! + 2! + 3! + + n! l mt s chnh
phng .
Vi n = 1 th 1! = 1 = 12 l s chnh phng .
Vi n = 2 th 1! + 2! = 3 khng l s chnh phng
Vi n = 3 th 1! + 2! + 3! = 1+1.2+1.2.3 = 9 = 32 l s chnh phng
Vi n 4 ta c 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! = 1+1.2+1.2.3+1.2.3.4 = 33 cn 5!; 6!; ; n!
u tn cng bi 0 do 1! + 2! + 3! + + n! c tn cng bi ch s 3 nn n
khng phi l s chnh phng .
Vy c 2 s t nhin n tha mn bi l n = 1; n = 3.
Bi 4: Tm n N cc s sau l s chnh phng:
a. n2 + 2004
( Kt qu: 500; 164)
b. (23 n)(n 3)
( Kt qu: 3; 5; 7; 13; 19; 21; 23)
c. n2 + 4n + 97
d. 2n + 15
Bi 5: C hay khng s t nhin n 2006 + n2 l s chnh phng.
Gi s 2006 + n2 l s chnh phng th 2006 + n2 = m2 (m N)
T suy ra m2 n2 = 2006 (m + n)(m - n) = 2006
Nh vy trong 2 s m v n phi c t nht 1 s chn (1)
Mt khc m + n + m n = 2m 2 s m + n v m n cng tnh chn l (2)
T (1) v (2) m + n v m n l 2 s chn
(m + n)(m - n) 4 Nhng 2006 khng chia ht cho 4
iu gi s sai.
Vy khng tn ti s t nhin n 2006 + n2 l s chnh phng.
Bi 6: Bit x N v x>2. Tm x sao cho x(x-1).x(x-1) = (x-2)xx(x-1)
2
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Bng php th ta thy ch c x = 7 tha mn bi, khi 762 = 5776
Bi 7: Tm s t nhin n c 2 ch s bit rng 2n+1 v 3n+1 u l cc s chnh
phng.
Ta c 10 n 99 nn 21 2n+1 199. Tm s chnh phng l trong khong
trn ta c 25; 49; 81; 121; 169 tng ng vi s n bng 12; 24; 40; 60; 84.
S 3n+1 bng 37; 73; 121; 181; 253. Ch c 121 l s chnh phng.
Vy n = 40
Bi 8: Chng minh rng nu n l s t nhin sao cho n+1 v 2n+1 u l cc s
chnh phng th n l bi s ca 24.
V n+1 v 2n+1 l cc s chnh phng nn t n+1 = k2 , 2n+1 = m2 (k, m N)
Ta c m l s l m = 2a+1 m2 = 4a (a+1) + 1
2
4a (a +1)
n = m 1 =
= 2a(a+1)
Ta c k2 + m2 = 3n + 2 2 (mod3)
Mt khc k2 chia cho 3 d 0 hoc 1, m2 chia cho 3 d 0 hoc 1.
Nn k2 + m2 2 (mod3) th k2 1 (mod3)
m2 1 (mod3)
m2 k2 3 hay (2n+1) (n+1) 3 n 3 (2)
M (8; 3) = 1 (3)
T (1), (2), (3) n 24.
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C.DNG 3: TM S CHNH PHNG
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Ta c 1000 abcd 9999 10 y 21 v y chnh phng y = 16
abcd = 4096
Bi 5: Tm mt s chnh phng gm 4 ch s sao cho ch s cui l s nguyn
t, cn bc hai ca s c tng cc ch s l mt s chnh phng.
Gi s phi tm l abcd vi a, b, c, d nguyn v 1 a 9 ; 0 b,c,d 9
abcd chnh phng d { 0,1,4,5,6,9}
d nguyn t d = 5
t abcd = k2 < 10000 32 k < 100
k l mt s c hai ch s m k2 c tn cng bng 5 k tn cng bng 5
Tng cc ch s ca k l mt s chnh phng k = 45
abcd = 2025
Vy s phi tm l 2025
Bi 6: Tm s t nhin c hai ch s bit rng hiu cc bnh phng ca s v
vit s bi hai ch s ca s nhng theo th t ngc li l mt s chnh phng
Gi s t nhin c hai ch s phi tm l ab ( a,b N, 1 a,b 9 )
S vit theo th t ngc li ba
2
2
Ta c ab - ba = ( 10a + b ) 2 ( 10b + a )2 = 99 ( a2 b2 ) 11 a2 - b2 11
Hay ( a-b )(a+b ) 11
V 0 < a - b 8 , 2 a+b 18 nn a+b 11 a + b = 11
2
2
Khi ab - ba = 32 . 112 . (a - b)
2
2
ab - ba l s chnh phng th a - b phi l s chnh phng do a-b = 1
hoc a - b = 4
Nu a-b = 1 kt hp vi a+b = 11 a = 6, b = 5, ab = 65
Khi 652 562 = 1089 = 332
Nu a - b = 4 kt hp vi a+b = 11 a = 7,5 ( loi )
Vy s phi tm l 65
Bi 7: Cho mt s chnh phng c 4 ch s. Nu thm 3 vo mi ch s ta
cng c mt s chnh phng. Tm s chnh phng ban u
( Kt qu: 1156 )
Bi 8: Tm s c 2 ch s m bnh phng ca s y bng lp phng ca tng
cc ch s ca n.
Gi s phi tm l ab vi a,b N v 1 a 9 , 0 b 9
2
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Theo gi thit ta c : ab = ( a + b )3
(10a+b)2 = ( a + b )3
ab l mt lp phng v a+b l mt s chnh phng
t ab = t3 ( t N ) , a + b = l 2 ( l N )
V 10 ab 99 ab = 27 hoc ab = 64
Nu ab = 27 a + b = 9 l s chnh phng
Nu ab = 64 a + b = 10 khng l s chnh phng loi
Vy s cn tm l ab = 27
Bi 9: Tm 3 s l lin tip m tng bnh phng l mt s c 4 ch s ging
nhau.
Gi 3 s l lin tip l 2n-1, 2n+1, 2n+3 ( n N)
Ta c A= ( 2n-1 )2 + ( 2n+1)2 + ( 2n+3 )2 = 12n2 + 12n + 11
Theo bi ta t 12n2 + 12n + 11 = aaaa = 1111.a vi a l v 1 a 9
12n( n + 1 ) = 11(101a 1 )
101a 1 3 2a 1 3
V 1 a 9 nn 1 2a-1 17 v 2a-1 l nn 2a 1 { 3; 9; 15 }
a { 2; 5; 8 }
V a l a = 5 n = 21
3 s cn tm l 41; 43; 45
Bi 10: Tm s c 2 ch s sao cho tch ca s vi tng cc ch s ca n
bng tng lp phng cc ch s ca s .
ab (a + b ) = a3 + b3
10a + b = a2 ab + b2 = ( a + b )2 3ab
3a( 3 + b ) = ( a + b ) ( a + b 1 )
a + b v a + b 1 nguyn t cng nhau do
a + b = 3a
hoc
a + b 1 = 3a
a +b1=3+b
a+b=3+b
a=4,b=8
hoc
a=3,b=7
Vy ab = 48 hoc ab = 37.
... Ht .
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