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vn
Chuyn i s 9
dy s c quy lut
*******************
Ch : C bn cch thng thng lm loi ton ny
- Cch 1 : Truy ton
- Cch 2 : Phn tch nh gi s hng tng
qut
- Cch 3 : Dng quy np ton hc
- Cch 4 : a v tnh ngim ca mt phng
trnh
- Cch 5 : Vn dng tng hp cc cch hc
V d 1 : Cho A = 2 + 2 + 2 +... + 2 c 100 du
cn
Chng minh A khng phi l mt s t nhin
Gii :
D thy A > 1 .Sau y ta chng minh A < 2
Tht vy

2+ 2 <

2+ 2 = 4 = 2

2+ 2+ 2 <

2+ 2 = 4 = 2

.....

A = 2 + 2 + 2 +... + 2 <

2+ 2 = 4 = 2

Do vy ta c 1 < A < 2 , chng t A N

( dpcm )
Cch gii ny thng c gi l truy ton
V d 2 : Rt gn dy tnh sau

1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ... +
1+ 2
2+ 3
3+ 4
n 1 + n
Vi n l s t nhin ln hn 1
Gii :
Xt s hng tng qut

1
1
n n 1
=
=
= n n 1
n

n
+
1
n 1 + n
n + n 1
Vy :

1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ... +
1+ 2
2+ 3
3+ 4
n 1 + n

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Trang 2
=
=

( 2 1) + ( 3 2) + ( 4 3) + ... + ( n n 1)
n 1
Nh vy c cho n mt gi tr c th ta li c mt bi

ton
Cch gii ny gi l cch phn tch nh gi s
hng tng qut
V d 3 : Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n ta
u c
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+...
< 2
2 1 3 2
4 3
5 4
( n +1) n
Gii :
Xt s hng tng qut ta c :

1
n
1 1
1
1
1 1
=
= n
=
n
+

(n + 1) n (n + 1)n
n n + 1
n n+1 n n+1
<

1 1
1
2 1
1
1
n
+

=
n
.

n n
n +1
n n
n +1
n

=
=

2
2

n
n +1

. T y tip tc gii bi ton d

dng
V d 4 :

Tnh gi tr ca biu thc

B = 5 + 13 + 5 + 13 + 5 + 13 + ....
Trong cc du chm c ngha l lp i lp li
cch vit cn thc c cha 5 v 13 mt cch v hn ln
Gii :
Nhn xt B > 2
Ta thy :

B 2 = 5 + 13 + 5 + 13 + 5 + 13 + ....
( B2 5 )2 = 13 + B

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B4 10 B2 + 25 = 13 + B
B4 10 B2 B + 12 = 0
B4 9 B2 B2 + 9 B + 3 = 0
B2 ( B 3 )( B + 3 ) ( B 3)( B + 3) ( B 3) = 0
( B 3)[ B2( B + 3) ( B + 3) 1 ] = 0
( B 3)[ ( B + 3)( B2 1 ) 1 ] = 0
V B > 2 nn B2 1 > 3 v B + 3 > 4 nn ( B + 3)
( B2 1) 1 > 11
do B 3 = 0 . Vy B = 3
Trang 3
Cch gii ca v d 4 gi l a v tnh ngim
ca mt phng trnh
V d 5 :

Tnh gi tr ca biu thc

C = 1+

1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
+
+
1
+
+
+
1
+
+
+
...
+
1
+
+
12 22
22 32
32 42
992 1002
Gii :

Xt s hng tng qut : 1 +

nguyn

dng , ta c
2

1
1
+
vi k l s
2
k
( k +1) 2

:
2

1
1
1
2 1
1+ 2 +
=
1
+
+

=
k (k + 1)2
k
k
+
1

1 1
1 1 1 1
=1 + +
+
2

1. 2
2
1
k
k
+
1
k
k
k
+
1
k
+
1

V :

k +11 k
1 1 1 1
2 1. 2 .
1 = 2.
= 0
2
k
k
k
+
1
k
+
1
k
(
k
+
1)

1
1
1
1
Vy : 1 + 2 +
=
1
+

k (k + 1) 2 k (k + 1)
Nn :

1+

p dung vo bi

1
1
1
1
1
1
+
=
1
+

=
1
+

k 2 ( k + 1) 2
k (k + 1)
k k +1

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1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1

C = 1 + + 1 + + 1 + + ... + 1 +

1 2 2 3 3 4
99 100
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1
= 99 + + + + ... +
= 100
= 99,99
1 2 2 3 3 4 4
99 100
100
V d 6 : Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n ta
u c

4 + 4 + 4 +... + 4

< 3

Gii :
Ta chng minh bng quy np ton hc
Vi n = 1 ta c D1 =
4 = 2 < 3 ng
Trang 4
Gi s bi ton ng vi n = k , tc l ta c :

Bk = 4 + 4 + 4 +... + 4
1 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4
3

< 3 l ng

Ta c/m bi ton cng ng vi n = k + 1

Bk +1 = 4 + 4 + 4 + ... + 4
1 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4
3

4 + Bk

k +1

V Bk < 3 ( Gi thit quy np ) , nn Bk+1 =

4 + Bk <

4+ 3 < 3
Vy bi ton ng vi n = k + 1 . Do bi ton ng
vi mi n
V d 7 : Cho biu thc

A=

2 2 + 2 + 2 +... + 2
2 2 + 2 + 2 +... + 2
trn t c 100 du cn , di mu c 99 du

cn .
Chng minh

A >

Gii :

1
4

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t : a =
n
cn

an2 = 2 + an 1

Ta c :

Vy : A =

c biu thc c n du

2 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2

2 a100
2 a100
=
2
2
2 (a100
2) 4 a100

Sau y ta c/m
Ta c a1 =

a100

2 a100
2 a99
2 a100
1
=
=
( 2 a100 ) ( 2 + a100 ) 2 + a100

an 1 = an2 2

A=

< 2 bng truy ton

2 < 2 ng

a2 = 2 + 2 = 2 + a1

<

a3 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 + a2 <

2+ 2 = 4 = 2
2+ 2 = 4 = 2

.....

a100 = 2 + a99

< 2
Trang 5

Vy :
>

a100 + 2

< 2 + 2 = 4 , nn :

1
2 + a100

1
4

1
( dpcm )
4
Bi ton trn gii bng vn dng tng hp cc
kin thc hc

T A >

V d 8 : Chng minh rng :

2 3 4 5 6 .... 2003 2004

< 3

Gii :
t :
k

ak = k (k + 1) (k + 2) ..... (n 1) n

Vi n >

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v n v k l nhng s nguyn dng . Ta chng minh

ak < k +1

Phn chng :
Gi s

ak k + 1

th theo cch t trn ta c :

ak2
2
2
m ak ( k +1)
ak = k .ak +1 a = k .ak +1 ak +1 =
k
ak2 (k +1) 2 k 2 + 2k +1 k 2 + 2k
nn ak +1 =

=
>
= k +2
k
k
k
k
2
k

vi mi s nguyn dng k , tc l
ng .

iu ny v l . Vy

ak < k + 1

l ng .

Do

a2 < 3

2002 2003 > 2003 phi

ak k + 1

l sai . Vy

. Ta c iu phi chng minh .

V d 9 : Tm ngim t nhin ca phng trnh

x + 2 x + 2 x + 2 x + .... + 2 x + 2 3 x = x
Gii :
D thy x = 0 l mt ngim
Nu x = 1 , ta c :

Trang 6

1 + 2 1 + 2 1 + ... + 2 1 + 2 3.1 > 1 + 2 = 3 > 1

Vy x = 1 khng phi l ngim ca phng trnh
Nu x = 2 , ta c :

2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + ... + 2 2 + 2 6 > 2 + 2 = 2
Vy x = 2 khng phi l ngim ca phng trnh
Nu x = 3 , xt cn trong cng ta c :

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2 x + 2 3 x do x = 3 nn
2 x + 2 3x = 2 3 + 2 3.3 = 2 9 = 6
Cn tip theo s l :

2 x + 2 x + 2 3 x = 2 3 + 2 3 + 2 3.3 = 2 3 + 6 = 6
v qu trnh nh vy c lp li cho n cn ngoi cng , ta
c :

3 + 2.3 = 3

ng . Vy x = 3 l mt ngim ca

phng trnh
Nu x > 3 , th

x + 2 x + 2 x + 2 x + ... + 2 x + 2 3 x = x
x 2 = x + 2 x + 2 x + 2 x + ... + 2 x + 2 3 x
x2 = x + 2x
x2 3x = 0
x = 0 hoc x = 3
Nhng do x > 3 nn trong trng hp ny phng trnh
v ngim
Vy phng trnh ch c hai ngim l 0 v 3

Trang 7
Bi tp luyn tp
dy tnh c quy lut
Bi 1 : Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau

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a ) A = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ...

v hn du cn

b)

v hn du cn

B = 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + ...

Bi 2 : Chng minh rng :

a) C=

6 + 6 + 6 + ... + 6 < 3
1 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4
3
n

b) D=

6 + 3 6 + 3 6 +... + 3 6 < 2
1 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4
3
n

Bi tp 3 : Dng quy np ton hc chng minh rng :

Tn = a 2 + a 2 + a 2 + ... + a 2 a + 1 ; Vi n Z+
1 4 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4 4
3
n

Bi tp 4 : Chng minh rng

1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ... +
<1
2 1+1 2 3 2 + 2 3 4 3 + 3 4
( n + 1) n + n n + 1
vi mi s nguyen dng n
Bi 5 : Chng minh rng vi mi n nguyn dng v n >
1 , ta u c

2 n 3 <

1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ... +
< 2 n 2
2
3
4
n

Bi 6 : Rt gn cc biu thc sau

1
1
1
1
+
+
+ .... +
a ) A=
1+ 4
4+ 7
7 + 10
97 + 100
b)

B=

1
1
1
1

+
.... +
2 3
3 4
4 5
100 101

Bi 7 : Chng minh rng

S =1 +

1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+... +
2
3
4
5
100

khng phi l mt s t nhin .

Trang 8
Bi 8 : Dng quy np ton hc chng minh rng :

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1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+... +
n , vi mi n
1
2
3
4
n
Z+
Bi 9 : Cho 100 s :

a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 ,...., a100 l 100 s t

nhin sao
cho ta c :

1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+ ... +
= 20
a1
a2
a3
a4
a100
Chng minh rng tn ti t nht hai s bng nhau
Bi 10 : Chng minh bt ng thc

1
1
1
1
2001
+
+
+ ... +
<
3(1 + 2) 5( 2 + 3) 7( 3 + 4)
4003( 2001 + 2002) 2003
Bi 11 : Chng minh rng :

1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
...
+
<
12 + 22 22 + 32 32 + 42
20022 + 20032 2

Bi 12 : Chng minh rng :

3 8 15
n 2 1
+ + + ... + 2
4 9 16
n

, n N v n > 1 khng

phi l
mt s nguyn .
Bi 13 :
a ) Chng minh rng n Z+ ta u c

1 < n +1

n +1
1
<1+
n
n(n +1)

b ) p dng chng minh

2007 < 2 + 3

3 44 55
2008
+
+
+ .... + 2008
< 2008
2
3
4
2007

Bi 14 : Tm ngim nguyn ca phng trnh

x + x + x + x +... + x = z
1 4 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4 43
y

v tri c y du cn