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Mc lc:
1. nh ngha
............................................................................................. 2
2. Lch s xuyn sut thin nin k v mt vi nh l
............................ 3
3. Mt s dng s nguyn t
..................................................................... 7
4. Cc cp s nguyn t
..............................................................................12
5. Cc dng bi tp c bn
...................................................................... 14
6. ng dng s nguyn t trong i
sng ................................................. 30
1
I/ nh ngha :
Bn c th d dng chia u 15 vin bi cho 3 em nh, nhng nu bn c 17 vin bi th bn
lm sao chia u cho chng c. Trng hp th nht d dng v 15 chia ng cho 3.
Trng hp sau kh khn v 17 khng chia ng cho 3 m ch chia ng cho 1 v 17 hay 17
ch c 2 c s l 1 v 17, v c gi l mt s nguyn t.
T xa, s nguyn t lm say m nhiu nh ton hc chuyn nghip cng nh ti t.
Trong ton hc, s nguyn t c nh ngha l mt s ln hn 1 ch c 2 c s l 1
v chnh n.
C th thy 1 iu nh ngha rt d hiu. Nhng vn nm ch
lm sao ta c th da vo nh ngha m xc nh 1 s c phi s
nguyn t hay khng?
T xa c sng lc nhng s nguyn t gi l sng Eratosthenes . Nhng vi nhng s ln th vic s dng sng ny khng hiu qu. Da vo
nh ngha ta c th thy cch chng minh n gin nht l chia s
cho cc s nguyn t nh hn n... nhng vic ny tn khng t thi
gian nh vic s dng sng Eratosthenes . Do n ngy nay cha tm c
cng thc ca s nguyn t nn ta ch c th hn ch vic th ch khng
c phng php no hu hiu nu khng s dng my vi tnh.
Ta s chng minh 1 bi ton nh :
n N*
n khng chia ht cho mi s nguyn t nh hn hoc bng
CM: n l s nguyn t
Gii:
Gia s s n la 1 hp s thi
Mt khac
vi
nn
y (n) = n. 1
1
1
1
i
. 1 .......... 1 vi n= pi
p1
p2
pk
i =1
ta c
chia ht cho .
. CMR:
. Theo nh l Fermat, ta c
nn ta c:
D thy
chia ht cho
=>
v
ln hn
hoc
(vi a N * ).
Rt gn theo v ta c:
[(p-1)!] p2 ][(p-2)!] p1 ] -1(mod p)
Li theo L Fecma nh th
((p-2)!,p) = 1
=> [(p-2)!] p1 1(mod p) nn ta c :
[(p-1)!] p2 -1(mod p);
Do p l nn (p-2) cng l => (p-1)! = -1(mod p)
Ni cch khc th (p-1)! + 1 chia ht p
l iu phi chng minh.
Tip theo thnh cng ca nh l Fermat , c thm hng lot nh l
khc ra i . Trong k n nh l
Wilson, Trbsep, ...
* nh l Wilson: c cng b vo nm 1773 bi John Wilson .
Cho p l s t nhin ln hn 1, khi p l s nguyn t, khi v ch khi (p-1)!+1 chia ht
cho p.
* nh l Trbsep:
Cho mi s Nguyn n > 3, lun Tn ti mt s Nguyn t nm gia n v 2n - 2
.V d n = 5 => 2n - 2 = 8 => P = 7 [Nguyn t]
.Cho mi s Nguyn n > 1, lun Tn ti mt s Nguyn t giua n v 2n
.V d n = 8 => 2n = 16 => P = 11 v P = 13 [Nguyn t]
* nh l Sylvester:
Nu n > k, th trong cc S n, n+1, . . . , n+[k-1], c mt S l 'Bi s' ca mt S Nguyn
t P [P > k]
.V d n = 7 || k = 4 || P = 5
.
A = 7 + 3 = 10 = 2.5 [A l Bi s ca P = 5]
* nh l Chen : mi s chn ln u c th c vit di dng tng ca hai s
nguyn t hoc ca mt s nguyn t v mt s na nguyn t (tch ca hai s nguyn t).
nh l Chen l 1 phn nh ca 1 gi thit m n ngy nay cha 1 nh
ton hc no c th chng minh hon ton . l gi thuyt Euler
Goldbach . Nm 1742, nh ton hc c Goldbach vit th cho Euler bit rng ng mo
him a ra bi ton: Mi s t nhin ln hn 5 u biu din c di dng tng ca 3 s
nguyn t. Euler tr li rng theo ng, mi s chn ln hn 2 u biu din c di dng
tng ca 2 s nguyn t. Nu chng minh c mt trong hai mnh th s chng minh
c mnh cn li. 200 nm sau, n nm 1937, nh ton hc Lin X Vinogradov
gii quyt gn trn vn bi ton bng cch chng minh rng mi s l ln u c th
biu din c di dng tng ca 3 s nguyn t. Nu mnh ca Euler l ng, hy
chng minh mnh Goldbach.
Gii: Cho s t nhin n>5, ta s chng minh rng n vit c di dng tng ca 3 s
nguyn t. Xt:
6
Ta c F khng c dng
chnh phng theo (mod F).
Vy
Suy ra
o li gi s
Suy ra
Gi h l cp ca 3 theo mod F
Suy ra h|F-1 hay
=>
(vi
Nu
hoc
th h|
Do ta c
(mu thun)
V h|
Vy
Suy ra F-1|
=> F-1=
suy ra F l s nguyn t
4.
l s nguyn t th . Gi s vi no :
. Chng
minh rng :
T
=> 2 Pn + 2 P1 + P2 + ..... + Pn + 1 .
p dng nh l Trbsep : Cho mi s Nguyn n > 3, lun Tn ti mt s Nguyn t
nm gia n v 2n-2
=> 2 Pn + 2 Pn +1 => pcm
,
hay
nh t c = 2a, d = 1, v n = b
chng minh
10
= an - bn
+) Nu 2n - 1 l s nguyn t, th n l s nguyn t.
Chng minh
Do
Nu n khng l nguyn t, hoc n = ab trong 1 < a,b < n. Do , 2a 1 l c ca 2n 1,
hoc 2n 1 khng l nguyn t.
3) S NGUYN T GAUSS
Mt s Nguyn Gauss l mt s Phc vi phn Thc v phn o u l cc s Nguyn.
Tp cc s Nguyn Gauss l mt Min nguyn, thung uc K hiu l Z[i].
Cc Phn t Nguyn t ca Z[i] cng uc gi l cc s Nguyn t Gauss. Mt vi s
Nguyn t thng thung (i khi phn bit, chng uc gi l cc "s Nguyn t
Hu t") khng phi l cc s Nguyn t Gauss.
Chng hn 2 = (1 + i)(1 - i) v 5 = (2 + i)(2 - i).
Cc s Nguyn t Hu t ng du vi 3 (mod 4) l s Nguyn t Gauss. Cn cc s Nguyn
t Hu t ng du 1 (mod 4) th khng.
l v s Nguyn t dng 4k + 1 lun c th vit dui dng Tng ca hai s Bnh
phung(nh l Fermat), do ta c
p = a2 + b2 = (a + bi)(a - bi).
Nu Chun ca s Nguyn Gauss z l mt s Nguyn t, th z cng l s Nguyn t Gauss, v
mi Uc khng Tm thung ca z cng l Uc khng Tm thung ca Chun.
Chng hn 2 + 3i l mt s Nguyn t Gauss v Chun ca n l 4 + 9 = 13.
4) S NGUYN T CHEN
S Nguyn t p uc gi l s Nguyn t Chen (Trn) nu p + 2 cng l s Nguyn t
hoc l Tch ca hai s Nguyn t.
Vo nm 1966, Trn Cnh Nhun (Chen Jingrun) Chng minh rng c V hn s
Nguyn t nhu vy.
Mt s S nguyn t Chen u tin l
11
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 47, 53, 59, 67, 71, 83, 89, 101 (sequence
A109611 in OEIS)
Rudolf Ondrejka (1928-2001) tm uc mt Hnh vung K o 3x3 ca 9 s Chen
Vo thng 10-2005 Micha Fleuren v nhm PrimeForm tm thy s Nguyn t Chen
ln nht hin nay,
(1284991359 298305 + 1)(96060285 2135170 + 1) 2 vi 70301 ch s.
S nh hn trong mt Cp s Nguyn t Snh i l s Nguyn t Chen (theo nh
ngha).
n nm 2006, cc S Nguyn t Snh i ln nht tm thy l 100314512544015
2171960 1;
N uc tm thy bi cc nh Ton hc Hungarians Zoltn Jrai, Gabor Farkas,
Timea Csajbok, Janos Kasza and Antal Jrai.
N c 51780 ch s.
Terence Tao v Ben Green vo nm 2005 Chng minh rng c nhiu V hn cc
Cp s Cng three-term ca cc S Nguyn t Chen.
5) S NGUYN T RAMANUJAN
Nm 1919, Ramanujan Cng b mt cch Chng minh nh Bertrand V khc cui Bi
nghin cu ny, Ramanujan rt ra thm mt Kt lun
(x) (x / 2) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... nu x 2, 11, 17, 29, 41, ...
trong Hm (x) l s cc S Nguyn t x.
Kt qu ny, khi c nguc li, tr thnh nh ngha ca S Nguyn t Ramanujan, v
cc s 2, 11, 17, 29, 41 l nhng con s u trong cc S Nguyn t Ramanujan.
Ni cch khc: S Nguyn t Ramanujan l cc s Rn sao cho Rn l snh nht Tha mn
iu kin (x) (x / 2) n, cho mi x Rn
"S Nguyn t Ramanujan l cc s Nguyn Rn sao cho Rn l s Nh nht c th bo m
c n s Nguyn t gia x v x/2 cho mi x Rn
V Rn l s Nguyn nh nht Tha mn iu kin trn, nn Rn phi l s Nguyn t"
6) S NGUYN T GIAI THA
S Nguyn t Giai tha (factorial prime) l mt s Nguyn t nh hn hoc ln hn mt so
vi mt Giai tha hoc Chnh n l mt Giai tha.
Mt vi s Nguyn t Giai tha l
12
IV) Cc cp s nguyn t:
1) CP S NGUYN T
Hai s Nguyn t p v q uc gi l CSNT nu |p q| = 2.
Chua bit Tp hp cc CSNT l Hu hn hay V hn.
Cng vi cc CSNT nh d nhn ra nhu: 3 v 5, 5 v 7, 11 v 13... ta cng bit cc CSNT
kh ln nhu 10016957 v 10016959
2) S NGUYN T H HNG
Cp S Nguyn t H hng (cousin prime) l mt Cp s Nguyn t lch nhau bn n v
Cc s Nguyn t H hng dui 1000 theo A023200 v A046132 (trong OEIS)
(3, 7), (7, 11), (13, 17), (19, 23), (37, 41), (43, 47), (67, 71), (79, 83), (97, 101), (103, 107),
(109, 113), (127, 131), (163, 167), (193, 197), (223, 227), (229, 233), (277, 281), (307, 311),
(313, 317), (349, 353), (379, 383), (397, 401), (439, 441), (457, 461), (487, 491), (499, 503),
(613, 617), (643, 647), (673, 677), (739, 743), (757, 761), (769, 773), (823, 827), (853, 857),
(859, 863), (877, 881), (883, 887), (907, 911), (937, 941), (967, 971)
n thng 11-2005 s nguyn t h hng ln bit uc l (p, p+4) vi
p = (9771919142 ((53238 7879#)2 - 1) + 2310) 53238 7879#/385 + 1
N c 10154 ch s v uc tm thy bi Torbjrn Alm, Micha Fleuren v Jens Kruse
Andersen (7879# l k hiu ca primorial ca 7879).
13
*
Khi dng cc s nguyn t h hng ti 242, c gi tr ca B4 uc tnh bi Marek Wolf nm
1996 l B4 1.1970449
Khng nn ln hng s ny vi hng s Brun's cho cc s nguyn t b bn, cng uc k
hiu l B4.
3) S NGUYN T SEXY
Cp s Nguyn t Sexy l Cp hai s Nguyn t c hiu bng su.
So vi cc Cp s Nguyn t Snh i, l cc Cp s Nguyn t c hiu bng 2, v Cp s
Nguyn t H hng, l Cp s Nguyn t c hiu l 4.
Tn "S Nguyn t Sexy" xut pht t ting Latin "Sex" l s su (6).
Cc S Nguyn t Sexy (sequences A023201 v A046117 trong OEIS)
(5,11), (7,13), (11,17), (13,19), (17,23), (23,29), (31,37), (37,43), (41,47), (47,53), (53,59),
(61,67), (67,73), (73,79), (83,89), (97,103), (101,107), (103,109), (107,113), (131,137),
(151,157), (157,163), (167,173), (173,179), (191,197), (193,199), (223,229), (227,233),
(233,239), (251,257), (263,269), (271,277), (277,283), (307,313), (311,317), (331,337),
(347,353), (353,359), (367,373), (373,379), (383,389), (433,439), (443,449), (457,463),
(461,467)
Cng nhu cc s Nguyn t Snh i, cc s Nguyn t sexy c th m rng thnh cc
B ba s Nguyn t sexy (p, p + 6, p + 12)
sao cho p + 18 l Hp s
Cc B ba s Nguyn t sexy A046118, A046119 and A046120 in OEIS) dui 1000 l
(7,13,19), (17,23,29), (31,37,43), (47,53,59), (67,73,79), (97,103,109), (151,157,163),
(167,173,179), (227,233,239), (257,263,269), (271,277,283), (347,353,359), (367,373,379),
(557,563,569), (587,593,599), (607,613,619), (647,653,659), (727,733,739), (941,947,953),
(971,977,983)
Tnh n thng 3-2006 B ba s Nguyn t sexy ln nht uc tm thy bi Ken Davis
v c 5132 ch s
p = (84055657369 205881 4001# (205881 4001# + 1) + 210) (205881 4001# - 1) / 35
+1
Cc B bn s Nguyn t sexy (sequences A046121, A046122, A046123 and A046124 in
OEIS) nh hn 1000
(5,11,17,23), (11,17,23,29), (41,47,53,59), (61,67,73,79), (251,257,263,269),
(601,607,613,619), (641,647,653,659)
14
n thng 11-2005 B bn s Nguyn t sexy uc bit ln nht l (p, p+6, p+12, p+18)
do J K Andersen tm thy c 1002 ch s
p = 411784973 2347 + 3301
V mi s th nm ca B 5 c dng 6n 1 chia ht cho 5, ch c mt B nm s Nguyn t
sexy tn ti l (5,11,17,23,29), v khng c B nm s Nguyen to Sexy nao lon hon.
V/ Cc dng bi tp c bn :
Cc nh l c s :
1. nh l 1: Tp hp cc s nguyn t l v hn
i=1
ai th p/ai
(i =1, n )
5. nh l c bn ca s hc
Mi s t nhin ln hn n v (ln hn 1) ch c th phn tch thnh tha s nguyn
t mt cch duy nht (nu khng k n th t cc tha s)
Cc dng ton :
+ m +m2 v m6b m2
M(1
Vy p = 3k, p nguyn t p = 3
8p2 + 1 = 8.32 + 1 = 73 ( nguyn t)
8p2 1 = 8.32 1 = 71 ( nguyn t)
Vy p v 8p2 + 1 l hai s nguyn t th 8p2 - 1 l s nguyn t.
Bi tp vn dng:
1. Chng minh rng cc s nguyn t ln hn 2 c dng 3k 1
2. Chng minh rng m2 n2 l s nguyn t th m, n l 2 s t nhin lin tip.
3. S a4 + a2 + 1 c th l mt s nguyn t khng?
4. Cho
l ly tha ca 1 s nguyn t vi
t
5. Cho
l s nguyn t.
cmr:
cng l s nguyn t
+) Loi 2: Chng minh mt s, mt biu thc l hp s
Bi ton 1: Cho n N Chng minh rng A = n4 + 4n l hp s.
16
nguyn
Gii: *) n chn A M
2 A l hp s.
*) n l t n = 2k + 1
N*
V k; t; a1; c1 N A l hp s
Bi ton 3: Cho n
4 n+1
10 n+1
+ 19 v 2 3
22
+ 32
4 n+1
+ 5 l nhng hp s.
Gii:
10 n+1
+ 19 M23 vi mi n 1
N)
10 n+1
Theo Fecma: 222 1 (mod 23) 2 2
= 222k+2 4 (mod 23)
10 n+1
222k+2 + 19 M 23 (1)
22
+ 19 > 23 (2)
10 n+1
T (1) v (2) 2 2
+ 19 l hp s
4 n+1
b. Ta chng minh 2 3
+ 32
4 n+1
+ 5 M 11 vi mi n 1
4 n+1
23
4 n+1
23
+ 32
+ 32
4 n+1
4 n+1
4 n+1
4 n+1
Mt khc: 2 3
+ 5 8 + 9 + 5 (mod 11)
+ 32
4 n+1
+ 32
4 n+1
+ 5 M 11
4 n+1
4 n+1
+ 5 > 11 2 3
+ 32
+ 5 l hp s
17
N , n > 1 th cc s sau l hp s
a. n4 + 4
b. n4 + 4n
c. m4 + m2 + 1
a. A = 2 2
4.(IMO
2 n+1
+3
2001)Cho
b. B = 2 2
a,b,c,d
4 n+1
c. C = 2 2
+7
cc
nguyn
6 n+ 3
dng
+ 13
tha
mn:
v
(k N * )
Cm:
khng l s nguyn t.
l hp s vi mi n nguyn dng.
Vi p 5 th p = 5k 1 ; 5k 2
* Nu p = 5k + 1 th p + 14 = 5k + 15 M
5 p + 14 khng nguyn t.
* Nu p = 5k 1 th p + 6 = 5k + 5 M
5 p + 6 khng l nguyn t.
* Nu p = 5k + 2 th p + 8 = 5k + 10 M
5 p + 8 khng l nguyn t.
* Nu p = 5k - 2 th p + 2 = 5k M
5 p + 2 khng l nguyn t.
Vy ch c p = 5 tha mn yu cu bi ton.
Bi ton 2: Tm 3 s nguyn t p; q; r sao cho p2 + q2 = r.
Gii: Gi s c 3 s nguyn t p; q; r sao cho pq + qp = r. khi r >3
r l. Vy p; q khng cng tnh chn, l nn phi c mt s nguyn t chn l 2.
Gi s p = 2 khi 2q + q2 = r
+) Nu q khng chia ht cho 3 q2 1 ( mod 3)
Mt khc q l 2q -1 ( mod 3) 2q + q2 M
3 ( khng nguyn t).
Vy q M
3 , q nguyn t q = 3 Khi r = 23 + 32 = 17
Do p, q c vai tr nh nhau nn c th p = 3 ; q = 2
Vy c 2 b s c tm l (2; 3; 17) v ( 3; 2; 17)
Bi ton 3: Tm s t nhin ( x; y) sao cho:
1
1
1
= ( p l s nguyn t).
y
p
x
Gii: Do x; y N
1
1
1
(x p)(y p) = p2
=
y
p
x
x p =1
y p =p 2
x p =p
y p=p
x p = p2
y p =1
x =p +1
y =p 2 +p
x =2 p
y =2 p
x = p2 + p
y = p +1
p > 2, p nguyn t nn ( p; 2) = 1
Mt khc: n 1 < n2 + n + 1 n 1 = 2 n = 3
p = n2 + n + 1 ( nguyn t) . Vy p = 13 tha mn yu cu bi ton.
Bi ton 5: Tm s nguyn t abcd sao cho ab v ac l s nguyn t v b2 = cd + b
c.
Gii: v abcd , ab v ac l cc s nguyn t b, c, d l cc s l khc 5. b 2 = cd + b
c b( b 1) = cd - c = 10c + d c = 9c + d
Do 9c + d 10 nn b( b 1) 10 b 4. Vy b = 7 hoc b = 9.
*) Nu b = 7 ta c: 9c + d = 42 M
3dM
3 d = 3 hoc d = 9.
Nu d = 3 9c = 39 khng tn ti c thuc N
Nu d = 9 9c + d M9 cn 42 khng M
9 (lai)
*) Nu b = 9 ta c: 9c + d = 72 M9 d M
9 vy d = 9
9c + 9 = 72 c = 7
ab = a9 l s nguyn t a 3; 6; 9; 4
ac = a7 l s nguyn t a 2; 5; 7; 8
Mt khc a 0 a = 1
Vy s cn tm l 1979 ( V 1979 l s nguyn t)
Bi ton 6: Tm 7 s nguyn t lin tip (
)tha mn:
CM Tng qut vi s m n.
C1: Gi s
D thy
Vi
ta c
Vi
ta c
Vi
th lun chia d
tha mn bi
C2: Ta c
(Fermat nh )
cn
khng CP
khng CP
nn khng tn ti cc s nguyn t
Vy ko c s no tha mn
Bi tp vn dng:
1. Tm tt c cc s nguyn t p p va l tng, va l hiu ca hai s nguyn t
20
tn ti cc s nguyn dng
tha mn:
*) Nu m2 = 1 m = 1 , n =10.
*) Nu m2 = 9 m = 3 ; n = 6 . Vy cc gi tr cn tm l (1;10 ) ; (3; 6 )
Bi ton 3: (olympic bungari 1996)
Tm tt c cc s nguyn t
sao cho
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s
D thy :
l s l nn
khc
Nu
th k=3
Ta s c/m mt trong s
tn ti t nht s bng .
Gi s phn chng
Do :
hay
(mod p)
Tip theo ta c nhn xt rng :
Nu
v
(mod m),)
(mod m) th :
(mod m)
Mt khc theo nh l Fermat th :
(mod p).
Khi p dng nhn xt ta c :
R rng :
. Do :
, mu thun.
Vy
.
Nu
th
v v th
Cn nu
d dng kim tra thy tha mn.
Vy tt c cc b
l
Bi tp vn dng:
1. Tm tt c cc s n sao cho:
a. n4 + n2 + 1 l s nguyn t.
b. n3 - n2 +n - 1 l s nguyn t.
2. Bi ton m rng:
Tm a N s a3n + 2 + a3m + 1 + 1 l s nguyn t. bit rng m, n N v m2 + n2 0
22
3 Tm s nguyn t (ko nht thit khc nhau) bit rng ln tch ca cc s y tr i tng
cc bnh phng ca chng th bng
.
Dng 3: p dng gii phng trnh nghim nguyn , chia ht :
Bi ton 1:Chng minh vi mi s nguyn t p>2, th t s m ca phn s ti gin
chia ht cho p
C1: Ta thy t s ca phn s chnh l
Cn chng minh biu thc chia ht cho p.
Ta thy c tt c p-1 s hng, ta s chia chng thnh tng cp c tng chia ht cho p nh sau:
, ta c:
Gi l mt c nguyn t bt k ca . Khi
Gi s
. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s
Nu
, ta c
Mt khc,
Vy
. t
. Ta c:
.
, ta suy ra iu v l.
. Vy
. Ta c
. Suy ra
. Thay vo, ta c:
. Do
nn
.
Bi ton 3: Cho s nguyn dng N c ng 12 c s dng khc nhau k c chnh n
v 1, nhng ch c c nguyn t khc nhau. Gi s tng cc c nguyn t l 20. Tnh gi
tr nh nht c th c ca N
23
Do N c ti a l 12 c nn ta c
t
(a,b,c,d>0)
v (a+1)(b+1)(c+1)(d+1)=12=1.2.2.3 (1)
Do m v a,b,c,d>0 (2)
t (1),(2)=> v l
Vy
ta i tm N nh nht c th
li c
(a+1)(b+1)(c+1)=12=2.2.3
=> 2 trong 3 s a,b,c =1 s cn li =2
v
=>c 1 s =2
gi s
(do
khng th chia ht cho 3=>
>=5 ) l cc s nguyn t d
chng minh c
l cc s tha mn bi v N min
Vy
Bi ton 4: (Thi chn i tuyn 30/4 L Qu ng Nng vng 2)
Cho
l cc s nguyn l s nguyn t l .CMR nu l c ca
v
th cng l c ca
Gii:
Bi ton 5: Tm cc s nguyn t
tha:
TH1.
Thay vo phng trnh cho ta c
TH2.
T
, ta c
. Suy ra
T y, ta c hai trng hp cn xt
hoc
l s nguyn t l th
Ta c nhn xt:
T , ta c:
24
chia ht
Do
Ta li c
Vy
Bi ton 7:(Vit NAm TST 2003) CHo n l 1 s nguyn dng .Chng minh rng
ko c c nguyn t dng
vi k nguyn dng
Xt l mt c nguyn t no ca
-Nu chn, t
suy ra
l thng d bc 2 ca
ch
c th c dng
(1)
-Nu l, t
suy ra
l thng d bc 2 ca
ch
c th c dng
hoc
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra pcm.
Bi ton 8: Cho n l mt s nguyn c khng qu 3 c s nguyn t
CMR : nu n-1 chia ht cho (n) th n l mt s nguyn t
Xt c 1 c nguyn t d thy ng
Xt c 2 c nguyn t
Theo gi thit :
t
Vi
Vi
th
min bn
ta c
loi
25
Vy trng hp ny v l
Xt
Gis
ls nguyn t l vi t, k l cc s t nhin, k l s t nhin l.
Khi , nu cc s t nhin x,y sao cho
th x v y ng thi chia ht cho p.
Chng minh b : Ta s dng php chng minh bng phn chng. Gi s x khng chia ht
cho p, t gi thit suy ra y cng khng chia ht cho p. Theo nh l nh Fec-ma ta c:
Hay:
Suy ra:
M theo gi thit
nn
(Do k l)
Vy iu gi s trn ca ta l sai. Tm li ta c pcm.
Ch rng
th x v y u chia ht cho p.
26
(1)
pt (1)
27
x 2 + 1 = y 3 + 23
x 2 + 1 = ( y + 2)( y 2 2 y + 4)
(2)
x 2 + 1 = 4t 2 + 4t + 2
ca 1995
x2 + y2
Gi s
= k nguyn dng v k la c s ca 1995 = 5.3.7.19 = 5n vi
x y
n=3.7.19
Cc s nguyn t c dng 2(2m+1)+1= 4m+3
Gi CLN ca x v y l d= (x,y) th x=du v y = dv vi (u,v)=1
T gi thit => d( u 2 + v 2 )= k(u-v) (1)
Xt 2 Trng hp :
1) nMk th k c c nguyn t dng 4m+3
p dng b vo (1) => u 2 + v 2 khng cha cc c nguyn t ca k
nn k l c s ca d => d= kt
t.( u 2 + v 2 ) = u-v => u 2 + v 2 < u- v => (1) v
nghim
2) k=5m vi m l c ca n
Lc (1) tr thnh d( u 2 + v 2 ) = 5m(u-v) => d = mt ( tng t nh trn)
t( u 2 + v 2 ) = 5( u v)
(2)
= 481( a 2 + b 2 )=13.37. ( a 2 + b 2 )
Thy 13 v 37 l s nguyn t c dng p = 22 k + 1 vi k l
Gi s (m,n) = d => m = du , n=dv vi (u,v) = 1 th (2) tr thnh
d 4 (u 4 + v 4 ) = 481(a 2 + b 2 ) (3)
V (u,v) = 1 nn u 4 + v 4 khng cha c nguyn t 13 v 37 do 481 l c ca d => d = 481t .
m,n nh nht ta ly t = 1
Lc (3) tr thnh 481 3 ( u 4 + v 4 )= a 2 + b 2 (4)
T (1) c : m 2 n 2 = 31b a hay 481 2 ( u 2 + v 2 ) = 31b a
Chn u = v =1 m , n nh nht => m=n= 481
Bi tp p dng :
1. Tm nghim nguyn dng ca pt :
a, x 2 + y 2 = 585
b, x 2 + y 2 = 1210
c, 4xy x y = z 2
d, x 2 + y 2 = 3z 2
2. Tm nghim nguyn dng ca h phng trnh :
x 2 +13 y 2 = z 2
2 2
2
13 x + y = t
{
{
b 1=1
c 1=6
b 1=2
c 1=3
b =2
c =7
Trng hp ny loi v b = 4 khng nguyn t.
Vy b 3 s nguyn t cn tm l (2; 5; 7)
Bi ton 2: Tm tt c cc s nguyn t c dng
29
n(n +1)
- 1 ( n 1)
2
Gii:
n( n +1)
(n 1)( n + 2)
-1=
=p
2
2
*) n = 2 p = 2, n = 3 p = 5 tha mn.
*) n > 3 th th hoc n- 1 chn hoc n + 2 chn nn p l hp s. Gi tr p cn tm l p = 2
hoc p = 5.
Bi ton 3: Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng a , b phn bit sao cho :
v
l mt ly tha ca mt s nguyn t.
T gi thit ta c
vi
Suy ra ta c 2 trng hp
*TH1:
Do
(g/t)
(v l v
*TH2:p^k|ab-1
+)Nu
+)Nu
+)Nu
th a=b=1(t/m)
th d dng suy ra v l
v
th ta c
(do
Mt khc t
ta c
(Do
vy
suy ra p=3
(loi)
Vy a=b=1
Bi ton4: Tm cc s nguyn p sao cho cc s p+2, p+6, p+8, p+14 cng l nguyn t.
t: p = 5k+r (0 r < 5)
* nu r = 1 => p+14 = 5k+15 chia ht cho 5
* nu r = 2 => p+8 = 5k + 10 chia ht cho 5
* nu r = 3 => p+2 = 5k+5 chia ht cho 5
* nu r = 4 => p+6 = 5k+10 chia ht cho 5
* nu r = 0 => p = 5k l nguyn t khi k = 1
p = 5, cc s kia l: 7,11,13,19 l cc s nguyn t nn tho mn iu kin bi.
Vy p = 5 l gi tr cn tm
Bi ton 5: Cho p,q l 2 s nguyn t khc nhau.
CM:
+
1 (mod p.q)
Ta c p,q l 2 s nguyn t nn
30
Tng t ta c
Do
nn suy ra pcm
Bi ton 6: cm: nu
l mt s nguyn t th
Ta c
m
kt hp vi
l s nguyn t
ta c
Nn
Bi tp vn dng:
1. Chng minh rng ch c mt cp s nguyn dng (a, b) a4 + 4b4 l s nguyn t.
2. Tm s nguyn t p c dng
n(n +1)(n + 2)
+ 1 ( n 1)
6
l s nguyn t.
l s nguyn t.
khi chia cho n, xc nh s d ca x khi chia cho n khng phi bao gi cng lm c. iu
ny ch c th lm c nu f l 1 song nh, cng chnh l ngha ca nh l ny.
Nh vy, vic tm tt c cc cn nguyn thy ca 1 s cho trc s rt c ngha. nh l
sau y gip chng ta.
- nh l : Nu p nguyn t, a l mt cn nguyn thy ca p, khi vi mi b thuc Z/pZ c
th vit c di dng b = a^i trong 0 < i < p-2
T nh l ny suy ra:
* b l 1 cn nguyn thy khi v ch khi (p-1,i)= 1, hay ni cch khc, tp hp cc cn nguyn
thy ca p = {a^i (mod p), (p-1,i)=1}
* S cn nguyn thy ca p = (p-1)
* Nu ta bit 1 cn nguyn thy ca p, khi chng ta s bit tt c cc cn nguyn thy ca
p.
Nh vy, di mt s iu kin, hm s m ng d x --> a^x (mod n) trong Z/nZ l mt
song nh. Cn nhn mnh rng vic tnh hm s ngc ca n th phc tp hn rt nhiu,
ngay c khi chng ta bit gi tr ca a.
Hm s ny l mt v d tt cho mt lp cc hm s m chng ta gi l hm s "hng duy
nht":
- n gin tnh
- phc tp tnh ngc li.
Tuy vy, hm s m ng d c mt li th khc, l: Chng ta c th tnh hm s ngc
ca n mt cch d dng nu chng ta bit mt s thng tin d dng trong vic gi b mt.
V chnh nhng hm s ny c mt ngha quan trng trong vic mt m ha<O:p></O:p>
<O:p> </O:p>
By gi chng ta s cng tm hiu mt s phng php m ha:
ffice:smarttags" /><ST1:place w:st="on">I.</ST1:place> Chia s cha kha:
A v B mun c chung 1 cha kha, h s chn:
- p nguyn t v cng khai.
- a cn nguyn thy ca p, a cng khai
- Mi ngui mt s b mt Xa v Xb vi 1 < Xa, Xb < p-1
A s gi cho B a^Xa (mod p)
B s gi cho A a^Xb (mod p)
Khi , A v B s cng c chung 1 cha kha K = a^(Xa.Xb) (mod p)
II. M ha "khng cha kha":
Cho 1 thng tin (di dng s) M < p, A cn gi M cho B
1. A chn a < p, (a,p-1)=1 (a b mt)
B chn b < p, (b,p-1)=1 (b b mt)
2. A gi cho B s C = M^a(mod p)
3. B gi li cho A s D = C^b (mod p)
4. A tnh a' sao cho 0 < a' < p v a.a' = 1 (mod p-1) (a' c gi l nghch o (mod p-1) ca
a), sau gi cho B s E = D^a' = C^(b.a') = M^(a.b.a')
5. B tnh nghch o b' ca b, sau tnh E^b' = M^(aba'b') = M (mod p) v aa' = bb' = 1
(mod p-1) v theo nh l nh Fermat, M^(p-1) = 1 (mod p)
III. M ha vi cha kha cng khai
32
c nhiu s dn vt hn
c nhiu s khn ngoan hn
c nhiu s thng thi hn
c nhiu li khuyn hn
Nhng ci ti! C l do g hn ta khng bc n tht gn nhau?
Kt : Vy y! Nhng con s kh khan cung nhng biu thc kh hiu
phi chng l tt c ca ton hc? Mt nh vn c th tm ra v p m
sao ta khng tm ra? S nguyn t ni ring hay s hc ni chung u
c nhng nt th v ring, c o ring . Tp chuyn ny hay mun
ngn tp chuyn khc s khng c gi tr nu nh bn thn mi ngi
khng tm c 1 cht v p t ci mnh ang nghin cu.....
Thi Bnh ,ngy 4 thng 8
nm 2010
L Huy Ton
34