MT S PHNG PHP GII BI TON HA HC

I.Phng php ghp n s:

Trong ton hc h phng trnh vi s n nhiu hn s phng trnh gi l h v inh v h
thng cho v s nghim v kh gii c. Tuy nhin trong ha hc th nhng h nh vy vn
c th gii c nh nhng tnh cht ring ca ha hc v mt s th thut ca ton hc.
Phng php ghp n s s cho thy iu thng qua mt s v d sau:
V d 1: Ha tan hon ton 27,4 gam hn hp hai mui cacbonnat ca hai kim loi phn nhm
IA v IIA bng dung dch HCl ( va ) thu c dung dch A v 6,72 lt kh ( o ktc).
1/ C cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
2/ Xc nh tn ca hai kim loi bit khi lng nguyn t ca chng hn km nhau 1
n v.
Gii: Gi X, Y ln lt l tn v khi lng nguyn t ca hai kim loi.Hai mui cacbonnat l
X2CO3 ; YCO3 vi s mol tng ng x;y. Cc phn ng:
X2CO3 + 2HCl 2XCl + H2O + CO2 (1)
Mol: x
2x
x
YCO3 + 2HCl YCl2 + H2O + CO2 (2)
Mol: y
y
y

x(2 X + 60) + y(Y + 60) = 27,4

1/Theo bi ra v theo cc phn ng ta c h:
.
x + y = 0,3

T h trn bng cch ghp n s ta c: 2xX + yY = 9,4.(*) Vy tng khi lng mui clorua
khan thu c l : m clorua = 2x( X + 35,5) + y ( Y + 71 ) = (2xX + yY) + 71 ( x + y ) = 30,7 (g)
2/ Ta c y = 0,3 x v X = Y 1 thay vo (*) c 2x ( Y 1) + ( 0,3 x ) Y = 9,4.
T y suy ra 44/3 < Y < 100/3 ( V 0<x < 0,3).Vy Y l Mg =24. Suy ra X l Na = 23.
V d 2: trung ha 20,8 gam hn hp hai axit hu c n chc cn 300 ml dung dch NaOH
1M.
1/ Sau phn ng thu c hn hp hai mui c khi lng bng bao nhiu?
2/ Xc nh cng thc hai axit bit chng l ng ng ca nhau v hn km nhau hai
nhm CH2.
Gii: Gi cng thc ca hai axit l RCOOH v RCOOH vi s mol tng ng l a,b.
Cc phn ng:
RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2O (1)
Mol:
a
a
a
RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2O (2)
Mol:
b
b
b
1/ Theo bi ra ta c h:

a( R + 45) + b( R'+ 45) = 20,8

.T h trn bng cch ghp n s ta

a + b = 0,3

c: aR + bR = 7,3(*). Vy tng khi lng hai mui thu c l: m =a(R+67) + b(R+67)

=(aR+bR) + 67(a+b) = 7,3+ 20,1=27,4 (g),
2/ Theo gi thit ta c thm iu kin: R = R+ 28 v d dng chng minh c
R<24,3.C hai p n: (HCOOH v C2H5COOH) ; (CH3COOH v C3H7COOH)
My nm gn y do thi trc nghim nn bi ton dng ny cho n gin hn v phng
php ghp n s cng t s dng. Chng ta s tip tc bng cc phng php khc hiu qu
hn cho bi ton trc nghim.
II. Phng php bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t:
C s ca phng php ny l nh lut bo ton khi lng (BTKL).
TI LIU N THI 2011.

V d 3: Ha tan hon ton 3,22 g hn hp X gm Fe, Mg v Zn bng mt lng va va

dung dch H2SO4 long thu c 1,344 lt kh H2 ( ktc) v dung dch cha m gam mui. Gi
tr ca m l:
A. 8,98.
B.9,52
C. 10,27
D. 7,25.
( Trch TSH-C A -2007)
Gii: Phng trnh chung: M + H2SO4 MSO4 + H2
Ta c:

n H 2 SO4 = n H 2 =

1,344
= 0,06mol .
22,4

p dng nh lut BTKL ta c:

m mui = mX + m axit - m H = 3,22+ 0,06.98 0,06.2 = 8,98 (g).

Chn p n A.
V d 4: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm CH4, C3H6 v C4H10 cn V lit O2 (ktc) thu
c 4,4 gam CO2 v 2,52 gam H2O. Tnh m v V?
Gii: p dng nh lut BTKL v BTNT ta c:
m = mC + mH = (4,4/44).12 + (2,52/ 18).2 = 1,48 (g)
2

nO2 ( pu ) = nO2 ( CO2 ) + nO2 ( H 2O ) = nCO2 +

1
n H O = 0,1 + 0,07 = 0,17 (mol) .Vy V = 0,17.22,4 =
2 2

3,808(l)
V d 5: un nng hn hp hai ancol n chc, mch h vi H2SO4 c, thu c hn hp cc
ete. Ly 7,2 gam mt trong cc ete em t chy hon ton, thu c 8,96 lit kh CO 2 (
ktc) v 7,2 gam H2O. Hai ancol l
A. CH3OH v CH2=CH-CH2-OH
B. C2H5OH v CH2=CH-CH2-OH
C. CH3OH v C2H5OH
D. C2H5OH v CH3OH
( Trch TSH A -2009)
Gii: Xt ete Y em t chy. p dng nh lut BTKL v BTNT ta c: mC ( Y) = mC (CO2)=
(8,96/22,4).12= 4,8 (g); mH(Y) = mH (H2O) = (7,2/18).2 = 0,8 (g) ; mO = mY (mC + mH) =1,6
(g)
T nC : nH : nO = 0,4 : 0,8 : 0,1 = 4:8:1. CTGN ng thi cng l CTPTca Y l C4H8O.
CTCT ca Y ch c th l CH3-O-CH2-CH=CH2 ( C 1 lin kt i trong gc ancol).
Chn p n A.
III. Phng php tng gim khi lng:
C s ca phng php vn l nh lut BTKL.
Cho phn ng c dng: RX + xM RY + yN ( R l thnh phn khng i) th khi lng
ca cht to thnh sau phn ng RY tng hoc gim so vi cht phn ng RX l | Y X | ( vi 1
mol RX hoc a mol cht no trong phn ng).
V d 6: em nung mt khi lng Cu (NO3)2 sau mt thi gian dng li lm ngui, ri cn
thy khi lng gim 0,54 gam. Khi lng mui Cu(NO3)2 b nhit phn l
A. 0,5 gam
B. 0,49 gam
C. 9,4 gam
D. 0,94 gam
t
Gii: Cu(NO3)2 CuO + O2 + 2 NO2
C 1 mol cht rn Cu(NO3)2 b nhit phn th khi lng cht rn gim 188 80 = 108 (g).
S mol Cu(NO3)2 b nhit phn l: 0,54/ 108 = 0,005 (mol). Khi lng: 0,005.188= 0,94 (g).
Chn p n D.
V d 7: Cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C5H8O2. Cho 5 gam X tc dng va ht vi dung
dch NaOH,thu c mt hp cht hu c khng lm mt mu nc brom v 3,4 gam mt
mui. Cng thc ca X l
A. CH3COOC(CH3)=CH2
B. HCOOC(CH3)=CHCH3
C. HCOOCH2CH=CHCH3
D. HCOOCH=CHCH2CH3
( Trch TSH A 2009)
Gii: X c cng thc RCOOR. Phn ng:
RCOOR + NaOH RCOONa + ROH.
0

TI LIU N THI 2011.

Ta c: nX = 5/ 100= 0,05 (mol).C 1 mol X phn ng khi lng mui thu c gim so vi X
l R 23. Khi lng gim l 0,05 (R -23) = 5 3,4 = 1,6 R = 32+23 = 55 R = 1.
ROH l ancol khng no , khng bn b phn hy thnh xeton ( V khng lm mt mu nc
brom). ( C th tnh 0,05( R + 67) = 3,4 R =1 R = 55)
Chn p n B.
V d 8:(Xem VD 1/ 1) C 1mol kh CO2 khi lng mui Clorua tng ln so vi mui
cacbonnat l 71 60 =11 (g). Khi lng tng ln l 0,3.11=3,3 (g). Vy khi lng mui
clorua khan thu c l: 27,4 + 3,3 = 30,7 (g).
Ch :. (1) ca v d ny cn gii c bng phng php BTKL . Khng th ni cch gii
no hay hn v cn lin quan ti (2).
. V d 2 cng gii c bng phng php tng gim khi lng v nhiu phng php
khc!
IV. Phng php khi lng mol trung bnh ( KLMTB):
Khi nim: Mt hn hp cc cht c th coi l mt cht c KLMPTTB ( M ) c xc nh
bng t s gia tng khi lng v tng s mol ca hn hp.

mhh
n1 M 1 + n 2 M 2 + ... + n k M k
=
nhh
n1 + n2 + ... + n k
V1 M 1 + V2 M 2 + ... + Vk M k
=
( Vi hn hp gm k cht kh o cng iu kin)
V1 + V2 + ... + Vk

Cng thc: M =

= x1M1 +x2M2 ++ xkMk ( xi l % theo s mol hoc th tch cc cht )

Ch : min{ Mi} < M < max {Mi}.
i vi cc hp cht hu c cn nh KLM ca vi cht u trong dy ng ng, vi
cht v c cn nh cc cht lin quan n nguyn t u nhm,
V d 9: X phng ha hon ton 1,99 gam hn hp hai este bng dung dch NaOH thu c
2,05 gam mui ca mt axit cacboxylic v 0,94 gam hn hp hai ancol l ng ng k tip
nhau. Cng thc ca hai este l
A. HCOOCH3 v HCOOC2H5
B. C2H5COOCH3 v C2H5COOC2H5
C. CH3COOC2H5 v CH3COOC3H7
D. CH3COOCH3 v CH3COOC2H5
( Trch TSH A -2009 )
Gii:Theo bi ra cng thc chung ca hai este l: RCOO R ' ( phn ng thy phn cho mui
ca mt axit cacboxylic).Phn ng:
RCOO R ' + NaOH RCOONa + R ' OH
p dng nh lut BTKL ta c m NaOH = 2,05 + 0,94 1,99 = 1 (g) ; n NaOH = 0,025 (mol)
Suy ra: 0,025( R + 67) = 2,05 v 0,025( R ' + 17) = 0,94 R = 15 v R ' = 20,6.
Chn p n D
V d 10: Hn hp kh X gm anken M v ankin N c cng s nguyn t cacbon trong phn t.
Hn hp X c khi lng 12,4 gam v th tch 6,72 lt ( ktc). S mol, cng thc phn t ca
M v N ln lt l
A. 0,1 mol C2H4 v 0,2 mol C2H2
B. 0,1 mol C3H6 v 0,2 mol C3H4
C. 0,2 mol C2H4 v 0,1 mol C2H2
D. 0,2 mol C3H6 v 0,1 mol C3H4
( Trch TSH A 2009 )
Gii: nhh = 6,72/22,4 = 0,3 (mol). M = 12,4/0,3 = 124/3=41,3 Loi A,C.
Chn p n D.
V d 11:Cho dung dch cha 6,03 gam hn hp gm hai mui NaX v NaY ( X;Y l hai
nguyn t c trong t nhin, hai chu k lin tip thuc nhm VIIA, s hiu nguyn t ZX< ZY)
vo dung dch AgNO3 (d), thu c 8,61 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi lng ca NaX trong
hn hp ban u l
A. 58,2%
B. 41,8%
C. 52,8%
D. 47,2%
( Trch TSH B 2009 )
Gii: Phn ng: (NaX + NaY) + 2 AgNO3 (AgX + AgY) + 2 NaNO3
TI LIU N THI 2011.

p dng phng php tng gim khi lng ta c: nhh = ( 8,61 6,03) : ( 108- 23) = 2,58/85
=0,0304 (mol). KLMNTTB ca X;Y l (6,03.85/2,85) 23 = 180 23 =157.Do X l I = 127
v Y l At = 210. t nNaI = x (mol) ta c: 150x + (0,0304 x).233=6,03 x = 0,01256 (mol)
% NaI = 0,01256.150/6,03 = 31,2%. Khng c p n ng!
bi c sai khng? n s liu tnh ton qu l ( khng ph hp vi xu hng ra
hin nay). At l nguyn t iu ch bng phng php phng x, khng tn ti trong t nhin.
Trng hp ny b loi. Vy cn mt kh nng khc!Xem li tnh cht ca nguyn t u nhm
VIIA l F th AgF tan. Nh vy kh nng th hai: X l F v Y l Cl. Cht kt ta duy nht l
AgCl; n NaCl =n AgCl = 8,61/ 143,5 = 0,06 (mol). % NaCl = 0,06.58,5/6,03 = 58,2 %;
Vy: %NaF = 41,8%.
Chn p n B.( ra ng!)
V d 12: Cho18 gam hn hp hai ancol gm mt ancol no n chc v mt ancol n chc c
mt lin kt i trong phn t vi s mol bng nhau tc dng ht vi Na d, thu c 4,48 lt H2
( ktc). CTCT ca hai ancol l
A. CH3CH2OH v CH2=CH-CH2OH
B. CH3CH2CH2OH v CH2=CH-CH2OH
C. CH3OH v CH2=CH-CH2OH
D. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH v CH2=CH-CH2OH
Gii: t cng thc chung ca hai ancol l R OH. Phn ng:
2 R OH + 2 Na 2 R ONa + H2
Ta c: nhh ancol = 2nH2 = 2. 4,48/22,4 = 0,4 (mol). M ancol = 18/0,4= 45. Trong 2 ancol c 1 ancol
c phn t khi nh hn 45. Ancol l CH3OH ( M = 32).
Chn p n C.
Ch : Cn th li p n bng php tnh 0,2( 32+ 58) = 18 (g) ( Tha mn)
V. Phng php s nguyn t C, H trung binh ( KLMTB m rng):
V d 13: Hn hp X gm hai este no, n chc, mch h. t chy hon ton mt lng X
cn dng va 3,976 lt kh O2 ( ktc), thu c 6,38 gam CO2. Mt khc, X tc dng vi
dung dch NaOH thu c mt mui v hai ancol l ng ng k tip. Cng thc phn t ca
hai este trong X l
A. C2H4O2 v C5H10O2
B. C2H4O2 v C3H6O2
C. C3H4O2 v C4H6O2
D. C3H6O2 v C4H8O2
( Trch TSH B 2009 )
Gii: Gi n l s nguyn t C trung bnh trong hn hp hai este. Cng thc tng ng
C n H 2n
O2. Phn ng: C n H 2 n O2 +( 3 n - 2)/2 O2 n CO2 + n H2O
Ta c: n (O2) = 3,976/22,4 = 0,1775 ;n(CO2) = 6,38/44 = 0,145. Suy ra: 2 n / (3 n - 2)
=0,145/0,1775 ; n = 29/8.Mt khc, X tc dng vi dd NaOH thu c mt mui v hai ancol
l ng ng k tip nn hai este cng l ng ng k tip.
Chn p n D.
V d 14: Cho hn hp X gm hai hp cht hu c no, n chc tc dng va vi 100 ml dung dch KOH
0,4M, thu c mt mui v 336 ml hi mt ancol ( ktc). Nu t chy hon ton lng hn hp X trn, sau
hp th ht sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ca (OH) 2 (d) th khi lng bnh tng 6,82 gam. Cng
thc ca hai hp cht hu c trong X l

A. CH3COOH v CH3COOC2H5
C. HCOOH v HCOOC2H5

B. C2H5COOH v C2H5COOCH3
D. HCOOH v HCOOC3H7
( Trch TSH B 2009)
Gii: nKOH = 0,04 (mol) > nancol = 0,015 (mol). Hn hp X gm mt axit cacboxilic no, n
chc v mt este no n chc. naxit = 0,025 (mol); neste = 0,015 (mol).
Gi n l s nguyn t C trung bnh trong hn hp X. Cng thc chung C n H 2 n O2. Phn ng:
C n H 2 n O2 + ( 3 n -2)/2 O2 n CO2 + n H2O
Mol:
0,04
0,04 n 0,04 n
Ta c: 0,04 n ( 44 + 18) = 6,82 ; n = 11/4.Gi x; y ln lt l s nguyn t C trong phn t
axit v este th: (0,025x + 0,015 y)/0,04 = 11/4 hay 5 x + 3y =22.T : (x;y)=(2;4).
Chn p n A.
TI LIU N THI 2011.

V d 15:Cho hn hp X gm hai ancol a chc, mch h, thuc cng dy ng ng. t chy hon ton hn
hp X, thu c CO2 v H2O c t l mol tng ng l 3:4. Hai ancol l

A. C2H4(OH)2 v C3H6(OH)2
C. C2H4(OH)2 v C4H8(OH)2

B. C2H5OH v C4H9OH
D. C3H5(OH)3 v C4H7(OH)3
( Trch TSH A 2009 )
Gii: Gi n l s nguyn t C trung bnh trong hn hp hai ancol; k l s lin kt trong
phn t mi ancol ( k N). Cng thc phn t tng ng: C n H2 n +2-2kOz. Phn ng:
C n H2 n +2-2kOz +O n CO2 + ( n +1 k)H2O
Ta c: n / ( n +1 k) = suy ra: n = 3 3k. T : k=0; n = 3. Loi B v ancol n
chc.Loi A,D v khng ph hp vi n =3.
Chn p n C.
VI. Phng php s proton,ntron,electron trung bnh:
V d 16: Hp cht M c to thnh t cation X+ v anion Y 2-, Mi ion u do 5 nguyn t
ca hai nguyn t to nn. Tng s proton trong X+ l 11 v tng s electron trong Y 2- l 50.
Hai nguyn t trong Y 2- thuc cng mt phn nhm v thuc hai chu k lin tip.
Hy xc nh cng thc phn t v gi tn M.
Gii: Gi Z X l s proton trung bnh ca hai nguyn t to nn X+, ta c Z X = 11/5 = 2,2.
Trong hai nguyn t to nn X+ phi c H hoc He. Nhng He l kh tr nn b loi.
Gi R l nguyn t th hai to ra X+, khi X+ l RnHm+ .
2

Theo thnh phn cu to ca X

n+ m = 5
ta c:
suy ra: n( Z
nZ R + m = 11

1) = 6

Ch c n =1, ZR = 7 ( R l N ) l ph hp. Cation X+ l NH4+.

Gi E Y l s electron trung bnh trong cc nguyn t ca anion Y2-.
Ta c: E Y = (50 2)/5 = 9,6.Trong Y2- c mt nguyn t c z < 9,6 , thuc chu k 2 v nguyn
t cn li thuc chu k 3. V u thuc chu k nh nn hai nguyn t cch nhau 8 . Cng thc
2-

Y l AxB

2y

x+ y = 5
vi:
Ch c x =1; y=4; Z = 8 l ph hp.A l S cn B l O.
x(Z + 8) + yZ = 48

Anion Y2- l SO42-. Vy M l (NH4)2SO4 ( amoni sunfat).

VII. Phng php ha tr trung bnh v s nhm chc trung bnh:
V d 17: Cho 11 gam hn hp hai kim loi Fe, Al tan hon ton trong dung dch HCl thu c 8,96 lt kh H 2 (
ktc) v dung dch ca hai mui clorua. Tng khi lng hai mui clorua (khan) l:

A. 40,1 gam
B. 39,4 gam
C. 34,9 gam
D. 64,8 gam
Gii: V phn ng hon ton nn ta thay hn hp Fe, Al bng kim loi tng ng M c ha
tr trung bnh n . Phn ng: M + n HCl M Cl n + n /2 H2
Ta c: n H = 8,96/22,4 = 0,4 (mol) ; nHCl = 2.0,4 = 0,8 (mol). p dng LBTKL ta c:
m mui clorua = m kim loi + mHCl m H2 = 11 + 0,8.36,5 0,4.2 = 39,4 (g).
Chn p n B.
V d 18: Cho 3,68 gam hn hp gm Al v Zn tc dng vi mt lng va dung dch
H2SO4 10% thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Khi lng dung dch thu c sau phn ng l:
A.101,48 gam
B. 101,68 gam
C. 97,80 gam
D. 88,20 gam
( Trch TSH A 2009 )
Gii: Tng t v d 17 c phn ng: 2 M + aH2SO4 M 2(SO4)a + aH2 ( a l ha tr
trung bnh ca hai kim loi)
Ta c: n H SO = n H = 2,24/22,4 = 0,1 (mol). p dng LBTKL ta c:
mddsau p = mkimloai + mddaxit mH2 = 3,68 + 0,1.98/10% - 0,1.2 = 101,48 (g).
Chn p n A.
2

TI LIU N THI 2011.

V d 19: Cho 27,2 gam hn hp gm hai ancol tc dng va vi Na thu c hn hp hai

mui v 6,72 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Tng khi lng hai mui thu c l:
A. 40,5 gam
B. 45,2 gam
C. 40,4 gam
D. 44,0 gam
Gii: Gi cng thc tng ng ca hai ancol l: R (OH)a ( a l s nhm chc trung bnh
ca hai ancol). Phn ng: R (OH)a + aNa R (ONa)a + a/2 H2
Ta c: n H2 = 6,72/ 22,4 = 0,3 (mol); nNa = 2.0,3 = 0,6 (mol). p dng LBTKL ta c
mMui = mAncol + mNa - mH2 = 27,2 + 0,6.23 - 0,3.2 = 40,4 (g).
Chn p n C.
V d 20: Trung ha m gam hn hp hai axit cacboxilic cn 300 ml dung dch NaOH1M thu
c 23,1 gam hn hp hai mui. Gi tr ca m l
A. 18,2
B, 20,1
C. 15,6
D. 16,5
Gii: Gi cng thc tng ng ca hai axit l R (COOH)a . Phn ng:
R (COOH)a + a NaOH R (COONa)a + a H2O
Ta c: n NaOH = nH2O = 0,3 (mol). p dng LBTKL ta c:
m = mMui + mH2O m NaOH = 23,1 + 0,3.18 0,3. 40 = 16,5 (g).
Chn p n D.
VIII. Phng php s ng cho:
1/ Pha trn hai dung dch ca cng mt cht vi nng phn trm C1> C2 v khi lng tng
ng m1, m2 c dung dch c nng phn trm C, th c s ng cho:
m1: C1
C C2
C

khi :

m1 C C 2
=
m2 C1 C

m2: C2
C1 C
2/ Pha trn hai dung dch ca cng mt cht vi nng mol C1, C2 ( C1>C2 ) v th tch tng
ng V1, V2, th vn c s ng cho nh trn v

V1 C C 2
=
.
V2
C1 C

3/ Vi hn hp gm hai cht ( hoc hai ng v) c KLM l M1, M2 v s mol tng ng n1,n2

nu coi l mt cht tng ng c KLMTB l
mol ) tng ng ca mi cht l: % (Cht M1) =

M M

2
th n1 =
. T suy ra % ( theo s
M

M
2
1

M M2
M1 M
; % (Cht M2) =
.
M1 M 2
M1 M 2

V d 21: Cn thm bao nhiu gam KCl vo 450 gam dung dch KCl 8% thu c dung dch
12%.
Gii: Theo s ng cho ta c:

m
12 8
=
. Vy: m = 20,45 (g).
450 100 12

V d 22: Cn thm bao nhiu lt nc ct vo 10 lt dung dch HCl c pH = 3 c dung

dch c pH = 4.
Gii: pH = 3 [ H +] = 10 -3 ; pH = 4 [ H +] = 10 -4 . Theo s ng cho ta c:
V HCll
10 4
1
= 3
= . Vy: VH2O = 9 VHCl = 90 lt.
4
V H 2O 10 10
9

V d 23: ng trong t nhin gm hai ng v 63Cu v 65Cu. Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh
l 63,54. T l % khi lng ca 63Cu trong CuCl2 l
A. 31,34%
B. 34,18%
C. 73,00%
D. 31,48%
63
Gii: Gi x l thnh phn % ca ng v Cu . Theo s ng cho ta c:
x=

73.63
65 63,54
= 73%. Vy % ( theo khi lng) ca 63Cu trong CuCl2 l: 134,54 = 34,18 %.
65 63

Chn p n B.
V d 24: Cho 41,2 gam hn hp gm C2H5COOH v C2H5COOCH3 tc dng va vi dung
dch NaOH thu c 48,0 gam mui C2H5COONa. Thnh phn % theo s mol v % theo khi
lng ca C2H5COOH trong hn hp u ln lt l
TI LIU N THI 2011.

A. 35,92% v 40,00% B. 40,00% v 35,92% C. 36,85%v 50,00% . D. 60,00% v 64,08%

Gii: nhh = nmui = 48/96 = 0,5 (mol). Maxit = 74; MEste = 88; M = 41,2/0,5 = 82,4.
Vy %s mol ( axit) =

0,5.74
88 82,4
.100% = 40%; % khi lng(axit)= 41,2 .40% = 35,92%
88 74

Chn p n B.
IX. Phng php bo ton electron ( Cho phn ng oxi hoa-kh):
V d 25: Ha tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe, Cu ( t l mol 1 : 1) bng axit HNO3, thu c
V lt ( ktc) hn hp kh X (gm NO v NO2) v dung dich Y (ch cha hai mui v axit d).
T khi ca X i vi H2 bng 19. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 3,36
B. 2,24
C. 4,48
D. 5,60
( Trch TSH A 2007 )
Gii:

= 19.2 = 38. %V (NO) =

46 38
.100% = 50% = %V (NO2)
46 30

n NO = n NO2= x (mol).

n Fe = nCu = 12/ 120 = 0,1 (mol). Cc qu trnh oxi ha kh:

Fe 3e Fe 3+ ; Cu 2e Cu 2+
0,1 0,3
0,1 0,2
Tng nhng e : 0,3 + 0,2 = 0,5 (e)
+5
+2
+5
+4
N + 3e N ( NO) ; N + 1e N ( NO2)
3x x
x x
Tng nhn e: 3x + x = 4x (e).
p dng LBT electron ta c: 4x = 0,5 ; x = 0,125 (mol) n X = 2,0,125 = 0,25 (mol).
Vy :V = 0,25.22,4 = 5,60 (lt).
Chn p n D.
V d 26: Ha tan hon ton 12,42 gam Al bng dung dch HNO3 long (d), thu c dung
dch X v 1,344 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh Y gm hai kh l N2O v N2. T khi ca hn hp Y so
vi kh H2 l 18. C cn dung dch X, thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 97,98.
B. 106,38.
C. 38,34.
D. 34,08.
( Trch TSH A 2009 )
Gii: nAl = 12,42/27 =0,46 (mol); M Y = 2.18 = 36; nY = 1,344/22,4 = 0,06 (mol).
% V (N2O) =

36 28
.100%=50% n N20 = n
44 28

N2

= 0,03 (mol). Cc qu trnh oxi ha kh:

N +5 + 4e N+ ( N2O) ; N +5 + 5e N0 (N2); Al
3e Al 3+
0,24 0,06
0,3 0,06
0,46 1,38
Ta thy: 1,38 0,54 = 0,84. Do cn xy ra qu trnh: N +5 + 8e N -3
0,84 0,105.
Tng khi lng cht rn khan( gm Al(NO3)3 v NH4NO3 ) l:
m = 0,46. 213 + 0,105. 80 = 106,38 (g).
Chn p n B.
Ch : Khi kim loai tc dng vi HNO3 rt long cn c th to ra c mui NH4NO3.
V d 27: Cho 61,2 gam hn hp X gm Cu v Fe3O4 tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 long, un
nng v khuy u. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 3,36 lt kh NO ( sn phm
kh duy nht, ktc), dung dch Y v cn li 2,4 gam kim loi.. C cn dung dch Y, thu c
m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 151,5
B. 137,1.
C. 97,5.
D. 108,9.
( Trch TSH B 2009 )
Gii: nNO = 3,36/22,4 = 0,15 (mol). Cc qu trnh oxihoa kh:
Cu 2e Cu2+ ; 3 Fe+8/3 - e 3Fe 3+ ; N 5+ + 3e N 2+ ; Fe3+ + e Fe2+
x 2x
x
3y y
3y
0,45 0,15 3 y 3y 3y

2 x + y = 0,45 + 3 y
p dng LBT electron v LBTKL ta c h:
.
64 x + 232 y + 2,4 = 61,2
TI LIU N THI 2011.

Gii h c: x = 0,375; y = 0,15. Vy tng khi lng mui khan thu c ( gm Cu(NO 3)2 v
Fe(NO3)2 ) l: m = 0,375.188+ 0,45.180 = 151,5 (g).
Chn p n A.
X. Phng php bo ton in tch:
V d 28: Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu2+; 0,03 mol K+; x mol Cl v y mol SO42 - . Tng
khi lng cc mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Gi tr ca x,y ln lt l
A. 0,01 v 0,03
B. 0,02 v 0,05
C. 0,05 v 0,01
D. 0,03 v 0,02
( Trch TSH A 2007 )

x + 2 y = 0,07
Gii: p dng LBT in tch v LBTKL ta c:
0,02.64 + 0,03.39 + 35,5 x + 96 y = 5,435

Gii h c: x = 0,03; y = 0,02.

Chn p n D.
V d 29: Mt dung dch c cha 0,02 mol NH4+ , x mol Fe3+; 0,01 mol Cl -; 0,02 mol SO4 2- ,
Khi c cn dung dch ny thu c lng mui khan l
A. 2,635 gam
B. 3,195 gam
C. 4,315 gam
D. 4,875 gam
Gii: p dng LBT in tch ta c 0,02 + 3x = 0,01 + 2. 0,02 x = 0,01 mol.
Vy tng khi lng mui khan thu c l: 0,02.18 + 0,01.56 + 0,01.35,5 + 0,02. 96 = 3,195.
Chn p n B.
V d 30: Cho m gam bt Fe vo 800 ml dung dch gm Cu(NO3)2 0,2M v H2SO4 0,25 M. Sau
khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 0,6m gam hn hp bt kim loi v V lt kh NO
(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l
A. 10,8 v 4,48.
B. 10,8 v 2,24.
C. 17,8 v 2,24
D. 17,8 v 4,48.
( Trch TSH B 2009 )
Gii: n Cu(NO3)2 = 0,2.0,8 = 0,16 (mol); n H2SO4 = 0,25.0,8 = 0,2 (mol).
Phng trnh in ly: Cu(NO3)2 Cu 2+ + 2 NO3- ; H2SO4 2H+ + SO4 2-.
Mol:
0,16
0,16 0,32
0,2
0,4 0,2
Qu trnh oxihoa- kh xy ra theo th t sau:
Fe + 4H+ + NO3- Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O
Mol:
0,1 0,4 0,1
0,1
0,1
2+
2+

Fe + Cu
Fe + Cu
Mol:
0,16 0,16
0,16
3+
2+
Fe + 2 Fe
3 Fe

Mol:
0,05 0,1
p dng LBT in tch v LBTKL ta c: m 0,31.56 + 0,16. 64 = 0,6m m = 17,8 (g).
V = 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 (l).
Chn p n C.
XI. Phng php s dng phn ng dng Ion thu gn:
V d 31: Trn 100 ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400 ml dung dch
(gm H2SO4 0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M) thu c dung dch X. Gi tr pH ca dung dch X l:
A. 2.
B.1.
C.6.
D. 7.
( Trch TSH B 2007 )
Gii:Ta c: n OH- = 0,1.0,1.2 + 0,1.0,1 = 0,03 (mol);
n H+= 0,0375.0,4.2 +0,0125. 0,4 = 0,035 (mol).
Khi trn hai dung dch xy ra phn ng trung ha dng ion l: H+ + OH- H2O.
T phn ng ta c: n H+(phn ng) = n OH- = 0,03 (mol) n H+d = 0,035 0,03 = 0,005 (mol).
[ H+ ] =

0,005
0,5

= 0,01 = 10 -2 M. Vy: pH = 2.

Chn p n A.
TI LIU N THI 2011.

V d 32: Trn 100 ml dung dch hn hp gm H2SO4 0,05M v HCl 0,1M vi 100 ml dung
dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,2M v Ba(OH)2 0,1M, thu c dung dch X. Dung dch X c pH
l:
A. 13,0.
B. 1,2.
. C. 1,0.
D. 12,8.
( Trch TSH B 2009 )
Gii: Tng t VD 31.
Chn p n A.
XII. S dng s bin ha:
V d 33: Oxi ha hon ton m gam bt Fe thu c hn hp ba oxit st. Ha tan hon ton hn
hp ba oxit st bng dung dch HCl d, tip tc cho dung dch thu c phn ng hon ton vi
NaOH d, thu c kt ta X. Ly kt ta X, ra sch, ri em nung ngoi khng kh n khi
lng khng i cn nng 16 gam. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 5,6.
B. 11,2.
C. 8,4.
D. 16,8.
+ Oxi
+ HCl

Gii: S bin ha: Fe { FeO ; Fe2O3; Fe3O4 } {FeCl2 ; FeCl3} +NaOH

X={ Fe(OH)2; Fe(OH)3} tcao Fe2O3.
0

p dng LBT nguyn t ta c: n Fe = 2 nFe2O3 = 2.

16
= 0,2 (mol). Vy: m = 0,2.56 = 11,2
160

(g).
Chn p n B.
V d 34: Oxi ha mt dung dch cha 1000 gam ancol C2H5OH bng oxi vi xc tc l men
gim. Thm tip mt lng dung dch NaOH vo dung dch thu c ri un nng ( c mt ca
CaO) thu c kh X v dung dch mui cacbonnat. Ly kh X cho lm lnh nhanh t nhit
15000C, thu c kh Y. Cho kh Y tc dng vi nc ( 800C, xc tc HgSO4) thu c cht Z
c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng gng.Hirat ha cht Z (xc tc Ni) thu c m gam
ancol. Gi thit rng cc phn ng u xy ra vi hiu sut 60%. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 60,00.
B. 36,00.
C.46,56
D. 77,76
mengim
+ NaOH
+H O
1500 C ,lamlanhnhanh
Gii: S chuyn ha:C2H5OH CH3COOH CH4
C2H2
+ H ( Ni )
CH3CHO C2H5OH. Nu hiu sut ca tt c cc phn ng l 100% th ta vn thu c
1000 g. Nhng v mi qu trnh ch t h = 60% nn ch thu c: 1000. (0,6)5 =
77,76 (g). Chn p n D.
BI TP T GII:
Tuyn sinh i hc 2009( t 1 n 16):
1/ Cho hn hp X gm hai axit cacboxylic no, mch khng phn nhnh. t chy hon ton 0,3
mol hn hp X, thu c 11,2 lt kh CO2 ( ktc). Nu trung ha 0,3 mol X th cn dng 500ml
dung dch NaOH 1M. Hai axit l
A. HCOOH, HOOC CH2 COOH.
B. HCOOH, CH3COOH.
C. HCOOH, C2H5COOH
D. HCOOH, HOOC COOH
2/ X phng ha hon ton 66,6 gam hn hp hai este HCOOC2H5 v CH3COOCH3 bng dung
dch NaOH, thu c hn hp X gm hai ancol. un nng hn hp X vi H2SO4 c 1400C,
sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c m gam nc. Gi tr ca m l
A. 18,00.
B. 8,10.
C. 16,20.
D. 4,05.
3/ Khi t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, mch h thu c V lt kh
CO2 ( ktc) v a gam H2O. Biu thc lin h gia m, a, V l:
0

A. m = a -

V
5,6

B. m = 2a -

V
.
11,2

C. m = 2a -

V
22,4

. D. m = a +

V
5,6

4/ Hp cht X mch h c cng thc phn t l C4H9NO2. Cho 10,3 gam X phn ng va vi
dung dch NaOH sinh ra mt cht kh Y v dung dch Z. Kh Y nng hn khng kh, lm giy
qu tm ammr chuyn mu xanh. Dung dch Z c kh nng lm mt mu nc brom. C cn
dung dch z thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 8,2
B. 10,8
C. 9,4
D. 9,6.
TI LIU N THI 2011.

5/ t chy hon ton 0,2 mol mt ancol X no, mch h, cn va 17,92 lt kh O2 ( ktc).
Mt khc, nu cho 0,1 mol X tc dng va vi m gam Cu(OH)2 th to thnh dung dch c
mu xanh lam. Gi tr ca m v tn gi ca X tng ng l
A. 4,9 v propan-1,2- iol.
B. 9,8 v propan-1,2-iol.
C. 4,9 v glixerol.
D. 4,9 v propan-1,3- iol.
6/ Hn hp X gm hai ancol no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Oxi ha
hon ton 0,2 mol hn hp X c khi lng m gam bng CuO nhit thch hp, thu c
hn hp sn phm hu c Y. Cho Y tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 tronh NH3,
thu c 54 gam Ag. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 15,3.
B. 13,5.
C. 8,1.
D. 8,5.
7/ Este X ( c khi lng phn t bng 103 vC) c iu ch t mt ancol n chc ( c t l
khi so vi oxi ln hn 1) v mt amino axit. Cho 25,75 gam X phn ng va ht vi 300ml
dung dch NaOH 1M, thu c dung dch Y. C cn Y thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr m l
A. 27,75.
B. 24,25.
C. 26,25.
D. 29,75.
8/ Hiro ha hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau
trong dy ng ng thu c (m + 1) gam hn hp hai ancol. Mt khc, khi t chy hon ton
cng m gam X th cn va 17,92 lt kh O2 ( ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 17,8.
B. 24,8.
C. 10,5.
D. 8,8.
9/ Cho 0,02 mol amino axit X tc dng va vi 200ml dung dch HCl 0,1M thu c 3,67
gam mui khan. Mt khc 0,02 mol X tc dng va vi 40 gam dung dch NaOH 4%. Cng
thc ca X l:
A. H2NC2H3(COOH)2 B. H2NC3H5(COOH)2 C. (H2N)2C3H5COOH. D. H2NC3H6COOH.
10/ Hn hp X gm axit Y n chc v axit Z hai chc ( Y,Z c cng s nguyn t C ). Chia X
thnh hai phn bng nhau. Cho phn mt tc dng ht vi Na, sinh ra 4,48 lt kh H2 ( ktc).
t chy hon ton phn hai, sinh ra 26,4 gam CO2. Cng thc cu to thu gn v phn trm v
khi lng ca Z trong hn hp X ln lt l:
A. HOOC CH2 COOH v 70,87%.
B. HOOC CH2 COOH v 54,88%.
C. HOOC COOH v 60,00%.
D. HOOC COOH v 42,86%.
11/ Cho hn hp gm 1,12 gam Fe v 1,92 gam Cu vo 400 ml dung dch cha hn hp gm
H2SO4 0,5M v NaNO3 0,2M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X v
kh NO ( sn phm kh duy nht ). Cho V ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo dung dch X th lng
kt ta thu c l ln nht. Gi tr ti thiu ca V l:
A. 240.
B. 120.
C. 360.
D. 400.
12/ Nung 6,58 gam Cu(NO3)2 trong bnh kn khng cha khng kh, sau mt thi gian thu c
4,96 gam cht rn v hn hp kh X. Hp th hon ton X vo nc c 300 ml dung dch
Y. Dung dch Y c pH bng:
A. 2
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 1.
13/ Cho 3,024 gam mt kim loi M tan ht trong dung dch HNO3 long, thu c 940,8 ml kh
NxOy ( sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) c t khi i vi H2 bng 22. Kh NxOy v kim loi M
l:
A. NO v Mg.
B. N2O v Al.
C. N2O v Fe.
D. NO2 v Al.
14/ Cho 6,72 gam Fe vo 400 ml dung dch HNO3 1M, n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu
c kh NO ( sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch X. Dung dch X c th ha tan ti a m
gam Cu. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 1,92.
B. 0,64.
C. 3,84.
D. 3,20.
15/ Cho 2,24 gam bt st vo 200ml dung dch cha hn hp gm AgNO3 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2
0,5M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X v m gam cht rn Y. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 2,80.
B. 2,16.
C. 4,08.
D. 0,64.
16/ Nung nng m gam hn hp gm Al v Fe3O4 trong iu kin khng c khng kh. Sau khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp rn X. Cho X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH (d)
TI LIU N THI 2011.

10

thu c dung dch Y, cht rn Z v 3,36 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Sc kh CO2 (d) vo dung dch Y,
thu c 39 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 45,6.
B. 48,3.
C.36,7.
D. 57,0.
Tuyn sinh i hc 2010(t 17 n 73):
17/ Hn hp Z gm hai axit cacboxylic n chc X v Y (MX > MY) c tng khi lng l
8,2 gam. Cho Z tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH, thu c dung dch cha 11,5 gam
mui. Mt khc, nu cho Z tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu
c 21,6 gam Ag. Cng thc v phn trm khi lng ca X trong Z l
A. C2H5COOH v 56,10%.
B. C3H5COOH v 54,88%.
C. HCOOH v 45,12%.
D. C2H3COOH v 43,90%.
18/ t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp X gm 2 ancol (u no, a chc, mch h, c cng
s nhm -OH) cn va V lt kh O2, thu c 11,2 lt kh CO2 v 12,6 gam H2O (cc th
tch kh o ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 11,20.
B. 14,56.
C. 4,48.
D. 15,68.
19/ Hn hp kh X gm mt ankan v mt anken. T khi ca X so vi H2 bng 11,25. t
chy hon ton 4,48 lt X, thu c 6,72 lt CO2 (cc th tch kh o ktc). Cng thc ca
ankan v anken ln lt l
A. CH4 v C3H6.
B. CH4 v C4H8.
C. C2H6 v C2H4. D. CH4 v C2H4.
20/ Cho 150 ml dung dch KOH 1,2M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch AlCl3 nng x mol/l,
thu c dung dch Y v 4,68 gam kt ta. Loi b kt ta, thm tip 175 ml dung dch KOH
1,2M vo Y, thu c 2,34 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,9.
B. 1,2.
C. 1,0.
D. 0,8.
21/ Ha tan hon ton 2,45 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi kim th vo 200 ml dung dch
HCl 1,25M, thu c dung dch Y cha cc cht tan c nng mol bng nhau. Hai kim loi
trong X l
A. Be v Mg.
B. Mg v Ca.
C. Be v Ca.
D. Mg v Sr.
22/ Nung 2,23 gam hn hp X gm cc kim loi Fe, Al, Zn, Mg trong oxi, sau mt thi gian
thu c 2,71 gam hn hp Y. Ho tan hon ton Y vo dung dch HNO3 (d), thu c 0,672
lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). S mol HNO3 phn ng l
A. 0,12.
B. 0,14.
C. 0,18.
D. 0,16.
23/ Cho hn hp M gm anehit X (no, n chc, mch h) v hirocacbon Y, c tng s mol
l 0,2 (s mol ca X nh hn ca Y). t chy hon ton M, thu c 8,96 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v
7,2 gam H2O. Hirocacbon Y l
A. C3H6.
B. C2H2.
C. C2H4.
D. CH4.
24/ Cho 13,74 gam 2,4,6-trinitrophenol vo bnh kn ri nung nng nhit cao. Sau khi phn
ng xy ra hon ton, thu c x mol hn hp kh gm: CO2, CO, N2 v H2. Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,36.
B. 0,54.
C. 0,45.
D. 0,60.
25/ ipeptit mch h X v tripeptit mch h Y u c to nn t mt aminoaxit (no, mch h,
trong phn t cha mt nhm -NH2 v mt nhm -COOH). t chy hon ton 0,1 mol Y, thu
c tng khi lng CO2 v H2O bng 54,9 gam. t chy hon ton 0,2 mol X, sn phm thu
c cho li t t qua nc vi trong d, to ra m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 120.
B. 45.
C. 30.
D. 60.
26/ Ho tan hon ton 2,44 gam hn hp bt X gm FexOy v Cu bng dung dch H2SO4 c
nng (d). Sau phn ng thu c 0,504 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung
dch cha 6,6 gam hn hp mui sunfat. Phn trm khi lng ca Cu trong X l
A. 65,57%.
B. 39,34%.
C. 26,23%.
D. 13,11%.
27/ Hai hp cht hu c X v Y c cng cng thc phn t l C3H7NO2, u l cht rn iu
kin thng. Cht X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH, gii phng kh. Cht Y c phn ng trng
TI LIU N THI 2011.

11

ngng. Cc cht X v Y ln lt l
A. axit 2-aminopropionic v axit 3-aminopropionic.
B. axit 2-aminopropionic v amoni acrylat.
C. vinylamoni fomat v amoni acrylat.
D. amoni acrylat v axit 2-aminopropionic.
28. Hn hp X gm alanin v axit glutamic. Cho m gam X tc dng hon ton vi dung dch
NaOH (d), thu c dung dch Y cha (m+30,8) gam mui. Mt khc, nu cho m gam X tc
dng hon ton vi dung dch HCl, thu c dung dch Z cha (m+36,5) gam mui. Gi tr ca m
l
A. 171,0.
B. 165,6.
C. 123,8.
D. 112,2.
29. Kh hon ton m gam oxit MxOy cn va 17,92 lt kh CO (ktc), thu c a gam kim
loi M. Ho tan ht a gam M bng dung dch H2SO4 c nng (d), thu c 20,16 lt kh SO2
(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Oxit MxOy l
A. FeO.
B. CrO.
C. Cr2O3.
D. Fe3O4.
30. Hn hp X gm 1 ancol v 2 sn phm hp nc ca propen. T khi hi ca X so vi hiro
bng 23. Cho m gam X i qua ng s ng CuO (d) nung nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra
hon ton, thu c hn hp Y gm 3 cht hu c v hi nc, khi lng ng s gim 3,2
gam. Cho Y tc dng hon ton vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, to ra 48,6 gam
Ag. Phn trm khi lng ca propan-1-ol trong X l
A. 16,3%.
B. 83,7%.
C. 65,2%.
D. 48,9%.
31. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt amin no, mch h X bng oxi va , thu c 0,5 mol hn
hp Y gm kh v hi. Cho 4,6 gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d), s mol HCl phn ng l
A. 0,3.
B. 0,1.
C. 0,4.
D. 0,2.
32. Hn hp X gm axit panmitic, axit stearic v axit linoleic. trung ho m gam X cn 40 ml
dung dch NaOH 1M. Mt khc, nu t chy hon ton m gam X th thu c 15,232 lt kh
CO2 (ktc) v 11,7 gam H2O. S mol ca axit linoleic trong m gam hn hp X l
A. 0,005.
B. 0,020.
C. 0,010.
D. 0,015.
33. Trn 10,8 gam bt Al vi 34,8 gam bt Fe3O4 ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm trong iu
kin khng c khng kh. Ho tan hon ton hn hp rn sau phn ng bng dung dch H2SO4
long (d), thu c 10,752 lt kh H2 (ktc). Hiu sut ca phn ng nhit nhm l
A. 80%.
B. 60%.
C. 70%.
D. 90%.
34. Cho dung dch X cha KMnO4 v H2SO4 (long) ln lt vo cc dung dch:FeCl2,
FeSO4, CuSO4, MgSO4, H2S, HCl (c). S trng hp c xy ra phn ng oxi ho - kh l
A. 6.
B. 4.
C. 3.
D. 5.
35. Mt loi phn supephotphat kp c cha 69,62% mui canxi ihirophotphat, cn li gm
cc cht khng cha photpho. dinh dng ca loi phn ln ny l
A. 42,25%.
B. 39,76%.
C. 48,52%.
D. 45,75%.
36. in phn (vi in cc tr) 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 nng x mol/l, sau mt thi gian thu
c dung dch Y vn cn mu xanh, c khi lng gim 8 gam so vi dung dch ban u. Cho
16,8 gam bt st vo Y, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 12,4 gam kim loi. Gi
tr ca x l
A. 1,50.
B. 3,25.
C. 2,25.
D. 1,25.
37. t chy hon ton m gam FeS2 bng mt lng O2 va , thu c kh X. Hp th ht X
vo 1 lt dung dch cha Ba(OH)2 0,15M v KOH 0,1M, thu c dung dch Y v 21,7 gam kt
ta. Cho Y vo dung dch NaOH, thy xut hin thm kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 23,2.
B. 18,0.
C. 12,6.
D. 24,0.
38. Hn hp X gm CuO v Fe2O3. Ho tan hon ton 44 gam X bng dung dch HCl (d), sau
phn ng thu c dung dch cha 85,25 gam mui. Mt khc, nu kh hon ton 22 gam X
TI LIU N THI 2011.

12

bng CO (d), cho hn hp kh thu c sau phn ng li t t qua dung dch Ba(OH)2 (d) th
thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 73,875.
B. 76,755.
C. 78,875.
D. 147,750.
39. Hn hp M gm axit cacboxylic X, ancol Y (u n chc, s mol X gp hai ln s mol Y)
v este Z c to ra t X v Y. Cho mt lng M tc dng va vi dung dch cha 0,2 mol
NaOH, to ra 16,4 gam mui v 8,05 gam ancol. Cng thc ca X v Y l
A. HCOOH v C3H7OH.
B. HCOOH v CH3OH.
C. CH3COOH v C2H5OH.
D. CH3COOH v CH.
40. Dung dch X cha cc ion: Ca2+, Na+, HCO3- v Cl-, trong s mol ca ion Cl- l 0,1.
Cho 1/2 dung dch X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH (d), thu c 2 gam kt ta. Cho 1/2
dung dch X cn li phn ng vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 (d), thu c 3 gam kt ta. Mt khc,
nu un si n cn dung dch X th thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 8,79.
B. 9,21.
C. 9,26.
D. 7,47.
41. Hn hp bt X gm Cu, Zn. t chy hon ton m gam X trong oxi (d), thu c 40,3 gam
hn hp gm CuO v ZnO. Mt khc, nu cho 0,25 mol X phn ng vi mt lng d dung
dch KOH long nng, th thu c 3,36 lt kh H2 (ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca Cu trong X
l
A. 59,44%.
B. 19,81%.
C. 39,63%.
D. 29,72%.
42. Thy phn hon ton 1 mol pentapeptit X, thu c 2 mol glyxin (Gly), 1 mol alanin (Ala), 1
mol valin (Val) v 1 mol phenylalanin (Phe). Thy phn khng hon ton X thu c ipeptit
Val-Phe v tripeptit Gly-Ala-Val nhng khng thu c ipeptit Gly-Gly. Cht X c cng thc l
A. Gly-Phe-Gly-Ala-Val.
B. Gly-Ala-Val-Phe-Gly.
C. Gly-Ala-Val-Val-Phe.
D. Val-Phe-Gly-Ala-Gly.
43: Axeton c iu ch bng cch oxi ho cumen nh oxi, sau thu phn trong dung dch
H2SO4 long. thu c 145 gam axeton th lng cumen cn dng (gi s hiu sut qu trnh
iu ch t 75%) l
A. 300 gam.
B. 600 gam.
C. 500 gam.
D. 400 gam.
44: Cho 7,1 gam hn hp gm mt kim loi kim X v mt kim loi kim th Y tc dng ht vi
lng d dung dch HCl long, thu c 5,6 lt kh (ktc). Kim loi X, Y l
A. kali v bari.
B. liti v beri.
C. natri v magie.
D. kali v canxi.
45: Thu phn hon ton 0,2 mol mt este E cn dng va 100 gam dung dch NaOH 24%, thu
c mt ancol v 43,6 gam hn hp mui ca hai axit cacboxylic n chc. Hai axit l
A. HCOOH v C2H5COOH.
B. HCOOH v CH3COOH.
C. C2H5COOH v C3H7COOH.
D. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH.
46: un nng hn hp kh X gm 0,02 mol C 2H2 v 0,03 mol H2 trong mt bnh kn (xc tc Ni),
thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y li t t vo bnh nc brom (d), sau khi kt thc cc phn ng,
khi lng bnh tng m gam v c 280 ml hn hp kh Z (ktc) thot ra. T khi ca Z so vi H 2 l
10,08. Gi tr ca m l
A. 0,585.
B. 0,620.
C. 0,205.
D. 0,328.
47: Cho 19,3 gam hn hp bt gm Zn v Cu c t l mol tng ng l 1 : 2 vo dung dch cha
0,2 mol Fe2(SO4)3. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c m gam kim loi. Gi tr ca
m l
A. 12,80.
B. 12,00.
C. 6,40.
D. 16,53.
48: Hn hp kh X gm imetylamin v hai hirocacbon ng ng lin tip. t chy hon ton
100 ml hn hp X bng mt lng oxi va , thu c 550 ml hn hp Y gm kh v hi nc.
Nu cho Y i qua dung dch axit sunfuric c (d) th cn li 250 ml kh (cc th tch kh v hi o
cng iu kin). Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon l
A. CH4 v C2H6.
B. C2H4 v C3H6.
C. C2H6 v C3H8.
D. C3H6 v C4H8.
49: t chy hon ton mt este n chc, mch h X (phn t c s lin kt nh hn 3), thu
c th tch kh CO2 bng 6/7 th tch kh O2 phn ng (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin).
Cho m gam X tc dng hon ton vi 200 ml dung dch KOH 0,7M thu c dung dch Y. C cn
Y thu c 12,88 gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l

TI LIU N THI 2011.

13

A. 10,56.
B. 7,20.
C. 8,88.
D. 6,66.
50: Hn hp M gm ancol no, n chc X v axit cacboxylic n chc Y, u mch h v c
cng s nguyn t C, tng s mol ca hai cht l 0,5 mol (s mol ca Y ln hn s mol ca X).
Nu t chy hon ton M th thu c 33,6 lt kh CO 2 (ktc) v 25,2 gam H2O. Mt khc, nu
un nng M vi H2SO4 c thc hin phn ng este ho (hiu sut l 80%) th s gam este thu
c l
A. 22,80.
B. 34,20.
C. 27,36.
D. 18,24.
51: Ho tan hon ton 8,94 gam hn hp gm Na, K v Ba vo nc, thu c dung dch X v
2,688 lt kh H2 (ktc). Dung dch Y gm HCl v H 2SO4, t l mol tng ng l 4 : 1. Trung ho
dung dch X bi dung dch Y, tng khi lng cc mui c to ra l
A. 13,70 gam.
B. 12,78 gam.
C. 18,46 gam.
D. 14,62 gam.
52: Hn hp kh X gm N2 v H2 c t khi so vi He bng 1,8. un nng X mt thi gian trong
bnh kn (c bt Fe lm xc tc), thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He bng 2. Hiu sut
ca phn ng tng hp NH3 l
A. 25%.
B. 50%.
C. 36%.
D. 40%.
53: Cho m gam NaOH vo 2 lt dung dch NaHCO 3 nng a mol/l, thu c 2 lt dung dch X.
Ly 1 lt dung dch X tc dng vi dung dch BaCl 2 (d) thu c 11,82 gam kt ta. Mt khc,
cho 1 lt dung dch X vo dung dch CaCl 2 (d) ri un nng, sau khi kt thc cc phn ng thu
c 7,0 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca a, m tng ng l
A. 0,08 v 4,8.
B. 0,04 v 4,8.
C. 0,14 v 2,4.
D. 0,07 v 3,2.
54: Ho tan hon ton m gam ZnSO4 vo nc c dung dch X. Nu cho 110 ml dung dch
KOH 2M vo X th thu c 3a gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu cho 140 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo X
th thu c 2a gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 17,71.
B. 16,10.
C. 32,20.
D. 24,15.
55: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng, thu c
3,808 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 5,4 gam H2O. Gi tr ca m l
A. 5,42.
B. 5,72.
C. 4,72.
D. 7,42.
56: Cho 0,15 mol H2NC3H5(COOH)2 (axit glutamic) vo 175 ml dung dch HCl 2M, thu c dung
dch X. Cho NaOH d vo dung dch X. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, s mol NaOH
phn ng l
A. 0,70.
B. 0,50.
C. 0,65.
D. 0,55.
57: Cho dung dch X gm: 0,007 mol Na +; 0,003 mol Ca2+; 0,006 mol Cl; 0,006 mol HCO3 v
0,001 mol NO3. loi b ht Ca2+ trong X cn mt lng va dung dch cha a gam
Ca(OH)2. Gi tr ca a l
A. 0,180.
B. 0,120.
C. 0,444.
D. 0,222.
58: Dung dch X c cha: 0,07 mol Na +; 0,02 mol v x mol . Dung dch Y c cha , v y mol H +;
tng s mol v l 0,04. Trn X v Y c 100 ml dung dch Z. Dung dch Z c pH (b qua s in
li ca H2O) l 24SOOH4ClO3NO4ClO3NO
A. 1.
B. 12.
C. 13.
D. 2.
59: Oxi ho ht 2,2 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc thnh anehit cn va 4,8 gam CuO.
Cho ton b lng anehit trn tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO 3 trong NH3, thu c
23,76 gam Ag. Hai ancol l:
A. CH3OH, C2H5CH2OH.
B. CH3OH, C2H5OH.
C. C2H5OH, C3H7CH2OH.
D. C2H5OH, C2H5CH2OH.
60: Cho x mol Fe tan hon ton trong dung dch cha y mol H 2SO4 (t l x : y = 2 : 5), thu c
mt sn phm kh duy nht v dung dch ch cha mui sunfat. S mol electron do lng Fe trn
nhng khi b ho tan l
A. 2x.
B. 3x.
C. 2y.
D. y.
61: Hn hp X gm 1 mol aminoaxit no, mch h v 1 mol amin no, mch h. X c kh nng
phn ng ti a vi 2 mol HCl hoc 2 mol NaOH. t chy hon ton X thu c 6 mol CO 2, x
mol H2O v y mol N2. Cc gi tr x, y tng ng l
A. 7 v 1,0.
B. 8 v 1,5.
C. 8 v 1,0.
D. 7 v 1,5.
62: Cho m gam hn hp etanal v propanal phn ng hon ton vi lng d dung dch AgNO 3
trong NH3, thu c 43,2 gam kt ta v dung dch cha 17,5 gam mui amoni ca hai axit hu
c. Gi tr ca m l

TI LIU N THI 2011.

14

A. 9,5.
B. 10,9.
C. 14,3.
D. 10,2.
63: T 180 gam glucoz, bng phng php ln men ru, thu c a gam ancol etylic (hiu
sut 80%). Oxi ho 0,1a gam ancol etylic bng phng php ln men gim, thu c hn hp X.
trung ho hn hp X cn 720 ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M. Hiu sut qu trnh ln men gim l
A. 90%.
B. 10%.
C. 80%.
D. 20%.
64: Nh t t tng git n ht 30 ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 100 ml dung dch cha Na 2CO3 0,2M
v NaHCO3 0,2M, sau phn ng thu c s mol CO 2 l
A. 0,020.
B. 0,030.
C. 0,015.
D. 0,010.
65: Hn hp gm 0,1 mol mt axit cacboxylic n chc v 0,1 mol mui ca axit vi kim loi
kim c tng khi lng l 15,8 gam. Tn ca axit trn l
A. axit propanoic.
B. axit etanoic.
C. axit metanoic.
D. axit butanoic.
66: t chy hon ton mt lng hirocacbon X. Hp th ton b sn phm chy vo dung dch
Ba(OH)2 (d) to ra 29,55 gam kt ta, dung dch sau phn ng c khi lng gim 19,35 gam so
vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 ban u. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C3H8.
B. C2H6.
C. C3H4.
D. C3H6.
67: Xt cn bng: N2O4 (k) 2NO2 (k) 25oC. Khi chuyn dch sang mt trng thi cn bng mi
nu nng ca N2O4 tng ln 9 ln th nng ca NO2
A. tng 9 ln.
B. tng 3 ln.
C. tng 4,5 ln.
D. gim 3 ln.
68: Cho hn hp X gm ancol metylic v hai axit cacboxylic (no, n chc, k tip nhau trong dy
ng ng) tc dng ht vi Na, gii phng ra 6,72 lt kh H 2 (ktc). Nu un nng hn hp X (c
H2SO4 c lm xc tc) th cc cht trong hn hp phn ng va vi nhau to thnh 25 gam
hn hp este (gi thit phn ng este ho t hiu sut 100%). Hai axit trong hn hp X l
A. C3H7COOH v C4H9COOH.
B. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH.
C. C2H5COOH v C3H7COOH.
D. HCOOH v CH3COOH.
69: in phn (in cc tr) dung dch X cha 0,2 mol CuSO 4 v 0,12 mol NaCl bng dng in
c cng 2A. Th tch kh (ktc) thot ra anot sau 9650 giy in phn l
A. 1,344 lt.
B. 2,240 lt.
C. 1,792 lt.
D. 2,912 lt.
70: Cho m gam hn hp bt X gm ba kim loi Zn, Cr, Sn c s mol bng nhau tc dng ht vi
lng d dung dch HCl long, nng thu c dung dch Y v kh H 2. C cn dung dch Y thu
c 8,98 gam mui khan. Nu cho m gam hn hp X tc dng hon ton vi O 2 (d) to hn
hp 3 oxit th th tch kh O2 (ktc) phn ng l
A. 2,016 lt.
B. 1,008 lt.
C. 0,672 lt.
D. 1,344 lt.
71: t chy hon ton V lt hi mt amin X bng mt lng oxi va to ra 8V lt hn hp gm
kh cacbonic, kh nit v hi nc (cc th tch kh v hi u o cng iu kin). Amin X tc
dng vi axit nitr nhit thng, gii phng kh nit. Cht X l
A. CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2.
B. CH2=CH-CH2-NH2.
C. CH3-CH2-NH-CH3.
D. CH2=CH-NH-CH3.
72: Tch nc hn hp gm ancol etylic v ancol Y ch to ra 2 anken. t chy cng s mol mi
ancol th lng nc sinh ra t ancol ny bng 5/3 ln lng nc sinh ra t ancol kia. Ancol Y l
A. CH3-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3.
B. CH3-CH2-CH2-OH.
C. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH.
D. CH3-CH(OH)-CH3.
73: Cho 0,448 lt kh NH3 (ktc) i qua ng s ng 16 gam CuO nung nng, thu c cht rn X
(gi s phn ng xy ra hon ton). Phn trm khi lng ca Cu trong X l
A. 85,88%.
B. 14,12%.
C. 87,63%.
D. 12,37%.

p n: 1D, 2B, 3A, 4C, 5A, 6D, 7C, 8A, 9B, 10D, 11C, 12D, 13B, 14A, 15C, 16B, 17B, 18A, 19C,
20A, 21D, 22D, 23D, 24C, 25A, 26C, 27B, 28A, 29C, 30B, 31D, 32A, 33A, 34C, 35B, 36C, 37C,
38B, 39D, 40C, 41C, 42C, 43D, 44C, 45B, 46D, 47C, 48B, 49C, 50D, 51C, 52A, 53A, 54B, 55C, 56C,
57D, 58A, 59A, 60D, 61A, 62B, 63A, 64D, 65B, 66A, 67B, 68B, 69C, 70B, 71A, 72C, 73D.

TI LIU N THI 2011.

15

S IN PHN
A.KIN THC C BN:
1. nh ngha s in phn: S in phn l qu trnh oxi ha - kh xy ra trn b mt
in cc, di tc dng ca dng in mt chiu chy qua cht in li trng thi nng
chy hay dung dch.
2. Phn ng oxi ha- kh xy ra in cc khi in phn:
a) Cation ( ion dng) v catot ( in cc m), ti cation nhn electron ( cht oxi ha)
to ra sn phm.
b) Anion (ion m) v anot ( in cc dng), ti anion nhng electron ( cht kh)
to ra sn phm.
Phn ng oxi ha - kh xy ra in cc l giai on quan trng nht, cn xc nh r ion
no u tin nhn hoc nhng electron v to ra sn phm g?
3. S oxi ho kh trn b mt in cc:
a) in phn cc cht nng chy ( mui, Al2O3)
catot: ion dng kim loi nhn electron.
anot: ion m nhng electron.
b) in phn dung dch:
Khi in phn dung dch c nhiu cht oxi ha v cht kh th xy ra s oxi ha kh
ln lt cc in cc theo th t u tin.
vit phng trnh in phn, cn xt ring r cc qu trnh xy ra catot v anot.
c)Th t nhn electron:

cc m c cc ion H+ (H2O) cation kim loi. Cation kim loi nhn electron theo th t
u tin t sau ra trc:
Li+, K+,Ba2+, Ca2+, Na+,Mg2+, Al3+, H+ (H2O), Mn2+, Zn2+,Cr3+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, H+
(axit), Cu2+, Fe3+,Hg+,Ag+, Hg2+ ,Pt2+,Au3+
Sn phm to thnh: M n+ + ne M; 2H+( axit) + 2e H2 ; 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH-.
cc dng c cc anion v nhng ectron theo th t:
Cl-> Br-> S2-> CH3COO-> OH- > SO42-.
Sn phm to thnh: S2- - 2e S; 2O2- - 4e O2 ; 2Cl- - 2e Cl2 ; 2SO42- - 2e S2O822CH3COO- - 2e CH3 CH3 + 2CO2; 2OH- (baz) 2e O2 + H2O; H2O - 2e O2 + 2H+.
4. Hin tng dng cc tan:
Khi in phn dung dch mui trong nc, cc dng lm bng kim loi ca mui ha tan th
cc dng b n mn, gi l hin tng dng cc tan.
( Vt liu lm anot tr , khng b ha tan thng l: graphit, platin)
5. Tnh lng sn phm in phn thu c:
a) Tnh khi lng n cht:

p dng cng thc Faraday: m =

AIt
96500n

hay s mol:

m
A

It
96500n

b) Tnh khi lng hp cht:

Da vo cng thc Faraday tnh lng n cht trc ri suy ra lng hp cht bng phng
trnh in phn.

-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)

--------------------------------------------------------------

16

B.CC DNG TON THNG GP:

DNG 1: Vit phng trnh in phn, gii thch qu trnh in phn.
V d 1:Vit phng trnh in phn Al2O3 nng chy vi in cc bng than ch.
Gii: Al2O3 tcao 2Al3+ + 3O2-.
Catot: 2Al3+ + 6e 2A; Anot: 3O2- - 6e 3/2 O2
2Al + 3/2 O2.
Phng trnh in phn : Al2O3 pnc
Nu in cc bng than, anot: C + O2 CO; CO2 nn anot b n mn dn.
V d 2: Vit phng trnh in phn NaOH nng chy.
Gii: NaOH tcao Na+ + OH-.
Catot: Na+ + 1e Na; Anot: 2OH- - 2e H2O + O2.
2Na + H2O + O2
Phng trnh in phn: 2NaOH pnc
V d 3: Gii thch qu trnh in phn dung dch CuSO4 vi in cc bng Cu.
Gii: CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42-; H2O H+ + OH- .
Catot: Cu2+, H+(H2O). Cu2+ + 2e Cu;
Anot: SO42-, OH-( H2O).
H2O 2e O2 + 2H+;
Cu + O2 CuO;
CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O.
Xy ra hin tng dng cc tan.
V d 4: Gii thch qu trnh in phn dung dch NiSO4 vi anot tr.
Gii: NiSO4 Ni2+ + SO42-; H2O H+ + OH- .
Catot: Ni2+, H+(H2O). Ni2+ + 2e Ni.
Anot: SO42-, OH-( H2O). H2O 2e O2 + 2H+;
Phng trnh in phn: NiSO4 + H2O Ni + O2 + H2SO4.
V d 5: Cho dung dch ca hn hp NaCl v CuSO4.
a) Vit phng trnh in phn dung dch.
b) Gii thch ti sao dung dch sau in phn ha tan c Al2O3.
Gii:
a) NaCl Na+ + Cl- ; CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42-; H2O H+ + OH-.
Catot: Cu2+, H+(H2O), Na+.
Anot: Cl- , SO42- , OH-( H2O)
2+
Cu + 2e Cu
2Cl- - 2e Cl2
Cu + Na2SO4 + Cl2 .
Phng trnh in phn: 2NaCl + CuSO4 pdd
b) Dung dch sau khi in phn ha tan Al2O3 nn c hai kh nng xy ra:
* Khi in phn c CuSO4 d:
Cu + H2SO4 + O2
CuSO4 + H2O pdd
Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
* Khi in phn c NaCl d:
2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
2NaCl + 2H2O pdd
Al2O3 + NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O.
0

DNG 2: Tnh khi lng kim loi v th tch cc cht kh thot ra in cc.
-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)
--------------------------------------------------------------

17

V d 6: in phn 200ml dung dch CuSO4 vi cc in cc tr bng dng in mt chiu I =

9,65 A. Khi th tch cc kh thot ra c hai in cc u bng 1,12 lt ( ktc) th ngng in
phn. Kim loi sinh ra bm vo catot c khi lng l:
A. 6,4 gam.
B. 3,2 gam.
C. 9,6 gam.
D. 12,8 gam.
pdd
Gii: Phng trnh in phn CuSO4 + H2O Cu + H2SO4 + O2 (1).
Sau khi CuSO4 b in phn ht, H2O b in phn:
catot: 2H+ + 2e H2 .
anot: H2O 2e O2 + 2H+
H2O p H2 + O2 (2).
Theo bi ra: n(H2 thot ra catot) = 1,12/22,4 = 0,05 (mol) n(O2 thot ra anot trong (2)) =
0,025
nCu( catot) = 2 n( O2 thot ra anot trong (1)) = 2.(0,05 0,025) = 0,05 mol.
Vy: mCu(catot) = 0,05.64 = 3,2 gam.
Chn p n B.
DNG 3: Tnh khi lng cc cht in phn.
V d 7: in phn c mng ngn 500 ml dung dch cha hn hp gm CuCl2 0,1M v NaCl
0,5M (in cc tr, hiu sut in phn 100%) vi cng dng in 5A trong 3860 giy.
Dung dch thu c sau in phn c kh nng ho tan m gam Al. Gi tr ln nht ca m l
A. 4,05.
B. 2,70.
C. 1,35.
D. 5,40.
( Trch TSH B 2009)
Gii: n(CuCl2) = 0,05 (mol); n(NaCl) = 0,25 (mol).
Cu + Na2SO4 + Cl2 (1).
Phng trnh in phn: 2NaCl + CuSO4 pdd
Mol: 0,1 0,05
0,05
Thi gian in phn (1) l t1 = 96500.2.0,05/ 5 = 1930 giy.
Sau phn ng d NaCl: n(NaCl d) = 0,15 mol.
2NaOH + Cl2 + H2 (2)
2NaCl + 2H2O pdd
Al + H2O + NaOH NaAlO2 + 3/2 H2 .
(3)
Thi gian in phn (2) l t2 = 3860 1930 = 1930 giy nNaOH(2) =2nH2=

5.1930
= 0,1 mol
96500

Vy m = 0,1.27 = 2,7 gam.

Chn p n B.
V d 8: in phn nng chy Al2O3 vi anot than ch (hiu sut in phn 100%) thu c m
kg Al catot v 67,2 m3 ( ktc) hn hp kh X c t khi so vi hiro bng 16. Ly 2,24 lt (
ktc) hn hp kh X sc vo dung dch nc vi trong (d) thu c 2 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca
m l
A. 108,0.
B. 75,6.
C. 54,0.
D. 67,5.
( Trch TSH B 2009)
Gii: Al2O3 tcao 2Al3+ + 3O2-.
Catot: 2Al3+ + 6e 2A; Anot: 3O2- - 6e 3/2 O2
2Al + 3/2 O2 (1).
Phng trnh in phn : Al2O3 pnc
Nu in cc bng than, anot: C + O2 CO; CO2 (2) nn anot b n mn dn.
Hn hp kh X gm CO v CO2 ,O2(d) vi tng s mol l 67,2.1000/22,4 = 3000 (mol).
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
(3)
Trong 2,24 lt (0,1 mol) hn hp X:
0

-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)

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18

nCO2 (3) = nCaCO3 =2/100 = 0,02 (mol) nCO = 0,06 (mol); nO2 = 0,02 (mol) .
Hn hp X gm nCO2 =nO2(d)= 600 mol; nCO= 1800mol nO2(1) = 600+600+ 900 = 2100 (mol)
nAl = 4/3.2100 = 2800 (mol).
Vy m = 2800.27 = 75600 gam = 75,6kg.
Chn p n B.
DNG 4: Tnh khi lng dung dch v nng dung dch cc cht sau in phn.
V d 9: in phn 200ml dung dch NaCl 1M ( d = 1,15 g/ml) c mng ngn xp.Sau khi thu
c 1,12 lit kh ( ktc) thot ra catot th ngng in phn.Tnh nng % cc cht trong
dung dch sau in phn.
2NaOH + Cl2 + H2 (1)
Gii: Phng trnh in phn: 2NaCl + 2H2O pdd
H2 + O2
H2O pddNaOH
(2)
Gi s ch c phn ng (1) xy ra v NaCl in phn ht: nCl2= nH2 = nNaCl = 0,1 mol.
Theo bi th nCl2 = nH2 = 0,05 (mol)< 0,1 (mol) phn ng (1) cha hon thnh v khng
xy ra phn ng (2).Dung dch sau in phn gm: 0,1 mol NaOH v 0,1 mol NaCl (d).
Tng khi lng dung dch sau in phn: m = 1,15.200 0,05(71+2) = 226,35 (gam).
Vy: C%(NaOH) = 4/226,35 = 1,767%. C%(NaCl) = 5,85/226,35 = 2,584%.
V d 10: in phn 200ml dung dch NaCl 1M c mng ngn xp. sau khi thu c 4,48 lt kh
(ktc) thot ra catot th ngng in phn. Tnh nng mol ca cc cht trong dung dch sau
in phn (Coi th tch dung dch khng i).
Gii: Xy ra hai qu trnh nh VD9. Dung dch sau in phn ch c 0,2 mol NaOH.
Vy CM(NaOH) = 0,2/ 0,2 = 1(M).
C. CU HI V BI TP TRC NGHIM T GII:
1. Dy cc kim loi u c th c iu ch bng phng php in phn dung dch mui ca
chng l:
A. Fe, Cu, Ag.
B. Mg, Zn, Cu.
C. Al, Fe, Cr.
D. Ba, Ag, Au.
( Trch TSH A 2009)
2. in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO 4 v b mol NaCl ( vi in cc tr,
c mng ngn xp) dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein
chuyn sang mu hng th iu kin ca a v b l:
A. b < 2a
B. b = 2a
C. b > 2a
D. 2b = a
3. Trong cng nghip, natri hiroxit c sn xut bng phng php:
A. in phn dung dch NaCl, khng c mng ngn in cc.
B. in phn dung dch NaCl, c mng ngn in cc.
C. in phn dung dch NaNO3 , khng c mn ngn in cc.
D. in phn NaCl nng chy.
4. Cho cc ion: Na+, Al3+, Ca2+, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-. Cc ion khng b in phn khi trng thi
dung dch l:
A. Na+, Al3+, SO42-, NO3-.
B. Na+, Al3+, SO42-, Cl-.
C. Na+, Al3+, Cl-, NO3-.
D. Al3+, Cu2+, Cl-, NO3-.
5. in phn ( in cc tr, c mng ngn xp) mt dung dch c cha cc cation: Fe 2+, Fe3+,
Cu2+. Th t xy ra s kh catot l:
A. Fe2+, Cu2+, Fe3+.
B. Fe3+, Cu2+, Fe2+.
C. Fe3+, Fe2+, Cu2+.
D. Fe2+, Fe3+,Cu2+.
-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)
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19

6. in phn ( in cc tr, c mng ngn xp) mt dung dch c cha cc anion: S 2-, SO2-. Th
t xy ra s oxi ha anot l:
A. S2-, OH-, SO42-.
B. S2-, SO42-, OH-.
C. OH-, S2-, SO42-.
D. OH-, SO2-, S2-.
7. Cho cc dung dch ring bit sau: KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, Na2SO4, ZnSO4, H2SO4, KNO3, AgNO3,
NaOH. Dung dch khi in phn thc cht ch l in phn nc l:
A. NaOH, NaCl, ZnSO4, KNO3, AgNO3.
B. NaOH, Na2SO4, H2SO4, KNO3, CaCl2.
C. NaOH, Na2SO4, H2SO4, KNO3.
D. Na2SO4, KNO3, KCl.
8. Khi in phn dung dch NaCl ( in cc tr, khng c mng ngn xp) th sn phm thu
c gm:
A. H2, Cl2, NaOH.
B. H2, Cl2, nc Javen.
C. H2, nc Javen.
D. H2,Cl2, NaOH, nc Javen.
9. Cho cc dung dch: KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, Na2SO4, ZnSO4, H2SO4, KNO3, AgNO3, NaOH. Sau
khi in phn, cc dung dch cho mi trng baz l:
A. KCl, KNO3, NaCl, Na2SO4.
B. KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, NaOH.
C. NaCl, CaCl2, NaOH, H2SO4.
D. NaCl, NaOH, ZnSO4, AgNO3.
10. Pht biu no sau y khng ng?
A. Khi in phn cc cht nng chy th catot cc cation kim loi nhn electron.
B. Khi in phn cc cht nng chy th anot cc anion nhng electron.
C.Khi in phn th trn cc b mt in cc xy ra qu trnh oxi ha kh.
D. Khi in phn cc dung dch mui trong nc th cc dng b n mn.
11. in phn 200ml dung dch CuSO4 nng x M (in cc tr). Sau mt thi gian th thy
khi lng dung dch gim 8 gam v lm kt ta ht ion Cu2+ cn d trong dung dch cn
dng 100ml dung dch NaOH 0,5 M. Gi tr ca x l:
A. 0,5.
B. 1,0.
C. 1,5.
D. Kt qu khc.
12. in phn dung dch cha NaOH 0,01M v dung dch Na2SO4 0,01M. Th tch dung dch
trong qu trnh in phn thay i khng ng k. pH ca dung dch sau in phn l:
A. 2.
B. 8.
C.10.
D.12.
13. in phn 400ml dung dch AgNO3 0,2M v Cu(NO3)2 0,1M ( h= 100%, in cc Pt) vi
cng dng in I = 10A. Sau thi gian t giy th ngng in phn, khi lng Cu thot ra
bm vo catot l 1,28 gam. Gi tr ca t l:
A. 1158.
B. 2316.
C. 9650.
D. 4825.
14. in phn dung dch NaOH vi cng dng in l I = 10A trong thi gian 268 giy.
Sau khi in phn cn li 100 gam dung dch NaOH 24%. Nng % ca dung dch NaOH
trc khi in phn l:
A. 20.
B. 25.
C. 16.
D. Kt qu khc.
15. in phn 500ml dung dch AgNO3 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2 0,2M ( in cc platin) vi cng
dng in I = 10 A.Dung dch sau in phn c [H+] = 0,16M.Gi s hiu sut in phn l
100% v th tch dung dch khng thay i. Nng mol ca mui nitrat trong dung dch sau
in phn l:
A. 0,2M.
B. 0,3M.
C. 0,1M.
D. 0,17M.

BI TP CHUNG V KIM LOI

I BI TP V XC NH TN KIM LOI

-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)

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20

1) C th tnh c khi lng mol nguyn t kim loi M theo cc cch sau:
- T khi lng (m) v s mol (n) ca kim loi M = m/n
- T Mhp cht Mkim loi
- T cng thc Faraday M =

mnF
(n l s electron trao i mi in cc)
It

- T a < m < b v < n <

tm M tha mn trong khong xc nh
- Lp hm s M = f(n) trong n l ha tr ca kim loi M (n = 1, 2, 3), nu trong bi ton tm oxit kim loi M xOy th
n = 2y/x kim loi M
- Vi hai kim loi k tip nhau trong mt chu k hoc phn nhm tm

tn 2 kim loi

2) Mt s ch khi gii bi tp:

- Bit s dng mt s nh lut bo ton nh bo ton khi lng, bo ton nguyn t, bo ton mol electron,
Bit vit cc phng trnh ion thu gn, phng php ion electron
- Khi bi khng cho kim loi M c ha tr khng i th khi kim loi M tc dng vi cc cht khc nhau c th
th hin cc s oxi ha khc nhau t kim loi M c cc ha tr khc nhau
- Khi hn hp u c chia lm hai phn khng bng nhau th phn ny gp k ln phn kia tng ng vi s
mol cc cht phn ny cng gp k ln s mol cc cht phn kia
3) Mt s v d minh ha:
V d 1: Cho 3,024 gam mt kim loi M tan ht trong dung dch HNO 3 long, thu c 940,8 ml kh NxOy (sn
phm kh duy nht, ktc) c t khi i vi H2 bng 22. Kh NxOy v kim loi M l:
A. NO v Mg
B. NO2 v Al
C. N2O v Al
D. N2O v Fe
Hng dn: M(NxOy) = 44 nN2O = 0,042 mol
M Mn+ + ne
Theo lbt mol electron: ne cho = ne nhn

2NO3- + 8e + 10H+ N2O + 5H2O

0,42.8.M
=3,024 M = 9n n = 3 v M = 27 Al p n C
n

V d 2: Hn hp X gm Mg v kim loi M. Ha tan hon ton 8 gam hn hp X cn va 200 gam dung dch
HCl 7,3 %. Mt khc cho 8 gam hn hp X tc dng hon ton vi kh Cl 2 cn dng 5,6 lt Cl2 ( ktc) to ra hai
mui clorua. Kim loi M v phn trm v khi lng ca n trong hn hp X l:
A. Al v 75 %
B. Fe v 25 %
C. Al v 30 %
D. Fe v 70 %
Hng dn: nHCl = 0,4 mol ; nCl2 = 0,25 mol ; nMg = x mol ; nM = y mol 24x + My = 8 (1)
- X tc dng vi dung dch HCl (M th hin ha tr n) 2x + ny = 0,4 (2)
- X tc dng vi Cl2 (M th hin ha tr m) 2x + my = 0,5 (3)
- T (2) ; (3) y(m n) = 0,1 m > n No duy nht m = 3 v n = 2 x = y = 0,1 mol
- T (1) M = 56 Fe v % M = 70 % p n D
V d 3: Hn hp X gm hai mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi kim th hai chu k lin tip. Cho 7,65 gam X vo
dung dch HCl d. Kt thc phn ng, c cn dung dch th thu c 8,75 gam mui khan. Hai kim loi l:
A. Mg v Ca
B. Ca v Sr
C. Be v Mg
D. Sr v Ba
Hng dn:
- t cng thc chung ca hai mui l

CO3. Phng trnh phn ng:

CO3 + 2HCl

-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)

--------------------------------------------------------------

Cl2 + CO2 + H2O

21

- T phng trnh thy: 1 mol

CO3 phn ng th khi lng mui tng: 71 60 = 11 gam

- Theo bi khi lng mui tng: 8,75 7,65 = 1,1 gam c 0,1 mol

+ 60 = 76,5

CO3 tham gia phn ng

= 16,5 2 kim loi l Be v Mg p n C

V d 4: Ha tan hon ton 6 gam hn hp X gm Fe v mt kim loi M (ha tr II) vo dung dch HCl d, thu
c 3,36 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Nu ch ha tan 1,0 gam M th dng khng n 0,09 mol HCl trong dung dch. Kim
loi M l:
A. Mg
B. Zn
C. Ca
D. Ni
Hng dn: nH2 = 0,15 mol
- nX = nH2 = 0,15 mol
X = 40
- ha tan 1 gam M dng khng n 0,09 mol HCl 2/M< 0,09 22,2 < M < 40 < 56 M l Mg p n A
V d 5: ha tan hon ton 6,834 gam mt oxit ca kim loi M cn dng ti thiu 201 ml dung dch HCl 2M.
Kim loi M l:
A. Mg
B. Cu
C. Al
D. Fe
Hng dn: Gi cng thc oxit l MxOy ; nHCl = nH+ = 0,402 mol

- Ta c nO2 (trong oxit) =

M=

mol nMxOy =

No duy nht

mol (Mx + 16y) =

Mx = 18y

v M = 27 Al p n C

II BI TON V KIM LOI TC DNG VI NC, KIM LOI TC DNG VI DUNG DCH BAZ KIM
1) Mt s ch khi gii bi tp:
- Ch c kim loi kim, Ca, Sr, Ba mi tan trong nc nhit thng
- Cc kim loi m hiroxit ca chng c tnh lng tnh nh Al, Zn, Be, Sn, Pbtc dng c vi dung dch
kim (c)
- Nu bi cho nhiu kim loi tc dng vi nc to dung dch kim, ri sau ly dung dch kim tc dng vi
dung dch hn hp axit th:
+ Gii bng cch vit phng trnh ion thu gn
+ nOH = 2nH2
- Nu bi cho hn hp kim loi kim hoc kim th v kim loi M ha tr n vo nc th c th c hai kh
nng:
+ M l kim loi tan trc tip (nh kim loi kim, Ca, Sr, Ba)
+ M l kim loi c hiroxit lng tnh (nh Al, Zn)
M + (4 n)OH + (n 2)H2O MO2n 4 + H2 (da vo s mol kim loi kim hoc kim th s
mol OH ri bin lun xem kim loi M c tan ht khng hay ch tan mt phn)

2) Mt s v d minh ha:
V d 1: Hn hp X gm Na, K, Ba ha tan ht trong nc d to dung dch Y v 5,6 lt kh ( ktc). Tnh V ml
dung dch H2SO4 2M ti thiu trung ha Y
A. 125 ml
B. 100 ml
C. 200 ml
D. 150 ml

-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)

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22

Hng dn: nH2 = 0,25 mol

Ta c nOH = 2nH2 m nOH = nH+ nH2SO4 =
p n A

= nH2 = 0,25 mol V = 0,125 lt hay 125 ml

V d 2: Thc hin hai th nghim sau:

Th nghim 1: Cho m gam hn hp Ba v Al vo nc d, thu c 0,896 lt kh ( ktc)
Th nghim 2: Cng cho m gam hn hp trn cho vo dung dch NaOH d thu c 2,24 lt kh ( ktc) Cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2,85 gam
B. 2,99 gam
C. 2,72 gam
D. 2,80 gam
Hng dn: nH2 th nghim 1 = 0,04 < nH2 th nghim 2 = 0,1 mol th nghim 1 Ba ht, Al d cn th
nghim 2 th c Ba v Al u ht
- Gi nBa = x mol v nAl = y mol trong m gam hn hp
- Th nghim 1:
Ba + 2H2O Ba2+ + 2OH + H2
x
2x
x
Al + OH + H2O AlO2 +
2x
nH2 = 4x = 0,04 x = 0,01 mol

H2
3x

- Th nghim 2: tng t th nghim 1 ta c: x +

= 0,1 y = 0,06 mol
m = 0,01.137 + 0,06.27 = 2,99 gam p n B
V d 3: Ha tan hon ton 7,3 gam hn hp X gm kim loi Na v kim loi M (ha tr n khng i) trong nc
thu c dung dch Y v 5,6 lt kh hiro ( ktc). trung ha dung dch Y cn dng 100 ml dung dch HCl 1M.
Phn trm v khi lng ca kim loi M trong hn hp X l:
A. 68,4 %
B. 36,9 %
C. 63,1 %
D. 31,6 %
Hng dn: nH2 = 0,25 mol ; nHCl = 0,1 mol
- Gi nNa = x mol v nM = y mol 23x + My = 7,3 (1)
- Nu M tc dng trc tip vi nc nH2 =
- Nu M l kim loi c hiroxit lng tnh (n = 2 hoc 3):

nOH = 0,5 > nHCl = 0,1 loi

M + (4 n)OH + (n 2)H2O MO2n 4 + H2

y
(4 n)y
ny/2
- Do OH d nn kim loi M tan ht v nOH d = x (4 n)y mol x (4 n)y = 0,1 (2) v x + ny = 0,5 (3) y
= 0,1 mol
- Thay ln lt n = 2 hoc 3 vo (1) ; (2) ; (3) ch c n = 3 ; x = 0,2 ; M = 27 l tha mn %M = 36,9 %
p n B
III BI TON V KIM LOI TC DNG VI DUNG DCH AXIT
1) Kim loi tc dng vi dung dch axit:

-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)

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23

a) i vi dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long:

M + nH+
Mn+ + n/2H2
(M ng trc hiro trong dy th in cc chun)
b) i vi H2SO4 c, HNO3 (axit c tnh oxi ha mnh):
- Kim loi th hin nhiu s oxi ha khc nhau khi phn ng vi H 2SO4 c, HNO3 s t s oxi ha cao nht
- Hu ht cc kim loi phn ng c vi H2SO4 c nng (tr Pt, Au) v H2SO4 c ngui (tr Pt, Au, Fe, Al,
Cr), khi S+6 trong H2SO4 b kh thnh S+4 (SO2) ; So hoc S-2 (H2S)
- Hu ht cc kim loi phn ng c vi HNO3 c nng (tr Pt, Au) v HNO3 c ngui (tr Pt, Au, Fe, Al,
Cr), khi N+5 trong HNO3 b kh thnh N+4 (NO2)
- Hu ht cc kim loi phn ng c vi HNO3 long (tr Pt, Au), khi N+5 trong HNO3 b kh thnh N+2 (NO) ;
N+1 (N2O) ; No (N2) hoc N-3 (NH4+)
c) Kim loi tan trong nc (Na, K, Ba, Ca,) tc dng vi axit: c 2 trng hp
- Nu dung dch axit dng d: ch c phn ng ca kim loi vi axit
- Nu axit thiu th ngoi phn ng gia kim loi vi axit (xy ra trc) cn c phn ng kim loi d tc dng vi
nc ca dung dch
2) Mt s ch khi gii bi tp:
- Kim loi tc dng vi hn hp axit HCl, H2SO4 long (H+ ng vai tr l cht oxi ha) th to ra mui c s oxi
ha thp v gii phng H2: M + nH+ Mn+ + n/2H2 (nH+ = nHCl + 2nH2SO4)
- Kim loi tc dng vi hn hp axit HCl, H2SO4 long, HNO3 vit phng trnh phn ng di dng ion thu
gn (H+ ng vai tr mi trng, NO3 ng vai tr cht oxi ha) v so snh cc t s gia s mol ban u v h
s t lng trong phng trnh xem t s no nh nht th cht s ht trc ( tnh theo)
- Cc kim loi tc dng vi ion NO3 trong mi trng axit H+ xem nh tc dng vi HNO3
- Cc kim loi Zn, Al tc dng vi ion NO3 trong mi trng kim OH gii phng NH3
4Zn + NO3 + 7OH 4ZnO22 + NH3 + 2H2O
(4Zn + NO3 + 7OH + 6H2O 4[Zn(OH)4]2 + NH3)
8Al + 3NO3 + 5OH + 2H2O 8AlO2 + 3NH3
(8Al + 3NO3 + 5OH + 18H2O 8[Al(OH)4] + 3NH3
- Khi hn hp nhiu kim loi tc dng vi hn hp axit th dng nh lut bo ton mol electron v phng php
ion electron gii cho nhanh. So snh tng s mol electron cho v nhn bin lun xem cht no ht, cht
no d
- Khi hn hp kim loi trong c Fe tc dng vi H 2SO4 c nng hoc HNO3 cn ch xem kim loi c d
khng. Nu kim loi (Mg Cu) d th c phn ng kim loi kh Fe 3+ v Fe2+. V d: Fe + 2Fe3+ 3Fe2+ ; Cu +
2Fe3+ Cu2+ + 2Fe2+
- Khi ha tan hon hon hn hp kim loi trong c Fe bng dung dch HNO 3 m th tch axit cn dng l nh
nht mui Fe2+
- Kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn s u tin phn ng trc
- Nu bi yu cu tnh khi lng mui trong dung dch, ta p dng cng thc sau:
mmui = mcation + manion to mui = mkim loi + manion to mui
(manion to mui = manion ban u manion to kh)
- Cn nh mt s cc bn phn ng sau:
2H+ + 2e H2
SO42 + 2e + 4H+ SO2 + 2H2O
SO42 + 6e + 8H+ S + 4H2O
SO42 + 8e + 10H+ H2S + 4H2O

NO3- + e + 2H+ NO2 + H2O

NO3- + 3e + 4H+ NO + 2H2O
2NO3- + 8e + 10H+ N2O + 5H2O
2NO3- + 10e + 12H+ N2 + 6H2O

-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)

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24

NO3- + 8e + 10H+ NH4+ + 3H2O

- Cn nh s mol anion to mui v s mol axit tham gia phn ng:
nSO42to mui = . nX (a l s electron m S+6 nhn to sn phm kh X)
nH2SO4 phn ng = 2nSO2 + 4nS + 5nH2S
nNO3to mui = a.nX (a l s electron m N+5 nhn to ra sn phm kh X)
nHNO3 phn ng = 2nNO2 + 4nNO + 10nN2O + 12nN2
3) Mt s v d minh ha
V d 1: Cho 3,68 gam hn hp gm Al v Zn tc dng vi mt lng va dung dch H 2SO4 10 %, thu c
2,24 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Khi lng dung dch thu c sau phn ng l:
A. 101,68 gam
B. 88,20 gam
C. 101,48 gam
D. 97,80 gam
Hng dn: nH2 = nH2SO4 = 0,1 mol m (dung dch H2SO4) = 98 gam m (dung dch sau phn ng) = 3,68 +
98 - 0,2 = 101,48 gam p n C
V d 2: Ho tan hon ton 14,6 gam hn hp X gm Al v Sn bng dung dch HCl (d), thu c 5,6 lt kh H 2
( ktc). Th tch kh O2 ( ktc) cn phn ng hon ton vi 14,6 gam hn hp X l:
A. 2,80 lt
B. 1,68 lt
C. 4,48 lt
D. 3,92 lt
Hng dn: Gi nAl = x mol ; nSn = y mol 27x + 119y = 14,6 (1) ; nH 2 = 0,25 mol
- Khi X tc dng vi dung dch HCl:

V d 3: Cho 7,68 gam hn hp X gm Mg v Al vo 400 ml dung dch Y gm HCl 1M v H 2SO4 0,5M. Sau khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 8,512 lt kh ( ktc). Bit trong dung dch, cc axit phn li hon ton thnh
cc ion. Phn trm v khi lng ca Al trong X l:
A. 56,25 %
B. 49,22 %
C. 50,78 %
D. 43,75 %
Hng dn: nH+ = 0,8 mol ; nH2 = 0,38 mol nH+phn ng = 0,76 mol < 0,8 mol axit d, kim loi ht

- Gi nMg = x mol ; nAl = y mol

p n A

% Al =

V d 4: Cho 0,10 mol Ba vo dung dch cha 0,10 mol CuSO 4 v 0,12 mol HCl. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra
hon ton, lc ly kt ta nung nhit cao n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m
l:
A. 23,3 gam
B. 26,5 gam
C. 24,9 gam
D. 25,2 gam
Hng dn: Cc phn ng xy ra l:
Ba + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2

-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)

--------------------------------------------------------------

BaCl2 + CuSO4 BaSO4 + CuCl2

25

0,06 0,12 0,06

Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2
0,04
0,04

0,06 0,06
0,06
Ba(OH)2 + CuSO4 BaSO4 + Cu(OH)2
0,04
0,04
0,04
0,04

Cu(OH)2
CuO + H2O
0,04
0,04
m (cht rn) = mBaSO4 + mCuO = (0,06 + 0,04).233 + 0,04.80 = 26,5 gam p n B
V d 5: Th tch dung dch HNO3 1M (long) t nht cn dng ho tan hon ton 18 gam hn hp gm Fe v
Cu trn theo t l mol 1 : 1 l: (bit phn ng to cht kh duy nht l NO)
A. 1,0 lt
B. 0,6 lt
C. 0,8 lt
D. 1,2 lt
Hng dn: nFe = nCu = 0,15 mol
- Do th tch dung dch HNO3 cn dng t nht mui Fe2+ ne cho = 2.(0,15 + 0,15) = 0,6 mol
- Theo lbt mol electron nH+ = nHNO3 =

mol VHNO = 0,8 lt p n C

V d 6: Ha tan 9,6 gam Cu vo 180 ml dung dch hn hp HNO 3 1M v H2SO4 0,5M, kt thc phn ng thu
c V lt ( ktc) kh khng mu duy nht thot ra, ha nu ngoi khng kh. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 1,344 lt
B. 4,032 lt
C. 2,016 lt
D. 1,008 lt
Hng dn: nCu = 0,15 mol ; nNO3 = 0,18 mol ; nH+ = 0,36 mol
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
0,36
0,09
VNO = 0,09.22,4 = 2,016 lt p n C

H+ ht ; Cu d

Do

V d 7: Cho hn hp gm 1,12 gam Fe v 1,92 gam Cu vo 400 ml dung dch cha hn hp gm H 2SO4 0,5M
v NaNO3 0,2M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X v kh NO (sn phm kh duy
nht). Cho V ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo dung dch X th lng kt ta thu c l ln nht. Gi tr ti thiu ca
V l:
A. 360 ml
B. 240 ml
C. 400 ml
D. 120 ml
Hng dn: nFe = 0,02 mol ; nCu = 0,03 mol ne cho = 0,02.3 + 0,03.2 = 0,12 mol ; nH+ = 0,4 mol ; nNO3 =
0,08 mol (Ion NO3 trong mi trng H+ c tnh oxi ha mnh nh HNO3)
- Bn phn ng: NO3 + 3e + 4H+ NO + 2H2O
Do
kim loi kt v H+ d
0,12 0,16
nH+ d = 0,4 0,16 = 0,24 mol nOH (to kt ta max) = 0,24 + 0,02.3 + 0,03.2 = 0,36 V = 0,36 lt hay
360 ml p n A
V d 8: Cho 24,3 gam bt Al vo 225 ml dung dch hn hp NaNO 3 1M v NaOH 3M khuy u cho n khi kh
ngng thot ra th dng li v thu c V lt kh ( ktc).Gi tr ca V l:
A. 11,76 lt
B. 9,072 lt
C. 13,44 lt
D. 15,12 lt
Hng dn: nAl = 0,9 mol ; nNO3 = 0,225 mol ; nOH = 0,675 mol
8Al + 3NO3 + 5OH + 18H2O 8[Al(OH)4] + 3NH3 (1)
B: 0,9
0,225
0,675
P: 0,6 0,225 0,375
0,225
D: 0,3

Do

NO3 ht

0,3

-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)

--------------------------------------------------------------

26

Al + OH (d) + H2O AlO2 + H2 (2)

0,3 0,3
0,45
T (1) ; (2) V = (0,225 + 0,45).22,4 = 15,12 lt p n D
V d 9: Ha tan hon ton 100 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Cu , Ag trong dung dch HNO 3 (d). Kt thc phn ng
thu c 13,44 lt hn hp kh Y gm NO2, NO, N2O theo t l s mol tng ng l 3 : 2 : 1 v dung dch Z (khng
cha mui NH4NO3). C cn dung dch Z thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m v s mol HNO 3 phn ng
ln lt l:
A. 205,4 gam v 2,5 mol
B. 199,2 gam v 2,4 mol
C. 205,4 gam v 2,4 mol
D. 199,2 gam v 2,5 mol
Hng dn: nY = 0,6 mol nNO2 = 0,3 mol ; nNO = 0,2 mol ; nN2O = 0,1 mol
- nNO to mui = nNO
205,4 gam (1)

+ 3.nNO + 8.nN

= 0,3 + 3.0,2 + 8.0,1 = 1,7 mol mZ = mKl + mNO

- nHNO phn ng = 2.nNO + 4.nNO + 10.nN

- T (1) ; (2) p n C

to mui

= 100 + 1,7.62 =

= 2.0,3 + 4.0,2 + 10.0,1 = 2,4 mol (2)

V d 10: Cho 6,72 gam Fe vo 400 ml dung dch HNO 3 1M, n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c kh
NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch X. Dung dch X c th ho tan ti a m gam Cu. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 1,92 gam
B. 3,20 gam
C. 0,64 gam
D. 3,84 gam
Hng dn: nFe = 0,12 mol ne cho = 0,36 mol; nHNO3 = 0,4 mol ne nhn = 0,3 mol
- Do ne cho > ne nhn Fe cn d dung dch X c Fe2+ v Fe3+
- Cc phn ng xy ra l:
Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
0,1 0,4
0,1
Fe (d) + 2Fe3+ 3Fe2+
0,02 0,04
Cu + 2Fe3+ (d) Cu2+ + 2Fe2+
0,03 0,06
mCu = 0,03.64 = 1,92 gam p n A
V d 11: Ho tan hon ton 12,42 gam Al bng dung dch HNO 3 long (d), thu c dung dch X v 1,344 lt (
ktc) hn hp kh Y gm hai kh l N2O v N2. T khi ca hn hp kh Y so vi kh H2 l 18. C cn dung dch X,
thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 38,34 gam
B. 34,08 gam
C. 106,38 gam
D. 97,98 gam
Hng dn: nAl = 0,46 mol ne cho = 1,38 mol ; nY = 0,06 mol ;
Y = 36
- D dng tnh c nN2O = nN2 = 0,03 mol ne nhn = 0,03.(8 + 10) = 0,54 mol < ne cho dung dch X cn
cha mui NH4NO3 nNH4+ = NO3 =
- Vy mX = mAl(NO

+ mNH

NO

mol

= 0,46.213 + 0,105.80 = 106,38 gam p n C

(Hoc c th tnh mX = mKl + mNO to mui + mNH

106,38 gam)

= 12,42 + (0,03.8 + 0,03.10 + 0,105.8 + 0,105).62 + 0,105.18 =

III BI TP V KIM LOI TC DNG VI DUNG DCH MUI

1) Kim loi tc dng vi dung dch mui:
- iu kin kim loi M y c kim loi X ra khi dung dch mui ca n:

-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)

--------------------------------------------------------------

27

xM (r) + nXx+ (dd)

xMn+ (dd) + nX (r)

+ M ng trc X trong dy th in cc chun

+ C M v X u khng tc dng c vi nc iu kin thng
+ Mui tham gia phn ng v mui to thnh phi l mui tan
- Khi lng cht rn tng: m = mX to ra mM tan
- Khi lng cht rn gim: m = mM tan mX to ra
- Khi lng cht rn tng = khi lng dung dch gim
- Ngoi l:
+ Nu M l kim loi kim, kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba) th M s kh H + ca H2O thnh H2 v to thnh dung
dch baz kim. Sau l phn ng trao i gia mui v baz kim
+ trng thi nng chy vn c phn ng: 3Na + AlCl3 (khan) 3NaCl + Al
+ Vi nhiu anion c tnh oxi ha mnh nh NO3-, MnO4-,th kim loi M s kh cc anion trong
mi trng axit (hoc baz)
- Hn hp cc kim loi phn ng vi hn hp dung dch mui theo th t u tin: kim loi kh mnh nht tc
dng vi cation oxi ha mnh nht to ra kim loi kh yu nht v cation oxi ha yu nht
- Th t tng dn gi tr th kh chun (Eo) ca mt s cp oxi ha kh:
Mg2+/Mg < Al3+/Al < Zn2+/Zn < Cr3+/Cr < Fe2+/Fe < Ni2+/Ni < Sn2+/Sn < Pb2+/Pb < 2H+/H2 < Cu2+/Cu < Fe3+/Fe2+ <
Ag+/Ag < Hg2+/Hg < Au3+/Au
2) Mt s ch khi gii bi tp:
- Phn ng ca kim loi vi dung dch mui l phn ng oxi ha kh nn thng s dng phng php bo
ton mol electron gii cc bi tp phc tp, kh bin lun nh hn hp nhiu kim loi tc dng vi dung dch
cha hn hp nhiu mui. Cc bi tp n gin hn nh mt kim loi tc dng vi dung dch mt mui, hai kim
loi tc dng vi dung dch mt mui,c th tnh ton theo th t cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra
- S dng phng php tng gim khi lng tnh khi lng thanh kim loi sau phn ng,
- T s mol ban u ca cc cht tham gia phn ng bin lun cc trng hp xy ra
- Nu cha bit s mol cc cht phn ng th da vo thnh phn dung dch sau phn ng v cht rn thu c
bin lun cc trng hp xy ra
- Kim loi kh anion ca mui trong mi trng axit (baz) th nn vit phng trnh dng ion thu gn
- Kim loi (Mg Cu) y c Fe3+ v Fe2+. V d: Fe + 2Fe3+ 3Fe2+ ; Cu + 2Fe3+ Cu2+ + 2Fe2+
- Fe + 2Ag+ Fe2+ + 2Ag. Nu Fe ht, Ag+ cn d th: Fe2+ + Ag+ Fe3+ + Ag
3) Mt s v d minh ha:
V d 1: Nhng mt thanh kim loi M ha tr II nng m gam vo dung dch Fe(NO 3)2 th khi lng thanh kim loi
gim 6 % so vi ban u. Nu nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dung dch AgNO 3 th khi lng thanh kim loi tng
25 % so vi ban u. Bit gim s mol ca Fe(NO3)2 gp i gim s mol ca AgNO3 v kim loi kt ta
bm ht ln thanh kim loi M. Kim loi M l:
A. Pb
B. Ni
C. Cd
D. Zn
Hng dn: Gi nFe2+p = 2x mol nAg+p = x mol
M + Fe2+ M2+ + Fe
2x 2x
2x
m = 2x.(M 56) %mKl gim =
M + 2Ag+ M2+ + 2Ag
0,5x x
x

(1)

m = 0,5x.(216 M) %mKl tng =

- T (1) ; (2)

(2)

M = 65 Zn p n D

-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)

--------------------------------------------------------------

28

V d 2: Cho m gam hn hp bt cc kim loi Ni v Cu vo dung dch AgNO 3 d. Khuy k cho n khi phn ng
kt thc thu c 54 gam kim loi. Mt khc cng cho m gam hn hp bt cc kim loi trn vo dung dch CuSO 4
d, khuy k cho n khi phn ng kt thc, thu c kim loi c khi lng bng (m + 0,5) gam. Gi tr ca m
l:
A. 15,5 gam
B. 16 gam
C. 12,5 gam
D. 18,5 gam
Hng dn: Gi nNi = x mol ; nCu = y mol c trong m gam hn hp
Ni + 2Ag+ Ni2+ + 2Ag (1)
Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag (2)
Ni + Cu2+ Ni2+ + Cu (3)
- T (3) (64 59).x = 0,5 x = 0,1 mol (*)
- T (1) nAg(1) = 0,2 mol mAg(1) = 21,6 gam mAg(2) = 54 21,6 = 32,4 gam nAg(2) = 0,3 mol y = 0,15
mol (**)
- T (*) ; (**) m = 0,1.59 + 0,15.64 = 15,5 gam p n A
V d 3: Ha tan hn hp bt kim loi gm 8,4 gam Fe v 6,4 gam Cu vo 350 ml dung dch AgNO 3 2M. Sau khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 70,2 gam
B. 54 gam
C. 75,6 gam
D. 64,8 gam
Hng dn: nFe = 0,15 mol ; nCu = 0,1 ; nAg+ = 0,7 mol
Fe + 2Ag+ Fe2+ + 2Ag (1)
0,15 0,3
0,15
0,3
Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag
0,1 0,2
0,2
Fe2+ + Ag+ Fe3+ + Ag (3)
0,15 0,15
0,15
T (1) ; (2) m = (0,3 + 0,2 + 0,15).108 = 70,2 gam p n A
V d 4: Cho 2,24 gam bt st vo 200 ml dung dch cha hn hp gm AgNO 3 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2 0,5M. Sau khi
cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X v m gam cht rn Y. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2,80 gam
B. 4,08 gam
C. 2,16 gam
D. 0,64 gam
Hng dn: nFe = 0,04 mol ; nAg+ = 0,02 mol ; nCu2+ = 0,1 mol
Th t cc phn ng xy ra l: (Fe2+/Fe < Cu2+/Cu < Fe3+ < Fe2+ < Ag+ < Ag)
Fe + 2Ag+ Fe2+ + 2Ag (1)
0,01 0,02
0,02
Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu (2)
0,03
0,03
T (1) ; (2) mY = 0,02.108 + 0,03.64 = 4,08 gam p n B
V d 5: Cho hn hp gm 1,2 mol Mg v x mol Zn vo dung dch cha 2 mol Cu 2+ v 1 mol Ag+ n khi cc phn
ng xy ra hon ton, thu c mt dung dch cha ba ion kim loi. Trong cc gi tr sau y, gi tr no ca x
tho mn trng hp trn:
A. 1,8
B. 1,5
C. 1,2
D. 2,0
Hng dn:
- Dung dch cha 3 ion kim loi Mg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+
- ne cho = (2,4 + 2x) mol v ne nhn = 1 + 2.2 = 5 mol
- Yu cu bi ton tha mn khi ne cho < ne nhn hay (2,4 + 2x) < 5 x < 1,3 x =1,2 p n C
V d 6: Cho m gam bt Fe vo 800 ml dung dch hn hp gm Cu(NO 3)2 0,2M v H2SO4 0,25M. Sau khi cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 0,6m gam hn hp bt kim loi v V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht,
ktc). Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l:
A. 17,8 v 4,48
B. 17,8 v 2,24
C. 10,8 v 4,48
D. 10,8 v 2,24

-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)

--------------------------------------------------------------

29

Hng dn: nCu2+ = 0,16 mol ; nNO3 = 0,32 mol ; nH+ = 0,4 mol
- Cc phn ng xy ra l:
Fe + 4H+ + NO3 Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O (1)
0,1 0,4 0,1
0,1
0,1
VNO = 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 lt (*)
Fe + 2Fe3+ 3Fe2+ (2)
0,05 0,1
Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu (3)
0,16 0,16
- T (1) ; (2) ; (3) nFep = 0,1 + 0,05 + 0,16 = 0,31 mol
- Hn hp bt kim loi gm Fe d v Cu (m 0,31.56) + 0,16.64 = 0,6m m = 17,8 gam (**)
- T (*) ; (**) p n B
IV BI TP V KIM LOI TC DNG VI OXIT KIM LOI (PHN NG NHIT NHM)
1) Mt s ch khi gii bi tp:
- Phn ng nhit nhm: Al + oxit kim loi
(Hn hp X)
- Thng gp:
+ 2Al + Fe2O3

oxit nhm + kim loi

(Hn hp Y)

Al2O3 + 2Fe

+ 2yAl + 3FexOy y

Al2O3 + 3xFe

+ (6x 4y)Al + 3xFe2O3

6FexOy + (3x 2y)Al2O3
- Nu phn ng xy ra hon ton, ty theo tnh cht ca hn hp Y to thnh bin lun. V d:
+ Hn hp Y cha 2 kim loi Al d ; oxit kim loi ht
+ Hn hp Y tc dng vi dung dch baz kim (NaOH,) gii phng H 2 c Al d
+ Hn hp Y tc dng vi dung dch axit c kh bay ra th c kh nng hn hp Y cha (Al 2O3 + Fe) hoc
(Al2O3 + Fe + Al d) hoc (Al2O3 + Fe + oxit kim loi d)
- Nu phn ng xy ra khng hon ton, hn hp Y gm Al2O3, Fe, Al d v Fe2O3 d
- Thng s dng:
+ nh lut bo ton khi lng: mhhX = mhhY
+ nh lut bo ton nguyn t (mol nguyn t): nAl (X) = nAl (Y) ; nFe (X) = nFe (Y) ; nO (X) = nO (Y)
2) Mt s v d minh ha:
V d 1: Nung nng m gam hn hp Al v Fe2O3 (trong iu kin khng c khng kh) n khi phn ng xy ra
hon ton , thu c hn hp rn Y. Chia Y thnh hai phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long (d) sinh ra 3,08 lt kh H2 ( ktc)
Phn 2: tc dng vi dung dch NaOH (d) sinh ra 0,84 lt kh H 2 ( ktc) Gi tr ca m l:
A. 22,75 gam
B. 21,40 gam
C. 29,40 gam
D. 29,43 gam
Hng dn: nH2(1) = 0,1375 mol ; nH2(2) = 0,0375 mol
- Hn hp rn Y tc dng vi NaOH gii phng H2 Al d v v phn ng xy ra hon ton nn thnh phn hn
hp rn Y gm: Al2O3, Fe v Al d
- Gi nFe = x mol ; nAl d = y mol c trong 1/2 hn hp Y

- T ta c h phng trnh:
- Theo lbt nguyn t i vi O v Fe: nAl2O3 = nFe2O3 =
= 0,05 mol
- Theo lbt khi lng: m = (0,05.102 + 0,1.56 + 0,025.27).2 = 22,75 gam p n A

-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)

--------------------------------------------------------------

30

V d 2: Nung nng m gam hn hp gm Al v Fe3O4 trong iu kin khng c khng kh. Sau khi phn ng xy
ra hon ton, thu c hn hp rn X. Cho X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH (d) thu c dung dch Y, cht rn
Z v 3,36 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Sc kh CO2 (d) vo dung dch Y, thu c 39 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 45,6 gam
B. 57,0 gam
C. 48,3 gam
D. 36,7 gam
Hng dn: nH2 = 0,15 mol ; nAl(OH)3 = 0,5 mol
- T suy ra thnh phn hn hp rn X gm: Fe, Al2O3 (x mol) v Al d (y mol)
- Cc phn ng xy ra l:
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2
Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4]
CO2 + Na[Al(OH)4] Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3
- nH2 = 0,15 mol y = 0,1 mol
- Theo lbt nguyn t i vi Al: 2x + y = 0,5 x = 0,2 mol
- Theo lbt nguyn t i vi O: nO(Fe O ) = nO(Al O ) nFe3O4 =
mol
- Theo lbt nguyn t i vi Fe: nFe = 3nF3O4 = 3.0,15 = 0,45 mol
- Theo lbt khi lng: m = 0,45.56 + 0,2.102 + 0,1.27 = 48,3 gam p n C
V d 3: Thc hin phn ng nhit nhm hn hp X gm Al v mt oxit st Fe xOy (trong iu kin khng c khng
kh) thu c 92,35 gam cht rn Y. Ha tan Y trong dung dch NaOH (d) thy c 8,4 lt kh H 2 ( ktc) thot ra
v cn li phn khng tan Z. Ha tan 1/2 lng Z bng dung dch H 2SO4 c, nng (d) thy c 13,44 lt kh SO2
( ktc) thot ra. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Khi lng Al 2O3 trong Y v cng thc oxit st ln lt l:
A. 40,8 gam v Fe3O4
B. 45,9 gam v Fe2O3
C. 40,8 gam v Fe2O3
D. 45,9 gam v Fe3O4
Hng dn: nH2 = 0,375 mol ; nSO2(c Z) = 2.0,6 = 1,2 mol
- T suy ra thnh phn cht rn Y gm: Fe, Al2O3, Al d v phn khng tan Z l Fe
- nH2 = 0,375 mol nAl d = 0,25 mol
- nSO2 = 1,2 mol nFe =
mol
- mAl2O3 = 92,35 0,8.56 0,25.27 = 40,8 gam (1) nAl2O3 = 0,4 mol
- Theo lbt nguyn t i vi O nO(Fe
- Ta c:
- T (1) ; (2) p n C

= 0,4.3 = 1,2 mol

cng thc oxit st l Fe2O3 (2)

V d 4: Trn 5,4 gam bt Al vi 17,4 gam bt Fe3O4 ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm (trong iu kin khng c
khng kh). Gi s ch xy ra phn ng kh Fe3O4 thnh Fe. Ha tan hon ton cht rn sau phn ng bng
dung dch H2SO4 long (d) thu c 5,376 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Hiu sut phn ng nhit nhm v s mol H 2SO4
phn ng l:
A. 75 % v 0,54 mol
B. 80 % v 0,52 mol
C. 75 % v 0,52 mol
D. 80 % v 0,54 mol
Hng dn: nAl = 0,2 mol ; nFe3O4 = 0,075 mol ; nH2 = 0,24 mol
- Phn ng xy ra khng hon ton: 8Al + 3Fe3O4
x

-------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU N THI I HC (HA HC)

--------------------------------------------------------------

4Al2O3 + 9Fe
0,5x

(mol)

31

- Hn hp cht rn gm:
- Ta c phng trnh:
.2 + (0,2 x).3 = 0,24.2 x = 0,16 mol Hphn ng =
- nH+phn ng = 2.nFe + 3.nAl + 6.nAl2O3 + 8.nFe3O4 = 0,36 + 0,12 + 0,48 + 0,12 = 1,08 mol
nH2SO4phn ng =
- T (1) ; (2) p n D

% (1)

mol (2)

V MT BI TON KINH IN
1) Ni dung tng qut:

M
hn hp rn (M, MxOy)
M+n + sn phm kh
m gam
m1 gam
(n l s oxi ha cao nht ca M)
(M l kim loi Fe hoc Cu v dung dch HNO3 (H2SO4 c nng) ly va hoc d)
- Gi: nM = x mol ; ne (2) nhn = y mol ne nhng = x.n mol
- Theo lbt khi lng t (1) nO =
- ne nhn = ne (oxi) + ne (2) =

mol
.2 + y =

+ y mol

- Theo lbt mol electron: ne nhng = ne nhn x.n =

- Nhn c hai v vi M ta c: (M.x).n =

+y

+ M.y m.n =

m.

m=
(*)
- Thay M = 56 (Fe) ; n = 3 vo (*) ta c: m = 0,7.m1 + 5,6.y (1)
- Thay M = 64 (Cu) ; n = 2 vo (*) ta c: m = 0,8.m1 + 6,4.y (2)
(Khi bit 2 trong 3 i lng m, m1, y ta s tnh c i lng cn li)
2) V d minh ha:
V d 1: Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3 long (d), thu
c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X thu c m gam
mui khan. Gi tr m l:
A. 38,72 gam
B. 35,50 gam
C. 49,09 gam
D. 34,36 gam

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Hng dn: nNO = 0,06 mol y = 0,06.3 = 0,18 mol

Theo cng thc (1) ta c: nFe =
mmui khan = 0,16.242 = 38,72 gam p n A

mol nFe(NO3)3 = 0,16 mol

V d 2: kh hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe 3O4, Fe2O3 cn 0,05 mol H2. Mt khc, ha tan hon
ton 3,04 gam hn hp X trong dung dch H 2SO4 c thu c V ml kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht ktc). Gi
tr ca V l:
A. 112 ml
B. 224 ml
C. 336 ml
D. 448 ml
Hng dn: Thc cht phn ng kh cc oxit l: H2 + O(oxit) H2O. V vy nO(oxit) = nH2 = 0,05 mol mFe = 3,04
0,05.16 = 2,24 gam
Theo cng thc (1) ta c: ne nhn (S+6 S+4) = y =
0,01.22,4 = 0,224 lt hay 224 ml p n B

mol nSO2 = 0,01 mol V =

V d 3: Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 37,6 gam hn hp rn X gm Cu, CuO v Cu 2O. Ha tan hon
ton X trong dung dch H2SO4 c, nng (d) thy thot ra 3,36 lt kh ( ktc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 25,6 gam
B. 32 gam
C. 19,2 gam
D. 22,4 gam
Hng dn: nSO2 = 0,15 mol y = 0,15.2 = 0,3 mol
Theo cng thc (2) ta c: m = 0,8.37,6 + 6,4.0,3 = 32 gam p n B

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