SKKN Viet AP Dung NG Thanh Nhan

nh l Vi-et v ng dng Nguyn Thanh Nhn
TI
NH L VI-ET
V
NG DNG
THPT PHAN BI CHU BNH DNG
1
PHN M U
1) L do chn ti:
Nh chng ta bit, Ton hc c vai tr rt quan trng trong
nghin cu khoa hc v i sng x hi. Vic ging dy v hc tp
lnh hi c kin thc Ton mt cch vng vng i hi ngi dy v
hc phi c mt s u t cng phu v ng phng php. Kin thc
Toan cn phi trinh bay va nm bt mt cch c h thng.
V chu inh ly Vi-et va ng dung , ti thy a co nhiu tac gia
vit va xut ban , nhng a phn chi la mt ng dung ring le vao mt
dang bai tp nao o. Cha thy tai liu nao vit di dang chu ring
v inh ly Vi-et. iu o thi thuc ti vit tai nay nhm muc ich h
thng lai hoan chinh hn.
Bn thn sau mt s nm ging dy mn Ton c rt ra nhn xt l hc
sinh thng nm kin thc Ton mt cch cc b ch khng h thng
c kin thc. Cc em thng t thy c mi quan h gia cc vn
ton hc vi nhau. Chnh v th nn khi gp cc vn ton c cng
bn cht nhng pht biu dng khc th hc sinh thng t ra lng
tng v b tc.
Ti xin a ra y v d . C ln ti cho hc sinh gii bi tp sau:
Tm m hm s
2
2 3 ) 2 (
2
+
+ + + +
x
m x m x
y c cc tr v khong cch
gia hai im cc tr bng 5.
2
Hc sinh sau khi biu din ta cc tr theo nghim ca y, tnh
khong cch bng 5, a s cc em u c gng gii tm nghim x
1
;x
2
ca y ri dung cng thc khoang cach. Li gii theo hng thng
rt cng knh khi nghim y cha cn thc, nn tnh ton s rt kh
khn v thng l tht bi.
Tuy nhin nu cc em bit s dng nh l Vi-et a v tng v tch
th n gin bit my. Nh th cc em khng thy c NG
DUNG ca nh l Vi-et trong trng hp ny.
Qua qu trnh ging dy v nghin cu , ti thy ng dng ca
nh l Vi-et l rt phong ph, n xut hin trong nhiu dng ton c
lin quan ti nghim ca phng trnh a thc. V th ti quyt nh
chn ti :
NH L VI-ET V NG DNG.
Nhm h thng li cc dng ton c lin quan ti tnh cht
nghim ca phng trnh a thc. ti cp ti nhiu dng bi tp,
mi dng c s lng bi tp phong ph, cho hc sinh c iu kin
nhn ra bn cht ca tng dng. Qua ti ny , hi vng mang n
cho hc sinh ci nhn t nhiu pha ca nh l Vi-et, cng nh thy
c vai tr to ln ca n trong b mn Ton.
2) Mc ch nghin cu ti:
Bn thn hng nm c tham gia bi dng hc sinh gii Ton
trong nh trng cng nh tham gia luyn thi i hc. Ti c gng c
rt, xu chui ton b kin thc m bn thn thu thp c thnh mt
ch v nh l Vi-et. Mong mun n c th gii quyt c mt lp
cc bi tp in hnh ca chng trnh bi dng hc sinh gii v
chng trnh thi i hc.
3
Cc v d minh ha y cng c rt ra ch yu t hai k thi ,
mt s th d do bn thn sng to ra. Mong mun ti c th n vi
ng o hc sinh, nhm gip cc em t kt qu cao trong cc k thi
sp ti.
Qua ti ny c th gip hc sinh c nhiu phng php gii cc
dng bi tp c lin quan ti nghim ca phng trnh.
Vic nghin cu ti gip ti c mt ti liu mang tinh h thng v
nh l Vi-et, phc v cho cng tc ging dy v bi dng ca mnh.
Qua nghin cu ti , gip ti t tin hn trong cng tc ging dy.
Mt mc ch na ca vic nghin cu ti l bn thn mong
mun c nhiu iu kin giao lu, hc hi , trao i chuyn mn vi
bn b ng nghip.
3)Nhim v ca vic nghin cu ti:
Qu trnh nghin cu ti bn thn trau di thm kin thc
chuyn mn v nghip v. Cch thc thc hin mt ti khoa hc l
nh th no. C iu kin trao i nhiu hn vi thy c trong t
Ton v cc vn Ton. Quan trng hn na l a ti cho hc sinh
mt s dng bi tp c ng dng cao trong cc k thi, gip cc em c
kt qu tt hn.
ti m tc gi thc hin vi nhim v l gip hc sinh ci tin
phng php hc tp. Bit quan tm ti bn cht Ton hc trong mi
pht biu. Cch trnh by ca ti t mc d n kh, nhm tng
bc gip hc sinh nng cao v kin thc v k nng ca mnh.
4
ti khi c cng b, n phi gip hc sinh nm vng hn v cc
ng dng ca nh l Vi-et. Lm tt hn cc dng bi tp m cc th h
hc sinh trc ang cn lng tng v b tc.
Mt nhim v na ca ti m tc gi thy cn thit l a n
cho hc sinh kh , gii mt ti liu b ch, c cht lc mt cch cng
phu. Qua ti ny, cc em c th tm thy cho minh nhiu v d th
v.
4)Phng php nghin cu ti:
4.1) Phng php tip cn vn :
ti ny c tc gi p t nhng nm 2007 sau mt thi gian
tham gia ging dy. T n nay, tc gi tip cn vi nhiu kha
hc tr, tip cn vi nhiu thi i hc v hc sinh gii , t rt ra
c nhiu ni dung hn, c s nh gi ngy cng ton din hn. Qua
phn tch v gii thi, gip tc gi c c nhiu v d dn chng cho
dng bi tp m mnh a ra. T ti c ni dung phong ph hn.
ti c trnh by theo cc vn t mc d n kh hn. T
dn dt hc sinh c th lnh hi c dn cc ni dung kh.
Cc kin thc Ton , c bit l cc nh l v b , tc gi u c
gng trnh by php chng minh. Xem l kin thc c s cho ni
dung ang xt ti. Vi cch trnh by , hc sinh s khng cm thy
n nhn kin thc mt cch gng p, theo kiu cng nhn. Cc em
c th t t tip cn vn mt cch t nhin.
V t tng ca ti l lm cho hc sinh thy r c s, bn cht Ton
hc trong mi vn nn ngi vit lun a ra cac binh lun sau mi
vi du va cac bai tp nghi sau mi dang.
4.2) Phng php phn tch , bnh lun:
5
Trc khi i vao mi dang , tac gia thng a ra nhng phn
tich cua minh v cac vn thng gp cua dang o. Khai quat
phng phap giai cung nh chi ra cac vic cn lam khi giai. Hoc sinh
se bc u hinh dung c ni dung phng phap giai tng quat cua
vn minh ang gp.
Qua cc v d , tc gi thng c cc bnh lun v dng bi tp ,
t hc sinh c th thy r bn cht ca vn mnh ang gp phi.
Thy c tnh c th cng nh tng qut trong mi bi ton.
Qua mi bnh lun tc gi mun trao i vi ngi c v phng
php gii, cch suy ngh no i ti li gii nh th. Thy c tnh
tng t ha trong cc bi ton khc nhau.
Mt khi nm c bn cht, hc sinh c th lm c cc bi tp
tng t , cng nh c th sng to ra cc bi ton khc t bi ton
gc.
4.3) Phng php tng hp, h thng hoa:
y c l l phng php ch o ca ti. Ni dung ti
c phn chia thnh nhiu dng Ton, l qu trnh tng hp nhng
kin thc t nhiu ngun ti liu v t bn thn rt ra.
Cc dng bi tp a ra cng mc kha tr ln, nn i hi
nhiu qu trnh suy lun v tng hp l i gii .
V ni dung ti xuyn sut c mt vn Ton hc kh rng , nn
i hi ngi vit phi c s chun b kh lu di v mt thi gian (
tng hnh thnh), v khi vit ra cn phi tng hp cc kin thc li
thnh ch thng nht.
Cac chu khac nhau c h thng hoa theo mt b cuc cht che
theo hai mang ln la inh ly Vi-et bc hai va tng quat.
6
c qua ti ta thy cc vn Ton hc cp ti y u gn trn
ci ct sng l nh l Vi-et. Tc gi c gng tng hp cc vn
Ton hc c cng bn cht .
5) Phm vi nghin cu:
ti ch yu nghin cu v lnh vc i s m trng tm l
nghim ca a thc. Cc vn v Dy s, S hc, Bt ng thc ,
Lng gic v H phng trnh cng c cp trong cc dng ton
lin quan.
Gii tch c cp ti v vn cc tr v tip tuyn ca th hm
s. Tt c cc vn trn c mt mi quan h cht ch v mt phng
php gii quyt l s dng ti nh l Vi-et. T cho thy mi
quan h thng nht gia cc ch ton hc.
Phm vi kin thc m ti cp n ch yu l cc k thi tuyn
sinh ai hoc , cao ng cng nh l k thi hc sinh gii. y l nhng
k thi quan trng din ra hng nm.
Cc kin thc a ra trong ny hon ton l ton s cp, iu ph
hp vi chng trnh Ton ph thng.
6) Mt vi trn tr khi thc hin ti.
y l ti m tc gi rt tm c. N c hnh thnh t my
nm v trc. Qua trinh giang dy , thy r nh l Vi-et c rt nhiu
ng dng trong cc bi tp. V th n lun thi thc tc gi vit ra
thnh mt vn c th v c tnh h thng v nh l Vi-et.
Trng Phan Bi Chu ni ti ang dy l mt trng vng su,
vng xa. Trnh hc sinh y ni chung l con thp, c bit cac
7
em thng hoc yu Toan. Phn ln cc em li cha thc s c nim
am m v Ton.
Do ti lun trn tr liu ti ca mnh vit ra c c chnh hc
tr ca mnh n nhn v c gip cho cc em hc tt hn v Ton
khng ?.
Hi vng bng nhng kinh nghim ca bn thn, s gp phn nh
c th ci tin phong tro bi dng hc sinh gii v luyn thi i
hc, cao ng trong nh trng.
8
NI DUNG TI
PHN TH NHT
www.VNMATH.com
GII THIU V NH L VI-ET
I- NH L VI-ET CA PHNG TRNH BC
HAI:
nh l Vi-et hc sinh c hc t lp 9, gm c nh l thun v nh
l o. nh l cho ta mi quan h gia cc nghim ca phng trnh
bc hai v cc h s ca n.
nh l :
Nu phng trnh bc hai 0
2
+ + c bx ax (
0 a
) c hai nghim x
1
; x
2
th
tng v tch ca chng l:
a
c
x x
a
b
x x
+
2 1 2 1
. ;
.Ngc li nu c hai
s x
1
; x
2
tha mn :
x
1
+x
2
=S; x
1
.x
2
=P
th x
1
;x
2
l nghim ca phng trnh t
2
St +P =0.

iu ng ni trong nh l ny l trong khi gii ton , ta c th khng
quan tm ti gi tr ca x
1
v x
2
m

ch cn bit tng v tch ca chng.
T ta c nhng biu din cn thit .
II- NH L VI-ET TNG QUT:
9
nh l:
Cho phng trnh bc n :
a
n
x
n
+a
n-1
x
n-1
+...+ a
1
x +a
0
= 0 (1) vi
0
n
a
.
Nu phng trnh c n nghim x
1
;x
2
;... ;x
n
th ta c :
'

+ + +
+ + + +
n
n
n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
a
a
x x x
a
a
x x x x x x
a
a
x x x x
0
2 1
2
1 3 2 2 1
1
3 2 1
) 1 ( ...
..... .......... .......... .......... ..........
...
...
(I)
Ngc li nu c cc s x
1 ;
x
2
;...x
n
tha mn h (I) th chng l nghim
ca phng trnh (1)
10
PHN TH HAI
NG DNG CA NH L VI-ET
I-NG DNG NH L VI-ET BC HAI:
1) DNG 1: BIU THC LN H GIA HAI NGHIM
Phn tich:
Trong khi lam cac bai tp dang nay, hoc sinh cn lu y s tn tai
nghim cua phng trinh, sau o biu din cac biu thc qua
1 2
x x +
va
1 2
x x
co th s dung inh ly Vi-et. Cac hng ng thc hay dung la:
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a b ab + +
;
3 3 3
( ) 3 ( ) a b a b ab a b + + +
V d 1:
Tm m phng trnh:
0 1 4 ) 1 ( 4 3
2 2
+ + + m m x m x
(1) c hai
nghim phn bit x
1;
x
2
tha mn:
) (
2
1 1 1
2 1
2 1
x x
x x
+ +
Gii
Trc ht iu kin phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit khc 0 l:
0 ) 1 4 ( 3 ) 1 ( 4
2 2 '
> + m m m
.
Gii c
3 2 < m
hoc
3 2 + > m
va 2 3 m t .
Theo nh l Vi-et ta c :
3
) 1 4 (
. ;
3
) 1 ( 4
2
2 1 2 1
+

+
m m
x x
m
x x .
Li c biu thc ban u c a v l :
2 .
2 1
2 1
2 1
x x
x x
x x +
+
(*)
11
Thay tng v tch cc nghim vo (*) ta c:

0
) 1 4 ( 3
) 5 4 )( 1 ( 2
0 )
2
1
1 4
3
(
3
) 1 ( 4
2
2
2

+

+
m m
m m m
m m
m
Ta c m=1; m=-1; m=5. Kt hp iu kin ta nhn c m=1; m=5.
V d 2: Xt phng trnh:
4 2 2
2( 2) 5 3 0 x m m + + + (1) m l tham
s.
1) Chng minh rng phng trnh lun c 4 nghim phn bit vi mi
m.
2) Gi cc nghim l
1 2 3 4
, , , x x x x
. Hy tnh theo m gi tr ca biu
thc:
M=
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1
x x x x
+ + +
.
Gii:
1) t x
2
= y ( y
0 ) Pt (1) tr thnh:

2 2 2
2( 2) 5 3 0 y m y m + + +
(2)

2 2 2
4 2 2
4 2
2 2 2
2 2
( 2) (5 3)
4 4 5 3
1
1 1 3
( ) 2 .
2 4 4
1 3
( )
2 4
m m
m m m
m m
m m
m
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
+
Do
m > , 0
nn phng trnh (2) lun c hai nghim phn bit.
Theo nh l Vi-et ta c:

2
2
1 2
2( 2)
2( 2)
1
b m
S y y m
a
+
+ + >0,
m

2
1 2
. 5 3
c
P y y m
a
+
>0,
m
12
2
, 2 2
( 2) (5 3) m m 1 + +
]
1 2
, y y
cng dng.
Vy (2) lun c hai nghim dng phn bit nn (1) lun c 4 nghim
phn bit.
2) Theo kt qu trn ta c
1 2 3 4
, , , 0 x x x x

Vy
1 1 2 1
, x y x y
,
3 2 4 2
, x y x y
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
M
y y y y
+ + +

=
2 1
2 2
y y
+
=
2 1
2 1
) ( 2
y y
y y
+
+
Thay kt qu S v P vo M ta c:

2 2
2 2
2.2( 2) 4( 2)
5 3 5 3
m m
M
m m
+ +

+ +
Kt lun:
2
2
4( 2)
5 3
m
M
m
+
+
V d 3 :
Cho phng trnh x
2
- ax + a - 1 = 0 c hai nghim
1 2
, x x

a) Khng gii phng trnh hy tnh gi tr biu thc
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2 2 1
3 3 3 x x
M
x x x x
+
+
b) Tm a tng bnh phng hai nghim t GTNN ?
Gii:
a) Ta c:
2
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 ( ) 2 1
3( 1)
( ) ( )
x x x x
x x
M
x x x x x x x x
1 +
+
]

+ +
1 2 1 2
; . 1 S x x a P x x a +
Vy
[ ]
2
3 2( 1) 1
3 ( 1)( 1) 2( 1)
( 1) ( 1)
a a
a a a
M
a a a a
1
+
]

13

2 2
3( 1) 3( 1) 3( 1)
( 1) ( 1)
a a a
a a a a a

(K : 0, 1 a a )
b) Ta c
1 2
S x x a +
(1)

1 2
. 1 P x x a
(2)
t A= x
1
2
+x
2
2
=(x
1
+x
2
)
2
-2x
1
x
2
= a
2
-2a+2= (a-1)
2

+1 1
v A=1 khi a=1.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca A l 1 khi a=1.
V d 4:
( thi HSG lp 9 thnh ph HCM nm hc 2003- 2004)
(4)
a) Tm m phng trnh
2 2
2 2 2 0 x mx m + +
c hai nghim
phn bit
b) Gi x
1
; x
2
l hai nghim ca n, tm GTLN ca biu thc:

1 2 1 2
2 4 A x x x x + +
.
Gii:
a) Ta c:
, 2 2 2
2( 2) 4 m m m + .
Phng trnh c hai nghim khi v ch khi:
0 4 '
2
> m
2 2 < < m
b) Theo nh l Vi-et ta c :

2
1 2 1 2
2
;
2
m
x x m x x

+
Vy
1 2 1 2
2 4 ( 2)( 3) A x x x x m m + + +
=
( ) ( ) m 2 m 3 +
,v m
(-2;2)
Do
2 2
1 25 25
( 2)(3 ) 6 ( )
2 4 4
A m m m m m + + + +
Vy GTLN ca A l
25
4
khi v ch khi
2
1
m
.
V d 5:
14
Cho a thc
1 12 2 4 ) (
2 3 4
+ + x x x x x f
c cc nghim l i
x
;
4 , 1 i
.
Hy tnh tng sau:
2 2
2
4
1
) 1 (
1 2
i
i
i
x
x
S
.
Gii:
Ta vit li :
8 9 ) 2 ( 6 ) 2 ( ) (
2 2 2
+ + + x x x x x f

8 ) 3 2 (
2 2
+ x x
+
+ +
) 2 ( 0 8 3 2
) 1 ( 0 8 3 2
2
2
x x
x x
.
Gi cc nghim ca (1) l
2 1
; x x
; cc nghim ca (2) l 4 3
; x x
.
Ta c :
2 2
) 1 (
1 2
) 1 (
1 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
+
+
x
x
x
x
S
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1 2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1 2
+
+
+
+
+
x x
x
x x
x
=
) 8 4 ( ) 1 (
1 2
) 8 4 ( ) 1 (
1 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1

+
+

+
x
x
x
x
[ ]
1
]
1

+ + +
2
2 1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 )( 1 2 (
) 8 4 (
1
x x
x x x x
[ ]
1
]
1
+
+ + + + +
2
2 1 2 1
1
2
1
2
2 2
2
2
2
1
) 1 (
) 1 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 2 )( 1 2 (
) 8 4 (
1
x x x x
x x x x x x
[ ]
1
]
1
+
+ + + + +
2
2 1 2 1
2 1
2
2
2
1 2 1 2 1
2
2
2
1
) 1 (
2 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 4
) 8 4 (
1
x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x
.
p dng nh l Vi-et ta c:
2
2 1
+ x x
;
8 3
2 1
+ x x
.
Thay vo biu thc trn ta c:
8
8 22 80
8 4
1
1
+
+
S
.
Thc hin vic tnh ton tng t i vi phng trnh (2) ta c :
2
9
2 1
+ S S S
.
Bi tp tng t:
15
1) Cho phng trnh : 0
2
+ + m x x
a) Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim ngch o ca nhau.
b)Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:

) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
2
2 1
2
1
+ + + x x x x A
.
2) Cho hm s
m x x y + 4
2
.
Tm m sao cho th hm s ct trc honh ti hai im phn bit A,B
sao cho OA=3OB.
3) Tm m sao cho phng trnh:
0 1 ) 2 (
2 2
+ + + m x m x
c nghim tha
mn:
2 1
2
2
2
1
3 2 x x x x +
.
4)Tm m sao cho th hm s :
8 ) 4 ( 2
2 2 4
+ + + m x m x y
ct trc
honh ti 4 im phn bit A,B,C,D sao cho AB=BC=CD=DA.
5) Gi s x
1
; x
2
l cc nghim ca phng trnh : 0 1 5 2
2
+ x x . Hy
thit lp phng trnh bc hai c nghim l :
1
2
1
+ x
x
v
1
1
2
+ x
x
.
www.VNMATH.com
2) DNG 2: GII H I XNG KIU 1
Phn tich:
- H i xng hai n kiu 1 la h gm hai phng trinh , hai n,
trong o nu ta hoan i vai tro cac n trong tng phng trinh thi mi
phng trinh u khng thay i.
- giai h i xng kiu 1 bng cach s dung inh ly Vi-et, ta
thng biu din cac phng trinh qua tng va tich cua hai n o.
- Cac hng ng thc hay dung la:
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a b ab + +
;
3 3 3
( ) 3 ( ) a b a b ab a b + + +
4 4 2 2 2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a b a b + +
V d 1:
16
Gii h phng trnh:
'
+
+
35
30
y y x x
x y y x
Gii:
Ta t u=
x 0
; v=
y 0
, h tr thnh:
'
+
+
35
30
3 3
2 2
v u
uv v u
'
+ +
+
35 ) ( 3 ) (
30 ) (
3
v u uv v u
v u uv
.
Tip theo ta t
S=u+v; P=u.v (
) 4
2
P S
,
ta c h:
'
35 3
30
3
SP S
SP
'
125
30
3
S
SP
'
6
5
P
S
( tha mn).
Theo nh l Vi-et ta c u, v l nghim phng trnh:
t
2
-5t+6=0.
Gii c t=2; t=3.
Do
'
3
2
v
u
hoc
'
2
3
v
u
.
Dn n nghim ca h l(4;9); (9;4).
V d 2: Tm m h c nghim duy nht:
'
+ + +
+ +
) 2 ( 2 2
) 1 ( 2
2 2
m y x xy
m xy y x
.
Gii:
17
y l h i xng kiu 1.
Gi s (a;b) l nghim ca h th (b;a) cng l nghim ca h .
h c nghim duy nht th a=b.
Thay vo h ta c
'
+ +
+
2
1
2
3
m a a
m a
.
Tr v theo v phng trnh trn cho phng trnh di ta c
1 0 ) 1 )( 1 ( 0 1
2 2 3
t + + a a a a a a
.
T suy ra m=0 hoc m=-2.
Th li vi m=0 ta c h: .
4 2
2
2 2
'
+ +
+
y x xy
xy y x

t u= x+y; v=x.y (
) 4
2
v u
, ta c h :

.
4 2
2
'
u v
uv
'
1
2
v
u

Theo nh l Vi-et th x, y l nghim ca phng trnh:
t
2
-2t+1=0 , ta c t=1.
Vy h c nghim duy nht x=y=1.
Vi m=-2 ta c h: .
0 2
2
2 2
'
+ +
+
y x xy
xy y x
Bng cch t tng t ta c (u;v)=(2;-1) v (u;v)=(-2;1).
Do h khng c nghim duy nht.
Vy m=0 l gi tr cn tm.
V d 3:
18
Gii h phng trnh:
'
+
+ +
5
2 3
4 4
2 2
y x
y xy x
Gii:
Ta c x
4
+y
4
= (x
2
+y
2
)
2
-2x
2
y
2
. Nn t u=x
2
+y
2
; v=xy, ta c h tr
thnh
'

+
5 2
2 3
2 2
v u
v u
. Gii h c
'
2
3
v
u
(I) hoc l
'
+

2 3 6
2 4 9
v
u
.(II)
Vi h (I) th
'

+
2
3
2 2
xy
y x
'
+
2
3
2 2
2 2
y x
y x
.
Theo nh l Vi-et th x
2
; y
2
l nghim ca phng trnh t
2
-3t +2=0 ,
ta c t=1; t=2.
Th vo h ta c
'
<
0
2
1
2
2
xy
y
x
, hoc l
'
<
0
1
2
2
2
xy
y
x

Suy ra nghim (x; y) l (1; - 2 ); ( 1 ; 2 ) ; ( 2 ;-1); (- 2 ;1).
Trng hp kia dn n phng trnh bc hai v nghim.
V d 4:
Gii h phng trnh :
'

+ + + +
6 ) 1 )( 1 (
3 ) 1 )( 1 (
2 2
y x
y y x x
Gii:
19
Nhn cc biu thc v tri mi phng trnh, ri t u=x+y; v=xy, ta
a h cho v h sau:
'

+ + +
5
0 2
2 2
u v
v u uv v u

'

5
6
u v
uv
.
Dng phng php th ta c v=5+u, th vo phng trnh trn ta
c u(5+u) =-6
u
2
+5u +6 =0, gii c u =-3; u=-2.
Vi u=-3 th v= 2 , theo nh l Vi-et ta c u;v l nghim ca phng
trnh
t
2
+3t+2 =0, suy ra t=-1; t=-2. Vy h c nghim (-1;-2);(-2;-1).
Vi u=-2 th v==3 .
Theo nh l Vi-et th x,y l nghim ca phng trnh
t
2
+2t +3 =0.
Phng trnh ny v nghim. Vy h cho c hai nghim nh trn.
Bi tp tng t:
1) Gii h phng trnh :
a)
'
+
+ +
5
5
2 2
y x
xy y x
; b)
'
+
+
a y x
a y x
4 4
.
c)
'
+
+ +
6
) ( 3 ) ( 2
3
3
3
2
3
2
y x
x y y x y x
.
2) Tm a h :
'
+
+ +
8 3
2 2
a xy y x
a xy y x
c nghim.
3) Gi s (x;y) l nghim ca h :
20

'
+ +
+
3 2
1 2
2 2 2
a a y x
a y x
.
Xc nh a xy nh nht.
4) Gii v bin lun h phng trnh :
'
+
+
) (
1
3 3
y x m y x
y x
.
3) DNG 3: CHNG MINH BT NG THC
Phn tich:
inh ly Vi-et vn co th s dung chng minh bt ng thc. Tt nhin
y ta hiu la dung no bin i trung gian.
c th s dng nh l Vi-et, thng thng cc d kin ca bi ton
thng a v c di dng tng v tch cac n. Qua trinh chng
minh ta co th s dung inh ly v du cua tam thc bc hai, bt ng
thc c in, cac phep bin i tng ng
V d 1:
Cho x,y,z khc 0 v tha mn
xyz z y x + +
v
yz x
2
.
Chng minh rng:
.
3
2
x .
Gii:
T gi thit ta c:
'
+
2
3
x yz
x x z y
.
Theo nh l Vi-et th y,z l nghim ca phng trnh :
t
2
-( x x
3
)t+
2
x =0.
Do tn ti cc s y,z nn phng trnh trn phi c nghim .
Tc l:
] [ 0 4 ) 1 ( 0 4 ) ( 0
2 2 2 2 2 3
x x x x x
.
V
0 x
nn
] [ 0 4 ) 1 (
2 2
x

2 1
2 1
2
2
x
x
.
21
iu kin bt phng trnh th 2 khng th xy ra.
Vy 3
2
x .
V d 2: Cho cc s thc x,y,z tha mn: x+y+z=5 v xy+yz+zx= 8.
Chng minh rng
3
7
; ; 1 z y x
.
Gii:
T gi thit ta xem z l tham s, ta c h phng trnh n x,y :

'
'
+ +
+
) 5 ( 8
5
8 ) (
5
z z xy
z y x
y x z xy
z y x

Theo nh l Vi-et th x,y l nghim phng trnh:
t
2
-(5-z)t +8-z(5-z)=0.
Do phng trnh c nghim i vi x, y nn :

] [
3
7
1 . 0 ) 5 ( 8 4 ) 5 (
2
z z z z
Do vai tr bnh ng ca x,y,z nn ta c kt lun tng t i vi x v
y.
V d 3:
Tm nghim nguyn ca h phng trnh:
'
+ +
+ +
5
8
z y x
zx yz xy
.
Gii:
y la h co cu truc c bit. Do s n nhiu hn s phng trinh nn
ta cn giai theo phng phap c bit, o la anh gia.
22
Do vai tro binh ng cua cac n, ta co th anh gia mt n nao o,
chng han la n z.
Ta nh gi z nh sau. Xem h i xng hai n kiu 1 i vi x,y v z
l tham s. Ta vit li h:

'
'
+
+
'
+
+ +
z y x
z z xy
z y x
z z xy
z y x
z x y xy
5
) 5 ( 8
5
8 ) 5 (
5
8 ) (
.
iu kin h c nghim i vi x, y ta phi c:
(x+y)
2
4xy
3
7
1 0 7 10 3 ) 5 ( 4 32 ) 5 (
2 2
+ z z z z z z
.
V z nguyn nn ta c z=1; z=2. vi z=1 ta c x=y=2. vi z=2 ta
c (x;y)=(1;2) hoc (x;y)=(2;1). Vy h c nghim nguyn (x;y;z) l
(1;2;2); (2;2;1); (2;1;2).
Chu y:
Nu cac bai tp lin quan n vic chng minh cac bt ng thc gia
cac h s cua phng trinh, ta nhanh chong biu din cac h s o qua
cac nghim , ri chng minh bt ng thc gia cac nghim o.
V d 4 :
Cho tam thc bc hai f(x) = ax
2
+bx+c ( a khc 0) c hai nghim x
1
;x
2
thuc [0;1]. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc :
23

) (
) 2 )( (
c b a a
b a b a
A
+

.
Gii:
a
c
x x
a
b
x x
+
2 1 2 1
;
. Bin i biu thc A ta
c:
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
(1 )(2 )
(1 )(2 )
2
1 1
1
2
1
b b
x x x x x x x x
a a
A
b c
x x x x x x x x
a a
x x x x
x x x x

+ + + + + + +
+
+ + + + + +
+
+ + +
+
+ + +

+ + +
+ + +
+
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
1
1
2
x x x x
x x x x
3.
Li c vi b=-2a=-2c th A=3. Nn gi tr ln nht ca A l 3.
V d 5:
Cho phng trnh ax
2
+bx+c=0(1) vi a>0 c hai nghim x
1
;x
2
thuc
[ ) + ; 2
. Chng minh rng :
(2+
) 2 4 ( 2 ) 2 )( 4 ( c b a
a
c
b a + +
(1)
Gii:
V x
1
;x
2
l hai nghim ca (1) nn theo h thc Vi-et ta c:

a
c
x x
a
b
x x
+
2 1 2 1
;
.
Bin i bt ng thc (1) bng cch chia hai v cho a ta c:

) 2 4 ( 2 ) 2 )( 4 (
a
c
a
b
a
c
a
b
+ +

2
1
2 1
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2
2
) 2 )( 2 (
) 2 ( ) 2 (
) 2 2 4 ( 2 ) 2 )( 4 (
x x
x x
x x
x x x x x x x x
+
+ +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
.
2 2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
x x
x x
x x
x x
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
.
24
t
2
;
2
2 1
x
v
x
u
ta thu c bt ng thc quen thuc :

uv
v u
+
+
+
+
1
2
1
1
1
1
.
( co th chng minh bng bin i tng ng)
T ta c iu phi chng minh.
V d 6:
Ga s phng trnh ax
3
+(b-a)x
2
+(c-a)x-c=0(1), vi
0 a
c 3 nghim
l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng :
0
2
> +
+
b
a
b c a
b a
(2).
Gii:
D thy (1) c nghim x=1, h bc ta c: (x-1)(ax
2
+bx+c)=0.
Gi x
1
; x
2
l cc nghim ca phng trnh : ax
2
+bx+c=0.

a
c
x x
a
b
x x
+
2 1 2 1
;
.
Bin i (2) nh sau

0
1
2
> +
+
b
a
a
b
a
c
a
b
0
1
1
2
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1
>
+
+ + +
+ +
x x x x x x
x x

(2+x
1
+x
2
)(x
1
+x
2
)>(1+x
1
+x
2
+x
1
x
2
)
x
1
+x
2
-1+x
1
2
+x
2
2
+x
1
x
2
>0.
Bt ng thc cui ng v
;
1
x

;
2
x
1 l di ba cnh ca tam gic.
Bnh lun:
T cc biu thc i xng ca hai nghim, nu xut pht t mt s bt
ng thc quen thuc, ta c th sng to ra mt s bi ton mi.
1) Chng hn t bt ng thc :
25
b a b a +
+
4 1 1
, vi a>0;b>0.
Ta c th to ra bi ton sau:
Gi s phng trnh : 0
2
+ + c bx ax ( a
0
) c cc nghim dng
2 1
; x x
.
Chng minh rng :
b
a
c
b 4
.
2) Hay chng hn t bt ng thc :
) ( 3 ) (
2
ca bc ab c b a + + + +
,
ta c th a ra bi ton sau:
Chng minh rng nu phng trnh :
0
2 3
+ + + d cx bx ax (a
0
) c nghim
1
x
;
2
x
; 3
x
.
Chng minh rng: 0
3
2
2
a
ac b
.
3)Xut pht t cc bt ng thc:
Cho cc s thc dng a,b , ta c:
b a
a
b
b
a
+ +
2 2
3
3 3
2 2
) ( 4 b a
a
b
b
a
+ +
S dng cc kt qu trn ta c th c cc bi ton mi:
Gi s phng trnh bc hai: 0
2
+ + c bx ax vi a>0, c cc nghim
dng. Chng minh rng cc h s ca phng trnh tha mn:
i) ac b 3
2
.
ii)
3 3 2 3
4 ) 3 ( c a b abc
.
Bi tp tng t:
26
1) Bit rng a,b,c tha mn:
'
+ +
>
abc c b a
bc a
a
3
0
2
Chng minh rng:
3 a
; b>0; c>0;
2 2 2
2a c b + .
2) Bit rng a,b,c l ba s tha mn:
'
+ +
+ +
1
2
2 2 2
ca bc ab
c b a
Chng minh rng :
3
4
; ;
3
4
c b a
.
3) Cho
'
+
+
3
1
2 2
d c
b a
. Chng minh rng:
4
2 6 9 +
+ + cd bd ac S .
4) Cho
1 4
2
+ +bx ax
,
] 1 ; 1 [ x
. Tm GTLN ca biu thc:
D=8a
2
+6b
2
.
5) Cho a+b+c=0; a
2
+b
2
+c
2
=1. t
{ } c b a M , , max
;
{ } c b a m , , min
.
Chng minh rng:
4
1
. M m
.
6) Cho x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=1. Tm GTLN ca F=xy +yz +zx.
7) Xt cc s thc a,b,c sao cho phng trnh bc hai: ax
2
+bx +c=0
c hai nghim thc thuc on [0; 1]. Hy tm GTLN, GTNN ca
biu thc:
) (
) 2 )( (
c b a a
c a b a
M
+

.
( ton hc tui tr thng 9-2011)
27
4) DNG 4: NG DNG VO BI TON CC TR CA HM
S
Phn tich:
y la dang bai tp ph bin trong cac thi ai hoc, cao ng nhng
nm gn y. iu quan trong trong dang bai tp nay la hoc tro lam
sao biu din c toa im cc tri mt cach gon gang va nhanh
chong nht. lam c iu o, hoc sinh phai bit toa cac im
cc tri nghim ung phng trinh nao?
tin trong vic gii cc bi tp v cc tr, ta cn lu cc kin thc
lin quan sau:
nh l Phec-ma:
Cho ham s f(x) xac inh, lin tuc trn oan
[ ]
; a b
.Nu hm s y= f(x)
t cc tr ti
0
( ; ) x a b
v c o hm ti x
0
th f(x
0
)=0.
Chng minh:
Ta gia s x
0
la im cc ai. Vi ham s co ao ham tai x
0
nn :

0 0
0
0
( ) ( )
'( ) lim
h
f x h f x
f x
h
. Do x
0
la im C nn ta co
0 0
( ) ( ) f x h f x +
0
. Do o:
0 0
( ) ( ) f x h f x
h
+
0
khi h>0 va
0 0
( ) ( )
0
f x h f x
h
+
khi h<0. Chuyn qua gii han ta co
0
'( ) 0 f x
+
va
0
'( ) 0 f x
. Do o
0
'( ) 0 f x
(do tn tai ao ham tai x
0
)
Trng hp x
0
la im CT c chng minh tng t.
B 1:
28
Nu hm s a thc y=f(x) c cc tr th phng trnh ca ng i
qua cc im cc tr l y=r(x), trong r(x) l a thc d ca php
chia f(x) cho f(x).
Chng minh:
Thc hin php chia f(x) cho f(x) ta c thng l h(x), a thc d l
r(x). vy ta c th vit li:

) ( ) ( ). ( ' ) ( x r x h x f x f +
Theo nh l Phec-ma th nu x
0
l im cc tr
0 ) ( '
0
x f
. Do thay
vo biu thc trn ta c:
) ( ) (
0 0
x r x f
Ta c iu phi chng minh.
B 2:
Nu hm s phn thc
) (
) (
x v
x u
y
t cc tr va co ao ham tai im cc
tri th ta cc tr nghim ng phng trnh
) ( '
) ( '
x v
x u
y
.
Chng minh:
Gi s hm s t cc tr ti x
0
v c o hm ti x
0
,vy th :
0 ) ( '
0
x y 0
) (
) ( ' ). ( ) ( ). ( '
0
2
0 0 0 0
x v
x v x u x v x u

Hay :
) ( ' ). ( ) ( ). ( '
0 0 0 0
x v x u x v x u
=0
) ( '
) ( '
) (
) (
0
0
0
0
x v
x u
x v
x u

hay :
) ( '
) ( '
0
0
x v
x u
y
.
V d 1:
29
Cho hm s
1
4 ) 2 3 (
2
+ + +
x
m x m x
y . Tm m hm s c cc i cc
tiu v khong cch gia chng nh hn 3.
Gii:
Ta c
2
2
) 1 (
2 2 2
'
x
m x x
y
.
Hm s c cc i cc tiu khi phng trnh:
2 2 2
2
+ m x x =0 (1)
c hai nghim phn bit, ta c m<3/2.
Gi s x
1
; x
2
l honh cc tr.
Khi chng l nghim ca (1) nn theo nh l Vi-et ta c :
x
1
+ x
2
=2; x
1
. x
2
=2m-2.
Theo b 2 ta c tung cc tr tng ng l :
y
1
=2x
1
-3m-2; y
2
=2x
2
-3m-2
Ta cc im cc tr ca th l A(x
1;
y
1
); B(x
2
;y
2
).
Theo ta c :
3 < AB
9
2
< AB
[ ] 9 4 ) ( 5
2 1
2
2 1
< + x x x x
40
51
9 40 60 > < m m
.
i chiu iu kin ta c
2
3
40
51
< < m
.
V d 2:
30
Cho hm s
1
3
2
+
+ +
x
mx x
y .
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v chng nm v hai pha i
vi ng thng 2x+y-1=0 (d).
Gii:
Ta c :
2
2
) 1 (
3 2
'
+
+ +
x
m x x
y
.
Hm s c cc i cc tiu khi phng trnh :
3 2
2
+ + m x x =0 (1)
c hai nghim phn bit, ta c m <4.
Gi s cc im cc tr l A(x
1
;y
1
); B(x
2
;y
2
).
Khi x
1
; x
2
l nghim ca (1) nn theo nh l Vi-et ta c x
1
+x
2
=-2;
x
1
.x
2
=m-3. Theo b 2 ta c: y
1
=2x
1
+m; y
2
=2x
2
+m.
A, B nm v khc pha i vi (d) th :
(2x
1
+y
1
-1)( 2x
2
+y
2
-1)<0.
Tnh ton ta c
3 4 3 3 4 3 + < < m
(tha mn).
V d 3:
Chng minh rng hm s y =x
4
-6x
2
+4x+6 c 3 im cc tr to thnh
tam gic c trng tm l gc ta .
Gii:
Ta c: y = 4x
3
-12x+4.
31
Ta s chng minh phng trnh:
4x
3
-12x+4=0 (1)
c 3 nghim phn bit.
t f(x)= 4x
3
-12x+4. Ta c f(-2)=-4; f(-1)=12; f(1)=-4; f(2)=12.
Theo tnh cht ca hm s lin tc th f(x) ct trc honh ti t nht 3
im.
Mt khc v f(x) l hm s bc ba nn c ti a 3 nghim.
Vy y=0 c 3 nghim phn bit. Do hm s cho c 3 im cc
tr.
Ta gi 3 im l:
A(x
1
; x
1
4
-6x
1
2
+4x
1
+6); B(x
2
;x
2
4
-6x
2
2
+4x
2
+6); C(x
3
; x
3
4
-6x
3
2
+4x
3
+6).
Theo nh l Vi-et v x
1
;x
2
;x
3
l 3 nghim ca (1) nn ta c:
x
1
+x
2
+x
3
=0 .
Tng ng ta c:
y
1
+y
2
+y
3
= x
1
4
-6x
1
2
+4x
1
+6 +( x
2
4
-6x
2
2
+4x
2
+6)+( x
3
4
-6x
3
2
+4x
3
+6)
= (x
1
4
+x
2
4
+x
3
4
)-6(x
1
2
+x
2
2
+x
3
2
) + 4(x
1
+x
2
+x
3
)+18.
Cng v x
1
;x
2
;x
3
l cc nghim ca (1) nn ta c x
1
3
-3x
1
+1=0.
Suy ra x
1
4
- 3x
1
2
+x
1
=0.
Tng t i vi x
2
; x
3
.Vy nn:
x
1
4
+x
2
4
+x
3
4
=3(x
1
2
+x
2
2
+x
3
2
) (x
1
+x
2
+x
3
).
Theo h thc
32
x
1
2
+x
2
2
+x
3
2
=( x
1
+x
2
+x
3
)
2
2(x
1
x
2
+x
2
x
3
+x
1
x
3
).
Li theo nh l Vi-et ta c:
x
1
+x
2
+x
3
=0; x
1
x
2
+x
2
x
3
+x
1
x
3
=-3.
Thay vo ta tnh c y
1
+y
2
+y
3
=0.
Vy gc ta l trng tm ca tam gic ABC.
V d 4:
Cho hm s :
2
2 3 ) 2 (
2
+
+ + + +
x
m x m x
y .
Tm m hm s c cc tr v
2
1
2
min
2
max
> + y y
.
Gii:
Ta c :
2
2
) 2 (
2 4
'
+
+ +
x
m x x
y
.
Hm s c cc tr khi phng trnh : m x x + + 2 4
2
=0 (1)
c hai nghim phn bit khc -2.
Tm c m>-2 (*)
Gi x
1
; x
2
l cc nghim ca (1), cng l cc honh cc tr.
x
1
+x
2
= -4; x
1
x
2
= 2-m
Khi ta cc tr l
A( x
1
; 2x
1
+m+2) ; B( x
2
; 2x
2
+m+2).
Theo gi thit ta c :
2
1
2
min
2
max
> + y y

(2x
1
+m+2)
2
+(2x
2
+m+2)
2
>
2
1

2
1
) 2 ( 2 ) )( 2 ( 4 ) ( 4
2
2 1
2
2
2
1
> + + + + + + m x x m x x
33

[ ] 1 ) 2 ( 4 ) )( 2 ( 8 2 ) ( 8
2
2 1 2 1
2
2 1
> + + + + + + m x x m x x x x .
Thay m vo ta c :
1 ) 2 ( 32 ) 2 ( 4 )] 2 ( 2 16 [ 8
2
> + + + m m m

0 47 4
2
> m

2
47
> m ( do iu kin (*))
V d 5:
Cho hm s
1
2 2
2
+
+ +
x
mx x
y .
Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu v khong cch gia chng ti
ng thng x+y+2=0 l bng nhau.
Gii:
Ta c
2
2
) 1 (
2 2 2
'
+
+ +
x
m x x
y
.
hm s c C, CT th phng trnh 2 2 2
2
+ + m x x =0 (1) phi c hai
nghim phn bit khc -1
2
3
0 2 3
0 2 3
<
'
>

m
m
m
(*).
Tng t bi 4) ta c ta cc im cc tr l A(x
1
; 2x
1
+2); A(x
2
;
2x
2
+2)
Theo ra ta c:
d(A;d) = d(B;d)
2 2 3 2 2 3
2 1
+ + + + m x m x
.
Bnh phng 2 v ri chuyn v, t nhn t chung ta c:
0 ) 4 4 3 3 )( 3 3 (
2 1 2 1
+ + + m x x x x
4 4 3 3
2 1
+ + + m x x
=0
34
1
+x
2
= -2.
Thay vo biu thc cui ta c
2
1
m
.
V d 6:
Cho hm s
4
3
2
+ +
x
m x x
y .
Tm m hm s c C, CT v
4
CT C
y y
.
Gii:
Ta c :
2
2
) 4 (
12 8
'
x
m x x
y
.
hm s c C, CT th phng trnh :
12 8
2
+ m x x =0 (1)
c hai nghim phn bit khc 4
4
0 4
0 4
<
'

>
m
m
m
.
Gi x
1
; x
2
l cc honh cc tr, th x
1
; x
2
cng l nghim ca (1) nn
x
1
+x
2
=8; x
1
x
2
=m+12 .
Theo
4
CT C
y y

4 2
2 1
x x

2
2 1
x x
4 4 ) (
2 1
2
2 1
+ x x x x
Thay h thc Vi-et vo ta c m=3 (tha mn)
Vy m=3.
Bi tp tng t:
1) Cho hm s
3
1
) 2 ( 3 ) 1 (
3
1
2 3
+ + x m x m x y
. Tm m hm s c
C, CT ti
1
x
;
2
x
tha mn
1 2
2 1
+ x x
.
35
2) Tm m hm s
m x
m x x
y
3 2
2
c C, CT tha mn
8
min max
> y y

( 75).
3) Tm m th hm s
1
1 2 3
2
+ + +
x
m mx mx
y c im C, CT
nm v hai pha i vi trc Ox.
5) DNG 5 : NG DNG VO BI TON TIP TUYN
Phn tich:
Bai tp v tip tuyn thng lin quan ti cac iu kin tip xuc cua
ng cong va ng thng. Cn lam cho hoc sinh thy ro toa im
tip xuc thng la nghim cua mt phng trinh nao o ma ta co th a
v bc hai s dung inh ly Vi-et. Cac ky thut v nhm nghim cn
c s dung tt dang bai tp nay.
V d 1:
Cho hm s
1 2
1
x
x
y
(C ).
Chng minh rng vi mi m ng thng y= x+m lun ct th (C ) ti
hai im phn bit A, B.
Gi k, k
2
ln lt l h s gc ca tip tuyn ti A, B.
Tm m tng k
1
+k
2
ln nht.
( thi i hc khi A nm 2011).
Gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca d v (C) l :
m x
x
x
+
+
1 2
1
) )( 1 2 ( 1 m x x x + +

( do x=
1
2
khng l nghim. )
36
) 1 ( 0 1 2 2
2
+ m mx x
.
Ta c :
m m m > + + , 0 2 2
2
.
Nn d lun ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A v B.
Ta gi x
1
, x
2
ln lt l honh ca A,B. Khi x,x
2
l nghim ca
(1) nn theo nh l Vi-et ta c:
x+x
2
=-m v x
1
.x
2=
2
1 m
.
Tng k
1
+k
2
=
] [
2
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
2
2 1
2
2
2
1
1 ) ( 2 4
2 ) ( 4 8 ) ( 4
) 1 2 (
1
) 1 2 (
1
+ +
+ + +

x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
2 2 ) 1 2 ( 6 8 4
2 2
+ m m m .
Suy ra k
1
+k
2
ln nht bng -2 khi m= -1.
Bnh lun:
Nu khng s dng nh l Vi-et , ta c th dng bt ng thc C-si
nh gi biu thc
) 1 2 )( 1 2 (
1
2
) 1 2 (
1
) 1 2 (
1
2 1
2
2
2
1

+
x x x x

Du ng thc xy ra khi
2
2 1
m
x x

.
Thay vo phng trnh ta tm c m=-1.
V d 2:
Cho hm s y=x
3
-3x
2
+2 (C ).
Tm trn ng thng y=-2 cc im m t c th k c hai tip
tuyn vung gc n ( C ).
37
Gii:
Ta gi M(m;-2) l im thuc ng thng y=-2. ng thng qua M
vi h s gc k c phng trnh:
y=k(x-m)-2 (d).
iu kin (d) tip xc vi (C ) l ta c h:
'

+
) 2 ( 6 3x
(1) 2 m) - k(x 2 3x - x3
2
2
k x
Th k t (2) ln (1) ta c :
2 m) - (x ) 6 3x ( 2 3x - x3
2 2
+ x
] [ 0 2 ) 3 1 ( 2x 2) - (x
2
+ + x m
+ +
) 3 ( 0 2 ) 3 1 ( 2x
2
2
x m
x
Vi x=2, ta suy ra k=0. ng thng vung gc vi (d) c dng x=a.
D thy ng x=a khng th l tip tuyn ca (C).
Nn khng c tip tuyn no ca (C) vung gc vi tip tuyn trn.
Do d c cp tuyn tuyn vung gc th cc nghim phi l nghim
ca (3). Trc ht (3) phi c 2 nghim phn bit khc 2.

0 8 ) 3 1 (
2
m
v
2 m
.
Khi gi x
1
;x
2
l hai nghim ca (3) th theo nh l Vi-et ta c:
x
1
+x
2
=
1 ;
2
1 3
2 1

x x
m
.
38
Gi k
1;
k
2
l h s gc ca cc tip tuyn . Ta c k
1
=f(x
1
); k
2
=f(x
2
). V
hai tip tuyn vung gc nn:
k
1
.k
2
=-1
1 ) 6 3 )( 6 3 (
2
2
2 1
2
1
x x x x
.
Thay s vo ta c m=
27
55
. Th li ta thy gi tr ny tha mn.
Vy im cn tm l M(
27
55
;-2).
.
V d 3
Cho hm s ) (
8
2
m
C
m x
mx x
y
+
. Tm m (C
m
) ct trc honh ti hai
im phn bit A v B sao cho tip tuyn tng ng ti A v B vung
gc.
Gii :
(C
m
) ct trc honh ti hai im phn bit th phng trnh :
f(x)=x
2
+mx-8 =0 (1)
c hai nghim phn bit.
Ta c :
R m m > + 0 32
2
.
f(m) khc 0 vi mi m.
Nh vy vi mi m, th hm s lun ct trc honh ti hai im
phn bit. Gi x
1
;x
2
l hai nghim ca (1), th x
1
;x
2
cng l honh
ca A v B.

2
2
2
2 2
) (
2 8
1
) (
8 2
'
m x
m
m x
m mx x
y
.
Tip tuyn ti A ; B ln lt c h s gc l
k
1
=
2
1
2
) (
2 8
1
m x
m
+
; k
2
=
2
2
2
) (
2 8
1
m x
m
+
.
39
hai tip tuyn vung gc th k
1
.k
2
=-1
1
) ( ) (
) 2 8 (
) (
1
) (
1
) 2 8 ( 1
2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
1
2

+
1
]
1
+
m x m x
m
m x m x
m
1
) ( ) (
) 2 8 (
) ( ) (
2 ) ( 2
) 2 8 ( 1
2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
2
1
2
2

+
1
]
1

+ + +
+
m x m x
m
m x m x
m x x m x x
m
Theo nh l Vi-et ta c : x
1
+x
2
=-m ; x
1
x
2
=-8.
T x
2
2
+x
2
2
= (x
1
+x
2
)
2
-2x
1
x
2
=m
2
+16.
V (x
1
-m)(x
2
-m)=x
1
x
2
-m(x
1
+x
2
)+m
2
=-8+2m
2
.
Thay vo k
1
.k
2
=-1 ta c
10 2 t m
.
V d 4 :
Cho hm s
1
1
+
+
x
x y
(C)
Chng minh rng qua A(1 ;-1) lun v c hai tip tuyn n th
v hai tip tuyn vung gc.
Gii :
Gi k l h s gc ca ng thng d i qua A. Khi d c phng
trnh :
1 ) 1 ( x k y
(d)
V (d) tip xc vi (C) nn ta c h phng trnh sau c nghim :
40
'
+
+
+

+ +
) 2 (
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
1
1
) 1 ( 1
1
2
2
2
2
x
x x
x
k
k kx
x
x x
Th k t (2) ln (1) v bin i , thu gn , cui cng ta c :
0 1 3
2
+ + x x (*).
V (*) c hai nghim phn bit nn t A ta lun k c hai tip tuyn
n (C).
Gi x
1
; x
2
l cc nghim ca (*). Theo nh l Vi-et ta c : x
1
+x
2
=-3 ;
x
1
x
2
=1.
Gi k
1
; k
2
l h s gc ca cc tip tuyn tng ng vi honh tip
im x
1
; x
2
.
Ta c :

2
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1
] [
] 4 ) ( 2 [
) 1 (
2
.
) 1 (
2
x x x x
x x x x x x
x
x x
x
x x
k k
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+
+
=
1
) 1 1 3 (
) 4 6 1 ( 1
2

+ +
+
.
Vy hai tip tuyn vung gc.
Bi tp tng t :
1) Tm qu tch tt c cc im t k c hai tip tuyn vung gc
n th hm s
1
2 2
2
x
x x
y .
41
2) Tm m th hm s
m x
m mx x
y
+
+
2
2
ct trc honh ti hai im
phn bit v cc tip tuyn ti vung gc.
3) Tm cc im trn trc tung m t k c hai tip tuyn vung
gc n th hm s
6 7
2
+ + x x y
( HTH H Ni 89).
4) Tm trn ngg thng
2 y
cc im m t k c hai tip
tuyn vung gc n th hm s
2 3
2 3
+ x x y
.
6)DNG 6: TNG GIAO CA HAI TH V TP HP
IM.
Phn tich:
y cung la dang bai tp hay gp trong cac ky thi tuyn sinh. Cng
vic u tin hoc sinh cn lam la vit phng trinh hoanh giao
im. T phng trinh o , s dung inh ly Vi-et biu din cac biu
thc bai yu cu qua h s cua phng trinh. Cui cung la anh gia
biu thc o thng qua cac h s va thay vao.
V d 1:
Cho hm s
) 1 ( 2
3 3
2
x
x x
y
. Tm m th hm s ct ng thng d:
y=m ti hai im phn bit A,B sao cho AB=1
Gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th hm s l:
) 1 ( 2
3 3
2
x
x x
m
42
'
+ +
) 1 ( 0 2 3 ) 2 3 (
1
2
m x m x
x
'
>
<
'
> +
2
7
2
3
0 1
0 8 12 ) 2 3 (
0 ) 1 (
2
m
m
m m
f
.
Ta gi x
1
; x
2
l cc nghim ca (1).
x
1
+x
2
=2m-3; x
1
x
2
=2m-3.
Ta cc giao im A(x
1
;m); B(x
2
;m). Theo ra ta c
AB
2
= 1
(x
1
-x
2
)
2
=1
(x
1
+x
2
)
2
-4x
1
x
2
=1.
Thay vo ta c:
(2m-3)
2
-4(2m-3)=1. Gii c m=
2
5 5 t
.
V d 2:
Cho hm s
1
1
2
+ +
x
x x
y . Chng minh rng vi mi m th ng
thng y=m lun ct th trn ti hai im phn bit A;B. Tm m
AB ngn nht.
Gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th hm s l
) 1 (
1
1
2
+ +
x
x x
m

'
'
+ +
0 1 ) 1 (
1
1 ) 1 (
1
2 2
m x m x
x
x x x m
x
.
t f(x)=
0 1 ) 1 (
2
+ m x m x
. Ta c f(1)=-1 0.
Li c
m m m > + + , 0 5 2
2

Nn d lun ct ( C) ti hai im phn bit.
43
Gi x
1
; x
2
l cc nghim ca (1) . Ta cc giao im A; B l A(x
1
;m);
B(x
2
;m). Do :
AB
2
=(x
1
-x
2
)
2
= (x
1
+x
2
)
2
4x
1
x
2
= (m-1)
2
+4m+4
=m
2
+2m+5=(m+1)
2
+4 4.
Vy AB ngn nht bng 2 khi m=-1.
V d 3:
Cho hm s y= x
3
-2x
2
+(1-m)x +1 (1).
Tm m th hm s (1) ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit x
1;
x
2;
x
3
sao cho x
1
2
+x
2
2
+x
3
2
<4 .
Gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca th hm s (1) v trc Ox l:
( )
3 2
x 2x 1 m x m 0 + +
( ) ( )
2
x 1 x x m 0
2
x 1 0 (2)
g(x) x x m 0 (3)

Gi x
1
l nghim pt (2) v x
2
, x
3
l nghim pt (3). p dng nh l Vi-et
ta c x
2
+x
3
=1 ; x
2
.x
3
=-m.
Yu cu bi ton :
'
< + +
> +
'
< + +
>
4 2 ) ( 1
0
0 4 1
4
0 ) 1 (
0
3 2
2
3 2
2
3
2
2
2
1
x x x x
m
m
x x x
g
44
1
m
1 1 4
m 0 m 1
m 0
4 4
m 1 m 0
1 1 2m 4
>

< < <

' ' '

<
+ + <

.
Bnh lun :
y phng trnh honh giao im l bc ba, nhng do ta nhm
c nghim nn a v phng trnh bc hai. T ta chuyn v p
dng nh l Vi-et trong phng trnh bc hai. Do phm vi chng
trnh ph thng, nn trong cc thi tuyn sinh thng ch p dng
nh l Vi-et i vi phng trnh bc hai. V th khi lm bi, hc sinh
cn ngh ti vic nhm nghim h bc. Tiu ch u tin ca
nghim l khi thay vo phi trit tiu tham s. iu gip ta nhn ra
nghim nhanh chng.
V d 4 :
Chng minh rng ng cong
1
2
2
+
+
x
x x
y v ng thng
3 x y
ct
nhau ti hai im phn bit i xng nhau qua ng thng y=x.
Gii :
Phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th :
1 ; 3
1
2
2

+
+
x x
x
x x
0 3 6 2
2
+ + x x (1)
Phng trnh (1) lun c hai nghim phn bit v
0 3 ' >
. Gi M
1
(x
1
;
- x
1
-3) ; M
2
(x
2
; - x
2
-3) l hai giao im ca d v (C).
R rng M
1
M
2
vung gc vi ng thng y=x. Gi I(x
0
;y
0
) l trung
im ca M
1
M
2.
Ta c
45

'
2
3
2
3) - x (- 3 - x -
2
2
3
2
2 1 2 1
0
2 1
0
y y
y
x x
x
Vy M
0
thuc ng thng y=x.
V d 5:
Cho hm s
1
1
2
x
mx x
y . Tm m th hm s ct ng thng
y=m ti hai im A, B sao cho OA vung gc vi OB, vi O l gc ta

( s 148, b 95).
Gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th l:

'
) 1 ( 0 1
1
1
1
2
2
m x
x
x
mx x
m
t f(x)= x
2
+m-1.
phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit th phi c:
(1) 0
0 1
1 0
f m
m
m

<
'
>
(*) .
Gi x; x
2
l cc nghim ca (1).
Khi ta giao im l A(x
1
;m);B(x
2
;m).
Theo ra OA vung gc vi OB nn
0 0 .
2
2 1
+

m x x OB OA
.
1
.x
2
=m-1.
46
Do ta c phng trnh:
m
2
+m-1=0
2
5 1t
m ( tha mn iu kin (*)).
V d 6:
Cho hm s ) (
2
3 3
2
C
x
x x
y
+
+ +
v ng thng d: y=mx-m. Tm m d
ct (C ) ti hai im phn bit A;B thuc hai nhnh ca n. Tm tp
hp trung im I ca on AB khi m bin thin.
Gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th l :
+
+ +
) 1 (
2
3 3
2
x
x x
m mx
'
+

) 2 ( 0 3 2 ) 3 ( ) 1 (
2
2
m x m x m
x

d ct ( C) ti hai im thuc hai nhnh ca th th (2) phi c hai
nghim tha mn x
1
<-2<x
2
.
Ta a v so snh nghim vi s 0 nh sau: t t=x-2, ta c
phng trnh l:
(m-1)t
2
-(3m-1)t-1=0 (3).
Phng trnh (3) phi c hai nghim tri du. Tm c m>1 (*).
Gi x
1
; x
2
l cc nghim ca (2).
Ta cc giao im l A(x
1
; mx
1
-m); B(x
2
;mx
2
-m).

Ta trung im I l:
47

'
2
2 ) (
2
) 1 ( 2
3
2
2 1 2 1
2 1
m x x m y y
y
m
m x x
x
I
I
'

m
m
m m
y
m
x
I
I
1 2
1
1
2
1
.
T phng trnh trn rt ra c
I
I
x
x
m
2 1
2 3
+
+
>1 , suy ra x
I
>-1/2, th
vo phng trnh di ta c y
I
=
1 2
3 2
2
+
+
I
I
I
x
x x
.
Vy tp hp cc im M l th hm s:
y=
1 2
3 2
2
+
+
x
x x
vi x>-1/2.
V d 7:
Cho hm s
3 2 3
2
1
2
3
m mx x y +
vi m l tham s. Tm m ng
thng
x y
ct th ti ba im phn bit A,B,C sao cho AB=BC.
Gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th :
3 2 3
2
1
2
3
m mx x x +

0 2 3 2
3 2 3
+ m x mx x (1).
Gi
1
x
;
2
x
; 3
x
ln lt l honh giao im ca A;B;C.
T gi thit AB=BC ta suy ra :
1
x
+
2
x
=2 3
x
.
Mt khc p dng nh l Vi-et ta c :
'
+ +
+ +
2
3
1
2
3
2
3 2 1
3 1 3 2 2 1
3 2 1
m
x x x
x x x x x x
m
x x x
Gii h gm cc iu kin trn ta c
2 ; 0 t m m
.
48
V d 8:
Cho hm s
1 2 2
2
+ m mx x y
.
a) Tm m th hm s ct trc honh ti hai im phn bit A,
B.
b) Gi C l giao im ca th vi trc tung. Tm qu tch trng
tm tam gic ABC khi m thay i.
Gii:
a) Phng trnh honh giao im ca th vi trc honh l:
0 1 2 2
2
+ m mx x (1).
th ct trc honh ti 2 im phn bit A,B th (1) phi c hai
nghim phn bit
1 0 ) 1 ( '
2
> m m
.
b) Gi x
1
; x
2
l cc nghim ca (1). Ta c
) 0 ; (
1
x A
;
) 0 ; (
2
x B
.
Ta cng tm c
) 1 2 ; 0 ( m C
.
Ta trng tm G ca tam gic ABC l
'
3
1 2
3
2
3
2 1
m
y
m x x
x
G
G
.
Kh m t h cui cng ta c
3
1

G G
x y
.
T suy ra ta im G tha mn phng trnh :
3
1
x y
.
Gii hn qu tch:
V
3
2
1
2
3

G
G
x
x
m
.
Vy tp hp cc im G l ng thng , b i im
)
3
1
;
3
2
(
0
G
.
V d 9:
Cho hm s
1 4 3
2 3
+ x x x y
(C)
49
Chng minh rng vi mi m, ng thng
1 + m mx y
(d) lun ct
th ti mt im I c nh.
Xc nh m ng thng ct th hm s ti 3 im phn bit
I,M,N.
Trong trng hp tm qu tch trung im ca on thng MN.
Gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th l:
1 1 4 3
2 3
+ + m mx x x x
0 ) 2 2 )( 1 (
2
+ m x x x (1).
Phng trnh (1) lun c nghim x=1. Vy (d) lun ct (C) ti im
I(1; 1) c nh vi mi m.
t
m x x x f + 2 2 ) (
2
.
(d) ct (C) ti 3 im phn bit th f(x) phi c hai nghim phn
bit khc 1
Tm c m>1.
Khi gi x
1
; x
2
l cc nghim ca f(x). Ta c x
1
; x
2
cng l honh
cc giao im M, N.
Ta rng tung cc im M, N tha mn phng trnh ca (d).
Gi A l trung im ca M, N.
Ta c:
'
+ + +
1
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
2
2 1
2 1
m mx m mx
y
x x
x
A
A
.
Ta c im A(1;1).
Vy tp hp cc trung im A ca on thng MN chnh l im c
nh I(1;1) tm c trn.
Bi tp tng t:
50
1) Tm qu tch cc im cc i v cc tiu ca th hm s :
a)
1
) 2 ( 2
2
x
x m x
y
b)
x m m x m x y ) ( 6 ) 1 2 ( 3 2
2 2 3
+ + +
.
2) Gi (P) l Parabol c phng trnh
c bx ax y + +
2
lun tip xc vi
ng thng
1 2 + x y
ti im A(1;3).
3) Cho th hm s
2
2
1
1
x
x
y
+
(C) v ng thng d c h s gc k
v d lun ct ( C) ti 3 im phn bit A,M,N. Tm qu tch trung
im I ca MN.
4) Cho th hm s
1
1 2
+
+
x
x
y
. Chng minh rng ng thng d
cng phng vi ng thng y=-x lun ct th hm s ti hai
im phn bit M, N. Tm qu tch trung im I ca MN. Xc inh v
tr ca I MN ngn nht.
5) Tm qu tch cc im M(a;b) sao cho phng trnh 0
2
+ + b ax x
c hai nghim phn bit tha mn
2012
2
2
2
1
+ x x
.
6) Chng minh rng tim cn xin ca th hm s

cos
sin cos sin cos
2 2
+
+ + +
x
x x
y
lun tip xc vi Parabol c nh. Tm qu tch tip im.
5) Cho hm s
8 4 2
2 3
+ x x x y
.
Chng minh rng vi mi k , Parabol
8
2
kx y
lun ct th hm s
ti 3 im phn bit , trong c mt im nm trn trc tung. Gi
cc giao im cn li l B, C. Tm qu tch trung im ca BC khi k
thay i.
7) DNG 7 : NG DNG CA MT H THC TRUY HI.
Phn tich :
Xt phng trnh bc hai :
51

0 , 0
2
+ + a c bx ax
.
Gi s x
1
; x
2
l cc nghim ca n.
t
n n
n
x x S
2 1
+ ,
N n
.
Lc ta c h thc truy hi tuyn tnh sau :
aS
n+2
+bS
n+1
+cS
n
=0(1).
Chng minh :
ta c : S
n+2
= x
1
n+2
+x
2
n+2
= (x
1
n+1
+ x
2
n+1
)(x
1
+x
2
)- x
1
x
2
(x
1
n
+ x
2
n
)
= S
n+1
(
a
b
)-
a
c
S
n
.
aS
n+2
+bS
n+1
+cS
n
= 0( pcm).
Vic ng dng h thc truy hi trn gip ta gii quyt c nhiu dng
bi tp th v.
Ta hy theo di qua cc v d sau.
V d 1 :
Cho x
1
; x
2
l cc nghim ca phng trnh : x
2
-2x-2=0. Tnh x
1
7
+

x
2
7
.
Gii :
Ta cn tnh S
7.
. Ta c S
0
= 2, S
1
= 2. T h thc truy hi trn ta ln lt
tnh c :
S
2
= 8 ; S
3
= 20, S
4
= 56, S
5
=152, S
6
= 416, S
7
= 1136.
V d 2 :
Tnh gi tr ca biu thc : A=
6 6
) 2 3 2 ( ) 2 3 2 ( + +
.
Ta t x
1
=
) 2 3 2 ( +
; x
2
=
) 2 3 2 (
th x
1
; x
2
l hai nghim ca
phng trnh x
2
-4x -14 =0.
Theo ra ta cn tnh S
6
. Ta c h thc truy hi :
S
n+2
-S
n+1
-14S
n
=0 (n
N).
Ta c :
S
0
= 2 ; S
1
= 4 ; S
2
= 44, S
3
= 232 ,S
4
= 1544, S
5
=9424, S
6
= 59312.
52
V d 3 :
Cho dy s (u
n
)
n
c xc nh nh sau : u
0
=2 ; u
1
=6 ;u
n+1
=6 u
n
+2 u
n-1.
a) Tm s hng tng qut ca dy s (u
n
)
n .
b) Chng minh rng vi mi k
N th u
2k
chia ht cho 2
k+1.
c) Chng minh rng vi mi k 1 th u
2k-1
chia ht cho 2
k.
v khng
chia ht cho 2
k+1
.
Gii :
a) Ta xt phng trnh c trng ca dy s : x
2
-6x-2=0.
Phng trnh c hai nghim l : x
1
=3- 11 ; x
2
=3+ 11 .
S dng h thc truy hi ta c S
n+1
= 6S
n
+2S
n-1
. Ta c S
0
=2 ; S
1
=6. T
v
n n
n
S ) 11 3 ( ) 11 3 ( + +
. M dy S
n
v dy u
n
v bn cht l mt
nn t ta c s hng tng qut l
n n
n
u ) 11 3 ( ) 11 3 ( + +
.
b) Ta c :

( ) ( ) + + + +
k k
k k
k
u 11 6 20 11 6 20 ) 11 3 ( ) 11 3 (
2 2
2
=
[ ]
k k k
) 11 3 10 ( ) 11 3 10 ( 2 + +

nn u
2k
chia ht cho 2
k
. By gi ta cn chng minh :
P
k
=
[ ]
k k
) 11 3 10 ( ) 11 3 10 ( + +
l mt s chn.
V 11 3 10 + v 11 3 10 l hai nghim ca phng trnh :
x
2
-20x+1=0
nn ta c cng thc P
n+1
= 20P
n
+-S
n-1
. Tnh c P
0
=2 ; P
1
=20 nn t cng
thc truy hi ta suy ra P
k
lun l mt s chn.
c) Ta chng minh bng quy np :
Vi k=1 ta thy kt lun ng. Gi s khng nh ng khi k= m 1 ,
ngha l
u
2m-1
=2
m
.b vi b l mt s l. Khi ta phi chng minh khng nh
ng khi k=m+1.
Tht vy :
53
u
2m+1
=6 u
2m
+2 u
2m-1
. M theo chng minh trn ta c u
2m
=2
m+1
.a. Do
u
2m+1
= 2
m+1
(6a+b). M 6a+b l s l u
2m+1
chia ht cho 2
m+1
v khng
chia ht cho 2
m+2
. Vy khng nh c chng minh.
V d 4:
Tm s nguyn ln nht khng vt qu
7
) 15 4 ( +
.
.
Gii:
Ta t: x
1
=
) 15 4 ( +
; x
2
=
) 15 4 (
.
Khi x
1
; x
2
l nghim ca phng trnh:
x
2
-8x+1=0.
t
n
n
n
x x S
2 1
+ , ta c h thc :
S
n+2
-8S
n+1
+S
n
=0.
Ta tnh c :
S
1
=8 ; S
2
=62 : S
3
=488 ; S
4
=3842 ; S
5
=30248 ; S
6
=238142 ; S
7
=1874888.
Nh vy :
x
1
7
= 1874888-x
2
7
. M 0<x
2
7
<1 nn
1874887 < x
1
7
<1874888.
Vy s nguyn ln nht khng vt qu
7
) 15 4 ( +
l 1874887.
V d 5:
Gi s x
1
;x
2
l hai nghim ca phng trnh : x
2
-6x+1=0. Chng minh
rng S
n
=x
1
n
+x
2
n
l s nguyn khng chia ht cho 5 vi mi n.
Gii:
Chng minh S
n
lun l s nguyn.
Vi n=0 ta c S
0
= 2 l s nguyn ; n=1 ta c S
1
= 6 l s nguyn.
Gi s S
k
;S
k+1
nguyn, v S
k+2
= 6S
k+1
S
k
nn S
k+2
cng nguyn.
54
chng minh S
k
khng chia ht cho 5:t h thc truy hi ta c:
S
k+2
= 6S
k+1

S
k
=6(6S
k
-S
n-1
)- S
k
= 35S
k
5S
k-1
S
k-1
.
T ta suy ra S
k+2
v S
k-1
c cng s d khi chia cho 5.
Nhng v S
0
=2; S
1
=6; S
2
=34 u khng chia ht cho 5 nn S
n
khng chia
ht cho 5 vi mi n
V d 6:
Tm a thc bc 5 c h s nguyn nhn s thc
5 5
2
5
5
2
+
lm
nghim.
Gii:
Ta t
5
1
5
2
x
;
5
1
2
5
x
.
Vy th :
+
5 5
2
5
5
2
;
1
2 1
x x
.
Nn theo nh l Vi-et ta c
1
x
;
2
x
0 1
2
+ x x (1).
Theo h thc truy hi ta c: n n n
S S S
+ + 1 2

(*)
Vi
2
0
S
;

1
S
. T ta tnh c :
2
2
2
S
;
3 ) 2 (
3 2
3
S
;
2 4 ) 2 ( ) 3 (
2 4 2 3
4
+ S
;
5 5 ) 3 ( ) 2 4 (
3 5 3 2 4
5
+ + S
.
Nhng mt khc ta li c:
10
29
2
5
5
2
5
+ S
.
T ta c c :
10
29
5 5
3 5
+
0 29 50 50 10
3 5
+ .
iu chng t
l nghim phng trnh:

10x
5
-50x
3
+50x -29 =0 .
55
y chnh l phng trnh cn tm.
Bnh lun:
Vi cch gii quyt tng t, ta c th to ra nhiu bi ton khc nhau
xung quanh h thc truy hi cho trc. Chng hn:
1) Tm a thc bc 6 c h s nguyn nhn s
6 6
3
256
4
3
+
l
nghim.
2) Tm a thc bc ti thiu c h s nguyn nhn 3 2
3
+ lm
nghim.
V d 7:
Tm ch s tn cng ca phn nguyn ca s
2013
) 3 3 5 ( +
Gii:
Ta t
3 3 5
1
+ x
;
3 3 5
2
x
. Khi x
1
; x
2
l nghim ca phng
trnh:
x
2
-10x -2 = 0
t
n n
n
x x S
2 1
+
. Theo h thc truy hi ta c:
n n n
S S S 2 10
1 2
+
+ + .
Ta c S
1
=10 nn t h thc trn ta suy ra S
n
lun chia ht cho 10 khi n l
s l.
rng -1<x
2
<0 , nn suy ra
1
2 1
+ < <
n
n
n
n
n
S x S x S
.
Vy nn
[ ]
n
n
S x
1
. V 2013 l s l nn S
2013
chia ht cho 10.
Vy ch s tn cng ca phn nguyn ca s
2013
) 3 3 5 ( +
l s 0.
Bnh lun:
T lp lun trn, ta thy rng ch cn thay i b s x
1
; x
2
ta c th to
ra nhiu bi ton khc nhau.
56
V d:Tm phn nguyn ca cc s:
10
) 5 4 ( +
;
1999
) 1999 45 ( +
.
V d 8:
Chng minh rng trong biu din thp phn ca s
n
) 3 4 7 ( +
c t nht n
ch s 9 ng ngay sau du phy.
Gii:
t
3 4 7
1
+ x
;
3 4 7
2
x
. Theo nh l Vi-et ta c x
1
; x
2
l nghim
ca phng trnh : x
2
-14x+1 =0 .
t
n n
n
x x S
2 1
+
. Ta c h thc truy hi :
n n n
S S S
+ + 1 2
14
.
V S
0
=2; S
1
=14 nn ta suy ra S
n
l s t nhin vi mi n.
Ta
10
1
11
1
3 4 7
1
3 4 7 0 < <
+
<
. Nn
n
n
10
1
) 3 4 7 ( <
.
Cho nn
n
n
n
n
n
n
S S S
10
1
) 3 4 7 ( ) 3 4 7 ( > + >
.
V
001 ... 000 , 0
10
1
n
(c n-1 ch s 0).
T suy ra khi biu din thp phn th s
n
) 3 4 7 ( +
c t nht n s 9
ngay sau du phy.
Bi tp tng t:
1) Chng minh rng phn thp phn ca s
n
) 26 5 ( +
,
* N n
bt
u bng n ch s ging nhau.
2) Tm ch s n v trong biu din thp phn ca s
82 19
) 220 15 ( ) 220 15 ( + +
.
8) DNG 8: TM S HNG TNG QUT CA DY TRUY HI
CP HAI TUYN TNH
57
A- C s ly thuy t cua phng phap
1) nh ngha:
a) Dy s (u
n
)
n
c gi l dy truy hi cp hai tuyn tnh nu c
cho nh sau :
u
1
=a; u
2
=b; u
n
=Au
n-1
+Bu
n-2
(n
) 3
(1)
Trong A, B khng ng thi bng 0.
b) Vi dy truy hi nh trn th phng trnh x
2
Ax-B=0 (2) c gi
l phng trnh c trng ca dy.
Do phm vi ng dng ca nh l Vi-et nn ta ch xt cc dng dy s
c phng trnh c trng c nghim.
2) nh l:
-Nu phng trnh c trng c 2 nghim phn bit x
1
;x
2
th dy s c
s hng tng qut l
u
n
= px
1
n-1
+qx
2
n-1
,
trong p; q l cc nghim ca h khi ta thay gi tr u
1
;u
2.
-Nu phng trnh c trng c nghim kp x
0
th dy s c s hng
tng qut l
u
n
=x
0
n-1
(pn+a-p) ,
trong s p c tm bng cch thay u
1
vo cng thc xc nh n.
Chng minh nh l:
t v
n
= u
n+1,
dy (u
n
)
n
tr thnh v
0
=a;v
1
=b; v
n+2
=Av
n+1
+Bv
n
.
Trng hp
0 >
.
58
Ta gi x
1
; x
2

( x
1
>x
2
) l hai nghim ca (2). Theo nh l Vi-et ta c
x
1
+x
2
=A; x
1
.x
2
= -B.
Vy th :
Av
n+1
+Bv
n
= (x
1
+x
2
)(px
1
n+1
+qx
2
n+1
)-x
1
.x
2
(px
1
n
+qx
2
n
)= px
1
n+2
+qx
2
n+2
= v
n+2
.
Li c :
v
0
= a=p+q; v
1
=px
1
+qx
2
=b.
T ta tm c :
p=
2 1
2
x x
ax b
; q=
2 1
1
x x
b ax
.
Nh vy dy s v
n
c s hng tng qut nh trn tha mn bi. T
suy ra s hng tng qut ca dy (u
n
)
n
l:
u
n
= v
n-1
= px
1
n-1
+qx
2
n-1
.
Xt trng hp
0
t :
v
n
=u
n+1
=x
0
n
(pn+a).
Dy (u
n
)
n
tr thnh dy (v
n
)
n
vi :
v
0
=a; v
1
=b; v
n+2
=Av
n+1
+Bv
n
.
Ta cn kim tra s hng tng qut tm c trn tha mn dy ny.
Tht vy: Theo nh l Vi-et v nghim kp ca phng trnh ta c
x
0
=
2
A
; suy ra
A=2x
0
; B=-x
0
2
.

Do :
Av
n+1
+Bv
n
= 2x
0
.x
0
n+1
(pn+p+a)+-x
0
2
.x
0
n
(pn+a)
=x
0
n+2
[ (p(n+2)+a] = v
n+2
.
Bng quy np ta d dng chng minh c:
v
n
=u
n+1
=x
0
n
(pn+a), vi mi n.
Ta cng c :
59
v
0
=a; v
1
= x
0
(p+a)=b.
T tm c
0
0
x
ax b
p

.T ta c cng thc tm s hng tng

qut ca dy (u
n
)
n
l :
u
n
=v
n-1
= x
0
n-1
(pn+a-p)
Nh vy bng vic s dng nh l Vi-et ta xy dng c cng
thc tm s hng tng qut i vi dy truy hi cp hai tuyn tnh trong
trng hp phng trnh c trng c nghim.
Trng hp v nghim ta s xt ch khc.
LU :
i) Dy cp s nhn v dy Fi-bo-na-ci l nhng trng hp c bit
ca dy truy hi cp hai tuyn tnh.
B- Cac vi du minh hoa
V d 1:
Cho dy s (u
n
) tha mn :
2
0
u
;
7
1
u
;
0 12 7
1 1
+
+ n n n
u u u
, vi n l
s nguyn dng. Hy xc nh (u
n
)
( Thi HSG lp 12 TPHCM 2002)
Gii:
Phng trnh c trng ca dy l:
0 12 7
2
+ x x (1)
Phng trnh c hai nghim l x=3; x=4.
T suy ra s hng tng qut ca dy l u
n
= 3
n
+4
n
.
Bnh lun:
Nu dy cho h thc truy hi dng :
0
1 2
+ + +
+ +
d cu bu au
n n n (
0 d
) (2)
Khi ta s xt dy (v
n
) bng cch t: v
n
=u
n
+t
Th vo (2) ta thu c :
60
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
1 2
+ + +
+ +
d t v c t v b t v a
n n n
0 ) (
1 2
+ + + + +
+ +
t c b a d cv bv av
n n n
Ta ch vic chn t thch hp lng
0 ) ( + + t c b a d
t a v xt
dy truy hi tuyn tnh cp hai trn.
Ta theo di qua v d sau:
V d 2:
Tm s hng tng qut ca dy:
1
0
u
;
2 1
1
u
;
2 2
1 1

+ n n n
u u u
;
2 n
(*)
Gii:
t
t v u
n n
+
. Th vo (*) tr thnh:
2 ) ( ) ( 2
1 1
+ + +
+
t v t v t v
n n n

) 1 ( 2 2
1 1
+ +
+
t v v v
n n n
Chn t=-1 ta thu c dy (v
n
) l truy hi cp hai tuyn tnh nh sau:
2
0
v
;
2 2
1
v
;
0 2
1 1

+ n n n
v v v
.
Dy (v
n
) c phng trnh c trng l:
0 1 2
2
+ x x
Phng trnh c hai nghim l 2 1+ ; 2 1 .
T suy ra s hng tng qut ca dy (v
n
) l
n n
n
v ) 2 1 ( ) 2 1 ( + +
.
Cho
2
0
v
;
2 2
1
v
. T suy ra :
'
+ +
+
2 2 ) 2 1 ( ) 2 1 (
2

'
2
1
2
3
.
Do s hng tng qut ca dy (v
n
) l :
n n
n
v ) 2 1 (
2
1
) 2 1 (
2
3
+ +
.
V
1
n n
v u
nn suy ra :
61
1 ) 2 1 (
2
1
) 2 1 (
2
3
+ +
n n
n
u
V d 3:
Cho dy
{ }
n
u
c xc nh bi u
0
=3; u
1
=17; u
n
= 6u
n-1
- u
n-2
.; n=2;3.
Chng minh rng u
n
2
-1 chia ht cho 2 v thng lun l mt s chnh
phng vi mi n=0;1;2
Gii:
Xt phng trnh c trng ca dy:
x
2
-6x+1=0.
Phng trnh c hai nghim l
x
1
=3+ 8 ; x
2
=3- 8 .
V th s hng tng qut ca dy l:
u
n
=p(3+
8
)
n
+q(3-
8
)
n
.
Vi cch cho n=0 v n=1 ta c h :

'
+ +
+
17 ) 8 3 ( ) 8 3 (
3
q p
q p
,
tm c p=
2
8 3 +
; q=
2
8 3
. Do vy ta c s hng tng qut l:
u
n
=
2
8 3 +
(3+
8
)
n
+
2
8 3
(3-
8
)
n
=
] ) 8 3 ( ) 8 3 [(
2
1
1 1 + +
+ +
n n
.
S dng hng ng thc (x+y)
2
=(x-y)
2
+4xy ta c:

4 ] ) 8 3 ( ) 8 3 [( ] ) 8 3 ( ) 8 3 [(
2 1 1 2 1 1
+ + + +
+ + + + n n n n
.
Nn:
{ 1 ]
2
) 8 3 ( ) 8 3 (
[
2
1
2
1
2
1 1 2
+ +
+ + n n
n
u
}
=
2
1 1
]
2
) 8 3 ( ) 8 3 (
[
2
1
+ +
+
n n
.
62
p dng khai trin nh thc Niu-ton ta chng minh c (3
8 t
)
n
c
dng MtN 2 , vi M,N nguyn dng nn ta suy ra
2
2
2
1
N
u
n
l
mt s chnh phng.
V d 4: ( thi Olympic 30-4)
Cho dy
{ }
n
a
xc nh nh sau:
a
0
=1; a
1
=2; a
n+2
=4a
n+1
a
n
, vi n l s t nhin. Tm tt c cc gi tr
ca n a
n
-1 l s chnh phng.
Gii:
Xt phng trnh c trng :
x
2
4x+1=0 .
Phng trnh c hai nghim l x
1
=
3 2 +
; x
2
=2-
3
.
S hng tng qut c dng:
a
n
=p(
3 2 +
)
n
+q(
3 2
)
n
,
vi p , q l nghim ca h phng trnh

'
+ +
+
2 ) ( 3 ) ( 2
1
q p q p
q p
, gii c p=q=
2
1
.
S hng tng qut l a
n
=
2
) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 (
n n
+ +
.
rng
t
t
2
) 1 3 (
) 3 2 (
2
[ ]
2
2
1 3 t
. Nn ta suy ra:
a
n
-1 =
1 ] )
2
1 3
( )
2
1 3
[(
2
1
2 2
+
+
n n
=

2 2
2
2 2
) 2 (
) 2 ( 2
] )
2
1 3
( )
2
1 3
[(
2
1
+
+
+
n
n
n n
=
2 2
2
2 2
) 2 (
) 2 ( 2
] )
2
1 3
( )
2
1 3
[(
2
1
+
+
+
n
n
n n
= [
1
) 2 (
) 1 3 ( ) 1 3 (
+
+
n
n n
]
2
.
63
a
n
-1 l s chnh phng th M =
1
) 2 (
) 1 3 ( ) 1 3 (
+
+
n
n n
phi l s
nguyn.
i) Nu n=0 th M=0 , tha mn.
- Nu n=1 th M=1 , cng tha mn.
- Nu n=2k. k
N. Ta xt dy b
k
=
1 2
2 2
) 2 (
) 1 3 ( ) 1 3 (
+
+
k
k k
=
) 2 (
) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 (
k k
+
. Ti v 2
3 t
l nghim ca phng trnh c trng
(1) nn cc s b
k
tha mn h thc:
b
k+2
= 4b
k+1
b
k
. Do b
0
=0; b
1
=
6
nn b
k
khng nguyn vi mi k.
ii) Nu n=2k+1 th ta c:
M=
2 2
1 2 1 2
) 2 (
) 1 3 ( ) 1 3 (
+
+ +
+
k
k k
=
] )
2
1 3
( )
2
1 3
[(
2
1 3
2 2 k k

+ +
=
=
k k
) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 [(
2
1 3
+
+
.
Tip theo ta li t c
k
=
k k
) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 [(
2
1 3
+
+
, th dy (c
k
)
k
tha mn
h thc c
k+2
=4c
k+1
c
k
. C c
0
=0; c
1
=5 , nn c
k
lun l s nguyn vi
mi k
N.
Tm li a
n
-1 l s chnh phng th n=0; =1; n l s nguyn dng
l.
V d 5: (Tnh cht ca dy Fi-bo-na-ci)
Cho dy Fi-bo-na-ci c xc nh nh sau: F
1
=F
2
=1; F
n
=F
n-1
+F
n-2
( n
) 3
. Chng minh rng :
a) S hng tng qut F
n
=
] )
2
5 1
( )
2
5 1
[(
5
1
n n

+
( cng thc Binet).
64
b) 1
2
1

+
n k
n
k
F F .
c) 1
1 2 2
1

+
n k
n
k
F F .
d)
n k
n
k
F F
2 1 2
1

.
e) F
n+1
2
=4F
n
F
n-1
+F
n-2
2
f) F
n+1
F
n-1
F
n
2
=(-1)
n
; n 2
g) F
m+n
= F
m
F
n-1
+F
m+1
F
n
; n 2 ; m1
h) Chng minh rng nu n chia ht cho m th F
n
chia ht cho F
m.
i) F
2
n
+ F
2
n-1
= F
2n-1.
j) F
2
n+1
-F
2
n-1
= F
2n
k) F
3
n+1
+ F
3
n
F
3
n-1
= F
3n.
l)
1
2
1
.
+

n n k
n
k
F F F
m)
.

2
2 1
1 2
1
.
n k k
n
k
F F F
+
n) 1 . 1 2
2
1
2
1
+
+
n
k k
n
k
F F F
o) Chng minh rng hai s hng lin tip ca dy Fi-bo-na-ci khng
c c chung d>1.
p) Vi n
3
ta c F
n+4
F
n-2
-F
n+2
F
n
= (-1)
n-1
.3
q) 4F
n-2
F
n
.F
n+2
.F
n+4
+9 l mt s chnh phng
r) F
2k+1
2
+1 chia ht cho F
2k-1

v F
2k-1
2
+1 chia ht cho F
2k+1
.
Trn y l mt s cc tnh cht c bn ca dy Fi-bo-na-ci. Cn nhiu
tnh cht khc m ta c th bt gp trong cc thi Olympic hoc thi
hc sinh gii.
Gii:
65
Ta s chng minh mt s tnh cht, cn mt s tnh cht ta xem nh l
bi tp.
a) Ta xt phng trnh c trng ca dy l: x
2
-x-1=0 (1). Phng
trnh ny c hai nghim l
x
1
=
2
5 1+
; x
2
=
2
5 1
. Theo l thuyt tng qut chng minh trn,
s hng tng qut c dng F
n
= px
1
n
+qx
2
n
. Ta thay n=1; n=2 vo ta c
p; q tha mn h phng trnh
'
'
+ +
+ +
'
+
+
+
+
5
1
5
1
2 ) ( 5 ) ( 3
2 ) ( 5
2 )
2
5 1
( )
2
5 1
(
2
2
5 1
2
5 1
2 2
q
p
q p q p
q p q p
q p
q p
.
Vy s hng tng qut l F
n
=
] )
2
5 1
( )
2
5 1
[(
5
1
n n

+
.
b)
Ta chng minh bng quy np. t P(n) l mnh cha bin n trn.
Vi n=1 th ng thc ng.
Gi s P(n) l mnh ng, n 1 , ta cn chng minh P(n+1) ng.
66
Tht vy
1 1
3 1 2 1
1
1
1
+ +
+ + + +
n n n n k
n
k
k
n
k
F F F F F F
.
Vy P(n) ng vi mi n.
Tng t ta chng minh c c) v d). By gi ta chng minh g)
g)
Ta c nh mt bin , chng hn l m , chng minh quy np theo n. K
hiu mnh cn chng minh l P(n)
vi n=2 , ta c P(2) ng v F
1
=F
2
=1.
Ga s P(n) ng, ta cn chng t P(n+1) ng. Tht vy
F
m+n+1
= F
m+n
+F
m+n-1
.
Theo gi thit quy np ta c:
F
m+n
= F
m
F
n-1
+F
m+1
F
n

v F
m+n-1
= F
m
F
n-2
+F
m+1
F
n-1
( lu rng ta c nh bin
m).
Vy nn
F
m+n+1
= F
m
F
n-1
+F
m+1
F
n
+ F
m
F
n-2
+F
m+1
F
n-1

=F
m
(F
n-1
+ F
n-2
)+ F
m+1
(F
n
+ F
n-1
)
=F
m
.F
n
+F
m+1
.F
n+1
.
Vy P(n+1) ng. Khng nh c chng minh.
h)
Gi s n=km, vi k
*
N , ta phi chng minh: vi k;m
*
N th F
km
chia
ht cho F
m
. Ta c nh m v chng minh quy np theo k.
K hiu mnh trn l P(k).
Vi k=1 th P(1) ng.
Gi s P(k) ng, ta cn chng t P(k+1) cng ng.
Tht vy , theo g) ta c:
67
F
(k+1)m
= F
m+km
= F
m
F
km-1
+F
m+1
F
km
.
V F
km
chia ht cho F
m
nn t ta c F
(k+1)m
cng chia ht cho F
m
.
Bi tp tng t:
1) Xt dy s
{ }
n
a
vi
4
1
a
;
22
2
a
; 2 1
6

n n n
a a a
;
2 n
.
Chng minh rng tn ti cc dy s nguyn dng
) (
n
x
;
) (
n
y
sao
cho
1 ,
7
2

+
n
y x
y
a
n n
n
n .
2) Cho phng trnh
0 ) ( log
2
2004
x x
. Gi
vi
<
l hai
nghim ca phng trnh ny. Coi dy s Fibonaci
+
1
) (
n n
F
vi
1
2 1
F F
v n n n
F F F +
+ + 1 2 ;
*
N n . Chng minh rng
) (
5
1
n n
n
F
.
3) Xt dy s
{ }
n
a
vi
5
1
a
;
11
2
a
; 1 1
3 2
+

n n n
a a a
;
2 n
.
Chng minh rng 2007
u
chia ht cho 11.
4) Cho dy s
1
1
u
;
2
2
u
v
1 , 2
1 2
+
+ +
n u u u
n n n . Tm
n
n
n
u
u
1
lim
+
+
.
9) DNG 9: SO SNH NGHIM CA TAM THC BC HAI
VI MT S
Phn tich:
T nm hc 2006-2007 tr i , bi ton nh l o v du ca tam
thc bc hai v bi ton so snh nghim ca tam thc bc hai vi mt
s thc bt k khng cn c trnh by trong chng trnh chnh
kha. y l tng gim ti ca B gio dc v o to.
Tuy nhin qua qu trnh ging dy v cho hc sinh lm bi tp, ti thy
nhiu bi ton nu bit s dng nh l o v bi ton so snh nghim
th li gii s ngn gn hn nhiu.
68
V th trong chuyn mc ny, ti a ra mt vi hng gii quyt c
th s dng bi ton so snh nghim lm bi tp.
Trc ht ti xin a ra mt v d dn n bi ton so snh nghim:
V d:
Tm m hm s
2 2 3
5 ) 3 ( 2 m x m mx x y + + +
c cc tr. Gi x
1
; x
2
l
honh ca cc tr. Tm m x
1
<-3<x
2
<2.
y l mt v d thng thng trong bi ton hm s. Tuy nhin
gii c , ta cn so snh nghim ca y i vi cc s -3 v 2. Nu
khng dng phng php so snh nghim th li gii cng knh v rc
ri hn.
nh l o v du c pht biu nh sau:
nh l:
Cho tam thc bc hai:
0 ) (
2
+ + c bx ax x f
(
) 0 a
. Nu c s thc

sao cho
0 ) ( < af
th tam thc bc hai c hai nghim x
1
; x
2
v
2 1
x x < <
.
Chng minh:
T nh l thun v du ca tam thc bc hai, ta thy ch c duy nht
mt trng hp f(x) tri du vi x l trng hp
0 >
.Trong
trng hp ny tam thc c hai nghim x
1
; x
2
v
2 1
x x < <
.
Ta thy gi thit ca nh l o ri vo trng hp ny. Do tam
thc c hai nghim x
1
; x
2
(x
1
<x
2
) v
2 1
x x < <
.
T nh l o , ta rt ra cc h qu sau:
H qu 1:
69
iu kin cn v tam thc:
0 ) (
2
+ + c bx ax x f
(
) 0 a
c hai
nghim x
1
;x
2
(x
1
<x
2
) l c s thc
sao cho
0 ) ( < af
.
H qu 2:
Cho tam thc bc hai :
0 ) (
2
+ + c bx ax x f
(
) 0 a
v hai s thc

sao cho
<
. iu kin cn v
) (x f
c hai nghim , trong
c mt nghim thuc khong (
) v mt nghim nm ngoi on [
] l
0 ) ( ). ( < f f
.
Chng minh :
H qu 1: c suy ra t nh l thun v nh l o.
H qu 2:
Gi s ta c
0 ) ( ). ( < f f 0 ) ( ). ( < af af
.
Suy ra
) ( af
<0 hoc
) ( af
<0.
+ Nu
) ( af
<0 th
) ( af
>0 (*), suy ra phng trnh c hai nghim
x
1
<
<x
2
<
.
+ Nu
) ( af
<0 th
) ( af
>0 (**) , suy ra phng trnh c hai nghim
<x
1
<
<x
2
.
Ngc li nu xy ra mt trong hai kh nng (*) hoc (**) th ta c
0 ) ( ). ( < f f
.
H qu c chng minh.
Sau y l mt vi hng xut khi cho hc sinh s dng kin thc
v so snh nghim vo gii bi tp.
1) HNG XUT 1: EM V SO SNH NGHIM VI S 0.
Phn tich:
lp 9, hc sinh bit so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi
s 0 bng cch xt du tng v tch ca hai nghim.
70
By gi ta s tm cch a v so snh nghim vi s 0.
Ta thng nht cc ai lng ; S; P l ca g(t).
i) Tam thc
0 ) (
2
+ + c bx ax x f
(
) 0 a
c hai nghim
2 1
x x < <

< <
2 1
0 x x
.
t
x t
, dn n
) ( ) ( + t f t g
c hai nghim
2 1
0 t t < <
.
ii) Tam thc
0 ) (
2
+ + c bx ax x f
(
) 0 a
c hai nghim
<
2 1
x x
.
Bng php t
x t
, dn n
) ( ) ( + t f t g
c hai nghim
0
2 1
< t t

'
>
<

0
0
0
P
S
.
iii) Tng t cch x l i vi trng hp
0 ) (
2
+ + c bx ax x f
(
) 0 a
c hai nghim tha mn
2 1
0 x x <
.
Sau y ta xt mt s v d minh ha.
V d 1:
Cho hm s
2
3 3
2
+
+ +
x
x x
y ( C )
Tm cc gi tr ca m ng thng d: y=mx-m ct th ti hai im
thuc v hai nhnh ca th (C).
Gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th d v (C) l:
2
3 3
2
+
+ +

x
x x
m mx
) 1 ( 0 3 2 ) 3 ( ) 1 (
2
+ m x m x m
.
d ct (C) ti hai im thuc hai nhnh khi v ch khi (1) c hai
nghim x
1
; x
2
tha mn : x
1
<-2<x
2
.
71
t t=x+2 ta a (1) v phng trnh n t:

0 1 ) 1 3 ( ) 1 (
2
t m t m
(2).
Phng trnh (2) phi c hai nghim tri du .
Tm c m>1.
V d 2:
Tm m hm s
1
1
2
x
mx x
y ng bin trn khong
) ; 1 ( +
.
Gii:
Ta c
2
2
) 1 (
1 2
'
x
m x x
y
.
t
1 2 ) (
2
+ m x x x f
.
hm s ng bin trn
) ; 1 ( +
th phi xy ra mt trong hai kh
nng:
KN1: f(x) c <0
0 < m
.
KN2: f(x) c hai nghim x
1
; x
2
tha mn
1
2 1
< x x
.
t t=x-1 ta a v xt iu kin g(t)= t
2
m c hai nghim
0
2 1
< t t
.
iu tng ng:
'

0
0 0
0
m P
S
m
0 m
.
Kt hp 2 kh nng c
0 m
.
V d 3:
Tm m hm s :
x m x m x m y ) 1 ( ) 6 (
2
3
) 2 (
3
1
2 3 2

nghch bin trn khong (-1;0).
Gii:
Ta c
) 1 ( ) 6 ( 3 ) 2 ( ) ( '
2 2
+ m x m x m x f y
72
Ta cn c :
0 ' y
,
) 0 ; 1 ( x
.
TH1: Vi m=2 th
4
1
0 3 12 ' m x y
, tha mn.
TH2: Vi
2 m
, khi (m-2)
2
> 0.

0 ' y
,
) 0 ; 1 ( x
th f(x) phi c hai nghim x
1
;x
2
tha mn
2 1
0 1 x x <
(*).
Ta tch yu cu (*) ra lm hai trng hp ng thi xy ra:
'

) ( 0
) ( 1
2 1
2 1
b x x
a x x
Dng k thut x l trn i vi (a) ta c
'

2
5 3
m
m
.
i vi (b) ta c
'

2
1
m
m
.
Kt hp tt c cc trng hp ta c
5 1 m
.
V d 4:
Tm m phng trnh :
0 5 ) 3 2 (
2 4
+ + + m x m x
(1)
C cc nghim tha mn :
3 1 0 1 2
4 3 2 1
< < < < < < < < x x x x
(*).
Gii:
y l phng trnh trng phng.
t t=x
2
. Ta a v phng trnh :
0 5 ) 3 2 (
2
+ + + m t m t
(2).
(1) c 4 nghim phn bit th (2) phi c hai nghim dng phn
bit.
Ta gi s hai nghim ca (2) l :
2 1
0 t t < <
.
Khi 2 1
t x
; 1 2
t x
; 1 3
t x
; 2 4
t x
.
73
Do t gi thit ta c :
3 1 0 1 2
2 1 1 2
< < < < < < < < t t t t
.

2 1 0
2 1
< < < < t t
(**).
Ta tch iu kin (**) ra lm hai iu kin ng thi:
'
< < <

< < <
2 1
1 0
2 1
2 1
t t
t t
.
X l tng t trn ta c kt qu khng c m no tha mn.
V d 5:
Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim:
'
+
+
m y y x x
y x
3 1
1

( Thi H khi D-2004)
Gii:
Ta t
0 u x
;
0 v y
.
H cho tr thnh :

'
+
+
m v u
v u
3 1
1
3 3
'
m v u
v u
.
1
.
Theo nh l Vi-et th u,v l nghim phng trnh:
0
2
+ m t t (1).
h c nghim th (1) phi c c hai nghim khng m.
4
1
0
0
0 1
0 4 1

'

m
m P
S
m
.
74
Bi tp tng t:
1) Tm m hm s:
m x
m mx x
y
2
3 2
2 2
+
ng bin trn khong
) ; 1 ( +
.
2) Tm m sao cho hm s
x a x a x y ) 3 ( ) 1 (
2 3
+ + +
tng trong
khong (0;3).
3) Tm m hm s
2
2
2
x
m x x
y gim trn khong (-1;0)
( D b khi A 2002)
2) HNG XUT 2: TRNH BY TRC TIP NH L
O.
Phn tich:
Hng xut em v so sanh nghim vi s 0 thc ra chi thun tin khi
vic so sanh din ra khng phai vi nhiu s. Khi vic so sanh din ra
mt luc vi nhiu s thi vic chuyn qua ham g(t) nh trn se mt
nhiu thi gian . Vi th inh ly ao co nhng mt tich cc nht inh
trong nhng bai tp nh th. Thc ra cua qua trinh so sanh nghim
thng c a v qua cac bai toan c ban sau.
Ta cn trang b mt s bi ton so snh nghim c bn:
i) f(x) c duy nht nghim tha mn
> x
Xy ra mt trong cc trng hp sau:
TH1: f(x) c nghim
2 1
x x < <

0 ) ( < af
TH2: f(x) c nghim
2 1
x x <
'
>

2
0
S
75
TH3: f(x) c nghim
2 1
x x <

'
>
2
0 ) (
S
f
.
ii) f(x) c t nht mt nghim tha mn
> x
:
TH1: f(x) c nghim
2 1
x x < <

0 ) ( < af
.
TH2: f(x) c nghim
2 1
x x <
'
>

2
0
S
.
TH3 : f(x) c nghim
2 1
; x x <

'
>
>

2
0 ) (
0
S
af
.
Bnh lun:
i vi trng hp ny ta c th lm gin tip. Ta tm m f(x) khng
c nghim tha mn
> x
. Lc ta c hai trng hp sau:
TH1: f(x) v nghim
0 <
.
TH2: f(x) c nghim

2 1
; x x

'
2
0 ) (
0
S
af
.
Sau ta loi i cc gi tr tham s trong trng hp gin tip , ta
c cc gi tr tham s trc tip.
iii) f(x) c t nht mt nghim thuc on [
;
]:
TH1: f(x) c nghim l
hoc l

76
0 ) ( ). ( f f
.
TH2: f(x) c mt nghim thuc khong
) ; (
v nghim kia nm
ngoi on
] ; [

0 ) ( ). ( < f f
.
TH3: f(x) c c hai nghim thuc
) ; (
:
'
< <
>
>

2
0 ) (
0 ) (
0
S
af
af
.
iv) f(x) c t nht mt nghim thuc khong
) ; (
.
TH1: f(x) c nghim l
, nghim kia thuc

) ; (
:
'
< <
S
f 0 ) (
.
TH2: f(x) c nghim l
, nghim kia thuc

) ; (
:
'
< <
S
f 0 ) (
.
TH3: f(x) c mt nghim thuc khong
) ; (
v nghim kia nm
ngoi on
] ; [

0 ) ( ). ( < f f
TH4: f(x) c c hai nghim thuc
) ; (
:
77
'
< <
>
>

2
0 ) (
0 ) (
0
S
af
af
.
v) f(x) c t nht mt nghim nm ngoi khong
) ; (
( tc l
x
hoc
x
).
i vi trng hp ny ta lm gin tip. Tc l tm iu kin f(x)
khng c nghim nm ngoi khong
) ; (
.
TH1: f(x) v nghim
0 <
.
TH2: f(x) c c hai nghim thuc khong
) ; (
'
< <
>
>

2
0 ) (
0 ) (
0
S
af
af
.
Sau ta loi i cc gi tr tham s va tm, ta c cc gi tr tham s
cn tm.
Trn y l 5 bi ton c bn v so snh nghim ca tam thc bc hai
vi mt s. Trong khi lm bi ta c th gp di mt dng khc, lc
ch cn x l linh ng l ta c th gii c.
By gi ta c mt s v d minh ha.
V d 1:
Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim thc:
4 2
1 . 2 1 1 3 + + x x m x (1)
78
( Thi H khi A nm 2007)
Gii:
y l phng trnh ng cp bc hai i vi
4
1 x v
4
1 + x .
Kim tra thy x=-1 khng l nghim.
Chia hai v cho
1 + x
ta c :
4
1
1
2
1
1
3
+
+
+
x
x
m
x
x
.
Ta t :
0
1
1
4

+
t
x
x
hn na v
1
1
1
lim
+
t
x
x
x
nn ta suy ra
1 0 < t
a v phng trnh bc hai:
0 2 3 ) (
2
+ m t t t f
(2)
(1) c nghim thc th (2) cn c t nht mt nghim
1 0 < t
.
TH1: f(t) c nghim t=0
0 0 ) ( m t f
.
TH2: f(t) c mt nghim thuc (0;1) , nghim kia ngoi on [0;1]
0 ) 1 ( ). 0 ( < f f 0 1 0 ) 1 ( < < < + m m m
.
TH3: f(t) c mt nghim l 1, nghim kia thuc khong (0;1):
'
< <

'
< <
2 1
1
1 1 0
0 ) 1 (
S
m
S
f
( khng xy ra) .
TH4: f(t) c c hai nghim thuc khong (0;1)
79
'
< <
>
>

1
2
0
0 ) 1 (
0 ) 0 (
0 '
S
af
af

3
1
0
1
0
3
1
1
3
2
0
0 ) 1 ( 3
0 3
0 3 1
<
'
>
>
'
< <
> +
>

m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
.
Kt hp li ta c :
3
1
1 < m
.
Bnh lun:
+ Ta thy vic tm m phng trnh c t nht mt nghim thuc [0;
1) khng ri vo 5 bi ton xt. Tuy nhin gii bi ny , ta tng
hp cc trng hp 5 bi ton trn. Do 5 bi ton trn vn l c
bn.
+ Ta c th dng hm s gii bi ton trn nh sau:
S nghim ca (2) l s giao im ca hai th hm s y=m v y=-
3t
2
+2t.
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s y=-3t
2
+2t trn na khong [0;1) ta
c :
80
t
0
3
1
1
-3t
2
+2t

3
1
0 -1
T bng bin thin ta thy
3
1
1 < m
.
+ Mt iu ch y l ta c th tm thiu iu kin ca bin s t.
Ta c th ch l
t 0
.
V d 2:
Cho phng trnh :
0 1 5 ) 2 ( ) (
2
+ + + m x m x x f
(1).
Tm m sao cho:
a) Phng trnh ch c mt nghim tha mn x>1.
b) Phng trnh c t nht mt nghim tha mn
4 > x
.
c) Phng trnh c nghim thuc (-1;1).
d) Phng trnh c t nht mt nghim tha mn x<2.
Gii:
a) c 3 trng hp xy ra:
TH1:
0 0 ) 1 ( 1
2 1
< < < < m af x x
.
TH2:
'
>
'
<
<
0
0
2
1
0 ) 1 (
1
2 1
m
m
S
f
x x
( v nghim).
81
TH3:
16
0
0 16
2
1
0
1
2
2 1

'
>

'
<

< m
m
m m
S
x x
.
b) Ta gii gin tip.
Tm m phng trnh khng c nghim tha mn
4 > x
.
TH1: f(x) v nghim
0 <
16 0 0 16
2
< < < m m m .
TH2: f(x) c c hai nghim thuc khong [-4;4]
0
9
25
6 10
9
9
25
0
16
4
2
2
4
0 9
0 25 9
0 16
4
2
4
0 ) 4 (
0 ) 4 (
0
2

'
'
+

> +
> +

'

>
>

m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m m
S
af
af
.
Nh vy f(x) khng c nghim tha mn
4 > x
khi
16
9
25
< m
.
Vy f(x) c t nht mt nghim tha mn
4 > x
khi
<
16
5
29
m
m
.
c) C 4 trng hp xy ra:
82
TH1:
'
< <

'
< <

< < <
2 4
3
2
1 ) 1 ( 1
0 ) 1 (
1 1
2 1
m
m
S
f
x x
( khng c m no).
TH2:
'
< <
'
< <
< <
0 2
0
1 1 1
0 ) 1 (
1 1
2 1
m
m
S
f
x x
( khng c m no).
TH3:
f(x) c mt nghim thuc (-1;1), nghim kia nm ngoi on [-
1;1].
0
3
2
0 ) 1 ( ). 1 ( < < < m f f
.
TH4: f(x) c c hai nghim thuc khong (-1;1).
83
'
< <
>
>
'
<
+
<
>
> +

'
< <
>
>

0 4
0
3
2
0
16
1
2
2
1
0 4
0 4 6
0 16
1
2
1
0 ) 1 (
0 ) 1 (
0
2
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m m
S
af
af
( khng c m no).
Tm li :
0
3
2
< < m
.
d) C 3 trng hp:
TH1:
3
1
0 1 3 0 ) 2 ( 2
2 1
< < + < < < m m af x x
.
TH2:
3
1
2
2
2
0 1 3
2
2
0 ) 2 (
2
2 1

'
<
+
+
'
<
< m
m
m
S
f
x x
.
84
TH3:
0
3
1
2
2
2
0 1 3
0 16
2
2
0 ) 2 (
0
2
2
2 1
<
'
<
+
> +

'
<
>

< m
m
m
m m
S
af x x
.
Kt hp cc trng hp ta c
0 m
.
Bnh lun:
Ta c th gii cu d) bng phng php gin tip nh sau:
Ta tm m f(x) khng c nghim x>2.
TH1: f(x) v nghim.
TH2: f(x) c c hai nghim
2 ;
2 1
x x
.
V d 3:
Tm m phng trnh
m x x x x + + + + ) 7 )( 5 )( 3 )( 1 (
(1)
v nghim.
Gii:
a (1) v
m x x x x + + + + ) 15 8 )( 7 8 (
2 2
.
t 7 8
2
+ + x x t , tn ti x th
9 t
.
Phng trnh tr thnh: t(t+8)=m
t
2
+8t- m=0 (2).
(1) v nghim th (2) phi khng c nghim tha mn
9 t
.
TH1: (2) v nghim
16 0 < < m
.
TH2: (2) c c hai nghim nh hn -9.
85
'
<
>
> +
'
<
>

9 4
0 9
0 16
9
2
0 ) 9 (
0 '
m
m
S
af ( khng c m no tha mn).
Tm li : (1) v nghim th m<-16.
V d 4:
Tm m phng trnh :
0 1 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 3 4
+ + + + x m x x m x
(1)
C khng t hn hai nghim m khc nhau.
Gii:
y l phng trnh h s i xng.
Nhn thy x=0 khng l nghim.
Chia hai v cho x
2
ta c:
2
2
1 1
( ) ( 1)( ) 1 0 x m x
x x
+ + + +
.
t
x
x t
1
+
. y la x va
1
x
cung du nn :
p dng bt ng thc C-si ta c:
1 1
2 t x x
x x
+ +
(*)
Phng trnh tr thnh :
0 1 ) 1 (
2
+ t m t
(2).
Ta lu rng trong iu kin (*) th
2 t
khi v ch khi x<0 v
t=-2 khi ch khi x=-1.
Do (1) c khng t hn hai nghim m th (2) phi c t nht
mt nghim t<-2.
thm (2) lun c hai nghim tri du.
86
Do ta ch cn xt
2
5
0 ) 2 ( 2
2 1
> < < < m af t t
.
Vy ta c :
2
5
> m
.
V d 5:
Tm m phng trnh :
0 1 2
2 2
+ m x m x x
(1)
c nghim .
Gii:
t
0 1 x t
, th 1 2
2 2
t x x .
Phng trnh tr thnh: 0 1
2 2
+ m mt t (2).
(1) c nghim th (2) phi c t nht mt nghim
0 t
.
TH1: (2) c nghim t=0
1 0 1 0 ) 0 (
2
t m m f
.
TH2: (2) c hai nghim tri du
0 ) 0 ( < af
1 1 0 1
2
< < < m m .
TH3: (2) c c hai nghim dng
2
2
3 4 0
0
2 3
0 1 0 1
3
0 0
m
P m m
S m
+

> > <

' '

> >

.
Kt hp li ta c :
3
3 2
1 m .
V d 6:
Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim thc:
'
+ + +
+ + +
10 15
1 1
5
1 1
3 3
3 3
m
y x
y x
y
y
x
x
.
( Thi H khi D-2007).
Gii:
87
t
x
x u
1
+
;
y
y v
1
+
.
Dng bt ng thc C-si v bt ng thc tr tuyt i ta c:
1 1
2 u x x
x x
+ +
;
2 v
( vi x va
1
x
cung du )
H cho tr thnh:
'
'
+ +
+
m uv
v u
m v u v u
v u
8
5
10 15 ) ( 3
5
3 3
.
Theo nh l Vi-et th u; v l nghim phng trnh:
f(t) = t
2
-5t +8-m = 0(1)
H cho c nghim khi v ch khi (1) c c hai nghim tha mn
2 ; 2
2 1
t t
.
Ta gii bng phng php gin tip nh sau.
Tm m (1) khng c nghim nm ngoi khong (-2;2).
TH1: (1) v nghim
4
7
0 7 4 < < m m
.
TH2: (1) c t nht mt nghim thuc khong (-2;2)
TH2 ny c 4 kh nng:
+ KN1: f(t) c nghim l -2, nghim kia thuc khong (-2;2)
'
< <

'
< + <

2 7 2
0 22
2 2 2
0 ) 2 ( m
S
f
( khng xy ra).
+ KN2: f(t) c nghim l 2, nghim kia thuc khong (-2;2)
88
'
< <

'
< <
2 3 2
0 2
2 2 2
0 ) 2 ( m
S
f
( khng xy ra ).
+KN3: f(t) c mt nghim thuc khong (-2;2), nghim kia
nm ngoi on [-2;2]
22 2 0 ) 2 )( 22 ( 0 ) 2 ( ) 2 ( < < < < m m m f f
.
+KN4: f(t) c c hai nghim thuc (-2;2)
'
< <
>
>

'
< <
>
>

2
2
5
2
0 2
0 22
0 7 4
2
2
2
0 ) 2 (
0 ) 2 (
0
m
m
m
S
af
af
( khng xy ra).
Nh vy (1) khng c nghim nm ngoi khong (-2;2) th
< <
<
22 2
4
7
m
m
.
Vy nhng gi tr m tha mn bi l :

22
2
4
7
m
m
.
Bnh lun:
Ta c th tm m (1) c c hai nghim tha mn
2 ; 2
2 1
t t

bng phng php hm s nh sau:Ta lp bng bin thin ca f(t)
ngoi khong (-2;2) :
89
t

-2
2
2
5
+
f(t) - - 0 +
f(t)
+
22
2 +
4
7
T bng bin thin ta c :

22
2
4
7
m
m
.
V d 7:
Cho phng trnh :
0 1 cos 2 cos 3 cos + x m x x
(1).
Tm m phng trnh c ng 7 nghim khc nhau thuc khong
) 2 ;
2
(
.
Gii:
Ta bin i a phng trnh v :
0 ) 3 cos 2 cos 4 ( cos
2
+ m x x x

0 3 cos 2 cos 4
0 cos
2
m x x
x
Trong khong
) 2 ;
2
(
, phng trnh cosx=0 c hai nghim l

2
1

x
;
2
3
2

x
.
Do (1) c ng 7 nghim phn bit th phng trnh :
0 3 cos 2 cos 4
2
+ m x x (*)
phi c 5 nghim phn bit v khc hai nghim trn.
t t = cosx, phng trnh (*) tr thnh:
90
0 3 2 4 ) (
2
+ m t t t f
(2).
Nu
) 1 ; 0 ( t
th cho 3 gi tr x tng ng khc nghim x
1
; x
2
.
Nu
) 0 ; 1 ( t
th cho 2 gi tr x tng ng khc nghim x
1
; x
2
.
Nu t=1 th ch cho x=0.
Nu t=-1 th ch cho
x
Do (*) c 5 nghim nh yu cu th f(t) phi c hai nghim
phn bit t
1
;
t
2
tha mn :
1 0 1
2 1
< < < < t t
.
Theo nh o ta cn c:
'
>
>
<
0 ) 1 (
0 ) 1 (
0 ) 0 (
af
af
af
3 1
0 1
0 3
0 3
< <
'
>
> +
<
m
m
m
m
.
Vy nhng gi tr m cn tm :
3 1 < < m
.
Bnh lun :
T lp lun v mi tng quan gia t v x trn ta thy nu yu
cu v s nghim thay i, s dn ti tnh cht nghim ca (2) cng
thay i.
Chng hn:
i) Nu yu cu (1) c ng 6 nghim khc nhau th nghim ca
phng trnh (2) phi l:
0 1
2 1
< < < t t
, hoc l
'
< <

1 0
1
2
1
t
t
, hoc l
'
< <
1 0
1
1
2
t
t
91
ii ) Nu yu cu (1) c ng 8 nghim th nghim ca (2) phi
l:
1 0
2 1
< < < t t
.
Bi tp tng t:
1) Tm m phng trnh :
2 2 2
2 3 2 m x x m x x + +
a) c nghim.
b) c 4 nghim phn bit.
2) Tm m phng trnh :
0 4 ). 8 3 ( 6 . 9
2 2 2
2 2 2
+
x x x x x x
m m
C nghim tha mn
2
1
x
.
3) Tm m phng trnh :
m x x +
4 4
) 3 ( ) 1 (
c nghim.
4) Tm m phng trnh:
0 ) 2 ( ) 4 ( 4 ) 3 2 ( ) 2 (
2012 2 2
2012
2 2012 2
+ + + x m x m x
C nghim .
5) Tm m phng trnh c nghim duy nht:
0 ) 1 2 lg( ) 2 lg(
2
m x mx x
.
6) Cho phng trnh :
(x-3)(x+1)+4(x-3)
m
x
x
+
3
1
.
Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
7) Cho phng trnh :
1 2
2
+ x m x x
Tm m phng trnh c 4 nghim phn bit.
8) Tm m phng trnh:
m x x +lg ) 10 ( lg
2
C nghim tha mn 1<x<10.
92
II- NG DNG CA NH L VI-ET
TNG QUT :
1) DNG 1 : NG DUNG VO GII H PHNG TRNH
Phn tich :
Thng thng cac h thng gp dang i xng. Khi o ta tim cach
biu din cac phng trinh trong h qua cac biu thc i xng s cp
o la : x+y+z ; xy+yz+zx ; xyz ( i vi h 3 n). Ta cn s dung cac
hng ng i xng :
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a b ab + +
;
3 3 3
( ) 3 ( ) a b a b ab a b + + +
bin i h , sau o s dung inh ly Vi-et ao a v phng
trinh a thc va giai phng trinh o. Cui cung nghim cua h chinh
la cac b s hoan vi cac nghim.
V d 1 : Gii h phng trnh :
'
+ +
+ +
+ +
57
21
3
3 3 3
2 2 2
z y x
z y x
z y x
Gii :
93
Ta c x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=(x+y+z)
2
-2(xy+yz+zx) =21.
T suy ra : xy+yz+zx=-6. Li v
x
3
+y
3
+z
3
= (x+y+z)(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
-xy-yz-zx)+3xyz.
T tnh c xyz= 8. Vy theo nh l Vi-et ta c x, y, z l nghim
ca phng trnh : t
3
-3t
2
-6t+8=0.
M phng trnh trnh trn c cc nghim 1 ; -2 ;4.
Vy h trn c 6 nghim (x,y,z) tng ng l cac hon v ca b s (1 ;
-2 ;4).
V d 2 :
Gii h phng trnh
'
+ +
+ +
+ +
350
10
0
7 7 7
2 2 2
z y x
z y x
z y x
Gii:
t S
1
=x+y+z=0. S
2
= x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=(x+y+z)
2
-2(xy+yz+zx).
T suy ra xy+yz+zx= -5.
S dng bin i s cp ta c :
S
3
=x
3
+y
3
+z
3
= -(x+y+z)
3
+3(x+y+z)(xy+yz+zx)-3xyz
=-3xyz ( v x+y+z=0).
t S
n
=x
n
+y
n
+z
n
.
Ta c (x+y+z)(x
n+2
+y
n+2
+z
n+2
)=0.
Hay l S
n+3
=-S
n+1
(xy+yz+zx)-S
n
xyz.
Thay n=1 cho n 4 ta ln lt tnh c :
S
4
= 50; S
5
= -25xyz( v S
3
=-3xyz).
Thay n= 4 v s dng cc kt qu thu c trn ta c S
7
=175xyz.
T gi thit S
7
= 350. T tnh c xyz=-2.
Theo nh l Vi-et ta c x; y; z l ba nghim ca phng trnh t
3
-5t-
2=0.
94
Ta tm c 3 nghim l -2; 1- 2 ; 1+ 2 .
T h phng trnh c 6 nghim l cc b s to ra do hon v ca 3
gi tr trn.
V d 3: ( thi HSG Quc gia lp 9 , nm hc 96-97)
Gii h phng trnh
'
+ +
+ +
+ +
4
18
6
2 2 2
z y x
z y x
z y x
.
Gii:
Ta c x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=(x+y+z)
2
-2(xy+yz+zx),
suy ra xy+yz+zx=9.
Li c (
z y x + +
)
2
= x+y+z+2(
) zx yz xy + +
,
suy ra (
) zx yz xy + +
=5.
Bnh phng hai v ta c:
xy+yz+zx+ 2
) ( z y x xyz + +
=25,
thay s ta c
xyz
= 2, hay xyz=4.
Theo nh l Vi-et ta c x;y;z l nghim ca phng trnh :
t
3
-6t
2
+9t-4 = 0.
Ta gii phng trnh c 3 nghim l 1;1;4. Vy h cho c 3
nghim (x; y;z) l hon v ca 3 s trn.
www.VNMATH.com
V d 4:
Tnh tng S=x
3
+y
3
+z
3
theo a,b,c bit rng:
95
'
+ +
+ +
+ +
) 3 (
1 1 1 1
) 2 (
) 1 (
2 2 2 2
c z y x
b z y x
a z y x
( 132 b 95).
Gii:
T (2) ta c x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=(x+y+z)
2
-2(xy+yz+zx)=b
2
,
suy ra xy+yz+zx=
2
2 2
b a
.
T (3) ta c
c xyz
zx yz xy 1
+ +
, suy ra
2
) (
2 2
b a c
xyz

.
T biu thc S ta c:
S=x
3
+y
3
+z
3
=(x+y+z)(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
-xy-yz-zx)+3xyz
=
[ ]
2
2 2
2
b a
b a

+3
2
) (
2 2
b a c
=
) )( (
2
3
2 2 3
a c b a a +
.
V d 5:
Gii h phng trnh :
'
+ +
+ +
+ +
) ( 1
1 1 1
) ( 27
) ( 9
c
z y x
b zx yz xy
a z y x
Gii:
T phng trnh (c) ta c :
1
+ +
xyz
zx yz xy
Suy ra
27 + + zx yz xy xyz
.
96
Theo nh l Vi-et ta c x;y;z l nghim ca phng trnh sau:
0 27 27 9
2 3
+ t t t
0 ) 3 (
3
t
t=3
T h phng trnh c nghim l x=y=z=1.
V d 6:
Gii h phng trnh sau:
'
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
3 2
3 2
3 2
) (
) (
) (
c x c y x c z y x
b x b y x b z y x
a x a y x a z y x
(I)
Gii:
t m=x+y+z; n=x+y; p=x
T cu trc cc phng trnh ca h , ta c a;b;c cng l nghim ca h
phng trnh :
0
2 3
m nt pt t
p dng nh l Vi-et ta suy ra
'
+ +
+ +
+ +
z y x m abc
y x n ca bc ab
x p c b a
.
T ta gii c :
x a b c
y ab bc ca a b c
z ab bc ca abc
+ +
+ +
'
+ + +
y l nghim ca h phng trnh cho.

Bnh lun:
T cc v d trn y ta thy mi quan h mt thit gia phng trnh
v h phng trnh, c bit l h i xng. Vic thy r mi quan h
gia chng, gip ta c hng gii quyt linh ng:T h phng trnh
chuyn v phng trnh v ngc li.
97
2) DNG 2: NG DNG VO TINH CAC BIU THC LNG
GIC:
Phn tich:
y la dang bai tp hay gp trong cac ky thi hoc sinh gioi tinh. dang
bai tp nay , hoc sinh cn chi ra c cac s hang trong biu thc chinh
la nghim cua phng trinh ai s nao. Sau khi chi ra c ri, cn s
dung inh ly Vi-et kt ni cac mi quan h gia cac s hang o. Hoc
sinh cn thun thuc trong cac biu din lng giac, c bit la cac cng
thc v goc nhn.
V d 1:
Chng minh rng
a) 9 70 tan 50 tan 10 tan
0 2 0 2 0 2
+ +
b) 33273 80 tan 40 tan 20 tan
0 6 0 6 0 6
+ +
Gii:
a) Ap dng cng thc gc nhn 3 ta c:

3 tan
=

2
2
tan 3 1
tan 3 tan 3
(*) ,
t suy ra

4 2
6 4 2
2
tan 9 tan 6 1
tan tan 6 tan 9
3 tan
+
+
.
Thay
=10
0
ta c:
0
10 tan 9 10 tan 6 1
10 tan 10 tan 6 10 tan 9
3
1
0 4 0 2
0 6 0 4 0 2
+
+
.
T tan
2
10
0
l nghim ca phng trnh :
3t
3
-27t
2
+33t-1=0(1).
V tan
2
150
0
= tan
2
210
0
=
3
1
. Nh vy th tan
2
50
0
; tan
2
70
0
cng l nghim
ca phng trnh trn . Theo nh l Vi-et ta c
9 70 tan 50 tan 10 tan
0 2 0 2 0 2
+ + .
98
b) p dng vi
=20
0
vo h thc (*) ta c
2 0 4 0 6 0
2 0 4 0
9tan 20 6tan 20 tan 20
3
1 6tan 20 9tan 20
+
+
.
T tan
2
20
0
t
3
-33t
2
+27t-3=0(2).
Lp lun tng t ta c tan
2
40
0
; tan
2
80
0
cng l nghim ca phng
trnh (2) . V vy nn ta c :
3
3
3
2
3
1
0 6 0 6 0 6
80 tan 40 tan 20 tan t t t + + + +
=
[ ]
3 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3 2 1 3 2 1
3 ) ( 3 ) ( ) ( t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t + + + + + + +
'
+ +
+ +
33
27
33
3 2 1
1 3 3 2 2 1
3 2 1
t t t
t t t t t t
t t
.
Thay vo biu thc trn ta c
33273 80 tan 40 tan 20 tan
0 6 0 6 0 6
+ + .
Bnh lun :
T vic thit lp c phng trnh bc ba (1) trn, ta c th sng
to ra nhiu bi ton mi. Chng hn:
Chng minh rng :
11 70 tan 50 tan 70 tan 10 tan 50 tan 10 tan
0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
+ +
3
1
70 tan 50 tan 10 tan
0 2 0 2 0 2
V d 2:
99
Chng minh rng :
4
3
12
17
cos
12
cos
12
17
cos
12
9
cos
12
9
cos
12
cos

+ +

Gii:
p dng cng thc gc nhn ba:
cos3x=4cos
3
x-3cosx,
vi
12
x
ta c . 0
2
2
12
cos 3
12
cos 4
3

(1).
Nn cos
12

4t
3
-3t -
2
2
=0.
Lp lun tng t ta cng thu c kt qu cos
12
9
; cos
12
17
u l
nghim ca phng trnh (1). p dng h thc Vi-et ta c :
4
3
12
17
cos
12
cos
12
17
cos
12
9
cos
12
9
cos
12
cos

+ +

.
Bnh lun:
Ta c th sng tc ra cc bi ton mi da vo phng trnh trn nh
sau
Chng minh rng:
0
12
17
cos
12
9
cos
12
cos + +

2
2
12
17
cos .
12
9
cos .
12
cos

V d 3:
Cho b khc 0 v gi s phng trnh :
x
3
+ax
2
+x+b=0
c 3 nghim l x
1
;x
2
;x
3
. Chng minh rng:

4 )
1
)(
1
( )
1
)(
1
( )
1
)(
1
(
1
1
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
+ +
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
.
100
Gii:
x
1
x
2
+ x
2
x
3+
x
1
x
3
=1.
t x
1
= tan
; x
2
= tan
; x
3
= tan
th th ta c
tan
tan
+ tan
tan
+ tan
tan
=1,
suy ra
=
Z k k + ,
2

, suy ra
2
+2
+2
=
Z k k + , 2
.
Vy nn ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
(tan
-cot
)(tan
-cot
)+(tan
-cot
)(tan
-cot
)+
+(tan
-cot
)( tan
-cot
)=4.
rng :
tanx-cotx=-2cot2x.
V th ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh :
cot2
cot2
+ cot2
cot2
+ cot2
cot2
=1.
y l ng thc hin nhin ng v 2
+2
+2
=
Z k k + , 2
.
V d 4:
Chng minh rng :tan
5
.tan
5
2
.tan
5
3
.tan
5
4
=5.
Gii:
p dng cng thc gc nhn ta c
tan5x= tan(3x+2x)=
x x
x x
2 tan . 3 tan 3 1
2 tan 3 tan
+
=
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
2 2
3
2 2
3
tan 1
tan 2
.
tan 3 1
tan tan 3
1
tan 1
tan 2
tan 3 1
tan tan 3

Tin hnh rt gn ta thu c :

101
tan5x=
1 tan 10 tan 5
5 tan 10 tan
tan
2 4
2 4
+
+
x x
x x
x (1)
Ln lt thay x=
5
;
5
2
;
5
3
;
5
4
vo phng trnh (1) th v tri lun
bng 0. Mt khc v tan
5
; tan
5
2
; tan
5
3
; tan
5
4
nn chng phi l
nghim ca phng trnh:
t
4
-10t
2
+5=0(2).
p dng nh l Vi-et ta c :
tan
5
.tan
5
2
.tan
5
3
.tan
5
4
=5. (fcm)
Bnh lun:
Ta c thm mt s kt qu khc da vo nh l Vi-et ca phng trnh
trn nh sau:
0
5
4
tan
5
3
tan
5
2
tan
5
tan + + +

5
4
tan
5
3
tan
5
tan
5
4
tan
5
2
tan
5
tan
5
4
tan
5
3
tan .
5
2
tan
5
3
tan .
5
2
tan .
5
tan

+ + +
=0
10
5
4
tan
5
3
tan
5
4
tan
5
2
tan
5
3
tan
5
2
tan
5
4
tan .
5
tan
5
3
tan
5
tan .
5
2
tan .
5
tan + + + + +

V d 5:
a) Chng minh rng :cos7x =cosx( 64cos
6
x-112cos
4
x+56cos
2
x-7) (1)
b) T hy chng minh : A =
14
5
cos
14
3
cos
14
cos 4
14
5
cos
14
3
cos
14
cos
2 2 2
4 4 4

+ +
=1
Gii:
Ta c:
102
cos7x=cos(x+6x)=cosxcos6x-sinxsin6x
=cosx(4cos
3
2x-3cos2x)-2sinxsin3xcos3x=
=cosx[4(2cos
2
x-1)
3
-3(2cos
2
x-1)]2sinx(3sinx-4sin
3
x)(4cos
3
x-
3cosx)
= cosx( 64cos
6
x-112cos
4
x+56cos
2
x-7).
Ta thay
14
x
vo (1) th v tri bng 0, nhng v cos
0
14

,nn
14
cos

64t
6
112t
4
+56t
2
-7 =0 (2).
Hay
14
cos
2

64t
3
112t
2
+56t-7 =0 (3).
Lp lun tng t ta c
14
3
cos
2

;
14
5
cos
2

cng l nghim ca ( 2).
Nu ta gi 3 nghim ln lt l t
1
;t
2
;t
3
th ta c
3 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
t t t
t t t
A
+ +
=
3 2 1
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3 2 1
) ( 2 ) (
t t t
t t t t t t t t t + + + +
.
'
+ +
+ +
64
7
64
56
64
112
3 2 1
3 1 3 2 2 1
3 2 1
t t t
t t t t t t
t t
.
Thay vo biu thc A ta c A=3.
3) DANG 3: CHNG MINH BT NG THC
Phn tich:
103
Khi cn chng minh cc bt ng thc gia cc h s ca phng
trinh, ta cn bin i chng v cc t s thch hp , thng thng l
bng cch chia cho h s cha x
n
c th s dng c nh l Vi-et.
Vic chng minh bt ng thc v h s chuyn sang chng minh bt
ng thc gia cac nghim.
Do inh ly Vi-et phai biu theo cac biu thc i xng, nn cui cung
bt ng thc thu c cung thng i xng. y la mt iu thun
li, vi bt ng thc i xng thng d chng minh hn.
V d 1:
Gi s phng trnh:
x
3
x
2
+ax+b=0 c ba nghim .
Chng minh rng:
4
3
2
1 3 2
+
+
b a
b a
.(2)
Gii:
Gi s 3 nghim l x
1
;x
2
;x
3
. Theo nh l Vi-et ta c:
x
1
+x
2
+x
3
=1; x
1
x
2
+x
2
x
3
+x
3
x
1
=a; x
1
x
2
x
3
=-b.
Thay vo (2) ta c
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1
3 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1
3
) ( 3
1
3 ) ( 2
x x x
x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
+ + +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + + +

1
1
1 x
x
+
+
2
2
1 x
x
+
+
3
3
1 x
x
+

3 2 1
3 2 1
3
) ( 3
x x x
x x x
+ + +
+ +

1-
1
1
1
x +
+1-
2 1
1
x +
+1-
3
1
1
x +
3-
3 2 1
3
9
x x x + + +

1
1
1
x +
+
2 1
1
x +
+
3
1
1
x +

3 2 1
3
9
x x x + + +
p dng bt ng thc C- si ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
V d 2:
104
Ga s phng trnh :
) 1 ( 0 1
2
1 ) (
) (
2
2 3
+
+
+ + x
b a
x b a x
c 3 nghim. Chng minh rng :
) 2 ( 1
2
1
2
1
2 2
+
+
ab
b a
.
Gii:
Ta gi s 3 nghim ca phng trnh l x
1
;x
2
;x
3.
x
1
+x
2
+x
3
=a+b
x
1
x
2
+ x
2
x
3
+x
3
x
1
=
2
1 ) (
2
+b a
.
Do (x
1
+x
2
+x
3
)
2
- 2 (x
1
x
2
+ x
2
x
3
+x
3
x
1
) = 1
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ + x x x
.
T (2) ta c :
1
2
1 ) (
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2 2 2
+
+

b a
ab
b a
Hay l cn phi chng minh:

1
2
1
3 1 3 2 2 1
+ +
x x x x x x
(3).
Thtvy:tac:
2 2 2
1 2 3
1 x x x + +
,nn t
1 ) ( ) ( 2 0 ) (
2
3
2
2
2
1 3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3 2 1
+ + + + + + x x x x x x x x x x x x

2
1
3 1 3 2 2 1
+ + x x x x x x
.
Mt khc theo bt ng thc Bu-nhi-a-cp-xki ta c:
(x
1
+x
2
+x
3
)
2
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
2
=1.
105
T bt ng thc hon ton c chng minh.
V d 3:
Ga s x
1
;x
2
;x
3
l ba nghim dng ca phng trnh:
ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d=0(1), a khc 0.
Chng minh rng :
x
1
7
+x
2
7
+x
3
7

5
2 3
81a
c b
.
( Olympic 30-4 ln th 5; 45 nm Ton hc tui tr)
Gii:
x
1
+x
2
+x
3
=
a
b
>0 ;
a
c
x x x x x x + +
3 1 3 2 2 1 >0
p dng bt ng thc Bu-nhi-a-cp-xki ta c :
2 2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3 1 3 2 2 1
) ( ) ( x x x x x x x x x + + + +

0 ) (
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
> + + + +
a
c
x x x x x x x x x
(a)
Cng theo bt ng thc B.C.S ta c:
(x
1
+x
2
+x
3
)
2
3(x
1
2

+x
2
2
+x
3
2
)
Nn:
106
(x
1
2

+x
2
2
+x
3
2
)
2
2
3a
b
>0 (b).
Nhn v theo v (a) v (b) ta c:
0< ) ( 3 ) (
3
4
3
4
2
4
1
4 2
3
2
2
2
1
3
2
x x x x x x
a
c b
+ + + + .
Bnh phng hai v ta li c :
(
81
6
2 4
a
c b
) )( ( ) . . . ( )
3 2 1
7
3
7
2
2
1
2
2
1
3
2
7
3
2
1
2
2
7
2
2
1
1
2
7
1
2 4
3
4
2
4
1
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x + + + + + + + +
.
Cui cng ta thu c: x
1
7
+x
2
7
+x
3
7

5
2 3
81a
c b
( fcm).
V d 4:
Cho cc s thc a;b;c;d >0. Chng minh rng:
9(a+b+c+d)(abc+abd+acd+bcd) 4(ab+bc+cd+ad+bd+ac)
2
.
Gii:
Xt a thc:
f(x)= (x-a)(x-b)(x-c)(c-d).
V f(x) c 4 nghim l a,b,c,d nn theo nh l Rolle ( h qu nh l
Lagrange ) ta c f(x) c 3 nghim l m;n;p. M ta c:
f(x) = 4x
3
3(a+b+c+d)x
2
+2(ab+bc+cd+da+ca+bd)x-(abc+abd+acd+bcd).
Nn theo nh l Vi-et ta c :
) (
4
3
c b a p n m + + + +
;
107
) (
2
1
cd bd bc ad ac ab np mp mn + + + + + + +
;
) (
4
1
bcd acd abd abc mnp + + +
.
S dng bt ng thc quen thuc:
(x+y+z)
2

3
(xy+yz+zx) ta c:
(mn+np+mp)
2
3(mn
2
p+m
2
np+mnp
2
)
=3mnp(m+n+p).
Thay h thc Vi-et vo ta c c:
) )( (
16
9
) (
4
1
2
bcd acd abd abc d c b a cd bd bc ad ac ab + + + + + + + + + + +
.
Hay :
9(a+b+c+d)(abc+abd+acd+bcd) 4(ab+bc+cd+ad+bd+ac)
2
. (fcm).
By gi chng ta s xt mt vi dng i vi a thc tng qut:
V d 5:
Cho a thc bc n :
P(x) = x
n
+a
1
x
n-1
+a
2
x
n-2
++ a
n-1
x+1 vi a
i
0, i=1,2,n-1.
Chng minh rng: P(x) (x+1)
n
(1) ; x
0
.
Gii:
chng minh bi ton ta cn c bt ng thc Minkowski pht biu
nh sau:
Cho 2n s dng a
1
;a
2
; ; a
n
v b
1
; b
2
;;b
n
( n
2 ; n N
) , ta c:
n
n
n
n
n
n n
b b b a a a b a b a b a ... ... ) )...( )( (
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1
+ + + +
(2)
Ta chng minh (2)
108
p dng bt ng thc c-si ta c:
n
n n
n
n n
n
b a b a b a
a a a
n
b a
a
b a
a
b a
a
) )...( )( (
...
...
2 2 1 1
2 1
2 2
2
1 1
1
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
n
n n
n
n n
n
b a b a b a
b b b
n
b a
b
b a
b
b a
b
) )...( )( (
...
...
2 2 1 1
2 1
2 2
2
1 1
1
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
Cng v theo v ta c:
n n(
+
+ + +
n
n n
n
b a b a b a
a a a
) )...( )( (
...
2 2 1 1
2 1
n
n n
n
b a b a b a
b b b
) )...( )( (
...
2 2 1 1
2 1
+ + +
).
Gin c v quy ng ta thu c iu cn chng minh (2)
By gi tr li bi ton (1)
Do cc a
i
dng nn suy ra cc nghim x
i
ca phng trnh u m.
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
n
=(-1)
n

. Theo bt ng thc Minkowski ta c
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x P ... ... . ) )...( )( ( ) )...( ).( ( ) (
2 1 2 1 2 1
+ + + +
=x+1
Vy : P(x) (x+1)
n
(1) ; x
0
.
V d 6:
Gi s phng trnh :
P(x) = a
0
x
n
+a
1
x
n-1
++a
n-1
x+a
n
=0 (
0
0
a
) c n nghim
dng. Chng minh rng :
109
1
0 0
1
) ( ) (

n n n n
a
a
na
a
.
Gii:
p dng nh l Vi-et v bt ng thc C-si ta c:
+ + +

2 1 3 2 1 2 1
0
1
... ... ... ...
n n n n
n
x x x x x x x x x
a
a
=
n
n
n
n
n
x x x
n
x x x
x x x
x x x
...
. ... . )
1
....
1 1
( ... .
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
+ + +
=(x
1
x
2
x
n
)
n
n 1
=
n
n
n
a
a
1
0
) (

. T suy ra
1
0 0
1
) ( ) (

n n n n
a
a
na
a
(fcm)
V d 7: ( v ch Hungari, 1983)
Cho a thc P(x) = x
n
+a
1
x
n-1
++a
n-1
x +1 l a thc vi h s khng m
v phng trnh P(x) =0 c n nghim thc. Chng minh rng P(2) 3
n
.
Gii:
V a thc c cc a
i
khng m nn P(x) 1 vi x 0. Suy ra nu
phng trnh c nghim th cc nghim phi m. Ta gi cc nghim l
-x
1
;-x
2
;;-x
n
, vi x
i
>0. Khi P(x) c biu din :
P(x) = (x+x
1
)(x+x
2
)(x+x
n
).
Ta nh gi mt i din 2 +x
k
=1+1+x
k
3
3
k
x
,
n k 1
.
Vy nn P(2)= (2 +x
1
)( 2 +x
2
)( 2 +x
n
) 3
n
.
3
2 1
... .
n
x x x
= 3
n

V theo nh l Vi-et ta c n
x x x ... .
2 1 =1 .
110
Bnh lun:
Nu da vo cc bt ng thc gc , ta c th tao ra cc ton mi:
a. T bt ng thc :
9 )
1 1 1
)( ( + + + +
c b a
c b a
, hay
c b a c b a + +
+ +
9
)
1 1 1
(
, vi a,b,c>0.
Ta c bi ton sau:
2) Cho phng trnh:
) 0 ( 0
2 3
+ + + a d cx bx ax

vi cc h s dng c cc nghim dng 3 2 1
; ; x x x
.Chng minh
rng lc ta c:
ad bc 9
.
3) M rng bi ton trn ta c bi ton sau:
n n
x x x
n
x x x + + +
+ + +
...
1
...
1 1
2 1
2
2 1
, trong cc s
0 >
i
x
;
n i , 1
Cho phng trnh :
0 ...
0 1
1
1
+ + + +

a x a x a x a
n
n
n
n
vi
0
n
a
; n
a
v 0
a

cng du.
Chng minh rng nu phng trnh c n nghim dng th khi
ta c:
0
2
1 1
. a a n a a
n n

.
4) T bt ng thc
) ( 3 ) (
2
ca bc ab c b a + + + +
ta i n bi ton sau:
Chng minh rng nu phng trnh :
111
0
2 3
+ + + d cx bx ax (
0 a
) c ba nghim th
0 3
2
ac b .
5) Xut pht t bi ton:
Cho 1
2 2 2
+ + c b a . Ta c kt qu sau:
1
2
1
+ + ca bc ab
.
T ta c th to ra bi ton sau:
Gi s phng trnh :
) 1 ( 0 1
2
1 ) (
) (
2
2 3
+
+
+ + x
b a
x b a x
c 3 nghim. Chng minh rng :
) 2 ( 1
2
1
2
1
2 2
+
+
ab
b a
.
Nhng bnh lun trn cho ta thy nu s dng cc bt ng thc gc
, ta c th to ra nhiu bi ton khc nhau.
4) DNG 4: A THC C NGHIM THA MN DIU KIN
CHO TRC.
y ta quy c nghim ca a thc P(x) tc l nghim ca phng
trnh
P(x) =0.
V d 1:
Tm gi tr m a thc:
P(x) = x
3
+2x
2
+mx-4(1)
c nghim p;q;r sao cho p
2
+q
2
=r
2
.
Gii:
iu kin cn:
Gi s phng trnh c 3 nghim p;q;r.
112
Theo nh l Vi-et v gi thit ta c:
p+q+r =-2; pq+qr+rp =m; pqr=1; p
2
+q
2
=r
2
.
T ta c
4=(p+q+r)
2
= p
2
+q
2
+r
2
+2(pq+qr+rp) = 2r
2
+2m,
suy ra r
2
= 2-m.
Ti v r l nghim ca P(x) nn ta c:
r
3
+2r
2
+mr-4 = 0.
Thay r
2
=2-m ta c:
(2-m)r+2(2-m)+mr-4 =0
r=m,
do :
m
2
=2-m, ta c m=1; m=-2
iu kin :
Vi m=1, th li ta c:
P(x) = x
3
+2x
2
+x-4 = (x-1)(x
2
+3x+4) khng tha mn.
Vi m=-2 , th li ta c :
P(x) = x
3
+2x
2
-2x-4 = (x+2)(x
2
-2)
Phng trnh c 3 nghim x= 2 ; x=- 2 ; x=-2 tha mn iu kin.
Vy m=-2.
V d 2:
Hy lp a thc bc ba m nhng nghim ca n l m;n;p ca n tha
mn cc iu kin sau:

m
1
+
n
1
+
p
1
=-2;
1
1 1 1
2 2 2
+ +
p n m
;
+
4
1
m
+
4
1
n
4
1
p
=1.
Gii:
Ta gi a thc bc ba cn tm l : x
3
+ax
2

+bx+c.
Theo cng thc Vi-et ta c:
m +n+p=-a; mn+np+mp =b; mnp=-c.
Bin i gi thit ta c:
113

2
+ +
mnp
mp np mn
2
c
b
.
1=

+ +
+ +
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
) (
1 1 1
mnp
p n p m n m
p n m
=
2
2
2
2
2
) (
) ( 2 ) (
c
ac b
mnp
p n m mnp mp np mn
+ + + +
1 =
4
4 4 4 4 4 4
) (mnp
p n p m n m + +
=
4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
) (
) ( 2 ) (
mnp
p n m p n m p n p m n m + + + +
=
4
2 2 2 2
) 2 ( 2 ) 2 (
c
b a c ac b
.
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c
3
8
a
;
9
32
b
;
9
16
c
.
Vy a thc cn tm l: P(x) = x
3
+
2
3
8
x
+
x
9
32
+
9
16
.
V d 3:
Cho phng trnh : x
3
+px
2
+qx +r =0.
Gi x
1
; x
2
; x
3
l cc nghim ca phng trnh. Hy biu din cc a
thc i xng sau thng qua p;q;r:
A = x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ x
3
2

; B= x
1
3
+ x
2
3
+ x
3
3
; C = x
1
4
+ x
2
4
+ x
3
4

;
Gii:
Theo nh l Vi-et ta c: x
1
+x
2
+x
3
=-p;
x
1
x
2
+x
2
x
3
+x
1
x
3
=q ; x
1
x
2
x
3
= r
Ta c
A =( x
1
+x
2
+x
3
)
2
-2(x
1
x
2
+x
2
x
3
+x
1
x
3
) = p
2
-2q
Ta tnh B bng cch thay cc nghim x
i
vo phng trnh ri cng v
theo v ta thu c:
x
1
3
+x
2
3
+x
3
3
+p(x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ x
3
2
)+q(x
1
+x
2
+x
3
) +3r=0

B +p.(p
2
-2q) +q(-p) +3r=0
114

B=-p
3
+3pq-3r.
Tnh C:
Ta nhn x
i
vo hai v ca phng trnh to ra x
i
4
ri cng v theo
v . T lm tng t ta tnh c
C= p
4
-4p
2
q+2q
2
+4rq.
V d 4:
Hy tnh din tch tam gic m 3 ng cao ca nghim ng phng
trnh: y
3
ay
2
+by-c=0.(1)
Gii:
Gi x
1
; x
2
; x
3
l di ba cnh ca tam gic v y
1
;y
2
; y
3
l di ba
ng cao ca tam gic.
Vy th y
1
;y
2
; y
3
l ba nghim ca (1) .
Gi S l din tch ca tam gic, vy th y
i

=
i
x
S
2
.
Th vo phng trnh ta c c:
(
i
x
S
2
)
3
a(
i
x
S
2
)
2
+b(
i
x
S
2
) c=0.
Quy ng ta c x
i
l nghim phng trnh :
x
3
- 0
8 4 2
3 2
2
+
c
S
x
c
aS
x
c
bS
(2).
t P(x) l v tri ca (2).
Theo cng thc He-rong ta c:
S
2
=p(p-x
1
)(p-x
2
)(p-x
3
)= p.P(p), y p=
2
3 2 1
x x x + +
=
c
bS
.
(Ta gii thch S
2
=p.P(p) nh sau:
a thc bc ba nhn x
1
; x
2
; x
3
lm nghim l ( x-x
1
)(x-x
2
)(x-x
3
) =0 (3).
Phng trnh (3) cng chnh l phng trnh (2) trn.
115
Nn ta phi c (p-x
1
)(p-x
2
)(p-x
3
) = P(p) )
Thay vo ta c:
S
2
=
c
bS
P(
c
bS
) = ) 8 4 (
2 4 2
4
4
bc b c ab
c
S
, suy ra
S =
2 4 2
2
2
8 4 bc b c ab
c
S
.
V d 5:
Cho p
1
; p
2
; q
1
; q
2
l nhng s nguyn v
l nghim ca phng
trnh :
x
2
+p
1
x +q
1

=0,
cn
l nghim ca phng trnh x

2
+p
2
x +q
1

=0.
Hy tm cc s nguyn a,b,c,d sao cho
l nghim ca phng
trnh x
4
+ax
3
+bx
2

+cx+d =0 .
Gii:
Ta gi
l cc nghim tng ng cn li ca (1) v (2). c

th lin h gia cc nghim ca phng trnh , ta c th xt a thc sau
nhn
lm nghim ca n. l:
P(x) = (x-

)(x-
)(x-

)(x-
) = x
4
+ax
3
+bx
2

+cx+d.
ng nht h s ng bc hai a thc ta thu c cc gi tr ca
a;b;c;d. Chng hn l h s b
Ta c :
b =

+

.
S dng nh l Vi-et cho (1) v (2) ta thu c
b= 2q
1
p
2
+q
2
(
2
+
2
) +q
1
(
2
+
2
)=
= 2 q
1
p
2
+q
2
(p
1
2
-2q
1
)+ q
1
(p
2
2
-2q
2
).
116
V d 6: ( v ch m 1977)
Gi s a;b l hai trong 4 nghim ca a thc x
4
+x
3
-1 . Chng minh
rng khi ab l nghim ca a thc x
6
+x
4
+x
3
x
2
-1.
Gii:
Gi s cc nghim cn li ca a thc bc P(x)= x
4
+x
3
-1 l c,d.
a+b+c+d=-1 ; abcd=-1.
ab l nghim ca a thc bc 6 th ta phi c:
(ab)
6
+(ab)
4
+(ab)
3
-(ab)
2
-1 =0

0 ] 1
1
) ( )
1
( ) [( ) (
3 3 3
+ +
ab
ab
ab
ab ab
(*),
v ab 0;
cd
ab

1
. Vy nn (*) tr thnh:
(ab)
3
+(cd)
3
+ab +cd+1=0 (**).
Ni tm li ta phi chng minh (**).
Tht vy , t P(a) =P(b) =0. Ta c a
3
=
1
1
+ a
; b
3
=
1
1
+ b
,
nn (ab)
3
=
) 1 )( 1 (
1
+ + b a
=
) 1 (
) 1 )( 1 (
+ +
P
d c
=-(c+1)(d+1).
Bi v P(x) = (x-a)(x-b)(x-c)(x-d),
nn P(-1) = (1+a)(1+b)(1+c)(1+d).
Tng t ta c:
(cd)
3
= -(a+1)(b+1).
Thay vo (** ) ta c
-(a+1)(b+1)-(c+1)(d+1)+ab+cd+1 = -1-a-b-c-d=0
( theo nh l Vi-et).
V d 7: ( V ch Balan 1979)
Hy tm tt c cc a thc P
n
(x) c h s nguyn v di dng
P
n
(x)=n!x
n
+a
n-1
x
n-1
++a
1
x +(-1)
n
n(n+1)
117
c n nghim thc x
1
;x
2
; ; x
n
tha mn iu kin
x
k

[k; k+1], vi k=1,2,n v n 1.

Gii:
Vi n=1, a thc c nghim x=2
[1;2] ,nn n=1 tha mn.

Vi n=2 a thc c dng P
2
(x) =2x
2
+a
1
x +6. Ta phi tm a
1
phng
trnh c nghim tha mn
1
x
1
x
2

3.
Theo nh l Vi-et ta c x
1
+x
2
=
2
1
a
; x
1
x
2
=3. Ta suy ra a
1
<0. Li c
0 x
2
-x
1
2
0 ( x
2
-x
1
)
2
4.
Li v ( x
2
-x
1
)
2
= ( x
2
+x
1
)
2
-4x
1
x
2
= 12
4
2
1
a
. Do :
0 12
4
2
1
a
4
48 a
1
2
64.
Tm c a
1
=-8; a
1
=-7. Vy a thc cn tm l
P
2
(x) = 2x
2
-8x +6 ; P
2
(x) = 2x
2
-7x +6
Th li ta thy cc a thc ny tha mn.
Vi n 3. Ta c :
P
n
(x) = n!x
n
+a
n-1
x
n-1
++a
1
x +(-1)
n
n(n+1)
= n!(x-x
1
).(x-x
2
)(x-x
n
) .
Cho x= 0 ta c :
(-1)
n
n(n+1) =n!(-1)
n
x
1
.x
2
x
n
.
Do
x
1
.x
2
x
n
=
!
) 1 (
n
n n +
=
)! 1 (
1
+
n
n
!
2
1
n n
n
< <
+
.
Nhng mt khc v x
k
[k;k+1], nn
x
1
.x
2
x
n
1.2.3n =n!( v l).
Vy khi n 3 khng tn ti a thc nh th.
V d 8:
118
Tm a, b nguyn phng trnh :
0 1
2 3 4
+ + + + ax bx ax x (1)
C hai trong s cc nghim ca n c tch bng -1.
(VMO )
Gii:
Ta rng nu phng trnh c nghim l x th cng c nghim l
x
1
. Gi u, v l cc nghim m c tch uv 1
( v nu tch hai nghim bng 1 th c th chn l u v
u
1
).
Do ta gi cc nghim l u; v;
u
1
;
v
1
. Ta s chng minh hai nghim
c tch bng -1 phi l u; v.
Tc l ta phi chng minh u.v=-1.
Tht vy. Theo nh l Vi-et ta c:
'
+ + + +
+ + +
b
uv u
v
v
u
uv
a
v u
v u
2
1
1 1
'
+ +
+

+ +
) 2 (
1 ) (
) 1 (
) 1 )( (
2
b
uv
v u
uv
a
uv
uv v u
Gi s rng
1 uv
. V a, b l s nguyn nn t (a) suy ra u+v hu t ,t
(b) suy ra (u+v)
2
phi l s nguyn. Nn suy ra (u+v) cng l s
nguyn.
V uv+1 khng chia ht cho uv nn t (a) ta c u+v chia ht cho uv.
Cng t (b) ta c (u+v)
2
+1 chia ht cho uv.
Nhng v (u+v) v (u+v)
2
+1 c c chung l 1 hoc -1 nn suy ra
uv=1 hoc uv=-1.
V ta gi s
1 uv
nn suy ra
1 uv
.
T (1) suy ra a=0. T (2) ta c
2 2 ) (
2
+ v u b
.
Th li vi
0 a
,
2 b
,
Z b
, phng trnh tr thnh :
119
0 1
2 4
+ + bx x (*).
Phng trnh c nghim l:
2
4
2
+
b b
u ;
2
4
2

b b
v .
y l 2 nghim tha mn bi.
V d 9:
Cho a thc
c bx ax x x P + + +
2 3
) (
c cc h s nguyn. Chng minh
rng nu c mt nghim bng tch ca hai nghim kia th :
[ ] )) 0 ( 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2 P P P P + +
(Canada 82)
www.VNMATH.com
Gii:
Gi s phng trnh c 3 nghim tha mn nh bi nu.
Ta gi cc nghim l u; v; uv.
'

+ +
+ +
) 3 (
) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 1 (
2 2
c v u
b v u uv
a uv v u
(I).
Nu a=-1 th t (1) ta c :
0 1 + + + uv v u

0 ) 1 )( 1 ( + + v u
.
Phng trnh c nghim l -1 nn hin nhin
0 ) 1 ( 2 P
, chia ht cho
mi s.
Nu
1 a
, cng v theo v (2) v (3) ta c :
) 1 ( ) 1 ( a uv c b uv v u uv + + +
( do (1)).
Suy ra
a
c b
uv
1
l s hu t v a,b,c l cc s nguyn.
Ta c :
0 ) 1 )( 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 0 ( 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( + + + + + + + v u uv v u a P P P
.
Mt khc : v
) )( )( ( ) ( uv x v x u x x P
nn:
120

) 1 )( 1 )( 1 ( 2 ) 1 )( 1 )( 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 uv v u uv v u P + + +
.
MT S BI TP TNG HP
1. Cho hm s
1
1
2
+
+ +
x
x x
y c th ( C ). Chng minh rng t A
(1;-1) lun k c hai tip tuyn ti th v hai tip tuyn y vung
gc vi nhau.
2. Cho hm s
1
3
2
+
+
x
x
y c th (C). Vit phng trnh ng
thng d i qua im M(2;
5
2
) sao cho d ct (C) ti hai im phn bit
A,B v M l trung im ca AB.
3. Tm m hm s
x
mx y
1
+
c ca tr v khong cch t im
cc tiu ti tim cn xin bng
2
1
.
4. Tm m hm s
1
2
+
+
x
mx x
y c cc tr v khong cch gia hai
im cc tr ca th hm s bng 10.
5. Chng minh rng hm s
) ( 2
4 ) 1 2 (
2 2
m x
m m x m x
y
+
+ + + + +
lun c
cc tr v khong cch gia chng lun l mt hng s.
121
6. Gi s x
1
;x
2
l hai nghim ca phng trnh x
2
+px-1=0 vi p l
s nguyn t l. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n th x
1
n
+x
2
n
v
x
1
n+1
+x
2
n+1
l cc s nguyn t cng nhau. (lympic Balan 1964).
7. Chng minh rng
n
) 8 3 ( +
+
n
) 8 3 (
khng chia ht cho 5 vi
mi n.
8. Xt phng trnh x
3
+ax
2
+bx+1=0; vi a,b hu t.
a) chng minh rng vi a=-5;b=3 l cp s duy nht lm cho
phng trnh c nghim 2+
5
.
b) K hiu x
1
; x
2
;x
3
l 3 nghim ca phng trnh trn. t S
n
=x
1
n
+x
2
n
+x
3
n
,
n l s t nhin. Chng minh S
n
cng l s t nhin.
c) Tm s d php chia S
2005
cho 4.
9. Chng minh rng
3
3
3 3 3
2
7 3 5
7
8
cos
7
4
cos
7
2
cos

+ +

10. Cho
+ +
=
4
tan
; tan
; tan
l 3 nghim ca phng
trnh :
x
3
+px
2
+qx+r =0. Chng minh rng p+1=q+r.
11. Chng minh h thc : S=
4
7
5
cos
1
7
3
cos
1
7
cos
1
+ +

.
122
12. Chng minh rng nu tanu; tanv l hai nghim ca phng trnh:
x
2
+px+q=0.
Th sin
2
(u+v)+psin(u+v)cos(u+v)+qcos
2
(u+v)=q.
13. Chng minh rng nu tanx;tany;tanz l 3 nghim phng trnh
t
3
+at
2
+bt+c=0; cn tanu; tanv; tanw l ba nghim ca phng trnh
t
3
+ct
2
+bt+a=0 th ta c
x+y+z+u+v+w = k
Z k ;
.
14. chng minh rng :
a) cos20
0
l s v t.
b) tan
6
10
0
+ tan
6
50
0
+ tan
6
70
0
=433.
15) Hy tm b ba s hu t (a,b,c) l nhng nghim ca phng trnh
x
3
+ax
2
+bx+c=0
( Olympic sinh vin M 1940).
16) Chng minh rng nu x
1
; x
2
l nghim ca phng trnh
0 ;
2
1
2
2
+ + p
p
px x
, ta c bt ng thc x
1
4
+x
2
4

2+ 2 ( v ch
Bungari 1980).
17) Ga s trong cc nghim ca a thc P(x) =x
3
+ax
2
+bx+c, vi a,b
nguyn bng tch ca hai nghim kia. Chng minh rng s 2P(-1) chia
ht cho s P(1)+P(-1) -2[ 1+P(0)]. ( v ch Canada 1982).
18) Cho dy
{ }
n
a
vi a
1
=a
2
=1; a
n
a
n-1
-2a
n-2
=0; n 3.
a) Tm s hng tng qut ca dy.
123
b) Chng minh rng a
n+1
=2a
n
+1 nu n chn v a
n+1
=a
1
+a
2
++a
n
nu n l.
19) Cho dy (a
n
) xc nh nh sau:
a
1
=1; a
2
=3; a
n
= 3a
n-1
a
n-2
( n3).
a) Chng minh rng vi n nguyn dng ta c :
(a
n+2
-2)(a
n
-2) = (a
n+1
-3)
2
.
b) Chng minh rng vi mi k nguyn dng th a
2k-1
-2 l s chnh
phng.
20) ( Vit nam MO 2002)
Cho a thc P(x) = x
3
+ax
2
+bx+c=0 c 3 nghim thc. Chng minh
rng
12ab+27c 6a
3
+10
3 2
) 2 ( b a
.
21) Gi s ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d=0 (a 0) cos nghim dng. Chng minh
rng
3
2 3
3 8 3
a
da b abc +
0.
22) Gi s phng trnh x
4
+ax
3
+2x
2
+bx+1 =0 c 4 nghim thc.
Chng minh rng
a
2
+b
2
8.
23) Gi s phng trnh x
3
px
2
+qx p =0 vi p;q >0 c ba nghim
thc khng nh hn 1. Chng minh rng p ( )
8
2
4
1
+ (q+3).
( 45 nm tp ch ton hc tui tr , bi 283)
24) Chng minh rng
14
5
cos .
14
3
cos .
14
cos 12
14
5
cos
14
3
cos
14
cos
2 2 2 4 4 4

+ +
.
124
25) Gii h phng trnh sau:
'
+ + +
+ + + + + +
4
1 1 1 1
1
tx zt yz xy
t z y x
t z y x
xyzt
26) Gii h phng trnh sau:
'
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
24
25 1 1 1 1
2
9 1 1 1 1
2
9
1
2 2 2 2
t z y x
t z y x
t z y x
xyzt
PHN TH BA
PHN KT THC
I- KT QU:
Sau khi tng ca ti c thc hin , ti thy thu c nhiu
kt qu kh quan. C th nh sau:
- V pha bn thn:
Ti cm thy mnh c ci nhn su sc v xuyn sut hn v nh
l Vi-et. Thy c li ch to ln ca n khi em cho hc tr p dng
vo gii bi tp v lm bi kim tra, bi thi. Bn thn cng to cho
mnh mt gio trnh ring c th ging dy hc sinh . Khi ti
c thc hin xong, ti c th dng mt phn no ging v
ly v d minh ha. c bit ti liu h tr cho ti rt nhiu trong
vn bi dng hc sinh gii trng THPT Phan Bi Chu.
Cng trong khi ti thc hin, ti nhn c s ng gp nhit
tnh v qu bu t cc ng nghip. Do gia chng ti co s tch
125
cc hn v mt trao i chuyn mn v phng php. Bn thn cng
rt ra c nhiu kinh nghim t ng nghip ca mnh.
- V pha hc sinh:
Khi tng mi hnh thnh t nhng nm 2007-2008, ti em
gii thiu khng chnh thc vi cc hc sinh ca mnh, c bit l cc
em trong i tuyn hc sinh gii. Ti quan st v rt ra nhn nh nu
mnh trnh by nhng kin thc ny mt cch h thng, gn kt chng
li th cc em nhn ra bn cht vn tt hn khi chng cc
dng ring l. K t khi ti c tng hp li, kt qu thi i hc
( v mn Ton) v kt qu hc sinh gii c nhiu ci tin. im s 8; 9
v mn Ton k thi i hc thu hoch c nhiu hn. Tt nhin l
cc phn khc kinh nghim cng phi c nng ln tng ng.
bt u xut hin hc sinh u cc gii Lng Th Vinh. Trc ti
cha tng co hoc sinh u vng tnh v mn Toan. Trong chng trnh
chnh kha, cc em lm bi kim tra, bi thi hc k v phn hm s
( tip tuyn, cc tr ) tri chy hn, kt qu cao hn nhng nm
trc.
l nhng tn hiu khi u ng mng ca mt gio vin tr mi
vo ngh nh ti. Ti tin rng trong tng lai , vi s n lc ca bn
thn trong s n lc chung ca c nh trng , th nhng thnh tch ca
nh trng v dy v hc s c nhiu ci tin. V pha bn thn t
c nhng thnh tu mi , cn mt s n lc rt ln ngay t by gi.
II- VI LI KT :
Qua cc dng ton c c rt ra trn, tht ngc nhin v th v khi
mt nh l tng chng nh ch hin hu trong vn a thc v
phng trnh, th nay ta
126
thy n c s dung mt cch hiu qu hu ht cc mng ca i
s v S hc. Tht l thiu st nu chng ta cha c mt ci nhn tng
th v nh l Vi-et.
S cn rt nhiu mng khc na m nh l Vi-et c th c s dng
ti, chng hn nh S phc hay Hnh hc ta . Tuy nhin do kinh
nghim bn thn cha nhiu nn cha th c s h thng trn vn.
Vic tm ra mi quan h thng nht gia cc mng ca i s v s
hc ni ring v ca Ton hc ni chung l iu m ngi dy Ton v
hc ton lun khao kht lm c.
iu khin tc gi thy tm c qua ti ca mnh l khi ta s
dng nh l Vi-et th li gii tr nn c ng v trong sng. Mt ln
na ti mong v tin tng ti ny s gp thm mt phng php tt
cho hc sinh khi lm ton.
Qua cc v d tc gi cht lc c, ta thy rng vic ng dng ca
nh l
Vi-et gii bi tp xut hin trong thi rt nhiu. Bao gm k thi i
hc cao ng ln cc k thi hc sinh gii. Do thit ngh vic ch trng
nh l Vi-et trong qu trnh giang day hc sinh l mt iu cn thit.
Do nng lc v kinh nghim cn nhiu hn ch , c th cc li gii
v cch trnh by cha thc s hay v c sc.Mong nhn c s trao
i t cac ng nghip. Tc gi s c gng hon thin hn trong thi
gian ti. Cui cng xin chn thnh cm n s gp , gip chn tnh
ca thy c trong t Toan trng THPT Phan Bi Chu, th.s Nguyn
Quc Vu, Nguyn Thi Ly Na, bn b , ng nghip v nhng ngi
yu Ton a giup ti hoan thanh tai nay.
127
MINH HA THNG 11 NM 2011
NGUYN THNH NHN
anh gia cua Hi ng khoa hoc
Ti liu tham kho
1) Cc bi ton chn lc 45 nm Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr
(NXB GD)
2) Cc bi thi Olympic Ton THPT Vit Nam (1990-2006),
NXB GD.
3) Nhng vin kim cng trong bt ng thc ton hc
( Trn Phng- NXB Tri Thc ).
4) Chuyn 2 : S hc v dy s ( Phan Huy Khi- NXB
GD)
5) Bi tp nng cao v mt s chuyn gii tch 11.
( Nguyn Huy oan, ng Hng Thng, NXB GD)
6) Tuyn chn theo chuyn Ton hc v tui tr T2,3,4
128
(NXB GD).
7) Tuyn tp thi Olympic 30 THNG 4 cc nm
( NXB i hc s phm ).
8) Mt s bi ton v dy s trong cc thi Olympic 30-4
( V Giang Giai- Nguyn Ngc Thu , NXB HQG H Ni).
9) Cc bi ging luyn thi mn ton tp 1,2,3
( Phan c Chnh, V Dng Thy, o Tam, L Thng
Nht, T Mn, NXBGD).
10) Bi tp nng cao v mt s chuyn gii tch 12
( Nguyn Huy oan, ng Hng Thng , NXBGD)
11) Trng tm kin thc gii tch 12 , Phan Huy Khi, NXB
GD
12) Cc chuyn ton ph thng, ch Hm s
(Phan Huy Khi, NXBGD).
13) B thi tuyn sinh i hc , mn Ton, NXB GD).
14) a thc v ng dng , Nguyn Hu in, NXB GD.
15) Bao Toan hoc va Tui tre.

129
PH LC
1/. Phn m u ................................................................................
2.
2/. Ni dung tai , gii thiu v inh ly Vi-et.................................
8
3/. Phn th hai: ng dung cua inh ly Vi-et.....................................
11
4/. ng dung cu inh ly Vi-et bc hai................................................
11
5/. Dng 1: Biu thc lin h gia hai nghim .................................
11
6/. Dng 2: Gii h i xng kiu 1...................................................
16.
130
4/. Dng 3: Chng minh bt ng thc..............................................
19.
5/. Dng 4: Kho st tnh cht cc tr ca hm s.............................
26.
6/. Dng 5: Kho st tnh cht tip tuyn...........................................
34.
7/. Dng 6: ng dng ca mt h thc truy hi...............................
40.
8/. Dng 7: Tng giao ca hai th v tp hp im.....................
46
9/. Dng 8: Tm s hng tng qut ca dy truy hi tuyn tnh
cp hai ............................................................................................
54
10/. Dng 9: So sanh nghim cua tam thc bc hai vi mt s.
11/. ng dung cua inh ly Vi-et tng quat.........................................
87.
12/. Dang 1: ng dung vao giai h phng trinh............................
.87
13/. Dng 2: ng dng vo tinh cac biu thc lng gic................
91
14/. Dng 3: Chng minh bt ng thc...........................................
96
15/. Mt s bi tp tng hp .............................................................
114
131
16/. Phn kt thuc ..............................................................................
119.
17/. Tai liu tham khao.......................................................................
122.
18/. Phu luc........................................................................................
124
132

SKKN Viet AP Dung NG Thanh Nhan

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SKKN Viet AP Dung NG Thanh Nhan

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

nh l Vi-et v ng dng Nguyn Thanh Nhn

l nghim phng trnh:

.T ta c cng thc tm s hng tng

< < <

, nghim kia thuc

, nghim kia thuc

> > <

, phng trnh cosx=0 c hai nghim l

y l nghim ca h phng trnh cho.

l nghim ca phng trnh :

Tin hnh rt gn ta thu c :

l nghim ca phng trnh x

l cc nghim tng ng cn li ca (1) v (2). c

[k; k+1], vi k=1,2,n v n 1.

[1;2] ,nn n=1 tha mn.

You might also like