LOGIC HC I CNG NI DUNG N TP

1. Khi nim: Cc bi tp thu hp, m rng, nh ngha, phn chia khi nim (t tm bi tp) Cc quy tc khi nh ngha khi nim (6 quy tc): Ngoi din ca khi nim nh ngha v ngoi din ca khi nim c nh ngha phi nh nhau nh ngha khng c lun qun nh ngha phi c tnh chun xc, r rng v duy nht Cc du hiu trong nh ngha phi l du hiu bn cht Khng nn nh ngha bng cc du hiu ph nh Khng dng cc t ng hoa m, ngha bng, ngha n d nh ngha Quan h gia cc ngoi din Quan h ng nht: ngoi din ca cc khi nim hon ton trng nhau Quan h l thuc: ngoi din ca khi nim ny nm trong ngoi din ca khi nim kia Quan h giao nhau: ngoi din ca cc khi nim c 1 phn trng nhau Quan h tch ri: ngoi din ca cc khi nim tch ri nhau Quan h ngang hng (ng v): l trng hp c bit ca quan h tch ri Quan h i chi (tng phn): ni hm ca cc khi nim tri ngc nhau ngoi din khng lp y ngoi din ca khi nim Quan h mu thun: ni hm ca cc khi nim ph nh nhau ngoi din lp y ngoi din ca khi nim V d: Thnh ph (T) Thnh ph c (C) Thnh ph du lch (D) Thnh ph Hi An (H) Quan h khng tng hp Quan h tng hp

Bi tp: Dng hnh v m t v ngoi din cc khi nim sau: a/ Chin tranh chnh ngha (C), chn tranh phi ngha (P), chin tranh bo v t quc (B), chin tranh gii phng dn tc (G), chin tranh (T) b/ Gio vin (G), nh gio u t (U), ngi tr thc (T), ngi yu nc (Y), ngi VN (V) c/ on vin (), b th chi on (B), lp trng (L), sinh vin (S), sinh vin xut sc (X) 2. Phn on: Phn on n:

Cu trc: gm 2 thnh phn c bn l ch t (S) v v t (P). Ngoi ra cn c lng t v lin t.

Phn loi phn on: gm 4 loi Phn on A: phn on khng nh chung. Cng thc: Mi S l P. K hiu SaP Phn on E: phn on ph nh chung. Cng thc: Mi S khng l P. K hiu SeP Phn on I: phn on khng nh ring. Cng thc: Mt s S l P. K hiu SiP Phn on O: phn on ph nh ring. Cng thc: Mt s S khng l P. K hiu SoP Gi tr chn l ca phn on n: Phn on Chung Ring Khng nh S aP S- i P+ -

Ph nh S+ e P+ S- o P+

Quan h v gi tr chn l (hnh vung logic :p ): Quan h A E: quan h i chi trn: 2 phn on A E khng th ng thi ng nhng c th ng thi sai. Nu A ng th E sai v nu E ng th A sai. Nu A sai th E khng xc nh v nu E sai th A khng xc nh. Quan h I O: quan h i chi di: 2 phn on I O khng th ng thi sai nhng c th ng thi ng Nu I sai th O ng v nu O sai th I ng. Nu I ng th O khng xc nh v nu O ng th I khng xc nh. Quan h A O, I E: quan h mu thun: quan h gia cc phn on khc nhau v cht v v lng. Nu phn on ny ng th phn on kia sai v ngc li. Quan h A I, E O: quan h th bc: quan h gia cc phn on c cng cht nhng khc nhau v lng. Nu phn on ton th (phn on chung) ng th phn on b phn (phn on ring) cng ng. Nu phn on b phn sai th phn on ton th cng sai. T cc quan h trn, khi bit gi tr logic ca 1 phn on th c th suy ra gi tr logic ca cc phn on cn li. Phn on phc (xem k phn ny):

Phn on ph nh: l phn on n c thm cc t ph nh: khng, khng phi Php hi: lin kt 2 hoc nhiu phn on n bng lin t v to thnh phn on phc Php tuyn: ni 2 hoc nhiu phn on n bi lin t hoc, hay l. Gm 2 loi: tuyn cht v tuyn lng. Php ko theo: ni 2 hoc nhiu phn i bi lin t nu th. Php tng ng: hnh thnh trn c s ni 2 phn on ko theo bng php hi Cng thc v gi tr logic ca cc phn on: Php hi b a b 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Php tuyn lng a b a b 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 Php tuyn cht a b a b 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 Php ko theo a b a b 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 Php tng ng a b b a a b 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

a 1 1 0 0

a 1 1 0 0

b 1 0 1 0

Ph nh ca php hi v tuyn: Ph nh php hi: Ph nh php tuyn: v

Phn on tng ng phn on ko theo: Nhn bit iu kin cn v : iu kin C a l c b Mun c b ch cn c a c b ch cn c a C b khi c a 3. Suy lun:

iu kin cn C a l cn c b Mun c b (cn) phi c a c b (cn) phi c a C b ch khi c a C a mi c b

Suy lun t tin l phn on n: tam ng lun:

Cu trc: gm 3 thnh phn c bn l ch t (S), v t (P), trung t (M). Qui tc chung (7 qui tc): Trung t (M) phi chu din t nht 1 tin . Mt t khng chu din tin th khng th chu din kt lun. C t nht 1 trong 2 tin l phn on khng nh. Nu c 1 tin l phn on ph nh th kt lun l phn on ph nh. Nu 2 tin l phn on khng nh th kt lun l phn on khng nh. C t nht 1 tin l phn on ton th. Nu 1 trong 2 tin l phn on b phn th kt lun l phn on b phn. Cc loi hnh v qui tc mi loi: c 4 loi Loi 1: qui tc: i tin l phn on ton th. Tiu tin l phn on khng nh. S M M P

Loi 2: qui tc: i tin l phn on ton th. 1 trong 2 tin l phn on ph nh. Loi 3: qui tc: Tiu tin l phn on khng nh. Kt lun l phn on b phn.

S M

M P

Loi 4: qui tc: Nu c tin l phn on ph nh th i tin l phn on ton th. Nu i tin l phn on khng nh th tiu tin l phn on ton th. Nu tiu tin l phn on khng nh th kt lun l phn on b phn. Suy lun t tin l phn on phc:

Suy lun trc tip: Ko theo:

Tuyn:

Hi:

Suy lun gin tip: cc qui tc thng dng:

Qui tc kt lun :

Qui tc phn o:

Qui tc bc cu:

Qui lut tuyn lng:

Qui lut tuyn cht:

hoc

3 cch chng minh trong suy lun gin tip: Chng minh bng bng chn tr y . Chng minh bng bng chn tr rt gn. Gi nh 2 tin u ng.