38 Reming

PHN MT
TNG QUAN QU TRNH

I.Qa trnh reforming [10].
Qa trnh reforming c thit k v p dng u tin bi hng UOP,
qu trnh ny c ng dng rng ri trong cc nh my lc du v ho du
ngy nay. Dy chuyn reforming u tin ca hng UOP i vo hot ng
nm 1949 nh du s thng mi ho u ca qu trnh v tr thnh mt
tiu chun cho cc nh my lc du khp ni trn th gii.
Trong qu trnh reforming xc tc, naphtha c tip xc vi xc tc Pt
trn cht mang axit nhit cao 480 544 oC v p sut H2 trong khong t
345KPa n 3450 KPa (50 150 lb/in 2). Qu trnh reforming xc tc to ra
sn phm lng giu hydrocacbon thm, c tr s octan cao. Ngoi ra qu trnh
cn to ra H2, kh nh, LPG nh l nhng sn phm ph.
Qa trnh reforming xc tc c p dng trong cng nghip nng
cp phn on naphtha c tr s octan thp thnh sn phm c tr s octan cao,
ng thi l qu trnh ch yu sn xut cc hydrocacbon thm c tinh
khit cao. Vi nhng xc tc da trn c s kim loi Pt mang trn nhm xit
c tng hp mt cch c bit cho php qu trnh hot ng nhng iu
kin ti u nht. S chun b nguyn liu k trc khi thc hin qu trnh
m bo cho qu trnh x l tt bt k phn on naphtha no thu c nh
my lc du.
Vi vai tr ca ngi tin phong trong cng ngh reforming xc tc ,
UOP i u trong nhng ci tin mang tnh cht t ph nh : ti u ho
cc thng s cng ngh ca qu trnh, chn xc tc thch hp, thit k thit b.
Nhng ci tin ny nhm mt mc ch l tng hiu sut sn phm lng v tr
s octan m vn khng ch c s to thnh cc trn b mt xc tc. Con
ng a n hiu sut sn phm lng v tr s octan cao l qu trnh
lm vic iu kin p sut thp v khe kht cao. Tuy nhin, nu qu
trnh lm vic iu kin nh vy, tc phn ng to cc tng cao, iu
ny s dn n xc tc mau b gim hot tnh do cc to thnh s bao ph cc

tm hot tnh ca xc tc. Tc to cc tng khe kht cao hn ch hot
ng ca qu trnh v tnh kh thi ca vic gim p sut. Ch c s ci tin
xc tc khng th gii quyt c vn ny. Nhng ci tin v mt thit k
c t ra i vi cc nh cng ngh. Trong hng nm 60 ca th k 20
qu trnh reforming chu trnh c pht trin rng ri. Qu trnh c thc
hin bng mt dy chuyn c t 4 n 6 thit b phn ng ni tip, trong
c mt thit b phn ng c a ra hot ng ngoi tuyn ti sinh xc
tc trong khi cc thit b khc vn tip tc hot ng. Sau khi thc hin xong
vic ti sinh xc tc, thit b phn ng ny c a vo hot ng v mt
thit b phn ng khc c hot tnh xc tc gim n mc cn ti sinh
c a ra hot ng ngoi tuyn thc hin cng vic ti sinh xc tc,
Nh vy dy chuyn reforming xc tc chu trnh vn s dng thit b phn ng
xc tc c nh nhng khng phi ngng hot ng ti sinh xc tc.
UOP nhn ra s hn ch v n nh ca xc tc tng c nh nn
a ra qu trnh reforming ti sinh xc tc lin tc Platforming CCR
Trong qu trnh ny, xc tc chuyn ng lin tc khi thit b phn ng
cui a i ti sinh, sau li quay tr thit b phn ng u tin trong dy
chuyn bt u mt chu trnh mi. Qu trnh Platforming l mt thay i
ln trong cng ngh reforming. Nh ti sinh xc tc lin tc, nn cc khng
bm lu trn b mt xc tc v hot tnh ca xc tc c phc hi lin tc.
Qa trnh Platforming CCR c th lm vic iu kin p sut thp
345KPa(50 lb/in2), to ra sn phm c tr s octan cao ln n 108, hiu sut
sn phm lng tng m vn kim sot c s to thnh cc. Vi nhng u
im ni bt, qu trnh Platforming CCR c pht trin khng ngng,
hn 95% dy chuyn reforming xc tc mi c thit k theo m hnh ny.
Ni tm li, cng ngh reforming xc tc pht trin khng ngng theo
thi gian. Trong tin trnh ny p sut c h thp xung hn
400lb/in2(2760KPa), hiu sut hydro tng ln gp i. Tr s octan tng 12
n v cng vi hiu sut sm phm lng tng 2%th tch. S pht trin ca
qu trnh reforming xc tc ca hng UOP c minh ho trong hnh1.
II. Nguyn liu v x l nguyn liu [13], [15], [10].

II.1.Nguyn liu.
Nguyn liu ca qu trnh reforming xc tc thng l phn on
naphtha. Vy naphtha l g ?
Naphtha l mt thut ng chung c s dng rng ri trong cng
nghip lc du i vi sn phm lng thu c nh ca thp chng ct du
th p sut kh quyn. Khong nhit si i vi naphtha nh t 35 oC n
90oC, trong khi naphtha nng c nhit si trong khong 80 200 oC. Qu
trnh reforming xc tc s dng naphtha nng lm nguyn liu. Ngoi ra,
naphtha cn thu c t nhng qu trnh khc nh qu trnh craking xc tc,
qu trnh hydrocraking v qu trnh cc ho. Thnh phn ca naphtha thay i
tu thuc vo ngun gc du th v nhn c t qu trnh no.
Naphtha thu c t qu trnh chng ct kh quyn c c im l

khng c mt hp cht olefin. Nhng cu t chnh ca n l paraffin thng
hay phn nhnh, xyclo paraffin, hydrcacbon thm, t l tng i ca mi loi
hydrocacbon ph thuc vo ngun gc du th. Bng 1 a ra nhng kt qu
phn tch cho phn on naphtha t 2 loi du th khc nhau.
Bng 1 : tnh cht naphtha thu c t hai loi du th khc nhau
Cc thng s
o
Khong sI, C
T trng, 60/60oF
o
Marine Balayem
Bark-9
Egypt
58 170
Egypt
71 182
0,7485
0,735
API
57,55
Hm lng lu hunh, %kl
0,055
0,26
Paraffin
62,7
80,2
Naphthen
29,1
11,0
Aromatic
8,2
8,8
Loi hydrocacbon, %V
Nhng naphtha thu c t qu trnh craking, ni chung, cha mt lng

ng k olefin v c t l hydrocacbon thm v paraffin phn nhnh cao hn
so vi naphtha thu c t qu trnh chng ct kh quyn. Do c mt nhng
hydrocacbon khng bo ho cho nn chng km n nh hn. Trong cc nh
my lc du, ngi ta thng trn mi loi naphtha ny vi mt loi naphtha
khc lm nguyn liu, tu thuc vo c im ca tng qu trnh, ngay c
trong mt qu trnh, nhng vi nhng mc ch khc nhau s chn nguyn
liu cho ph hp, iu ny s c thy r trong qu trnh reforming xc tc.
Qu vy, mt naphtha nhiu paraffin s l nguyn liu tt cho qu trnh
craking hi, bi v nhit thp nhng parafin d b b gy hn so vi
nhng hydrocacbon khc, trong khi naphtha giu xyclo parafin li l
nguyn liu tuyt vi cho qu trnh reforming, l do l nhng xyclo parafin d

hydro ho to hydrocacbon thm.
Phn ln naphtha trong cng nghip du m c dng sn xut
xng. Naphtha nng t qu trnh chng ct kh quyn hoc t qu trnh
hydrocraking c ch s octan thp c s dng lm nguyn liu cho qu
trnh reforming xc tc . Ngoi ra naphtha cng l nguyn liu cho qu trnh
craking hi nc v reforming hi.
Trong qu trnh reforming xc tc, tu thuc vo mc ch qu trnh sn
xut xng s dng lm nhin liu hay hydrocacbon thm lm nguyn liu cho
cng nghip ho du m nguyn liu c la chn cho ph hp . Nu mc
ch ca qu trnh l sn xut xng ng c th phn on naphtha c nhit
si trong khong 85 180
Trong qu trnh reforming xc tc, tu thuc
vo mc ch qu trnh sn xut xng s dng lm nhin liu hay

hydrocacbon thm lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip ho du m nguyn liu
c la chn cho ph hp . Nu mc ch ca qu trnh l sn xut xng
ng c th phn on naphtha c nhit si trong khong 85 180 o C
hoc t 105-180
C c s dng lm nguyn liu. S dng phn on
naphtha c nhit si 60-85o C sn xut benzen, 85-105oC sn xut

toluene, 105-140oC sn xut xylen, phn on 62-140 oC c p dng
san xut hn hp benzen , toluene, v xylen.
nh hng ca nguyn liu n qu trnh khng ch l thnh phn ct
m cn l thnh phn ho hc ca nguyn liu. Nh ni trn thnh phn
ca naphtha thay i tu thuc vo ngun cung cp n. Thnh phn ho hc
ca nguyn liu s tc ng trc tip n d hay kh x l ca qu trnh .
d x l ca mt nguyn liu i vi qu trnh reforming xc tc c
xc nh bng hn hp P, N, Ar . Nhng hp cht hydrocacbon thm tri qua

qu trnh v bn cht l khng thay i. Naphthen phn ng tng i d
dng v c s chn lc to Ar cao. Nhng parafin kh chuyn ho nht, v v
vy khe kht ca trnh c xc nh bng chuyn ho ca parafin. Nu
qu trnh tin hnh khe kht thp th t parafin c chuyn ho, v
ngc li nu qu trnh tin hnh khe kht cao th chuyn ho ca
parafin s ln.
Naphtha c chia thnh naphtha ngho v naphtha giu. Nhng
naphtha giu vi mt t l naphthen cao s d x l hn trong qu trnh
reforming xc tc. Hnh 2 minh ho nh hng ca thnh phn naphtha n
chuyn ho tng i ca nguyn liu di nhng iu kin nh nhau.
Mt nguyn liu giu naphthen to ra hiu sut reformat ln hn l nguyn
liu ngho naphthen.
nh gi cht lng nguyn liu reforming xc tc thng qua thnh
phn nguyn liu, UOP a ra mt chun s tng quan KUOP c xc
nh theo biu thc :
KUOP = 12,6 (N + 2Ar)
.N : % naphthen
N : % naphthen
Ar : % hydrocacbon thm
Trong nguyn liu reforming xc tc, KUOP v c bit l N + Ar thay i

trong mt khong rng (N + Ar = 30 50 ). Nu K UOP = 10 th nguyn liu
cha nhiu Ar hn . Nu KUOP = 11 th nguyn liu cha nhiu hydrocacbon
thm mt vng v naphten. Cn nu KUOP = 12 th nguyn liu cha mt
lng bng nhau gia hydrocacbon vng v parafin . Nh vy nu K UOP cng
thp hay N+Ar trong nguyn liu cng cao th nguyn liu cng cha nhiu
naphthen v aromatic th nguyn liu cng thun li nhn reformat c
tr s octan cao.
Bn cnh nhng nh hng ca thnh phn ct v thnh phn ho hc
ca nguyn liu n qu trnh, cc tp cht trong nguyn liu c nhng tc
ng thng l c hi. Nhng tp cht trong nguyn liu ca qu trnh

reforming xc tc l nhng hp cht ca lu hunh , nit, oxi, ngoi ra cn c
nhng kim loi nng nh As, Pb, Cd, Co, Fe, Mg, V, Mn, Zn v Mo.
Cc hp cht hu c cha S, N, O hay kim loi nng l nhng cht c
i vi xc tc reforming
Cc hp cht lu hunh d u c xc tc Pt, lm gim hot tnh hydro
ho - hydro ho i vi kim loi Pt. Nhng hp cht lu hunh khc nhau
s c mc u c khc nhau. Mercaptan v sunfit lm gim hot tnh xc
tc mnh hn cc hp cht loi thiophen v hydrosunfua hay lu hunh
nguyn t. Nu nguyn liu c hm lng lu hunh cao th hiu sut v cht
lng reformat s gim xung, ngoi ra s c mt hydrosunfua trong kh tun
hon s lm tng kh nng n mn thit b.
Khi xc tc tip xc vi nguyn liu cha lu hunh khng ch Pt b
ng c m ngay c Al2O3 cng b bin i do n tc dng vi hp cht lu
hunh to ra Al2(SO4)3, hp cht ny s lm cho qu trnh ti sinh phc tp
hn, ngay c sau khi chuyn Al2(SO4)3 thnh Al2O3 nhng hot tnh xc tc
b gim ng k.
Cc hp cht ca nit c trong nguyn liu cng nh hng xu n
hot tnh xc tc. Khi tip xc vi cc hp cht nit v d nh NH 3 , hot
tnh ca xc tc gim nhanh c bit l chc axit v NH 3 mang tnh baz s
trung ho cc tm axit ca xc tc, nh vy, s lm gim tc cc phn ng
ng phn ho, vng ho, hydrocraking.
Nc c trong nguyn liu s lm gim nhanh chc axit ca xc tc do
nc lm ra tri Clo trn b mt xc tc, bi vy n s lm nh hng n
cn bng kim loi/axit ca xc tc. Khng nhng th H 2O cn lm tng kh
nng n mn thit b. Hm lng noc c khng ch sao cho cn 10
15ppm. Bin php tch bt nc l phi x l nguyn liu trc bng qu
trnh lm kh dng ry phn t hoc phun mt hp cht Clo hu c vo
nguyn liu v d nh 1,1,2 triclo etan, hp cht ny s tham gia phn ng
hydrogenolys to ra HCl, HCl s tng tc vi b mt xc tc b p lng

Clo mt.
Cc kim loi nng cng c nhng nh hng xu n qu trnh. Cc
kim loi As, Pb s gy ng c mnh xc tc. Cc hp cht ch s tch ng
dn trn b mt xc tc v lm thay i nhanh hot tnh ca xc tc . Hm
lng ch cho php <0,02ppm, ca As <0,01ppm . Nhng kim loi nng khc
nh Cd, Cr, Co, Fe, Mg, V, Mn, Zn v Mo phi thp hn 600ppm. S c mt
nhng kim loi ny s tng nguy c xy ra thiu kt xc tc, c l l do nhng
kim loi ny to hp kim vi kim loi ca xc tc, hp kim ny c nhit
nng chy thp hn nhit trong qu trnh phn ng cng nh khi ti sinh.
Vi nhng yu cu kht khe v hm lng cc cht phihydrocacbon
trong nguyn liu cho nn cn phi x l hydro trc khi thc hin qu trnh
reforming xc tc.
II.2 X l hydro nguyn liu.
II.2.1 C s ho hc
Ho hc ca qu trnh x l hydro c th c chia thnh mt s loi
phn ng, phn ng hydro sunfua ho, phn ng hydro nit ho,phn
ng bo ho nhng olefin v hydrocacbon thm.
II.2.1.1Phn ng hydro sunfua ho.
Phn ng hydro sunfua ho l phn ng ph bin nht trong qu trnh
x l hydro. Nhng hp cht hydrocacbon cha S di mt s dng v kh
nng tch S i vi mi loi hp cht l khc nhau. Mc tch S gn nh l
hon ton i vi phn on naphtha. Cc hp cht lu hunh di y c
sp
SH
xp
CH3-CH2-SH
thiophenol
H3C -CH-CH
2-CH2-SH
2
diphenylsunfit
thiophenol
CH3
3metyl - 1 - butanethiol
kh tch lu hunh tng dn.

CH3-CH2-S-CH2-CH3
dietylsunfit
CH3-CH2-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-CH3
dipropylsunfit
theo
mc
CH3
( H3C-CH2-CH -CH )-S
di-isoamylsunfit
Phn ng hydro sunfua ho i vi hp cht thiophen xy ra cc

nhanh.
SH
+ SH2
+ H2
Nhng hp cht lu hunh vng kh x l hn do lu hunh lin kt vi

hai nguyn t cacbon thuc hai vng khc nhau.
+2H2
+ SH2
Trong cc phn ng sunfua u to ra H 2S, do vy phn ng xy ra

hon ton cn phi tch H2S khi hn hp phn ng.
II.2.1.2. Phn ng hydro nit ho.
Nhng hp cht ca nit xut hin trong du th mt cch t nhin. Hp
cht nit c chia thnh 2 loi : hp cht nit baz(nit lin kt vi vng 6
cnh ), hp cht nit trung ho (nit lin kt vi vng 5 cnh), nhng hp
cht nit
h p cht nit
baz
c mt trong
liu
h p cht nit
trung tnh
N
quinolin
N
pyridin
N
iso-quinolin
reforming c vit di y
HN
indol
pyrol
NH
NH
carbazon
NH2
amin
(rt t)
nguyn
NH2
H3C
alkylamin
anilin
S phc tp ca hp cht nit, lm cho phn ng nit kh khn hn

so vi phn ng sunfua ho.
Trong phn ng nit ho, bc u tin l qua giai on bo ho
hydrocacbon thm, sau mi thc hin tch nit.
H2
+ NH3
NH
Chnh v s kt hp 2 giai on bo ho v tch nit, cho nn phn ng

hydro nit ho tiu th H 2 nhiu hn so vi phn ng hydro sunfua ho,
iu ny cng c ngha l phn ng hydro nit ho thu nhit nhiu hn
phn ng hydro sunfua ho.
Cc phn ng hydro nit ho u to ra kh NH 3, cho nn phn ng
xy ra hon ton, NH3 phi c tch ra khi hn hp phn ng.
II.2.1.3. Phn ng bo ho olefin.
Cng tng t nh phn ng hydro sunfua ho, phn ng bo ho
olefin xy ra cc nhanh, hydro cng vo olefin to thnh hp cht no tng
ng. Phn ng ny to nhit mnh. Nu mt naphtha c cha mt lng ng
k olefin, th nhit to ra ca phn ng ny phi c tnh n khi thit k dy
chuyn x l
CH3 + H2
H 2C
H 3C
CH3
+ H2
H 3C
CH3
+ H2
H 3C
CH3
II.2.1.4. Phn ng bo ho hydrocacbon thm.
CH3
CH3
hydro.
Phn ng bo ho hydrocacbon thm xy ra theo cng mt c ch nh

phn ng bo ho olefin. Bi v phn ng ny to nhit mnh cho nn vic
khng ch mt nhit thch hp trong qu trnh rt l quan trng.
C H3
CH3
+
3H 2
+ 2H 2
+ 3 H2
Ngoi nhng vai tr nh trn, qu trnh x l hydro cng c thit k

tch mt lng nh kim loi nng khi nguyn liu. Nhng kim loi nng
c tch ra bao gm Ni, V, l nhng kim loi c mt thng xuyn trong
du th, ngoi ra cn c ch v silicon l nhng cht b ln vo trong qu
trnh lm vic ca nh my lc du. Nhng kim loi ny s u c xc tc
trong nhng qu trnh sau. Trc kia, cc nh my lc du vn hnh dy
chuyn x l hydro cho n khi xc tc khng cn kh nng hp ph nhng
kim loi nng trong nguyn liu. T nm 1990 tr li y, cc thit b x l
hydro c np mt loi xc tc c kh nng tch kim loi hiu qu nu
nguyn liu cha mt lng ng k kim loi nng.
II.2.2. Xc tc cho qu trnh x l hydro
Mt xc tc c thch hp hay khng tu thuc vo cht lng nguyn
liu v mc ch ca qu trnh. Nhng xc tc c s dng trong qu trnh
x l hydro ca hng UOP c din tch b mt ln, phn tn kim loi hot
tnh cao.
Vi qu trnh hydro sunfua ho, loi xc tc c s dng l xc tc
Cobal - Molypden. Thnh phn ca xc tc ny c cho trong bng 2 i
khi xc tc Niken-Molypden cng c s dnh trong qu trnh ny.
Bng 2 : Thnh phn xc tc cho qu trnh x l hydro nguyn liu
Reforming xc tc.
Cu t
Khong %kl
CoO
MoO3
Al2O3
15
6 25
93 70
Thnh phn 1 xc tc
in hnh%kl
3
12
85
Vi qu trnh hydro nit ho, xc tc Niken Molypden thng c

s dng.
C 2 loi xc tc trn u c hot tnh tt cho phn ng bo ho
hydrocacbon thm v khng no. i vi phn ng bo ho hydrocacbon
thm, vic la chn mt xc tc ph thuc vo mc ch ca qu trnh. Trong
nhiu trng hp, xc tc Niken Molypden cng m bo c yu cu,
trong trng hp m nguyn liu nhiu hydrocacbon thm th hng UOP s
xc tc c cha nhng kim loi qu (Pd, Pt).
Ni tm li, vic la chn xc tc cho qu trnh x l hydro tu thuc
vo mc ch ca qu trnh, i vi nguyn liu cho qu trnh reforming xc
tc th mc ch tnh lu hunh l chnh, do vy xc tc s dng l NikenMolypden v Cobal Molypden mang trn Al2O3 c s dng.
II.2.3.Dy chuyn x l hydro(Hnh 3).
Naphtha c trn ln vi kh hydro tun hon, hn hp oc t nng
nh dng sn phm lng ca qu trnh, sau hn hp c gia nhit n
nhit phn ng trc khi hn hp i vo thit b x l hydro. Dng ra khi
thit b phn ng c h thp nhit nh trao i nhit vi nguyn liu v
mt lot cc thit b lm lnh. Tip theo, hn hp i vo thit b tch , hi
c nn li v kt hp vi H2 mi quay tr li trn ln vi nguyn liu,
phn lng t thp tch c a n mt thp chng, y H 2S v NH3 c
tch khi naphtha sch.
Qu trnh x l hydro phn on naphtha d hn so vi cc phn on

khc. Bng 3 di y s cung cp nhng thng s hot ng c bn ca dy
nguyn liu
5
1
n c ra
phn nh
7
4
hi n c
n c chua
hydro bxung
sn phm
tch S
1. t/b phn ng, 2.l t, 3. my nn hydro bxung, 4. t/b tch

5. my nn khtun hon, 6. thp ra, 7. t/b trao i nhit
H
nh 3 : S x l hydro
chuyn x l hydro phn on naphtha v cc phn on khc chng ta c

th so snh mc kh d gia cc qu trnh
Bng 3 : Nhng thng s hot ng ca qu trnh x l hydro mt s
phn on du m.
II.3 Sn phm ca qu trnh reforming xc tc.
Sn phm ca qu trnh reforming xc tc l xng c tr s octan cao,
hydrocacban thm v kh hdro k thut.
II.3.1.Xng.
Cht lng xng nhn c ph thuc vo cht lng ca xc tc, ca
nguyn liu v ch cng ngh ca qu trnh. Tu theo thnh phn ho hc
v thnh phn ct ca nguyn liu ban u m ta c th nhn xng vi cht
lng khc nhau. Vi qu trnh reforming xc tc, s liu bng 4 ch r s
Nhng thng s hot ng
-1
Naphtha
LHSV, h
1,0 5,0
3
3
t l H2/RH, Nm /m
50
p sut ring phn H2,
14
kg/cm2
Nhit , oC
290
Phn ct
Gasoil
Gasoil
gia
1,0 4,0
135
nh
1,0 3,0
170
nng
0,77 2,0
337
28
35
55
330
345
355
ph thuc cht lng xng n nh vo thnh phn khc nhau ca nguyn

liu.
Bng 4 : cht lng xng ca qu trnh reforming xc tc

Ch tiu ca
xng n nh
d420,g/cm3
Thnh phn
ct 0oC
Nhit si
u
10%
50%
90%
Nhit si
cui
Olefin
Hydrocacbon
thm
Paafin v
naphthen
tr s MON
RON
40
Hm lng parafin trong nguyn liu

<65
<40
0,785
0,798
0,796
0,772
49
42
59
58
82
135
172
76
76
97
141
171
110
141
168
202
214
199
205
2,2
Thnh phn
0,9
1,0
0,5
59
65
62
68,5
38
33,7
37
31
80
89
85
95
80
89
85
95
Thnh phn ho hc ch yu ca xng reforming xc tc l hydrocacbon

thm v parafin, cn hm lng olefin rt nh, khng qu 3%, hm lng
naphthen cng thp, thng nh hn 10%. Cc hp cht thm li thng tp
trung phn on c nhit si cao, do s phn b tr s octan theo
thnh phn ct khng u. Tr s octan phn cui phn on tng ln rt
nhanh so vi u phn on. S liu bng 5 chng t iu ny.
Bng 5 : c trng phn b tr s octan ca xng reforming xc tc khi

RON=83
Nhit
Hiu
Parafin
Olefin
Naphthe
RH thm
si oC
n 60
sut %V
%V
%V
n %V
%V
5,03
99,1
0,6
0,1
89,6
4,87
9,72
9,96
9,87
9,88
9,78
9,84
9,91
9,91
4,95
5,77
0,57
95,6
67,2
63,6
34,5
55,9
43,3
30,4
39,7
25,2
15,5
10
1,0
1,4
1,2
1,6
1,4
1,0
1,8
1,8
1,5
4,0
3,6
21,9
23,9
12,6
11,3
8,3
5,6
6,9
3,0
2,3
5,0
0,8
9,7
11,1
51,7
31,2
47,0
63,0
51,6
70,0
80,7
90,0
78,9
73,2
64,0
88,3
66,0
82,0
92,5
80,0
94,7
99,1
104,5
60-86
86-102
102-111
111-130
130-139
139-141
141-161
161-170
170-183
183
Mt mt
RON
II.3.2. Hydrocacbon thm.

Hydrocacbon thm loi benzene, toluene, xylen ch yu nhn c t
qu trnh reforming xc tc. Khi kt hp vi cc qu trnh khc nh phn
chia, ti phn b, hydrodealkyl, isome ho s cho php nhn B, T, X rt thch
hp cho cc qu trnh tng hp ho du.
II.3.3. Kh hydro k thut
kh hydro k thut l kh cha hm lng hydro ln hn 80% v l mt

sn phm quan trng ca qu trnh reforming xc tc. Kh hydro ny mt
phn c tun hon tr li qu trnh reforming, cn phn ln c dn sang
b phn lm sch, x l nguyn liu v cc phn on sn phm ct. y l
ngun hydro r tin nht trong tt c cc qu trnh sn xut hydro.
III. Xc tc cho qu trnh reforming. [13], [1], [3], [10]

Theo lch s pht trin ca qu trnh reforming xc tc, nm 1930 ngui ta
p dng qu trnh reforming u tin vi cht xc tc l oxit molipden
mang trn oxit nhm. Loi xc ny c u im gi thnh r , d sn xut v
bn vi tc dng ca lu hunh, nhng xc tc molipden c nhc im hot
tnh khng cao, trong mt thi gian rt ngn phi dng qu trnh ti
sinh xc tc do cc lng trn b mt ca xc tc. V th xc tc ny nhanh
chng nhng ch cho xc tc mi c hot tnh cao hn, c chn lc v
c thi gian lm vic lu hn l xc tc da trn c s kim loi platin
mang trn cht mang axit. Vo nm 1949, xc tc Pt/Al 2O3 c p dng
vo cng ngh reforming xc tc. Do c hot tnh cao v n nh tt nn
c th tin hnh qu trnh khe kht cao m vn t hiu qa cao, tr s
octan cao, xc tc c d bn c v bn nhit , thi gian lm vic lu hn.
So vi qu trnh craking xc tc, qu trnh reforming xc tc c nhng
c im ho hc khc r rt v i hi mt xc tc vi hai chc nng, mt
chc axit thc y nhng phn ng ng phn ho, phn ng ng vng,
phn ng hydrocraking v phn hydro alkyl ho, chc hydro v hydro
ho do kim loi m nhim.
Xc tc reforming bao gm Pt l ngun cung cp tm hot tnh hydro

v hydro ho, Al2O3 va ng vai tr l cht mang va ng vai tr l
ngun cung cp tm axit. axit ca Al2O3 cn c tng cng bng cch
a Clo vo cu trc ca xc tc. Nu lng Clo vt qu gii hn cho php
s dn dn tng cng mnh phn ng hydrocraking , phn ng hydo alkyl
ho v tng tc to cc. Ngc li, nu hm lng lng Clo m thp th
nhng phn ng xc tc bi chc axit s t c u tin, nh vy s lm
gim s to thnh hydrocacbon thm v tr s octan ca sn phm gim.
Nh vy c xc tc reforming tt, khi tng hp xc tc chng ta phi
iu chnh tng quan gia hai chc ca xc tc sao cho t d chn lc
mong mun. chn lc ca xc tc c nh gi thng qua biu thc sau.
R=
dehydro vng ho
hydrocraking +hydroisome ho +dehydro vng ho
Gi tr R cng ln chn lc xc tc cng cao. Do vy vic to nn s

cn bng gia hai chc ca xc tc gi vai tr ch o khi ch to xc tc
hot tnh ca xc tc c nh gi qua hiu sut v cht lng
reformat n nh. hot tnh ch yu ph thuc vo hm lng kim loi Pt
v c bit l phn tn ca n trn cht mang axit. Ngi ta quan st v
nhn thy rng nu cc ht phn tn c kch thc nh hn 10A o l cc tm
hot tnh mnh, cn khi kch thc ht phn tn > 70 Ao th xc tc khng cn
hot tnh i vi nhng phn ng c li ca qu trnh reforming. Trong thc
t cc ch tiu c bn c dng nh gi cht lng ca xc tc l hiu
sut xng n nh, tr s octan ca xng, hiu sut hydrocacbon thm, hiu
sut v thnh phn ca sn phm kh cng vi thi gian lm vic ca xc tc.
Trc yu cu xc tc c hot tnh cao v c n nh tt qu trnh
reorming c th hot ng p sut thp, UOP ngh s dng xc tc hai
kim loi. Qua ngin cu thy rng, vic b sung thm mt lng nh Re km
vi vic x l trc vi 10 20ppm H 2S s ci thin thi gian lm vic ca
xc tc. Ngi ta cho rng Re s gp phn phn tn Pt trn b mt xc tc
thnh nhng ht nh hn, lm gim kh nng to thnh cc v bng cch ny

lm tng khong thi gian gia hai ln ti sinh xc tc. Nhng cht kch ng
khc nh Ge (McCallister and ONeal, 1971), Ir (Garten v Sinfelt, 1980), v
Sn (Vlten and Kijrschner, 1983) cng c s dng thay th Re, tu thuc
vo nguyn liu v iu kin ca qu trnh. Ir l kim loi duy nht c kh
nng tng cng tc phn ng hydro ho trong khi li gim ng k
hot tnh i vi nhng phn ng hydrogenolyse, phn ny s to ra nhng
tin cht ca cc.
Trong qu trnh tng hp xc tc cha Re, bc u tin l ngm tm
Al2O3 (din tch b mt ring l 200 cm 2/kg, thng c dng hnh cu ng
knh 1,5 6 mm) vo mt dung dch nc ca H2PtCl6 v HReO4, Clorit c
cng vo dung dch di dng HCl tng cng tnh axit ca xc tc.
Al-OH +
HCl
Al-Cl
H2O
Tip theo tin hnh trung ho dung dch bng NH 4OH. Sau khi lm kh
tch nc, xc tc c nung trong khng kh ti 500 oC. Xc tc c hm
lng Pt v Re khong 0,35 0,5% cho mi kim loi. Hm lng Clo khong
1%. Xc tc c hot ho bng phn ng kh vi H 2. Thng thng, xc tc
s c x l s b vi 10 20 ppm H 2S lm cho hot tnh xc tc v pha
nhng phn ng craking khng qu nhiu. Mt hp cht ca Clo v d 1,1,2
tricloetan c a vo nguyn liu vi hm lng thp gi nguyn
axit ca xc tc trong qu trnh lm vic.
Khng c s thng nht quan im gia cc ti liu v s tng tc ca
Pt v Re. Mt s nh khoa hc th cho rng c kh nng tn ti mt hp kim
gia Pt v Re, mt s khc li cho rng Pt v Re tn ti c lp. S c mt
ca hi nc trong qu trnh kh ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to ra
cu trc ca xc tc.
u im ni bt ca xc tc a kim loi l tc tr ho ca n nh
hn nhiu so vi xc tc ch cha mt kim loi. iu cho php sut gim
p sut qu trnh xung cn 1,4 1,5 MPa khi lm vic vi dy chuyn xc

tc c nh v vi dy chuyn xc tc chuyn ng cn thp hn nua 0,5 1
MPa. Trong nhng nm 90 ca th k 20, hng UOP p dng cng ngh
xc tc chuyn ng lm vic vi p sut thp hn na ch khong 3,5 at. Khi
gim p sut chn lc ca xc tc tng cao, nht l khi nguyn liu c hm
lng parafin ln. Khi lm tng vai tr phn ng hydro ng vng
parafin, 50% - 60% hydrocacbon thm nhn c t chuyn ho parafin, do
tri s octan ca sn phm rt cao.
S ci tin xc tc cho cng ngh reforming ca hng UOP trong nhng
nm 90 ca th k 20 c th c tm tt nh sau :
Vo nm 1992, UOP p dng xc tc k hiu R-56 vo qu trnh
reforming tng c nh, y l xc c hot tnh cao v n nh nht cho qu
trnh reforming c nh.
Nm 1994, UOP a ra xc tc R-72. Xc tc R-72 vn da trn c s
Pt trn cht mang axit nhng mt cu t th hai c thm vo m khng
phi l Re. So vi xc tc Pt-Re, R72 lm tng chn lc ca phn ng
chuyn ho parafin thnh hydrocacbon thm v hn ch s m vng ca
naphthen 5 cnh. Xc tc ny l mt ci tin vt bc so vi xc tc R-22, R32, R-132. Xc tc R72 to ra hiu sut C5+ cao hn 1 2% th tch , hiu
sut hydro cao hn 10 15% so vi xc tc Pt Re. Tnh cht ca xc tc R
72, R 62 v R 56 c trnh by bng 6 di y.
Bng 6 : Tnh cht ca xc tc Pt-Re v R-72
Tnh cht
Hnh dng
lb/ft3
kg/m3
Pt, %kl
Re, %kl
R 62
Hnh cu
44,3
710
0,22
0,44
R 56
Hnh tr
52,3
838
0,25
0,4
R 72
Hnh cu
44,3
710
0,3
0
Mt hn ch ca xc tc R-72 l c n nh km hn so vi xc tc PtRe. m bo n nh ca xc tc trong qu trnh reforming, UOP d

a ra mt gii php kt hp 2 loi xc tc R-72 v mt xc tc Pt-Re trong
cng mt qu trnh pht huy nhng u im ca cc loi xc tc v hn
ch nhng nhc im ca mi loi xc tc. Trn c s ng hc ca qu
trnh, phn ng hydro ho naphthen to hydrocacbon thm xy ra nhanh
nht v c chn lc ln nht. Phn ng kh khn nht l phn ng
hydro ng vng parafin, c bit l nhng parafin mch ngn. Do s chnh
lch v tc phn ng gia cc phn ng, nn cc phn ng ny s xy ra
trong nhng thit b khc nhau ca dy h thng phn ng. Trong phn
ng hydro ho naphthen xy ra ch yu trong thit b phn ng u
tinv thit b phn ng th hai, cn phn ng ng phn ho, craking v
hydro vng ho xy ra trong nhng thit b phn ng sau. Mt xc tc ti u
cho nhng phn ng trong thit b phn ng u cha chc l ti u cho
thit b phn ng sau, xc tc np vo nhng thit b phn ng u phi thch
hp cho phn ng hydro ho naphthen v hydro ng vng parafin
mch di. Xc tc np vo nhng thit b phn ng sau phi tng cng phn
ng hydro vng ho parafin mch ngn. Nhng nghin cu ch ra rng
phn ng to cc xy ra tp trung trong nhng thit b phn ng cui do nng
hydrocacbon thm cao v nhit trung bnh ca xc tc cao, do thi
gian mt chu trnh s ko di thm nu s dng mt xc tc ngn cn hiu qu
s to thnh cc nhng thit b phn ng cui. Vi s phn tch nh trn,
UOP np R-72 vo thit b phn ng u v xc tc Pt-Re cho nhng thit
b phn ng sau trong h thng phn ng.
Vi s p dng cng ngh reforming CCR, bt u t nm 1971, vic ci
tin xc tc sang mt giai on mi p ng nhng yu cu ca qu
trnh reforming CCR. u tin, UOP cng p dng h xc tc Pt-Re cho dy
chuyn reforming CCR u tin nhng chng bao lu sau, UOP nhanh
chng pht trin xc tc R-30 m bo hiu xut xng v hiu sut hydro
cao hn, nhng ci tin xc tc p dng cho cng ngh reforming CCR tp
trung gii quyt nhng vn sau y
- h thp n mc thp nht lng cc to ra gim chi ph cho hot
ng ti sinh.
- kh nng chu ng cao i vi qu trnh ti sinh nhiu giai on
nhm ko di thi gian lm vic ca xc tc. t c mc ch
ny, cn phi hn ch nguy c gim din tch b mt xc tc, iu
ny v cng quan trng, bi v, nu din tch b mt xc tc m gim
s dn n vic phn tn nhng kim loi hot tnh trn b mt xc tc
s ht sc kh khn.
- Ci tin bn c v bn nhit ca xc tc gim s mt mt
xc tc.
Vo nm 1992, UOP thng mi ho xc tc R-130. Xc tc R-130 c
c im bn c cao, hot tnh tnh cao v n nh din tch b mt R130 gp phn ti u ho qu trnh reforming CCR.
IV. C s ho hc v ho l ca qu trnh reforming xc tc. [10], [13],

[15]
Nhng phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh reforming xc tc c th c chia
thnh 5 loi phn ng : phn ng hydro ho, phn isome ho, phn ng
hydro vng ho, phn ng hydrocraking, phn ng hydro alkyl ho.
su i vi mi phn ng tu thuc vo cht lng nguyn liu, iu kin ca

qu trnh v loi xc tc.
Bi v nguyn liu cho qu trnh reforming xc tc bao gm phn ln l
nhng ng phn ca naphthen v parafin cho nn nhiu phn ng xy ra
ng thi. Tc ca cc phn ng thay i ng k theo s nguyn t
cacbon ca tc nhn phn ng.
hydro hydrocacbon
n-parafin
Alkyl xyclohexan
ho
thm
hydrocraking
sn phm
craking
hydrohydro Alkyl xyclopentan
craking iso-parafin
ho
Hnh 4 : Cc phn ng chnh trong qu trnh reforming xc tc
Hai bng di y s trnh by mt vi thng s nhit ng v ng hc
ca mt s phn ng chnh trong qu trnh.
Bng 7
: Thng s nhit ng hc ti 500 oC ca mt vi phn ng
xy ra trong qu trnh reforming xc tc.

Phn ng
Loi phn ng
Kp
HR
Xyclo hexan
Metylxyclohexan
benzen +3H2
toluene +
hydro
6.105
cal.mol-1
52800
3H2
Metylxyclopentan
Metylxyclopentan
n-Hexan
n-Hexan + H2
hydro
2.106
51500
xycloexan
bezen + 3H2
1-hexen +H2
2-
Isome ho
hydro
hydro
0,086
5,2.104
0,037
-3800
49000
31000
metylpentan
n-Hexan + H2
Isome ho
1,14
-1400
3-
Isome ho
0,76
-1100
hydro
hydrocraking
hydrocraking
0,78.105
3,1.103
1,2.104
63600
-12300
-14800
metylpentan
n-Hexan
n-Heptan + H2
n-Heptan + H2
nhexan+metan
benzen + 3H2
butan+propan
Bng 8
Phn ng
c im
Tc
nhit ca
tng
phn ng
hydro hoa
iu kin thun
li
Nhit ng hc :
nhit cao, p
CH3
H3C
Thu nhit
+ 3H2
(104)
180
mnh
(124)
sut thp.
ng hc : nhit
cao, p sut
Phn ng isome ho
thp.
Nhit ng hc :
t b nh hng
CH3(CH2)6CH3
bi nhit v
CH3(CH2)4CH(CH3)2
To nhit nh
12
(-19)
p sut.
ng hc : nhit
(21,7)
cao, p sut
cao.
Nhit ng hc :
nhit thp
To nhit nh
H3C
ng hc : nhit
cao, p sut
(107)
(110)
thp
Phn ng A
hydrocrakingb
CH3(CH2)5CH3
Nhit ng hc :
CH3CH2CH3 +
nhit thp
(0)
To nhit
(113)
ng hc : nhit
cao, p sut
thp
CH3(CH2)2CH3
Phn ng hydro ng vngb
Nhit ng hc :
nhit cao, p
CH3
CH3(CH2)5CH3
(0)
+ 3H2
M +A
(124)
Thu nhit
sut thp
ng hc : nhit
cao, p sut
Nhng phn ng ch yu trong qu trnh reforming xc tc vitc

tng i v iu kin thch hp cho mi phn ng v km theo gi tr
RON ca mi cht
a : phn ng t n cn bng nhit ng iu kin reforming trong cng
nghip
b : phn ng khng t cn bng iu kin reforming trong cng nghip
IV.1.Phn ng hydro ho naphthen.
Phn ng ny c th c biu din bng s hydro ho xycloheptan
thnh toluen.
H3C
CH3
3H2
Phn ng ny c thc y bi vai tr hydro ho ca tm kim loi

trn b mt ca xc tc. C ch ca phn ng ny c th c vit nh sau:
T s liu ca 2 bng trn ta thy rng phn ng ny xt v mt nhit
ng hc v ng hc iu kin ca qu trnh reforming u thun li, cho

nn phn ng xy ra nhanh, v mau chng t n cn bng. Phn ng ny
thu nhit mnh, tng th tch, c 1mol xyclo hexan to ra 1mol benzen v 3
mol hydro nn theo nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng nu tng nhit v
gim p sut th phn ng chuyn dch sang phi.
IV.2.Phn ng ng phn ho.
Ngi ta phn chia phn ng ng phn ho thnh hai loi : phn ng
ng phn ho n parafin thnh iso parafin v phn ng chuyn ho xyclo 5
cnh thnh xyclo 6 cnh.
IV.2.1. Phn ng ng phn ho parafin.
Phn ng ny c th c vit tng qut nh sau:
iso parafin ( Q = 2Kcal/mol ).
n parafin
Phn ng ny c thc y bi tm axit ca xc tc.

C ch phn ng c th c vit :
A
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
CH3-CH2-CH2-C+H-CH3
CH3-CH2-CH2-C+H-CH3
CH3-CH2-C+-CH3
CH3-CH2-C+-CH3 + RH
CH3-CH2-CH-CH3
CH3
CH3
Phn ng ny c tc trung bnh, t n cn bng trong vng lm

vic ca thit b phn ng iu kin 500oC vi xc tc Pt/Al2O3 nh sau:
n-C6 : 30% ; n-C5 : 40% ; n-C4 : 60%;
Phn ng ny c vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh reforming xc tc v
vi cc parafin nh phn ng ny lm ci thin tr s octan, v d n-C 5 c
RON = 62 trong khi RON ca iso-C5 l trn 80. Cc n-parafin cao hn C5 ,
phn ng isome ho xy ra d nhng li lm tng khng nhiu NO v cn c
mt nhng n parafin tr s octan rt thp. V d, n-C 7 c NO = 0, cn trimetyl
butan c NO = 55, do m phn ng isome ho tt nht nn tin hnh vi n
parafin nh. V khi sn phm c NO cao hn so vi khi tin hnh isome

ho n parafin cao hn.
IV.2.2.Phn isome ho alkylxycloparafin.
Phn isome ho alkylxyclopentan thnh xyclo hexan c hiu ng nhit
thp (5kcal/mol) nn khi tng nhit cn bng chuyn dch v pha vng 5
cnh. Tuy nhin do tc phn ng hydro ho xyclo xy ra nhanh nn
phn ng ng phn ho xy ra d dng hn.
Mt iu ht sc lu l cnh tranh vi phn ng ng phn ho
alkylxyclopentan thnh xyclo hexan l phn ng m vng ca
alkylxyclopentan thnh parafin, y l phn ng khng mong mun xy ra
C ch phn ng isome ho alkylxyclopentan thnh xyclo hexan c th
c vit nh di y.
-H2
R'
R'
+
CHM
CH+
+H2
IV.3 Phn ng hydrocraking.

i vi parafin, thng xy ra cc phn ng hydrocraking v
hydrogenolyse.
R-C-C-R1+ H2
R-C-C-R 1 + H2
R-CH3 (iso) +R1-CH 3(iso)

+CH4
R 2-CH3
phn ng hydrocraking
i v i naphthen
+ H2
+ 2
R3H
R4H +R5H
Phn ng hydrocraking l mt phn ng tiu th H 2, lm tng hiu sut

sn phm kh, lm gim hiu sut sn phm lng. Phn ng xy ra thun li
iu kin nhit cao v p sut ring phn ca H 2 cao. Lin kt b b gy c
th mt v tr bt k trn mch hydrocacbon. Tuy nhin hydrocraking nhng
phn t mch di c th to ra C6, C7, C8, nhng sn phm ny tip tc tham
gia phn ng isome ho hoc hydro ho ng vng to thnh nhng sn
phm qu. Hn th na khi nhng parafin b b gy v bin mt khi khong
si ca xng th nhng hydrocacbon thm cn trong reformat c nng cao,
nh vy tr s octan ca sn phm s tng.
IV.4. Phn ng hydro alkyl ho
Hydro alkyl ho l mt phn ng craking nhm alkyl mch ngoi
nhn thm trong s c mt ca H2. Ging nh phn ng hydrocraking, phn
ng ny tiu th H2 thun li iu kin p sut hydro cao, lm tng hiu
sut sn phm kh. Phn ng gp phn lm tng hiu sut benzene do
metylbenzen v etylbenzen b alkyl ho. Nu mch alkyl ln , phn ng
ny tng t nh phn ng craking parafin. Mc du phn ng to nhit nh
nhng giai on b gy li thun li iu kin nhit cao.
C H3
+
H2
CH 4
IV. Phn ng hydro ng vng parafin

Phn ng hydro ng vng parafin c th biu din bng phn ng ca
n hexan.
CH3-(CH2)-CH3
4
+3H2
Bc u tin ca phn ng l s hydro ho phn t hexan to ra 1

hexen ( nhng ng phn 2- hexen v 3- hexen cng c th xut hin nhng
s ng vng xy ra theo mt c ch khc).
y l mt phn ng thu nhit v s to thnh hydrocacbon thm thun
li iu kin nhit cao v p sut thp. Tuy nhin tc phn ng ny
thp hn rt nhiu so vi phn ng hydro ho xyclo hexan. Phn ng
hydro ng vng parafin ch c th nhn c hiu sut hydrocacbon thm
ng k khi thc hin iu kin nhit cao. Khi chiu di mch cacbon
ca phn t parafin cng ln th hng s cn bng to hydrocacbon thm ng
tng ln.
Phn t xycloparafin di tc dng hydro ca tm kim loi trn xc tc
to thnh olefin, sau phn t olefin ny tng tc vi tm axit ca xc tc
to thnh mt cacbocation. S to thnh cacbocation ny c th xy ra bng
cch loi mt ion hydrit bt k v tr no trn mch hydrocacbon. Mc d
vy cacbocation phi c cu hnh phi th s ng vng mi c th xy ra. V
d c ch ng vng ca n heptan c th xy ra theo nhng bc nh sau:
Cacbocation to thnh s loi mt proton hnh thnh 3-metyl
xyclohexen, 3metyl xyclohexen tip tc b hydro trn b mt kim loi Pt
to thnh hydrocacbon thm tng ng hoc l to ra mt cacbocation mi
lm mt i mt proton to ra metylxyclohexadien. Qu trnh ny xy ra cho
n khi to thnh hydrocacbon thm.
CH3-CH2-(CH2)3-CH2-CH
CH3-CH2-(CH2)3-CH=CH2
M
CH3-CH+-(CH2)3-CH=CH2
CH3-CH2-(CH2)3-CH=CH2
A
H3C
H C+
H3C
CH2 -H-
H3C
+
-H
+
CH
H3C
M
+ 2H2
H3C
H
A
H3C
H3C
H3C
+
C
H
+
-H
A
A HC +
CH3
-H +
A
H H
Phn ng hydro ng vng parafin to hydrocacbon thm l mt

trong nhng phn ng quan trng ca qu reforming xc tc. Nh phn ng
ny m cho php bin i mt lng ln cc hp cht c tr s octan thp ca
nguyn liu thnh hydrocacbon thm c gi tr. Phn ng ny xy ra u tin
to thnh cc dn sut ca benzen vi s lng cc i cc nhm metyl nh
xung quanh. Chng hn, nu ngun liu l 2,3 dimetylhexan th hiu sut oxylen l ln nht. Ngc li nu nguyn liu l 2,2 dimetylhexan th phn ng
xy ra kh khn hn v nu nguyn liu l 2,2,4 trimetylhexan th phn ng
ny cn xy ra kh khn hn na. nhng nu ta tng nhit ln trn 510 oC
th hiu sut hydrocacbon thm t cc hp cht trn li tng ln nh phn
ng ng phn ho lm thay i cu trc mch alkyl.
V.6.Tc tng i gia cc phn ng
Tc ca nhng phn ng c bn i vi parafin C 6, C7 khc nhau rt
nhiu. Bi v tc phn ng hydrocraking hexan, t nht , bng 3 ln so vi
phn ng hydro ng vng n- hexan, cho nn ch c mt phn nh nhexan c chuyn ho thnh hydrocacbon thm. Tc phn ng hydro
vng ho heptan xp x bng 4ln hexan. Do n- heptan chuyn ho thanh

hydrocacbon thm nhiu hn so vi n- hexan.
Tc phn ng ca alkylxyclohexan v alkylxyclopentan khc nhau
ng k. Trong , tc phn ng ca alkylxyclopentan chm hn so vi
alkylxyclohexan, khng nhng th alkylxyclopentan chuyn ho theo hai con
ng cnh tranh nhau. Phn ng mong mun trong qu trnh reforming i
vi alkylxyclopentan l phn ng ng phn ho alkylxyclopentan thnh
alkylxyclohexan, tip theo alkylxyclohexan b hydro ho to thnh
hydrocacbon thm, phn ng cnh tranh l s ph v vng to ra parafin, y
l mt phn ng khng mong mun. Ngc li, alkylxyclohexan xy ra vi
tc ln v c chn cao thanh hydrocacbon thm. Nhng
alkylxyclopentan c khi lng phn t cng ln th cng d tham gia phn
ng ng phn ho. Tht vy, t l tc phn ng ng phn ho
alkylxyclopentan thnh alkylxyclohexan trn tc phn ng ca ton b
alkylxyclopentan trong hn hp phn ng l 0,67 i vi metylxyclopentan
v bng 0,81 i vi dimetylxyclopentan.
chuyn ho i vi mi loi hydrocacbon thay i theo v tr ca
xc tc. Vi mt qu trnh reforming xc tc c khe kht va phi,s dng
nguyn liu l phn on naphtha giu vi hm lng hydrocacbon theo th
t parafin, naphthen, hydrocacbon thm l 43%, 34%, 24%, ta c s thay i
nng ca mi loi hydrocacbon thay i theo lng % xc tc , c minh
ho hnh 5a.
Nhn hnh 5a ta d dng thy rng:nng hydrocacbon thm tng v
nng parafin v naphthen gim xung theo % trm xc tc m nguyn liu
i qua , tc chuyn ho xyclohexan cao c chng minh bi nng ca
n gim nhanh chng trong 30% u tin ca xc tc. 70% cn li, tc
phn ng ca xyclohexan chm li , l do s to thnh xyclohexan t
nhng phn ng ng phn ho xyclopentan v phn ng hydro ng vng
parafin. S chuyn ho ca parafin gn nh l tuyn tnh khi qua h thng
phn ng.
Hnh 5b minh ho s chuyn ho ca 3 tc nhn phn ng trong nguyn

liu reforming. Chng ta thy tc phn ng khc nhau r rt. Trong 20%
u xc tc 90% xyclohexan c chuyn ho nhng chuyn ho i vi
xyclopentan l 15% v i vi parafin l 10%. Hnh 5c cho thy tc phn
ng tng i ca alkylxyclopentan theo s cacbon ca phn t . Mt iu
nhn thy l nhng phn t c s nguyn t cacbon ln hn s c nhiu kh
nng ng phn ho thnh alkylxyclohexan hn l nhng phn t c s
nguyn t cacbon t hn. Phn ng kh khn nht l phn ng chuyn ho
parafin, c minh ho theo s nguyn t cacbon trong hnh 5d. Cng nh
alkylxyclopentan, nhng parafin nng hn s chuyn ho d dng hn nhng
parafin nh
Hnh 5 : chuyn ho ca tng loi hydrocacbon v mt s tc nhn phn

ng theo %kl xc tc m hn hp phn ng tip xc
Ni tm li nhng parafin l nhng cu t kh x l nht trong qu trnh
reforming. Mc du alkylxyclopentan d tham gia phn ng chuyn ho thnh
hydrocacbon thm hn parafin, nhng chng vn to ra mt lng ng k
nhng hp khng phi l hydrocacbon thm. Ankylxclohexan chuyn ho
nhanh thnh hydrocacbon thm v l cu t mong mun c trong nguyn liu
reforming. Mt nguyn tc chung l nhng cu t nng hn s c kh nng
chuyn ho thnh hydrocacbon thm nhiu hn l nhng cu t nh.
V. Cc thng s cng ngh ca qu trnh. [13], [10]

C 4 thng s cng ngh quan trng nht i vi qu trnh reforming xc
tc l nhit , tc np liu ring th tch, p sut v t l H2/RH.
V.1 Nhit .
Nhit l thng s quan trng iu khin cht lung sn phm ca
qu trnh reforming xc tc. Xc tc trong qu trnh reforming c th lm vic
trn mt khong rng nhit . Bng cch hiu chnh nhit u ra ca l
t, ta c th thay i tr s octan ca sn phm, hm lng hydrocacbon
thm.
Nhit qu trnh c th biu din bng WAIT(weighted average inlet
temperature) hoc WABT(weighted average bed temperature). Qa trnh
reforming xc tc c nh hot ng khong nhit 490 525 OC (WAIT),
cn i vi qu trnh reforming CCR hot ng trong khong nhit 525
540oC (WAIT).
Khi h thp nhit v gi nguyn cc iu kin khc s n n hiu
sut qu trnh tng, gim hiu sut sn phm kh v gim tc to cc ng
thi lm gim hm lng hydrocacbon thm trong sn phm.
Cn phi lu vn to cc khi tng nhit . Do vy vic chn nhit
cho qu trnh cn phi kt hp vi cc thng s cng ngh khc, ngoi ra
cn phi tnh n cht lng nguyn liu. Thng thng ch gi nhit

cho m bo yu cu v tr s octan ch khng yu cu cao hn nhit ny.
V.2.Tc np liu ring th tch.
Tc np liu ring th tch c tnh bng lng naphtha c x l
trn mt lng xc cho trong mt n v thi gian, thng s ny ny c
trng cho thi gian tip xc gia tc nhn phn ng v xc tc.Tc th tch
ring c th c biu din bng LHSV(liquied hourly space velocity) hoc
WHSV(weighted hourly space velocity), hai s hng ny c cng mt th
nguyn nhng v mt tr s l khc nhau.
H thp tc np liu ring th tch trong khi nhng iu kin khc
c gi nguyn s c nh hng tng t nh vic tng nhit , c ngha
l hiu sut reformat b h thp, hm lng hydrocacbon thm trong sn
phm lng tng, s lng cc trn b mt xc tc tng . Tc np liu ring
th tch qa thp cng khng p ng c yu cu v mt kinh t do phi
tng th tch thit b phn ng. nh hng ca tc np liu ring th tch
n hiu sut v cht lng reformat vi nguyn liu naphtha c nhit si
trong khong 128-180oC ti 495oC c minh ho bng s liu bng 9
Tc np liu ring th tch c quan h trc tip vi nhit n nh
tr s octan ca sn phm . Khi tc np liu ring tng th nhit cng
phi tng ln tng ng to ra sn phm c tr s tng xc nh. Nu cc
nh my lc du cn tng khe kht ca qu trnh reforming, h c th tng
nhit hoc l h thp tc np liu ring bng cch gim tc np liu
vo thit b phn ng.
Bng 9 : nh hng ca tc np liu liu ring
n mt s ch tiu qu trnh reforming.
VHSV, h-1
Hiu sut reformat,%
T trng reformat,
d420
Hm lng Ar, %kl
0,5
64,5
1,0
78,2
1,5
81,0
2,0
83,0
0,788
0,787
0,786
0,784
66,8
65,2
62,5
60,0
Tc np liu ring th tch thng thng c duy tr trong khong 1

2 h-1.
V.3. T l H2/RH.
T l gia th tch kh cha H2 ti 0oC v 0.1MPa v th tch nguyn liu
20oC c a vo thit b phn gi l t l H2/RH.
T l H2/RH thay i trong mt khong rng 1300 1800m 3/m3, gi tr
c th tu theo mc ch ca qu trnh, p sut H 2 l yu t quan trng
trnh s to cc ng thi xc nh nng hydrocacbon trong hn hp phn
ng.
Chn t s tun hon kh cha H 2 c quyt nh bi cc yu t thnh
phn phn on ca nguyn liu, khe kht ca qu trnh v yu cu tr s
octan ca sn phm. V d, khi reforming xc tc c nh vi nguyn liu l
phn on naphtha 85 180oC c hm lng parafin cao, p sut trong
khong 25 35at th t l H2/RH cng cao th tc to cc trn xc tc cng
nh v thi gian lm vic ca xc tc cng ko di. Song nu tng t l mol
H2/RH s dn n tiu tn mt nhit lng ng k, ng thi lm tng tr
lc thu ng v th tch ca thit b v ng dn.
Khi thi gian lm vic ca xc tc ln hn 6 thng, xng thu c c tr
s octan RON = 95 th bi s tun hon kh cha H2 c chn 1500
1800m3/m3 (H2/RH = 8 9 ). Cn nu nhn xng c RON = 85 th bi tun
hon kh cha H2 thp hn, trong khong 1200 1500(H2/RH = 5 7 ).
Trong trng hp nu nguyn liu cha nhiu naphthen th bi s tun
hon kh cha H2 nn h thp, v nu tng bi s ny s c nh hng xu lm
gim mc chuyn ho cc hydrocacbon khc thnh hydrocacbon thm.
Trong dy chuyn lp xc tc chuyn ng, nhn xng RON = 100 102 th
H2/RH = 3.
V.4. p sut.
Cc phn ng chnh trong qu trnh reforming xc tc u l cc phn
ng tng th tch, do theo quan im nhit ng hc nu tng p sut s
ngn cn qu trnh tng th tch, c ngha l s cn tr cc phn ng chnh to

hydrocacbon thm ca qu trnh reforming xc tc.
Cn khi tng khe kht ca qu trnh ngha l lm vic p sut H 2
thp s cho php tng tr s octan ca xng v tng hiu sut xng, gim
lng kh v tng nng H2 trong kh tun hon, nhng tc to cc li
tng mnh. S to cc trong iu kin sn xut c th gim bng cch h thp
nhit si cui ca nguyn liu v trong phn nng ca nguyn liu c cha
thnh phn a vng d ngng t to cc.
Trong hnh a v b ca hnh 6, RON v hiu sut reformat c coi nh l
mt hm ca nhit ti p sut 12, 16, 20, 25 bar. Ta thy rng RON v hiu
sut ca qu trnh u tng khi p sut thp. nh hng ca p sut n hiu
sut cng r rt hn khi nhit cao, trong khi nh hng ca p sut
n RON gn nh c lp vi nhit .
p sut c nh hng ng k n thnh phn ho hc ca reformat

cng nh tr s octan ca sn phm. Sau y chng ta s nghin cu s nh
ca p sut n s phn b hydrocacbon thm trong reformat.
Nhng hydrocacbon thm chim 62% - 87% khi lng reformat,

trong toluen chim 23 31% v benzen 7 12% tu thuc vo iu kin
phn ng. Qua hnh 6 ta thy rng hiu sut ca hu ht nhng hydrocacbon
thm l mt hm ca nhit ti p sut 12 25bar. i vi benzen v
toluene, hiu sut s tng theo s tng ca nhit bi v phn ng hydro
ho v phn ng hydro ng vng u thun li nhit cao hn th na
p sut gim cng lm tng hiu sut ca benzen v toluene. Ngc li hiu
sut etylbenzen b gim khi tng nhit , l nh hng ca phn ng
hydro alkyl ho. Phn ng ny thun li khi p sut cao v sn phm to
thnh l banzen v etan.
i vi xylen, ng phn para- v meta- c hiu sut tng khi nhit

tng, hiu sut ca octo-xylen t cc i ti 495oC v s gim khi tip tc
tng nhit , para- khc vi hai ng phn cn li l hiu sut t ph thuc
vo p sut hn.
Nhng hydrocacbon thm c KLPT ln hn c vit chung thnh C9 +
c hiu sut gim khi tng nhit tt c cc p sut, ph thuc thuc mnh
vo p sut tug t nh etylbenzen, l kt qu ca xu hng alkyl mch
ngoi nhn c kch thc ln.
Hnh 8 biu din t l i/n i vi parafin C 4, C5, C6, C7 nhng p sut
v nhit khc nhau
Ta thy rng t l i/n i vi C 6, C7 tng t 480- 490OC, iu c ngha

l cn bng ho hc khng t c i vi C 6 v C7 khe kht ny.
nhit cao hn, t l i/n s t n gi tr cn bng nhit ng ti nhng p
sut 12, 16 bar. Ti p sut 20, 25 bar, nu nhit > 495 oC th t l i/n i
vi parafin C6, C7 s gim do phn ng ng phn ho khng cnh tranh c
vi phn ng hydrocraking. Ngc li t l i/n ca pentan li gim khi tng
nhit , khng ph thuc vo p sut , iu ny chng t phn ng ng
phn ho n- pentan t n cn bng. Gi tr hng s cn bng o c ti
480oC l 1,8 so vi l thuyt l 1,89. Nhng c mt iu khc thng l t l
i/n gim nhanh hn ngoi d on khi tng nhit , l do l s tham gia phn
ng craking ca iso-pentan v s to thnh n-pentan t phn ng craking
nhng phn t parafin ln hn.
Hiu sut H 2 l mt hm ca RON ti nhng p sut khc nhau (hnh
9). Hiu sut H2 tng khi p sut gim v s tng mnh hn na khi tng
khe kht ca qu trnh. p sut di 16bar, hiu sut H 2 gim khi khe
kht c gim, trong khi ti p sut cao hn hiu sut H 2 tng khi h thp d
khe kht ca qu trnh xung.
Cc nh cng ngh p dng p sut ngy cng thp vo qu trnh
reforming xc tc. Ci tin ny cho php tng tr s octan ca xng, tng c
hiu sut hydro. Do p dng qu trnh p thp cho nn tc to cc cng
tng ln, dn n cn phi ci tin v mt cng ngh. V d, hng ESSO p
dng qu trnh reforming xc tc p sut P = 6kg/cm 2 trong thit b phn
ng xc tc c nh nhng c b xung thm l phn ng ph thay i khi
tin hnh ti sinh xc tc mt l no . Nhng ci tin mi nht l t nm
1971, hng UOP a cng ngh xc tc chuyn ng ti sinh lin tc,
cng ngh ny cho php hot ng p sut 20kg/cm 2 10 12kg/cm2, v
khi c xc tc th h mi cng ngh ny cho php gim p sut xung cn 3
3,5kg/cm2.
VI.Dy chuyn reforming xc tc.[13], [10]

Tri qua mt chng ng pht trin, cng ngh reforming ngy mt
hon thin hn, tt c u nhm mt mc ch l tng cao hiu sut reformat
v tr s octan ca sn phm.Cc hnh 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 di y s cung
cp mt s dy chuyn reforming ca cc hng.
ng trn quan im cng ngh v kinh t, cng ngh reforming CCR
c nhiu u im so vi qu trnh reforming xc tc c nh.
- Dy chuyn reforming CCR (Hnh 16) cho php qu trnh c thc
hin p sut thp v hiu sut cao nht. nhng iu kin ny, xc tc
trong dy chuyn reforming c nh b mt hot tnh hon ton sau mt vi

ngy hot ng. Ngc li trong dy chuyn reforming chuyn ng, tc
to cc cao s c khng ch bi s ti sinh xc tc lin tc. Hiu sut H 2 v
sn phm C5+ i vi dy chuyn reforming CCR tng ln r rt.
- Hiu sut n nh cng khng km phn quan trng, i vi dy
chuyn reforming xc tc c nh, hiu sut gim dn theo thi gian lm vic.
Vi dy chuyn reforming CCR, hiu sut H 2, hydrocacbon thm, reformat
c gi n nh trong sut qu trnh.
- Khi ti sinh xc tc CCR s m bo tt cho s phn tn cc ht kim
loi trn b mt cht mang.
- Dy chuyn reforming CCR c hiu qu s dng cao do c th gii
quyt nhng vn rc ri mt cch nhanh chng m khng phi ngng hot
ng qu lu. V d, mt tnh hung rc ri v nguyn liu hoc my nn c
th gy ra nhng hu qu nghim trng i vi dy chuyn reforming xc tc
c nh. Tri li, trong dy chuyn reforming xc tc chuyn ng, cho php
ti lp li nhng iu kin hot ng n nh mt cch nhanh chng
VI.1.Dy chyn reforming xc tc chuyn ng.
Mt dy chuyn reforming xc tc d l xc tc c nh hay chuyn

ng bao gm 3 khi : khi x l hydro nguyn liu, khi reforming , khi n
nh reformat. Do cc thit b trong hai khi x l hydro v khi n nh
tng t nhau i vi c 2 dy chuyn. Nu dy chuyn c s dng sn
xut hydrocacbon thm th dy chuyn reforming xc tc cn bao gm mt
khi na l khi tch hydrocacbon thm. y, em xin trnh by dy chuyn
reforming xc tc chuyn ng sn xut xng.
Nu dy chuyn c s dng sn xut hydrocacbon thm th cn
bao gm mt khi na l khi tch hydrocacbon thm.
S dng (Hnh 16) trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca dy chuyn
reforming xc tc chuyn ng.
Nguyn liu c a i bng bm (21), trn ln vi kh tun hon t
qu trnh x l hydro v H2 t khi reforming. Hn hp kh v nguyn liu
sau khi gia nhit trong thit b trao i nhit (10) v l t (12) c a vo
thit b x l hydro. Hn hp kh v naphtha sau khi x l hydro s nh
nhit trong thit b (22), thit b trao i nhit (10), thit b lm lnh (8) v
c a vo thit b tch p sut cao(9), thit b ny kh cha H 2v H2S
c tch ra khi phn lng i vo y thp (2).Trong thp (2) H2S b hp th
bi monoetanolamin 15%. Kh sch c chia thnh 2 phn khng u nhau,
phn ln hn c a n u my nn tun hon (6) trn ln vi nguyn
liu cha x l hydro, phn t hn c a khi khi dy chuyn.
Pha lng trong thit b tch (9) cha naphtha qua x l hydro km
theo H2S v kh hydrocacbon ho tan. Do , hn hp tip tc c gia nhit
a nh thit b trao i nhit (23),vo thp lm sch (7), y H 2S v nc
c tch ra
khi naphtha sch. Naphtha sch ly ra t y thp (7), nh
nhit trong thit b trao i nhit (23), c a i bng bm (24) trn ln

vi H2 ca khi reforming. Hn hp nguyn liu v kh tun hon c t
nng trong thit b trao i nhit (25) v bung th hai ca l t (12), sau
i vo l phn ng (13), dng ra ca l phn ng th nht c t nng
trong bung 3 ca l t (12) b p lng nhit tiu th. cc l phn
ng sau, qu trnh xy ra tng t, dng ra ca l phn ng trc c t

nng trong l t (12) trc khi vo l phn ng sau. Nhit u vo h
thng thit b phn ng l 530oC, t l H2/RH l 2,5:1. p sut trong thit b
phn ng u l 3,5 at, tr lc h thng l 0,6 at.Tc khng gian l 1,5h -1.
S phn b xc tc gia cc l phn ng l 1 : 1,5 : 2,5 : 5 cho ph hp vi
c im ng hc ca qu trnh.Tc vn chuyn xc tc c thit k t
91 2721 kg/h, tu thuc vo nng sut v khe kht ca qu trnh. Sn
phm reforming t l phn ng (16) c h nhit nh thit b trao i
nhit (25) v thit b lm lnh (26), sau i vo thit b tch p sut cao(27),
y kh v lng c tch ring. Phn ln kh s tun hon li nh my nn
(28) trn ln vi nguyn liu vo khi reforming, phn cn li a n
khi x l hydro. Sn phm lng tip tc i n thit b tch p sut thp (29),
phn hydrocacbon ho tan bay ra khi reformat. Tip theo, reformat c n
nh cui cng cc thp(18) v (20). Kh hydrocacbon ca khi x l
hydro v reforming t thit b tch (3),(29) c trn ln vi nhau v a vo
thp hp th phn on(18).
Xng khng n nh t thit b tch (29) chia thnh 2 dng chy vo
thp hp th, mt dng c gia nhit trong thit b trao i nhit(30), a
vo phn y thp hp th, mt dng a ln nh thp. Kh hydrocacbon kh
c ly ra t nh thp hp hp th (18), sn phm lng tho ra t y thp
c gia nhit trong thit b trao i nhit(34) vi tc nhn gia nhit l xng
n nh, sau i vo thp (20). Sn phm nh ca thp n nh (20) c
a khi dy chuyn, xng n nh c tho khi y thp, nh nhit khi i
qua thit b trao i nhit (34) , (30) v thit b lm lnh (33). di y cc
thp (18) v (20), nhit cung cp bi l t (32). Khi mun tt c propan c
tch khi sn phm th nhit nh thp (20) c gi -45 oC, cn mun
tch ht etan th nhit nh thp c gi 70 oC. Trong hai trng hp ,
nhit y thp u l 22oC.
H thng ti sinh xc tc - cm thit b (17) hnh (16)
Xc tc lm vic chy t y ca thit b phn ng cui cng xung

b phn thu xc tc bunke cha, sau chuyn xung ng nng. ngi ta
dng kh cha hydro t my nn tun hon y xc tc v vn chuyn ln
nh vo b phn tch bi pha trn ca l ti sinh. b phn ny , ngi ta
b xung mt lng kh hydro tun hon tch cc ht bi mn ca xc tc
v mang chng ra ngoi vi kh i vo ng tp trung bi, cn xc tc ri
xung y b phn tch bi ri chy xung l ti sinh.
Ti sinh gm 4 bc, 3 bc u l t chy cc, Clo ho , v lm kh.
Ba bc ny xy ra trong thp ti sinh, cn bc th 4 l kh xc tc xy ra
b phn ring.
t chy cc bm trn xc tc c tin hnh trong vng chy nm
nh l ti sinh. Xc tc a vo v chy xung pha di gia mng chn
hnh tr t thng ng, khng kh nng c thi theo hng bn knh i t
pha ngoi vo trong qua lp xc tc. Kh chy nng c thi nh bm sau

lm lnh v tun hon qua cc ng trong vng chy.
t chy cc xy ra khi xc tc chuyn ng xung pha di, b phn
lm lnh ti sinh s ly nhit khi t cc. Cn b phn t nng kh ti sinh s
lm vic khi cn phi t nng kh m bo nhit pha trong vng thch
hp.
Qu trnh oxy ho, phn tn kim loi trn xc tc v b xung thm

lng Clo c thc hin trong vng Clo ho ca l ti sinh c b tr
pha di vng chy. Xc tc ri xung theo cc lp hnh tr, kh Clo ho
nng t vng sy kh thi qua cc ng vng trn i vo vng Clo ho v i ra
vng chy
Sy kh xc tc c thc hin vng sy. Vng sy nm pha di
vng Clo ho, kh kh nng c thi qua lp xc tc tch m. Vic t
nng kh kh c thc hin bi l t khng kh.
Qu trnh kh kim loi trn xc tc xy ra trong vng kh. Vng kh
c t pha di v tch bit vi 3 vng trn. Kh kh nng c thi qua
lp xc tc. H thng tinh ch s tch hydrocacbon khi kh ny lm tng
tinh khit ca hydro. Kh kh c t nng nh l t ring m bo
nhit trong vng kh. Sau khi kh, xc tc c a i theo ng dn
vo ng nng. Tc chy c khng ch m bo chu trnh ti sinh v
kh xy ra. Tip theo xc tc c kh hydro vn chuyn v nng ln bulke
cha t pha trn nh ca thit b phn ng th nht, tip tc chuyn ng
vo cc thit b phn ng lm vic. Chuyn ng xc tc t thit b phn ng
ny n thit b phn ng khc c khng ch v phn phi qua 8 ng dn
hay nhiu hn tu theo thit k m bo iu ho, phn phi u, trnh
chy tho xc tc hay t qung lp xc tc.
Nhng iu kin hot ng n nh ca dy chuyn c khng ch bi
nhng thit b iu chnh t ng v cc thit b c lin quan. Tc np
nguyn liu v lng kh cha H 2 c gi n nh. Vic cung cp nhin liu
n l t c iu chnh sao cho ph hp vi lng nguyn c gia nhit
v nhit ca nguyn liu ti u ra ca l t. p sut trong dy chuyn x
l hydro c gi khng i bng cch iu chnh tc dng kh cha
hydro c a ra khi dy chuyn. p sut trong dy chuyn reforming
c gi n nh bng cch iu chnh tc dng kh n khi x l H 2.
Mc cht lng trong thit b tch (9) v (27) c iu chnh qua tc tho
sn phm lng.
VI.2.Cu to thit b phn ng v cc thit b ph tr.

VI.2.1.Thit b phn ng.
Thit b phn ng c dng hnh tr, vt liu ch to bng thp. Phnnh
thit b c ng ni a hn hp nguyn liu vo. Da vo c im chuyn
ng ca hn hp phn ng m ngi ta phn loi thnh thit b phn ng
kiu xuyn tm (hnh 18) v thit b phn ng dc trc (hnh 19). i vi
thit b phn ng kiu dc trc, u ng ni pha trong thit b phn ng c
gn mt b phn phn phi nguyn liu. Thit b phn ng kiu xuyn tm c
mt ng c l xung quanh thnh i qua trc i xng ca thit b, mt u
ng c bt kn, pha trn hay pha di ty thuc vo hng i ra ca hn
hp phn ng. to chuyn ng xuyn tm ngi ta b tr bn trong thit
b phn ng mt cc hai v hnh tr bng thp c c l thnh, gia hai lp
v cc cha xc tc. Trong thit b ny, khi hot ng hn hp phn ng
chuyn ng qua lp xc tc, t thnh ca thit b phn ng v pha tm ng
theo hng bn knh.
Thit b phn ng kiu xuyn tm c tr lc thp hn nhiu so vi thit
b phn ng kiu dc trc. Trong dy chuyn reforming xc tc c nh, thit
b phn ng kiu dc trc c t u tin theo chiu i ca nguyn liu
gi nhng sn phm n mn trong lp xc tc pha trn, cc thit b phn ng
cn li l kiu xuyn tm gim tr lc ca ton b qu trnh. Nhng ht s
c ng knh 16 20 mm, pha trn v pha di tng xc tc hn ch
s mt mt ca xc tc
i vi dy chuyn reforming CCR do c im xc tc chuyn ng
lin tc nn tt c cc thit b phn ng u l kiu xuyn tm chng ln nhau
(Hnh 20). Cc thit b phn ng c ng knh tng dn t trn xung di.
Xc tc nh trng lng ca bn thn s chy t thit b phn ng trn xung
thit b phn ng di qua nhng ng dn xc tc v b phn phn phi c
thit k sao cho ph hp vi qu trnh chuyn ng ca xc tc v cc phn
ng xy ra. Phng thc vn chuyn xc tc kiu ny n gin hn so vi m
hnh cc thit b phn ng xp cnh nhau. Thc vy, trong dy chuyn

reforming CCR cc thit b phn ng xp chng ln nhau, xc tc ch cn
c nng ln 2ln nh kh nng, trong khi dy chuyn cc thit b phn ng
xp cnh nhau, xc tc phi c nng ln t y ca thit b phn ng ny
n nh ca thit b phn ng tip theo, do s lm tng chi ph hot ng,
ngoi ra tn din tch mt bng xy dng dn n tng chi ph c nh.
H2 iu kin nhit 525oC v p sut 2 - 4 MPa s gy ra n mn
thp, do thit b phn ng c lt bn trong mt lp b tng phun. Nhit
pha ngoi ca thit b phn ng khng nn qu 150oC v c kim tra
lin tc nh nhng cp nhit . Lp bn trong v bn ngoi ca thit b phn
ng c lm t loi thp ring vi phng php ti b mt c bit, hoc
loi thp 12XM.Nhng chi tit bn trong ca thit b phn ng c lm t
thp hp kim Ni-Cr. Hin nay ngi ta chun ho kch thc thit b phn
ng , ng knh ca thit b phn ng khong 2,3-3m, chiu cao 9,5-11,5m.
Trong nhng dy chuyn c thit k hin nay, lp bn trong v bn ngoi
thit b phn ng c lm t hai loi thp 12X + OX18H10T.
VI.2.2 L t.
L t trong dy chuyn reforming l loi nhiu ngn , nhiu dng,
nhng ng xon c lm t thp chu nhit X5MY, ng knh 100-200mm,
ng xon ny c hn kn trnh lm thot H2 ra ngoi. Trong phn i
lu ca l t, nhng ng dn nguyn liu c c im l x rnh xon nhn
lm tng h s truyn nhit.
VI.2.3 Thit b trao i nhit.
Trong dy chuyn reforming ngi ta s dng thit b trao i nhit
kiu ng chm, nhng gia cc thit b trao i nhit ny s c nhng c
im khc nhau. Dng sn phm t thit b phn ng do c kh nng n mn
mnh cho nn khng c a vo ng nh thng l m i vo khong
khng gian gia cc ng. lm tng hiu qu truyn nhit, ngi ta thit k
cc thit b theo nguyn l hai dng chy nhc chiu nhau. Khi thit k
ngi ta phi tnh ton n s gin n khng ng u gia ng v v thit

b.
PHN HAI
TNH TON
I. Tnh ton cn bng vt cht. [16]
Cc s liu u :
Dy chuyn reforming nng sut 1.000.000 tn nm.
Nhit u vo cc l phn ng : 803K.
Tc np liu ring : Vo = 1,5h-1.
p sut : 3,5 at.
T l H2/RH : 2,5(kmol/kmol).
Thnh phn kh tun hon cho bng di y :
Cu t
%V
H2
86
CH4
4
C2H6
5
C3H8
3
C4H10
1
C5H12
1
Nguyn liu c c im sau:

Khi lng
ring,
277298
0,7288
Thnh phn, %kl
Thnh phn phn on

Ts
Ts10% Ts50%
329K 348K
385K
Ts90%
Tsc
428K
453K
12
38
50
S phn b t l xc tc gia cc l phn ng theo t l : 1 : 1,5 : 2,5 : 5.
Trong qu trnh reforming xy cc phn ng : hydro ho, hydro ng

vng, ng phn ho , hydrocraing v phn ng ngng t to cc. y ta ch
xem xt cc phn ng sau :
_ Phn ng hydro ho naphten thnh hydrocacbon thm.
CnH2n
CnH2n 6
3H2 (1)
- Phn ng hydro ng vng paafin thnh naphten.
CnH2n+2
CnH2n
H2 (2)
- Phn ng hydrocraking naphten thnh paraffin C5.

CnH2n +
n
3
H2 15 (CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + C5H12)(3)
Phn ng hydrocraking paraffin thnh paraffin nh.
CnH2n+2+
n 3
H2
3
15 (CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + C5H12)(4)
Phng trnh ng hc cc phn ng trn l :
dN N
dVr
= k1
pN
k1
- K
p
p A pH2
(5)
dN p
2
= k 2 p P - K p N p H (6)
dVr
p
2
dN N
dVr
= k3
pN
P
(7)
dN P
dVr
= k4
pP
P
(8)
Trong :
k1 : hng s tc phn ng (1), Kmol/(h.Pa.kg xc tc).
k 2 : hng s tc phn ng (2), Kmol/(h.Pa2.kg xc tc).
Kp1: hng s cn bng phn ng (1), Pa3.
Kp1 = 9,813.1012.e
46 ,15
25600
T
(Pa3) (9)
Kp2: hng s cn bng phn ng (2), Pa.
Kp 2 = 98,1.10 .e
3
4450
7 ,13 T
(Pa) (10)
pN, pA, pP, pH2 ln lt l p sut ring phn ca naphten,aromatic,paraffin,

hydro trong hn hp phn ng, Pa.
P : p sut trong l phn ng, Pa.
NA, NN, NP l phn mol ca aromatic, naphten v parafin tham gia phn
ng.
Mcyi = Mi.yi,
Ta c :
Mc : khi lng phn t nguyn liu, kg/kmol.

Mi : khi lng phn t ca cu t i, kg/kmol.
yi : nng ca cu t i, phn khi lng
yi, : nng ca cu t i, phn mol.
Theo thc nghim :
Mc = 0,4T50% - 45
Trong trng hp ny T50% = 385K, thay vo biu thc trn ta c:
Mc = 0,4 385 45
Mc = 109
Mt khc :
Mc =
1
y
yA
y
+ N + P
MA MN MP
yA, yN, yP : nng phn khi lng ca aromatic, naphten, paraffin.

MA, MN, MP : khi lng phn t ca aromatic, naphten, paraffin.
Nu phn t c n nguyn t cacbon th
MA = 14n 6, MN = 14n, MP = 14n + 2.
Thay cc gi tr : yA, yN, yP,, MA, MN, MP vo biu thc trn ta c

Khai trin phng trnh trn thnh phng trnh bc 3 i vi n :
n3
1
1
3
( M c + 4)n 2 + { 6 + ( y A 2 y N 3 y P ) M c } n +
yN M c = 0
14
98
686
Gii phng trnh trn ta thu c n = 7,7.

Thay n vo cc biu thc KLPT trn ta c :
MA = 101,8, MN = 107,8, MP = 109,8.
Cu t
CnH2n-6
CnH2n
CnH2n+2
Tng
nc1
Ta c
Mi
yi
101,8
107,8
109,8
-
0,12
0,38
0,5
-
Gc1
Mc
nc1 : s kmol nguyn liu vo l 1.

Gc : nng sut ca dy chuyn, kg/h.
Theo u binH
nH2/RH = 2,5.
nH2 = 2,5 nc1

nH2 = 2,5 1146,8
Mi
yi = yi * M
c
0,127
0,382
0,491
1
nH2 = 2867 kmol/h.

Ta c bng s liu sau:
Cu t
Mi
2
16
30
44
58
72
-
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
Tng
yi
0,86
0,04
0,05
0,03
0,01
0,01
-
Mi * yi
1,72
0,64
1,50
1,32
0,58
0,72
6,5
ni
2465,62
114,68
143,35
86,01
28,67
28,67
2867,00
Lng hydrocacbon nh trong kh tun hon l:

2867 2465,62 = 401,38 kmol/h.
Hn hp phn ng i vo l 1 c thnh phn v p sut ring phn ca tng
cu t cho bng di y.
Cu t
CnH2n-6
CnH2n
CnH2n+2
H2
CnH2n+2*
Tng
ni
145,64
438,08
563,08
2465,62
401,38
4013,8
yi
0,0363
0,1091
0,1403
0,6143
0,0001
1
Tnh lng xc tc:

Gc
Vx / t
= ..Vo
Vx / t
125000
728,8.1,5
Pi = P * yi
12,5.103
37,4.103
48,1.103
210,7.103
34,3.103
34,3.105
Vx / t
= 114,34 m3
Xc tc ca qu trnh reforming c khi lng ring trong khong 550 650

kg/m3. Chn 600 kg/m3.
Gx/t = 114,34 600
Gx/t = 68604 kg.
S phn b xc tc gia cc l l 1 : 1,5 : 2,5 :5. Ta c :
L
1
2
3
4
Tng
Vx/ti
11,434
17,151
28,585
57,170
114,34
Gx/ti
6840,4
10290,6
17151,0
34302,0
68604
VII.1.Tnh cn bng vt cht l 1.

tt nhit ca l 1 l 83K, ta c :
Tt / b1 =
803 + (803 83)

= 761,5
2
k 1 = 1,451.10-6 kmol/(h.Pa2.kgxt)
k 2 = 3,195.10-7 kmol/(h.Pa.kgxt)
k3 = k4 = 0,025 kmol/(h.kgxt)
Kp1 = 9,813.1012.e
46 ,15
Kp1 = 2,616.10 20 Pa 3
Kp 2 = 98,1.10 e
3
25600
761, 5
7 ,12
4450
761, 5
Kp 2 = 351517( Pa )
Xt phn ng 1:
CnH2n
CnH2n 6
Ta c :
dN N 11
dVr1
k1 p N
k1
- K
p
p A pH2
3H2
dN N 11
dVr1
1,415.10 6.37,4.10 3
1,451.10 6
12,5.10 3 ( 210,7.10 3 ) 3
2,616.10 20
dN N 11
dVr1
= 0.0543
N N 11 = 0,0543Vr1
Gx / t1 6860,4
=
= 5,982 kgxt/(kmol/h)
nc1
1146,8
Vr1 =
N N 11 = 0,0543.5,892 = 0,325
Lng naphten tham gia phn ng 1 l:

0,325 1146,8 = 372,71
(kmol/h)
Xt phn ng 2 :
CnH2n+2
CnH2n
H2 (2)
Ta c :
dN P12
dVr1
dN P12
dVr1
3,195.10 7 .48,1.10 3
dN P12
dVr1
k2 pP
2
- K pN pH
p
=
3,195.10 7
.37,4.10 3.210,7.10 3
351517
8,2.10 3
N P12 = 8,2.10 3.Vr1

N P12 = 8,2.10 3.5,982 = 0,049
Lng parafin tham gia phn ng 2 l:

0,049 1146,8 = 56,19
kmol/h
Xt phn ng 3 :
CnH2n +
(3)
n
3
H2 15 (CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + C5H12)
Ta c :
dN N 13
dVr1
= k3
dN N 13
dVr1
pN
P
0,025.
37,4.10 3
= 2,73.10 3
3,43.10 5
N N 13 = 2,73.10 3 5,982 = 0,016
Lng naphten tham gia phn ng 3 l :

0,016 1146,8 =18,35
kmol/h
Xt phn ng 4 :
CnH2n+2+
n 3
H2
3
15 (CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + C5H12)
(4)
Ta c :
dN P
dVr
= k4
pP
P
dN P 14
48,1.10 3
= 0,025.
= 3,51.10 3
5
dVr1
3,43.10
N P14 = 3,51.10 3.5,982 = 0,0183
Lng parafin tham gia phn ng 4 l :

0,0183 1146,8 = 21kmol/h
Trong l 1 xy ra qu trnh sau
372,71CnH2n
56,19 CnH2n+2
372,71 CnH2n-6 + 3 372,1 H2

59,19 CnH2n + 56,19 H2
18,35 15 (CH4 + C2H6
H2
18,35 15 (CH4 + C2H+C3H8+C4H10+C5H12)
18,35 CnH2n + 18,35 3 H2
+C3H8+C4H10+C5H12)
21CnH2n+2 + 21
n 3
3
Vi n = 7,7 th
21.
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
+18,35.
= 21.
+18,35.
= 20,2
15
15
15
15
Ta c bng sau y :
u vo
u ra
kmol/h
CnH2n-6
kmol/h
145,64
145,64 + 372,71
= 518,35
CnH2n
438,08
438,08 372,71 +56,19 18,35
= 103,21
CnH2n+2
563,08
563,08 56,19 21
1146,8
H2
2465,62
CH4
114,68
C2H6
143,35
C3H8
86,01
C4H10
28,67
C5H12
28,67
Cu t
2867
4013,8
= 485,89
= 485,89
1107,45
7,7
2465,62 + 372,71 3 + 56,19 18,35 15 - 21
7, 7 3
3
3623,94
114,68 + 20,2
134,88
143,35 + 20,2
163,55
86,01 + 20,2
103,21
28,67 + 20,2
48,87
28,67 + 20,2
48,87
4123,32
5230,77
Tnh lng kh H2 v hydrocacbon C5- i ra khi l 1. Ta c bng sau:
Cu
t
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
ni,,kmol/h
yi
Mi
3623,94
134,98
163,55
103,21
48,87
48,87
4123,32
0,8789
0,0327
0,0397
0,0250
0,0119
0,0119
1,0000
2
16
30
44
58
72
-
yi
Mi
1,7578
0,5232
1,1910
1,1000
0,6902
0,8568
6,2000
Vy lng H2 v hydrocacbon C5- i ra l phn ng 1 l :

4123,32 6,2 = 25234,72 kg/h
Ta c bng cn bng vt cht :
Cu t
ni, kmol/h
u vo
yi =
ni
ni
Mi
Gi = ni Mi
CnH2n-6
145,64
0,0363
CnH2n
438,08
0,1091
101,8
47225,02
CnH2n+2
563,08
0,1403
107,8
61826,18
H2
2465,62
0,6143
109,8
18635,50
CnH2n+2*
401,38
0,1000
}6,5
4013,8
1,0000
CnH2n-6
518,35
0,0991
101,828
52782,54
CnH2n
103,21
0,0197
107,828
11128,93
CnH2n+2
485,89
0,0929
109,828
53364,33
H2
3623,94
0,6928
}6,12
25234,72
CnH2n+2*
499,38
0,0955
5230,77
1,0000
14826,15
142513
u ra
142513
Lng reformat i ra khi l phn ng 1 l :

142513 25234,72 = 117278,28 kg/h
Ta c :
518,35(14n 6) + 103,21.14n + 485,89(14n +2) = 117278,28 518,35(14n
6) + 103,21.14n + 485,89(14n +2) = 117278,28
Gii phng trnh trn ta thu c kt qu n = 7,702 (n l s nguyn t cc
bon trung bnh ca phn t hydrocacbon trong khi sn phm i ra khi l
phn ng th nht).
n = 7,702 MA = 101,828, MN = 107,828, MP = 109,828.
I.2.Tnh cn bng vt cht l phn ng 2.
p sut cc l phn ng sau gim 0,2 at so l phn ng trc
p2 = 3,5 0,2 = 3,3 at = 3,243.105 Pa
tt nhit ca l phn ng 2 l 37K
Tt / b2 =
T gi tr
803 (803 37)

= 784,5
2
Tt / b2
ta thu c cc gi tr k1, k2, k3, k4

Trong :
k1 = 1,452.10-6 kmol/(h.Pa.kgxt)
k2 = 3,198.10-7 kmol/(h.Pa2.kgxt)
k3 = k4 = 0,025 kmol/kgxt
46,15
K p = 9,81.10 e
3
12
25600
784,5
7,12
K p = 98,1.10 .e
3
4450
784,5
= 7.1020 Pa3
= 417208
Pa
Nguyn liu vo l phn ng 2 cho bng di y

Cu t
CnH2n-6
CnH2n
CnH2n+2
Tng
Kmol/h
518,35
103,21
485,89
1107,45
yi
0,4681
0,0932
0,4387
1,0000
Hn hp phn ng gm c :
Cu t
ni, kmol/h
yi =
ni
ni
pi = 3,243.105 yi
CnH2n-6
518,35
0,0991
32,14.103
CnH2n
103,21
0,0197
6,39.103
CnH2n+2
485,89
0,0929
30,13.103
H2
3623,94
0,6928
224,68.103
CnH2n+2*
499,38
0,0955
30,97.103
5230,77
1,0000
3,243.105
Ta ln lt xt cc phn ng xy ra trong l 2.
Xt phn ng 1:
CnH2n
CnH2n 6
3H2
Ta c :
dN N 21
dVr2
dN N 21
dVr2
1,452.10 6 6,39.10 3
k1 p N
k1
- K
p
p A pH2
1,452.10 6
32,14.10 3.(224,68.10 3 ) 3
7.10 20
dN N 11
dVr2
9,278.10 3
N N 21 = 9,278.10 3.Vr1
Vr2 =
Gx / t 2 10290,6
=
= 9,292
nc 2
1107,45
kgxt/(kmol/h)
N N 21 = 9,278.10 3.9,292 = 0,0862

0,0862 1107,45 = 95,24
(kmol/h)
Xt phn ng 2 :
CnH2n+2
CnH2n
Ta c :
dN P 22
dVr2
k2 pP
2
- K pN pH
p
2
H2 (2)
dN P 22
dVr2
3,198.10 7 .30,13.10 3
=
3,198.10 7
.6,39.10 3.224,68.10 3
417208
dN P 22
=
dVr2
8,535.10 3
N P12 = 8,535.10 3.9,292 = 0,0793

0,0793 1107,45 = 88,042
kmol/h
Xt phn ng 3 :
CnH2n +
n
3
dN N 23
dVr2
= k3
H2 15 (CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + C5H12)(3)
Ta c :
dN N 23
dVr2
pN
P
0,025.
6,39.10 3
= 4,926.10 4
3,2432.10 5
N N 23 = 4,926.10 4.Vr1 = 4,926.10 4 9,292 = 4,577.10 3

4,577.10 3 1107,45 = 5,07
kmol/h
Xt phn ng 4 :
CnH2n+2+
n 3
H2
3
15 (CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + C5H12)
(4)
Ta c :
dN P 24
dVr2
= k4
pP
P
dN P 24
30,13.10 3
= 0,025.
= 2,323.10 3
5
dVr2
3,2432.10
N P14 = 2,323.10 3.Vr1 = 1,323.10 3.9,292 = 0,0216
0,0216 1107,45 = 23,92
kmol/h

95,24 CnH2n
95,24 CnH2n-6 + 3 95,24 H2
88,04 CnH2n+2
88,04 CnH2n + 88,04 H2
5,07 CnH2n + 5,07 3 H2

23,92CnH2n+2 + 23,92
n 3
3
5,07 15 (CH4 + C2H6 +C3H8+C4H10+C5H12)

n
H2 23,92 15 (CH4 + C2H+C3H8+C4H10+C5H12)
Vi n = 7,702 th
5,07.
n
n
7,702
7,702
23,92.
= 5,07.
+ 23,92.
= 14,89
15
15
15
15
Ta c bng sau y :
u vo
u ra
kmol/h
CnH2n-6
kmol/h
518,35
518,35 +95,24
CnH2n
103,21
103,21 95,24 +88,04 5,07
CnH2n+2
485,89
485,89 88,04 23,92
1107,45
H2
3623,94
Cu t
3623,94 + 95,24 3 + 88,04 5,07
= 3
7,702
15
+ 23,92
7,702 3
3
CH4
134,88
134,88 + 14,89
C2H6
163,55
163,55 + 14,89
= 17
C3H8
103,21
103,21 + 14,89
= 1
C4H10
48,87
48,87 + 14,89
C5H12
48,87
48,87 + 14,89
4123,32
5230,77
Tnh lng kh H2 v hydrocacbon C5- i ra khi l 2. Ta c bng sau :
Cu t
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
Tng
ni, kmol/h
3947,19
149,77
178,44
118,10
63,76
63,76
4521,02
yi
0,8731
0,0331
0,0395
0,0261
0,0141
0,0141
1,0000
Mi
2
16
30
44
58
72
-
yi Mi
1,7462
0,5296
1,1850
1,1484
0,8178
1,0152
6,4422

4521,02 6,4422 = 29152,32 kg/h
Cu t
ni, kmol/h
yi =
ni
ni
Mi
Gi = ni Mi
u vo
CnH2n-6
518,35
0,0991
101,828
52782,54
CnH2n
103,21
0,0197
107,828
11128,93
CnH2n+2
485,89
0,0929
109,828
53364,33
H2
3623,94
0,6928
}6,12
25234,72
CnH2n+2*
499,38
0,0955
5230,77
1,0000
CnH2n-6
613,59
0,1096
101,856
62497,82
CnH2n
90,94
0,0162
107,856
9808,42
CnH2n+2
373,93
0,0668
109,856
41076,96
H2
3947,19
0,7049
}6,4422
29125,32
CnH2n+2*
573,83
0,1025
5599,48
1,0000
142513
u ra
142513

142513 29125,32 = 113387,68 kg/h
Ta c :
613,59(14n 6) + 90,94.14n + 373,93(14n +2) = 113387,68
613,59(14n
6) + 90,94.14n + 373,93(14n +2) = 113387,68

Gii phng trnh trn ta thu c kt qu n = 7,704 (n l s nguyn t
cc bon trung bnh ca phn t hydrocacbon trong khi sn phm i ra khi l
phn ng th 2).
I.3.Cn bng vt cht l th ba
P3 = 3,3 0,2 = 3,1 at = 3,038.105 Pa
Tt / b3 =
T gi tr
803 (803 24)

= 791K
2
Tt / b3
ta thu c cc gi tr k1, k2, k3, k4

Trong :
k1 = 1,452.10-6 kmol/(h.Pa.kgxt)
k2 = 3,1983.10-7 kmol/(h.Pa2.kgxt)
46,15
K p = 9,813.1012e
25600
791
7,12
K p = 98,1.10 .e
3
4450
791
= 9,17.1020 Pa3
= 437115
Pa

Cu t
CnH2n-6
CnH2n
CnH2n+2
Tng
Kmol/h
613,59
90,94
373,93
1078,46
yi
0,5690
0,0843
0,3467
1,0000
Hn hp phn ng gm c :
Cu t
yi =
ni, kmol/h
ni
ni
pi = 3,038.105 yi
CnH2n-6
613,59
0,1096
Pa
33,3.103
CnH2n
90,94
0,0162
4,92.103
CnH2n+2
373,93
0,0668
20,30.103
H2
3947,19
0,7049
214,15.103
CnH2n+2*
573,83
0,1025
31,14.103
5599,48
1,0000
3,038.105
Xt phn ng 1:
CnH2n
CnH2n 6
3H2
Ta c :
dN N 31
dVr3
dN N 31
dVr3
1,452.10 6 4,92.10 3
k1
- K
p
k1 p N
p A pH2
1,452.10 6
33,3.10 3.( 214,15.10 3 ) 3
9,17.10 20
dN N 31
dVr3
7,143.10 3
N N 31 = 7,143.10 3.Vr3
Vr3 =
Gx / t 3
17151
=
= 15,903
nc 3
1078,46
kgxt/(kmol/h)
N N 31 = 7,143.10 3.15,903 = 0,1136

0,1136 1078,46 =122,51 (kmol/h)
Xt phn ng 2 :
CnH2n+2
CnH2n
H2 (2)
Ta c :
dN P 32
dVr3
dN P 32
dVr3
3,1983.10 7 .20,3.10 3
2
= k 2 pP - K pN pH
p
=
3,1983.10 7
.4,92.10 3.214,15.10 3
437115
dN P 32
=
dVr3
5,722.10 3
N P 32 = 5,722.10 3.15,903 = 0,091

0,091 1078,46 = 98,1
Xt phn ng 3 :
kmol/h
CnH2n +
n
3
H2 15 (CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + C5H12)(3)
Ta c :
dN N 33
dVr3
dN N 33
dVr3
= k3
=
pN
P
0,025.
4,92.10 3
= 4,049.10 4
3,038.10 5
N N 33 = 4,049.10 4.Vr3 = 4,049.10 4 15,903 = 0,0064

0,0064 1078,46 = 6,94
kmol/h
Xt phn ng 4 :
n 3
H2
3
CnH2n+2+
15 (CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + C5H12)(4)
Ta c :
dN P 34
dVr3
= k4
pP
P
dN P 34
20,3.10 3
= 0,025.
= 1,671.10 3
5
dVr3
3,038.10
N P 34 = 1,671.10 3.Vr3 = 1,671.10 3.15,903 = 0,0266

0,0266 1078,46 = 6,94
kmol/h

122,51 CnH2n
122,51 CnH2n-6 + 3 122,51 H2
98,10 CnH2n+2
98,10 CnH2n + 98,10 H2
6,94 CnH2n + 6,94 3 H2
6,94 15 (CH4 + C2H6
+C3H8+C4H10+C5H12)
28,65CnH2n+2 + 28,65
n 3
3
H2 28,65 15 (CH4 +
C2H+C3H8+C4H10+C5H12)
Vi n = 7,704 th
6,94.
n
n
7,704
7,704
28,65.
= 6,94.
+ 28,65.
= 18,28
15
15
15
15
Ta c bng sau y :
u vo
u ra
kmol/h
CnH2n-6
kmol/h
613,59
CnH2n
90,94
CnH2n+2
373,93
1078,46
H2
3947,19
CH4
149,77
C2H6
178,44
C3H8
118,10
C4H10
63,76
C5H12
63,76
4521,02
Cu t
613,59 + 122,51
= 736
90,94 122,51 + 98,1 6,94

373,93
98,1 28,6
= 247
3947,19 + 122,51 3 + 98,1 6,94.
7,704
3
- 28,65.
7,704 3
=
3
4350,07
149,77 +18,28= 167,75
= 167
178,44 +18,28= 196,72
= 196
118,10 + 18,28= 136,38
= 136
63,76 +18,28=
82,04
82
63,76 + 18,28=
82,04
82
501
5599,48
605

Cu t
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
59
ni, kmol/h
4350,07
167,75
196,72
136,38
yi
0,8674
0,0334
0,0392
0,0272
Mi
2
16
30
44
yi Mi
1,7348
0,5344
1,1760
1,1968
C4H10
C5H12
Tng
82,04
82,04
5015
0,0164
0,0164
1,0000
58
72
-
0,9512
1,1808
6,7740

5015 6,774 = 33971,61kg/h
Cu t
ni, kmol/h
yi =
u vo
ni
ni
Mi
Gi = ni Mi
CnH2n-6
613,59
0,1096
101,856
62497,82
CnH2n
90,94
0,0162
107,856
9808,42
CnH2n+2
373,93
0,0668
109,856
41076,96
H2
3947,19
0,7049
}6,4422
29125,32
CnH2n+2*
573,83
0,1025
5599,48
1,0000
CnH2n-6
736,10
0,1215
101,840
74964,42
CnH2n
59,59
0,0098
107,840
6426,19
CnH2n+2
247,18
0,0408
109,840
27150,25
H2
4350,70
0,7181
}6,774
33971,61
CnH2n+2*
664,93
0,1097
6058,87
1,0000
142513
u ra

142513 33971,61 = 108541,39 kg/h
Ta c :
142513
736,1(14n 6) + 59,59.14n + 247,18(14n +2) = 108541,39
736,1(14n
6) + 59,59.14n + 247,18(14n +2) = 108541,39

Gii phng trnh trn ta thu c kt qu n = 7,703 (n l s nguyn t
cc bon trung bnh ca phn t hydrocacbon trong khi sn phm i ra khi l
phn ng th 3).
n = 7,703 MA = 101,84, MN = 107,84, MP = 109,84.
I.4.Cn bng vt cht l th 4.
P4 = 3,1 0,2 = 2,9 at = 2,842.105 Pa
Tt / b4 =
803 (803 16)

= 795K
2
T gi tr Tt / b4 ta thu c cc gi tr k1, k2, k3, k4

Trong :
k1 = 1,4522.10-6 kmol/(h.Pa.kgxt)
k2 = 3,199.10-7 kmol/(h.Pa2.kgxt)
46,15
K p = 9,81.10 e
3
12
25600
795
7,12
K p = 98,1.10 .e
3
4450
795
= 10,786.1020Pa3
= 449665
Pa

Cu t
CnH2n-6
CnH2n
CnH2n+2
Tng
Kmol/h
736,10
59,59
247,18
1042,87
yi
0,7058
0,0571
0,2370
1,0000
Hn hp phn ng gm c :
Cu t
yi =
ni, kmol/h
ni
ni
pi = 3,038.105 yi
CnH2n-6
736,10
0,1215
Pa
34,530.103
CnH2n
59,59
0,0098
2,785.103
CnH2n+2
247,18
0,0408
11,595.103
H2
4350,07
0,7181
20,084.103
CnH2n+2*
664,93
0,1097
31,177.103
6058,87
1,0000
2,842.105
Xt phn ng 1:
CnH2n
CnH2n 6
3H2
Ta c :
k1
dN N 41
k1 p N p p
=
K p1 A H
dVr4
dN N 41
dVr4
1,4522.10 6.2,785.10 3
dN N 41
dVr4
3
2
=
1,4522.10 6
34,53.10 3.( 204,084.10 3 ) 3
20
10,786.10
4,0443.10 3
N N 41 = 4,0443.10 3.Vr3
Vr4 =
Gx / t 4
34302
=
= 32,892
nc 4
1042,87
kgxt/(kmol/h)
N N 41 = 4,0443.10 3.32,892 = 0,13303

0,13303 1042,87 =138,73 (kmol/h)
Xt phn ng 2 :
CnH2n+2
CnH2n
H2 (2)
Ta c :
dN P 42
dVr4
dN P 42
dVr4
2
= k 2 pP - K pN pH
p
3,199.10 7 .11,595.10 3
3,199.10 7
.2,785.10 3.204,084.10 3
449665
dN P 42
=
dVr4
3,3049.10 3
N P 32 = 3,3049.10 3.32,892 = 0,1087

0,1087 1042,87 =113,365
kmol/h
Xt phn ng 3 :
CnH2n +
n
3
dN N 43
dVr4
= k3
H2 15 (CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + C5H12)(3)
Ta c :
dN N 43
dVr4
pN
P
0,025.
2,785.10 3
= 2,45.10 4
5
284,2.10
N N 43 = 2,45.10 4.Vr3 = 2,45.10 4 32,892 = 8,06.10 3

8,06.10 3.1042,87 = 8,406 kmol/h
Xt phn ng 4 :
CnH2n+2+
n 3
H2
3
15 (CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 +
C5H12)(4)
Ta c :
dN P 44
dVr4
= k4
pP
P
dN P 44
11,595.10 3
= 0,025.
= 1,02.10 3
5
dVr4
2,842.10
N P 44 = 1,02.10 3.Vr3 = 1,02.10 3.32,892 = 0,0335

0,0335 1042,87 = 34,987
kmol/h

138,73 CnH2n
138,73 CnH2n-6 + 3 138,73 H2
113,365 CnH2n+2
113,365 CnH2n + 113,365 H2
8,406 CnH2n + 8,406 3 H2

34,987CnH2n+2 +34,987
n 3
3
8,406 15 (CH4 + C2H6 +C3H8+C4H10+C5H12)

n
H2 34,987 15 (CH4+C2H6+C3H8+C4H10+C5H12)
Vi n = 7,703 th
8,406.
n
n
7,703
7,703
+ 34,987.
= 8,406.
+ 34,987.
= 22,28
15
15
15
15
Ta c bng sau y :
u vo
u ra
kmol/h
CnH2n-6
kmol/h
736,10
736,10 + 138,73
CnH2n
59,59
59,59 138,73 +113,365 8,406
CnH2n+2
247,18
247,18 113,365 34,987
Cu t
1042,87
= 999,477
H2
4350,07
4350,07 + 3 138,73+113,365 8,406.
CH4
167,75
C2H6
196,72
C3H8
136,38
C4H10
82,04
C5H12
82,04
5015,00
6058,87
7,703
3
7,703 3
3
167,75 + 22,28
196,72 + 22,28
136,38 + 22,28
82,04 + 22,28
82,04 + 22,28

Cu t
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
Tng
- 34,987.
ni, kmol/h
4803,19
190,03
219,00
158,66
104,32
104,32
5579,52
yi
0,8609
0,0341
0,0393
0,0284
0,0187
0,0187
1,0000
Mi
2
16
30
44
58
72
-
yi Mi
1,7218
0,5456
1,1790
1,2496
1,0846
1,3464
7,1270
Vy lng H2 v hydrocacbon C5- i ra l phn ng l :

5579,52 7,127 = 39765kg/h
Cu t
ni, kmol/h
yi =
u vo
ni
ni
Mi
Gi = ni Mi
CnH2n-6
736,10
0,1215
101,840
74964,42
CnH2n
59,59
0,0098
107,840
6426,19
CnH2n+2
247,18
0,0408
109,840
27150,25
H2
4350,70
0,7181
}6,774
33971,61
CnH2n+2*
664,93
0,1097
6058,87
1,0000
142513
CnH2n-6
874,83
0,1330
101,856
89106,68
CnH2n
25,82
0,0039
107,856
2784,84
CnH2n+2
98,83
0,0150
109,956
10857,07
H2
4803,19
0,7300
}7,127
39765
CnH2n+2*
776,33
0,1180
6579,00
1,0000
142513
u ra

142513 39765 = 102748 kg/h
Ta c :
874,83.(14n 6) + 25,82.14n + 98,83.(14n +2) = 102748874,83.(14n 6) +
25,82.14n + 98,83.(14n +2) = 102748
Gii phng trnh trn ta thu c kt qu n = 7,704 (n l s nguyn t cc

bon trung bnh ca phn t hydrocacbon trong khi sn phm i ra khi l
phn ng th 4).
n = 7,704 MA = 101,856, MN = 107,856, MP = 109,856.
I.5.Tnh ton hiu sut qu trnh.
Hiu sut reformat
R =
GR
100%
Gc
GR :
lng reformat ra khi l phn ng 4, kg/h
Gc
: nng sut l tnh theo nguyn liu, kg/h
Ta c :
G R = G A4 + G N 4 + G P 4
G R = 89106,68 + 2784,84 + 10857,07 = 102748,59kg / h
R =
102748,59
.100% = 82,2%
125000
Hiu sut hydro

H2 =
GH2
Gc
100%
GH2= ( nH2(4) nH2()c ).MH2

G H 2 = ( 4803,19 2465,62 ) 2 = 4675,19kg / h
H2 =
4675,19
100% = 3,74%
125000
Hiu sut LPG

LPG =
G LPG
100%
Gc
G LPG = ( nC 3( 4 ) nC 3( c ) ) M C 3 + ( nC 4 ( 4 ) nC 4( c ) ) M C 4 + ( nC 5( 4 ) nC 5( 4 ) ) M C 5
G LPG = (158,66 86,01).44 + (104,32 28,67 ).58 + (104,32 28,67 ).72
G LPG = 13031,1kg / h
LPG
13031,1
100% = 10,4%
125000
Hiu sut C1 v C2
1+ C 2 =
GC 1 + G C 2
100%
Gc
GC1 + GC 2 = (nC1( 4 ) nC1( c ) ).M C1 + (nC 2( 4 ) nC 2 ( c ) ).M C 2

GC1 + GC 2 = (190,03 114,68).16 + ( 219,00 143,35).30 = 3475,1kg / h
C 1+C 2
3475,1
100% = 2,78%
125000
II.Tnh ton kch thc cc l phn ng. [16]

II.1.L phn ng th nht
Chiu cao ca lp xc tc chuyn ng l phn ng 1 c tnh theo cng
thc :
H xt1 =
V xt1
F1
V xt1
F1
l th tch l b chon bi xc tc, m3
l tit din ca l m hn hp phn ng i qua,
F1 =
( Dt1 2 ) 2 Dc 2
4
]
Dt1 = 2,2m
Dt1
: ng knh trong ca l phn ng 1,
: khong cch t mt trong ca l n thnh cc, = 0,04m

: ng knh ca ng trung tm,
Dc
F1 =
Dc = 0,5m
( 2,2 2 0,04) 2 0,5 2 = 3,332m 2

4
V xt1 = 11,434m 3
Quy chun
H xt1 =
11,434
= 4m
3,332
H xt1 = 4m
Phn trn ca l ta chon l 1m
H 1 = 4 + 1 = 5m
II.2.L phn ng th hai

thc :
H xt 2 =
V xt 2
F2
V xt 2
F2
F2 =
( Dt 2 2 ) 2 Dc 2
4
]
Dt 2 = 2,4m
Dt 2
Dc

F2 =
Dc = 0,5m
( 2,4 2 0,04) 2 0,5 2 = 4,03m 2

4
V xt 2 =17,151m 3

Quy chun
H xt 2=
17,151
= 4,25m
4,03
H xt 2 = 4,50m
Phn ni gia cc l ta chn l 2m

H 1 = 4,5 + 2 = 6,5m
II.3.L phn ng th ba
thc :
H xt 3 =
V xt 3
V xt 3
F3
F3
F3 =
( Dt 3 2 ) 2 Dc 2
4
]
Dt 3 = 2,6m
Dt 3

Dc
F3 =
Dc = 0,5m
( 2,6 2 0,04) 2 0,5 2 = 4,79m 2

4
V xt 3 = 28,585m 3
Quy chun
xt 3
28,585
= 5,97 m
4,79
H xt 3 = 6,0m
Phn ni gia cc l ta chn l 2m

H3
= 6 + 2 = 8m
II.4.L phn ng th bn
thc :
H xt 4 =
V xt 4
F4
V xt 4
F4
l tit din ca l m hn hp phn ng i qua, m2
F4 =
( Dt 4 2 ) 2 Dc 2
4
]
Dt 4 = 3,0m
Dt 4
Dc

F4 =
Dc = 0,5m
( 3 2 0,04) 2 0,5 2 = 6,5m 2

4
V xt 4 = 57,1`70m 3
Quy chun
H xt 4=
57,170
= 8,79m
6,5
H xt 4 = 9,0m
Phn ni gia cc l ta chn l : 2m

Phn y l ta chn l : 1m
H 4 = 9 + 2 + 1 = 12m
L phn ng
Dt
F
Hxt
H
L 1
2,20
3,33
4,00
5,00
L 2
2,40
4,04
4,50
6,50
L 3
2,60
4,79
6,00
8,00
Chiu cao ca h thng phn ng l:

5 + 6,5 + 8 +12 = 31,5m
III.Tnh cn bng nhit lng. [16]

III.1.Tnh cn bng nhit lng l 1
Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit lng
Q11 + Q21 = Q31 + Q41 + Q51 + Q61 + Q71
L 4
3,00
6,50
9,00
12,00
Q11 : Nhit lng do hn hp kh nguyn liu v kh tun hon mang vo l,

Kj/h
Q21 : Nhit lng do lng xc tc mang vo
Q31 : Nhit do hn hp kh mang ra l, Kj/h
Q41 : Nhit lng xc tc mang ra l, Kj/h
Q51 : Nhit do phn ng thu vo, Kj/h
Q61 : Nhit mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh, Kj/h
Q71 : Nhit lng lng xc tc gi trong l, Kj/h
Tnh Q11 : Ta cn xc nh Entanpi ca dng hi nguyn liu ca vo ca l
phn ng.
S liu Entanpi ca CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12 c tra trong s tay ho
l . xc nh c Entanpi ca aromatic, naphthen, parafin ta da theo
trng lng phn t trung bnh tra ph lc c t trng ri tra bng trong
ti liu c gi tr Entanpi
d288298
Cu t
u vo
0,781
0,731
0,733
A
N
P
u ra
0,722
0,733
0,737
Entanpi ca cc cht
Cu t
Mi
ni, kmol/h
yi
Mi.yi
yi
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
2
16
30
44
2465,62
114,68
143,35
86,01
0,6143
0,0286
0,0357
0,0214
1,2286
0,4576
1,0710
0,9416
0,0129
0,0129
0,0302
0,0265
Entanpi, kj/kg
qi
qi.yi
7700 266,42
1618
20,87
1434
43,31
1405
37,23
C4H10
C5H12
A
N
P
Tng
58
72
101,8
107,8
109,8
-
28,67
28,67
145,64
438,08
563,08
4013,8
0,0071
0,0071
0,0363
0,1091
0,1403
1,0000
0,4118
0,5112
3,6953
11,7610
15,4049
35,4830
0,0116
0,0144
0,1041
0,3315
0,4341
1,0000
1400
1392
1713
1704
1703
-
16,24
20,04
178,32
564,88
739,27
1886,58
Q11 = 1886,58.Gc1 = 1886,58.1146,8 = 268 862 175,5 kj/h

Tnh Q21
Ta c :
Q21 = mxtc.q21 kj/h
mxtc : lu lng xc tc trong h thng phn ng (90 - 2700 kg/h).
Chn mxtc = 2500kg/h
q21 : hm nhit ca xc tc, kj/kg
q21 = Cpxt.T
Cpxt : Nhit dung ring ca xc tc, kj/(kg.oK)
Vi
T : Nhit xc tc u vo l phn ng 1,oK

Theo s tay ho l (9) :
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3T - 5,225.105.T-2
Thay T = 8030K
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.803 - 5,225.105.803-2
Cpxt = 28,47 kcal/(kmol.oK)
Hay
Cpxt =
28,47 4,184
= 1,17 kj /( kg .o K )
102
q21 = 1,17 803 = 939,51kj/k

Q21 = 939,51 2500 = 2 348 775 kj/h
Tnh Q41
Q41 = mxtc.q41
mxtc = 2500 kg/h
q41 l hm nhit ca xc tc ra khi l, kj/kg
q41 = Cpxt.T (ra)
T (ra) = 703 K
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.703 5,225.105.720-2 = 27,53 kcal/

(kmol.0K)
Hay
Cpxt =
813,11 4,184
=1,13
102
kj/(kgoK)
q41 = 1,13 720 = 813,11kj/kg

Q41 = 2500 813,11 = 2 032 775 kj/h
Tnh Q51
Q51 = Gc1 q b
q b = 335 b
b : l hiu sut H2 tnh theo khi lng nguyn liu vo l
b=
GH 2
Gc1
100%
GH 2 = n H 2r n H 2 v M H 2 kg / h
GH 2 = ( 3623,94 2465,62) 2 = 2316,64kg / h

2316,64
100% = 1,8533%
125000
qb = 335 1,8533 = 620,86kj / kg
b=
Q51 = 125000 620,86 = 77.607.500kj / h

Tnh Q61
Q61 = 0,01 (Q11 + Q41) kj/h
Q61 = 0,01 (268 862 175,5 + 2 348 775) = 2 712 109,5 kj/h
Tnh Q71
Q71 = mxt1.q71 kj/h
mxt1 l khi lng xc tc trong l, mxt1 = 6840,4 kg/h
q71 l hm nhit ca xc tc trong l phn ng, kj/kg
q71 = Cpxt.Ttb1
Ttb1 l nhit trung bnh ca xc tc trong l, oK
Ttb1 = 761,5oK
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3,761,5 5,225.105.761,5-2

= 28,01(Kcal/kg.oK)
Hay
Cpxt =
28,01 4,184
=1,15
102
kj/(kg.oK)
q71 = 1,15 761,5 = 875,725 kj/kg

Q71= 6840,4 875,725 = 5 990 309,3 kj/h
Theo phng trnh cn bng nhit lng ta c
Q31 = (Q11 + Q21) (Q41 + Q51 + Q61 + Q71)
Thay cc s liu va tnh ton c vo phng trnh trn ta c
Q 31= 178 170 706 kj/h
Ta c bng cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng 1
Q vo
Q11, kj/h
Q21, kj/h
268 862 175,5

2 348 775,0
Tng
271 210 950,5
Q31, kj/h
Q41, kj/h
Q ra Q51, kj/h
Q61, kj/h
Q71, kj/h
Tng
178 170 706,7

2 032 775,0
77 607 500,0
2 712 109,5
5 990 309,3
271 210 950,5
II.2.Tnh cn bng nhit lng l 2.

Q12 + Q22 = Q32 + Q42 + Q52 + Q62 + Q72
Kj/h

phn ng. Ta c bng s liu sau :
Cu t
Mi
ni, kmol/h
yi
Mi.yi
yi
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
A
N
P
Tng
2
16
30
44
58
72
101,8
107,8
109,8
-
3623,94
134,98
163,55
103,21
48,87
48,87
518,35
103,21
485,89
5230,77
0,6928
0,0258
0,0313
0,0197
0,0093
0,0093
0,0991
0,0197
0,0929
1,0000
1,3856
0,4128
0,9390
0,8668
0,5394
0,6696
10,0912
2,1242
10,2030
27,2316
0,0509
0,0152
0,0345
0,0318
0,0198
0,0246
0,3706
0,0780
0,3747
1,0000
Entanpi, kj/kg
qi
qi.yi
7700 391,93
1618
92,99
1434
49,47
1405
44,68
1400
27,72
1392
34,24
1713 633,36
1704 132,76
1703 636,99
2044,14
Q12 = 2044,14.Gc2 = 1886,58.142513 = 291 316 524 kj/h

Tnh Q22
Ta c :
Q22 = Q41 = 2 032 775 kj/h
Tnh Q42
Q42 = mxtc.q42
mxtc = 2500 kg/h
q42 = Cpxt.T (ra)
T (ra) = 766 K
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.766 5,225.105.766-2 = 28,06 kcal/
(kmol.0K)
Hay
Cpxt =
28,06 4,184
=1,15
102
kj/(kgoK)
q42 = 1,15 766 = 880,9 kj/kg

Q42 = 2500 880,9 = 2 202 250 kj/h
Tnh Q52
Q52 = Gc 2 qb
q b = 335 b
b : l hiu sut tnh theo khi lng nguyn liu vo l
b=
GH 2
Gc 2
100%
GH 2 = n H 2r n H 2 v M H 2 kg / h
GH 2 = ( 3947,19 3623,94) 2 = 646,5kg / h

Gc 2 = Gc 2 A + Gc 2 N + Gc 2 P = 117.275,8kg / h
646,5
100% = 0,55%
117.275,8
qb = 335 0,55 = 184,25kj / kg
b=
Q52 = 117.275,8 184,25 = 21.608.066kj / h

Tnh Q62
Q62 = 0,01 (Q12 + Q42) kj/h
Q62 = 0,01 (291 316 524 + 2 032 775) = 2 933 493 kj/h
Tnh Q72
Q72 = mxt2.q72 kj/h
mxt2 l khi lng xc tc trong l phn ng 2,mxt2 = 10 290,6 kg/h
q72 = Cpxt.Ttb2
Ttb2 = 784,5oK
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.784,5 5,225.105.784,5-2
= 28,27kcal/(kg.oK)
Hay
Cpxt =
28,27 4,184
= 1,16
102
kj/(kg.oK)
q72 = 1,16 784,5 = 909,73 kj/kg

Q72= 10 290,6 909,73 = 9 361 619kj/h
Q32 = (Q12 + Q22) (Q42 + Q52 + Q62 + Q72)
Q32 = 257 243 871 kj/h
Q vo
Q12, kj/h
Q22, kj/h
291 316 524

2 032 775
Tng
293 349 299
Q32, kj/h
Q42, kj/h
Q ra Q52, kj/h
Q62, kj/h
Q72, kj/h
Tng
257 243 871

2 202 250
21 608 066
2 933 493
9 361 619
293 349 299

Q13 + Q23 = Q33 + Q43 + Q53 + Q63 + Q73
Kj/h

Cu t
Mi
ni, kmol/h
yi
Mi.yi
yi
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
A
N
P
Tng
2
16
30
44
58
72
101,8
107,8
109,8
-
3947,19
149,77
178,44
118,10
63,76
63,76
613,59
90,94
373,93
5599,48
0,7049
0,0267
0,0319
0,0211
0,0114
0,0114
0,1096
0,0162
0,0668
1,0000
1,4098
0,4272
0,9570
0,9284
0,6612
0,8208
11,1634
1,7473
7,3384
25,4535
0,0554
0,0168
0,0376
0,0365
0,0260
0,0322
0,4386
0,0686
0,2883
1,0000
Entanpi, kj/kg
qi
qi.yi
7700
426,58
1618
102,78
1434
53,92
1405
51,28
1400
36,40
1392 44,8274
1713
749,57
1704
116,76
1703
490,11
2072,22
Q13 = 2044,14.Gc3 = 2072,22.142513 = 295 318 289 kj/h

Tnh Q23
Ta c :
Q23 = Q42 = 2 202 250 kj/h
Tnh Q43
Q43 = mxtc.q43
mxtc = 2500 kg/h
q43 = Cpxt.T (ra)
T (ra) =779 K
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.779 5,225.105.779-2 = 28,21 kcal/
(kmol.0K)
Hay
Cpxt =
28,21 4,184
=1,16
102
kj/(kgoK)
q43 = 1,16 779 = 903,64 kj/kg

Q43 = 2500 903,64 = 2 259 100 kj/h
Tnh Q53
Q53 = Gc 3 qb
qb = 335 b
b=
GH 2
Gc 3
100%
G H 2 = n H 2r nH 2 v M H 2 kg / h
G H 2 = ( 4350,07 3947,19) 2 = 805,76kg / h

Gc 3 = Gc 3 A + Gc3 N + Gc3 P = 113.383,2kg / h
805,76
100% = 0,71%
113.383,2
qb = 335 0,71 = 238,07kj / kg
b=
Q53 = 113.382,2 238,07 = 26.975.205kj / h

Tnh Q63
Q63 = 0,01 (Q13 + Q43) kj/h
Q63 = 0,01 (295 318 289 + 2 202 250) = 2 975 205 kj/h
Tnh Q73
Q73 = mxt3.q73 kj/h
mxt3 l khi lng xc tc trong l phn ng 3,mxt3 = 17 151 kg/h
q73 = Cpxt.Ttb3
Ttb3 = 791oK
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.791 5,225.105.791-2
= 28,34kcal/(kg.oK)
Hay
Cpxt =
28,34 4,184
=1,16
102
kj/(kg.oK)
q73 = 1,16 791 = 919,57 kj/kg

Q73 = 17151 919,57 = 17 771 469kj/h
Q33 = (Q13 + Q23) (Q43 + Q53 + Q63 + Q73)
Q33 = 249 521 805kj/h

Q vo
Q13, kj/h
Q23, kj/h
295 318 289

2 202 250
Tng
297 520 539
Q33, kj/h
Q43, kj/h
Q ra Q53, kj/h
Q63, kj/h
Q73, kj/h
Tng
249 521 805

2 259 100
26 992 960
2 975 205
15 771 469
297 520 539

Q14 + Q24 = Q34 + Q44 + Q54 + Q64 + Q74
Kj/h
A
N
P
Tng
101,8
107,8
109,8
-
736,10
59,59
247,18
6058,87
0,1215
0,0098
0,0408
1,0000
12,3736
1,0568
4,4815
23,5111
0,5263
0,0450
0,1906
1,0000
1713
1704
1703
-
899,45
76,59
324,02
2108,94
Cu t
Mi
ni, kmol/h
yi
Mi.yi
yi
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
2
16
30
44
58
72
4350,07
167,75
196,72
136,38
82,04
82,04
0,7180
0,0277
0,0325
0,0225
0,0135
0,0135
1,4360
0,4432
0,9750
0,9900
0,7830
0,9720
0,0611
0,0189
0,0145
0,0421
0,0333
0,0413
Entanpi, kj/kg
qi
qi.yi
7700
470,47
1618
115,63
1434
59,51
1405
59,15
1400
46,62
1392
57,50
Q14 = 2108,94.Gc4 = 2108,94.142513 = 300 551 366 kj/h

Tnh Q24
Ta c :
Q24 = Q43 = 2 259 100 kj/h
Tnh Q44
Q44 = mxtc.q44
mxtc = 2500 kg/h
q44 = Cpxt.T (ra)
T (ra) =787 K
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.787 5,225.105.787-2 = 28,30 kcal/
(kmol.0K)
Hay
Cpxt =
28,30 4,184
=1,16
102
kj/(kgoK)
q44 = 1,16 787 = 913,48 kj/kg

Q44 = 2500 913,48 = 2 259 100 kj/h
Tnh Q54
Q54 = Gc 4 qb
qb = 335 b
b=
GH 2
Gc 4
100%
GH 2 = n H 2r nH 2 v M H 2 kg / h
GH 2 = ( 4803,19 4350,07 ) 2 = 906,24kg / h

Gc 4 = Gc 4 A + Gc 4 N + Gc 4 P = 108.540,86kg / h
906,24
100% = 0,83%
108.540,86
qb = 335 0,83 = 279,7kj / kg
b=
Q54 = 108.540,86 279,7 = 26.975.205kj / h

Tnh Q64
Q64 = 0,01 (Q14 + Q44) kj/h
Q64 = 0,01 (300 551 366+ 2 259 100) = 3 028 105 kj/h
Tnh Q74
Q74 = mxt4.q74 kj/h
mxt4 l khi lng xc tc trong l phn ng 4,mxt4 = 34 302 kg/h
q74 = Cpxt.Ttb4
Ttb4 = 791oK
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.795 5,225.105.795-2 = 28,38kcal/(kg.oK)
Hay
Cpxt =
28,38 4,184
= 1,16
102
kj/(kg.oK)
q74 = 1,16 795 = 925,66 kj/kg

Q74 = 34 302 925,66 = 31 751 965kj/h
Q34 = (Q14 + Q24) (Q44 + Q54 + Q64 + Q74)
Q34 = 235 387 650kj/h
Q vo
Q14, kj/h
Q24, kj/h
300 551 366

2 259 100
Tng
302 810 466
Q34, kj/h
Q44, kj/h
Q ra Q54, kj/h
Q64, kj/h
Q74, kj/h
Tng
235 387 650

2 259 100
30 359 040
3 028 105
31 751 965
302 810 466
Phn ba
XY DNG V KINH T
I.Chn a im xy dng.
I.1.Nhng c s xc nh a im xy dng.
Nh chng ta bit phn xng reforming xc tc l mt phn ca nh
my lc du , v vy vic la chn a im nh my lc du cng ng ngha
l chn a im phn xng reforming xc tc .
Vic la chn a im xy dng l bc u tin kh quan trng ca
cng vic thit k . N i hi nh thit k phi tm hiu cc thng s k thut
ca nhiu nghnh , nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh : a cht thu vn ca a

phng : kh hu xy dng , cc ti liu v kin trc - th vn ho x hi .
Do , chn c mt a im xy dng hp l ngi ta nghin cu
rt k lng vv tt c cc mt nh : ti nguyn , khong ct , t ai dn s ,
ngun nc ... c lin quan n khu vc .
I.1.1. Cc yu cu i vi a im xy dng.
* Cc yu cu chung :
- V mt quy hoch : a im c chn phi ph hp vi quy hoch
chung ca c vng c cc cp c thm quyn ph duyt v c kh
nng hp tc sn xut vi cc nh my ln cn .
-V iu kin t chc sn xut :
+Thun li cho vic cung cp nguyn liu v tiu th sn phm .
+Gm ngun cung cp nng lng :in, nc , than , du ... hn
ch chi ph vn chuyn , h gi thnh sn phm gp phn thc y s
pht trin nh my .
-V iu kin h tng k thut : a im c chn phi ph hp v tn
dng ti a h thng giao thng quc gia nh : ng b , ng thu ,
ng st v k c ng khng. Ngoi ra cn phi tn dng ti a
mng li cp in , thng tin lin lc v cc mng li k thut khc.
-V iu kin xy lp v vn hnh :
+a im dc chn phi tnh n kh nng cung cp nguyn liu ,
vt t xy dng .
+C kh nng cung ng cng nhn trong qu trnh xy dng nh my
cng nh vn hnh sau ny.
-V iu kin chnh tr x hi :Vng xy dng phi c iu kin chnh tr
v x hi n nh , an ninh tt.
*Cc yu t v k thut xy dng:
-V a hnh :
+Khu t phi cao ro , khng ngp lt vo ma ma l ,c mc nc

ngm thp to diu kin cho vic thot nc thi v nc mt d
dng.
+ Khu t phi tng i bng phng , dc t nhin l : i =
0,51%.
- V a cht : +Khu t c chn khng nm trn cc vng c m
khong sn hoc a cht khng n nh.
+Cng khu t xy dng l 1,52,5Kg/cm2 .
* Cc yu cu v v sinh cng nghip .
- m bo cc khong cch bo v v sinh cng nghip thch hp nn
trng nhiu cy xanh hn ch tc hi ca khu cng nghip gy nn .
- V tr xy dng phi cui hng gi ch o , ngun nc thi c x
l phi h lu .
I.1.2.c im ca a im xy dng.
a im xy dng phn xng reforming xc tc trong n ny l khu
Nghi Sn (Thanh ho ).
c im ca khu vc Thanh Ho :
-V dn c v kinh t :
+Thanh Ho l mt tnh thuc min trung nc ta c nn kinh t cha
pht trin v trnh kinh t cha cao v khng u .
- c im kh hu : Mt nm thng c hai ma , ma ma v ma
kh . Nhit quanh nm kh cao , khong 300C .
- c im a hnh :a hnh Thanh Ho khng bng phng , pha ty
gip vi dy ni , pha ng gip bin ng . Tuy nhin , khu vc Nghi
Sn phi c dc ph hp i <1% v c chu nn tt.
-u nhc im ca a im:
+u im :Thanh Ho l mt tnh nm trong vng trng im pht
trin kinh t ca chnh ph ta vi d n pht trin khu cng nghip tp
trung v cng ngh cao. cng nc su cng vi h thng giao thng
xuyn quc gia nn thun li v mt giao thng.
+Nhc im :Xa ngun nguyn liu, ngun nguyn liu thng l

xng chng ct trc tip t du th, ngun du th ch yu cc tnh
pha nam,nn bt li trong vic vn chuyn.C s h tng cha pht
trin nn gp nhiu kh khn khi xy dng cng nh vn hnh nh
my .
*Kt lun :
Mc d c nhng nhc im k trn nhng xt n tng th th khu
Nghi Sn vn c tnh kh thi xy dng nh my lc du cng nh phn xng
reforming.
I.2. Cc nguyn tc khi thit k xy dng.
Vic xy dng cn phi tun theo cc nguyn tc sau
- Cn b tr cc hng mc chnh trong dy chuyn mt cch hp l
thun li cho hot ng v vn hnh.
- B tr cc hng mc mt cch hp l tit kim din tch nht .
- khi b tr mt bng phi d kin cc hng mc s xy dng giai on
sau to iu kin thun li cho vic m rng sn xut
- Cc cng trnh ph tr cn t gn cc cng trinh chnh gim chi
ph vn chuyn.
- Cc cng trnh gy nhim c hi cn t xa khu hnh chnh v
cui hng gi ch o.
- ng giao thng phi b tr hp l v ln xe t c th ra vo
c.
- m bo m quan nh my .
I.3. B tr mt bng.
I.3.1. c im ca dy chuyn sn xut.
Qu trnh reforming xc tc l mt qu trnh sn xut lin tc.
Trong qu trnh vn hnh c th thi ra kh c v nc nhim .
Ton b dy chuyn u l thin .
Reforming xc tc hot ng trong khu lin hp ch bin du m nh

cracking, alkyl ho...
I.3.2.Mt bng phn xng.
Cc hng mc cng trnh trong phn xng reforming xc tc c trnh
by bng sau :
Tn cng trnh
ln
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
g
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
Thp ra kh
Thp n nh naphtha
Thit b x l hydro
H thngthit b phn ng
H thng ti sinh xc tc
Thp n nh reformat 1
Thp n nh reformat 2
Bm v my nn khi 1
TBT Nhit khi 1
Thit b tch khi 1
L t
TBT nhit khi 2
Bm v my nn khi 2
Thit b tch tch khi 2
TBTN v l t khi 3
Bm v my nn khi 3
Nh iu khin
Nh cu ho
Nh c kh
Phng ho nghim
B cha nc
Kch thc
di(m)
rng(m)
6
12
12
12
12
12
12
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
12
9
6
12
12
12
12
12
12
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
9
12
9
6
Din tch
(m2)
72
144
144
144
144
144
144
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
108
144
108
54
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Nh x l nc thi
1
Trm in
1
Nh xe
1
Nh hnh chnh
1
Hi trng
1
Nh n
1
B cha reformat
2
B cha LPG
2
B cha kh nh
2
B cha Hydro
2
B cha nguyn liu
4
Phng bo v
4
Tng din tch sn xut
12
6
30
12
24
24
24
12
12
12
30
6
Tng din tch phn xng

- F = 8298.4=33192 [m2]
- Chiu di phn xng : 185,4m
* Ch tiu kinh t k thut :
- H s xy dng :
K xd =
A+ B
.100%
F
Sxd = A+B .
- A : din tch ca nh v cng trnh (m2)
B : din tch kho bi l thin (m2)
Kxd =25%
- Sxd = 8298 [m2]
H s s dng Ksd =
A+ B +C
100%
F
trong :
C: din tch ca ng b , h thng thot nc
- C = 14832[m2]
Khi Ksd =67%.
Ssd = 23130 m2
9
6
12
9
12
12
24
12
12
12
30
6
108
36
360
108
288
288
1152
288
288
288
3600
144
II.An Ton Lao ng V Bo V Mi Trng

II.1.Khi Qut
Trong qu trnh sn xut cc nh my ho cht ni chung v nh my
lc du ni ring th vn an ton lao ng v bo v mi trng l ht sc
quan trng. Chi ph dnh cho cng tc ny c th chim n 40% chi ph vn
hnh. Mt trong nhng vn cn c quan tm nht l: an ton chy, n.
Tt nhin l cn c nhng nguyn nhn gy tai nn khc. C th phn chia
nhng nguyn nhn gy tai nn thnh ba nhm :
1.Nguyn nhn do k thut
Nguyn nhn ny ph thuc ch yu vo tnh trng my mc, thit b
ng ng, ni lm vic bao gm :
+S h hng cc my mc chnh v cc dng c, ph tng.
+S h hng cc ng ng.
+Cc kt cu thit b, dng c, ph tng khng hon chnh.
+Khng m bo khong cch an ton gia cc my mc.
+Thiu ro chn, ngn che.
2.Nguyn nhn do t chc
Nguyn nhn ny ph thuc vo vic t chc hoc giao nhn cng vic
khng ng quy nh bao gm :
+Vi phm quy tc quy trnh k thut.
+T chc lao ng, ch lm vic khng ng yu cu.
+Gim st k thut khng y .
+Phm vi ch lm vic.
+ S dng lao ng khng ng ngnh ngh, chuyn mn.
+Ngi lao ng cha nm vng c iu l, quy tc an ton trong lao
ng.
3.Nguyn nhn do v sinh
+Mi trng khng kh b nhim
+iu kin khi hu khng thch nghi
+Cng tc chiu sng v thng gi khng c tt.
+Ting n v chn ng mnh

+Vi phm iu l v sinh c nhn
II.2.Nhng yu cu v phng chng chy n.
Nh chng ta bit nguyn liu cng nh sn phm ca qu trnh isome
ho u d b chy n. V vy vn quan tm l phng chng chy n. Di
y l nhng yu cu v chy n.
1.Phng chng chy
phng chng chy phi thc hin cc bin php sau y :
+Ngn nga nhng kh nng to ra mi trng chy.
+Ngn nga nhng kh nng xut hin nhng ngun chy trong mi trng
c th chy c.
+Duy tr nhit ca mi trng thp hn nhit cho php ln nht c
th chy c.
+Duy tr p sut ca mi trng thp hn p sut cho php ln nht c th
chy c.
2. Ngn nga kh nng xut hin nhng ngun gy chy
Ngn nga kh nng xut hin nhng ngun gy chy trong mi trng
chy phi tun theo nhng quy tc v:
+Nng cho php ca cc cht chy dng kh, hi hoc dng l lng
trong khng kh. Ni cch khc l phi tin hnh qu trnh ngoi gii hn
chy n ca hn hp hydrocacbon vi khng kh v xy.
+Nng cn thit ca cc cht gim nhy trong cht chy dng kh,
hi hoc lng.
+Tnh d chy ca cc cht, vt liu, thit b v kt cu.
3. Ngn nga kh nng xut hin nhng ngun chy
+Tun theo nhng quy nh v s dng, vn hnh v bo qun my mc,
thit b cng nh vt liu v cc sn phm khc c th l ngun chy trong
mi trng chy.
+S dng thit b ph hp vi loi gian phng s dng v cc thit b bn
ngoi ph hp vi nhm v hng ca cc hn hp nguy him chy n.
+p dng quy trnh cng ngh v s dng thit b bo m khng pht sinh
ra tia la in .
+C bin php chng st, ni t cho nh xng, thit b .
+Quy nh nhit un nng cho php ln nht ca b mt thit b, sn
phm, vt liu tip xc vi mi trng chy.
+S dng nhng thit b khng pht ra tia la in khi lm vic vi nhng
cht d chy n.
+Loi tr nhng iu kin c th dn n t chy do nhit , do tc dng
ho hc v do vi sinh vt i vi cc vt liu v kt cu ca c s sn xut.
II.3. An ton v trang thit b trong nh my ho cht t khu thit k
n khu vn hnh
1. Khi thit k tng mt bng v x nghip
S an ton trong x nghip ph thuc rt nhiu vo khu t v b tr xy
dng trn . Khu t phi tng i bng phng, c dc tiu thot
nc, thm nc, c mc nc ngm thp hn chiu su tng hm. Khi quy
hoch phi nghin cu cc bin php trnh cht c hi thi ra, trnh tn la
bi xng du rt d chy n.
Trong nh my ch bin phi c y trang thit b phng chng chy,
n bao gm: Chn cu ho, bnh bt, xe cu ho, my cu ho, ct v h
thng nc cu ho bt k nc no v vi thi gian di dp tt
hn m chy. Tt c cc trang thit b ny phi c b tr mt cch hp l
khi s c xy ra th vi trang thit b phi thao tc kp thi. ng i trong
nh my phi m bo cho xe cu ho i li thun tin, cc thit b cha chy
phi c t ti ni d thy, d ly v phi c kim tra thng xuyn.
Thit b trong nh my phi kn, khng r r, cc b cha nguyn liu
phi c ni t bng dy tip in d phng xng du khi bm chuyn tch
in s phng in, st nh gy chy n, xung quanh khu b cha phi c
xy tng ngn cch vi cc khu vc khc.
B tr kt cu, mu sc, cc b phn, dng c o m bo d thao tc
khng nhm ln khi vn hnh. B tr t cc ngun in, trang thit b in,
cc loi cu dao ngt in ph hp vi mi trng, m bo an ton. xy

dng cc khu phn xng d chy n v tr cch ly vi cc khu vc khc, s
dng vt liu xy dng bn, chu nhit, nh, b tr nhiu ca ra vo, m bo
quy ch an ton.
2. C s k thut an ton phng chng chy trong cng nghip
Do c th ca ngnh cng nghip ch bin du m: sn phm ca qu
trnh l nhng cht d chy n. Chnh v vy vn phng chng chy n
c t ln hng u khi ni n an ton trong mt nh my ni chung v
mt phn xng ni ring. Bao gm an ton vi trang thit b k thut ca cc
qu trnh sn xut, an ton vi cc iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn, an ton
mi trng.
An ton vi thit b nhit (Ni hi, thit b trao i nhit, s dng nhit).
un nng nguyn liu d chy n nh du m v d sinh ra chy cc
b khi c cn ng vo thnh th ngi ta khng dng phng php un bng
ngn la m dng o bc cha cht mang nhit bn (difenil, difenil oxit).
Cc vt liu dng lm ni hi v ni phi lm bng thp c (ng khng
hn). i vi loi p sut cao dng thp cht lng cao cha Si,Mo v Cr.
Gang c dng cho thit b un nng khng qu 300 )C v p sut nh, ng
knh khng ln, c th dng gang c thm Mo un nng trn 3500C.
Ni hi cn phi c van an ton, p k, ng thng, van ng v van x
nc 1 chiu, van ng v van x hi, van an ton. c bit van an ton th
ni hi phi c hai van, tc dng c lp hn vi nhau.
Ni hi phi c t trn nn mng ring, khng lin h vi tng
nh, t cc gian nh mt tng, c tng v c mi khng chy.
Trc khi s dng ni hi phi c kim tra k thut xc nh tnh
trng ni hi. Trong thi gian s dng c 3 nm phi xem xt bn trong mt
ln, thu lc t nht 6 nm mt ln.
An ton i vi my nn, ng ng dn v b cha kh.
Khi nn kh do p sut, nhit tng cao v do c nhng qu trnh ho
hc do vy c th xy ra chy n gy tai nn. h thng my nn lm vic
an ton th cn lm lnh lin tc, my nn p sut thp v nng sut thp th

c th lm lnh bng khng kh. Do hin tng gim nhit chy bng ca
du bi trn lin quan ti s tng p sut nn nhit ca my nn khng
c qu 160)C trong my nn 1 xy lanh v khng qu 140 0C trong my
nn nhiu xi lanh. Vi my nn 4-6 cp nu cn nn cao hn th phi c my
lm lnh trung gian t ngoi v gia mi cp nn.
ng ng dn dng vn chuyn cht lng nguy him, chu p sut
cn phi m bo yu cu chu p sut, ng ng ch to t cc ng ko lin
khng hn, ni mt bch tin hnh ch trong trng hp cn thit lp gip
v sa cha. ng dn sn phm un nng cn phi t cch xa ng ng dn
kh ho lng mt khong 0,5 m v phi c bo n.
phng hng hc thit b dng van chnh lu, gim p sut qu
ln ca hi, kh v kh khng nn. Sau van chnh lu ta t van an ton
iu chnh p sut su khi van chnh lu iu chnh.
Tt c cc ng ng khi lp rp phi ch n hin tng bin dng v nt
do ng sut nhit khi thay i nhit .
+ Khng c t ng ngay trn nn nh hoc mt t.
+ ng ng cn sn mu khc nhau d phn bit.
3. An ton chy n trong nh my ni chung v trong phn xng ni
ring
Tt c cc cht lng chy u c kh nng bc hi v chy ch xy ra trong
pha hi. Trn b mt ca cht lng, bt c nhit no u c hi ca n,
lng hi ph thuc vo thnh phn cht lng v nhit ca n.
m bo trnh c chy v n khi tin hnh cc qu trnh k thut
cn c cc bin php su:
+ Thay th cc khu sn xut nguy him bng cc khu t nguy him hn.
+ C kh ho t ng ho lin tc cc qu trnh sn xut.
+ Thit b m bo kn, hn ch hi, kh chy bay ra khu vc sn xut.
+ Dng cc cht ph gia tr, cc cht c ch, cc cht chng chy n
gim tnh chy n ca hn hp.
+ Loi tr mi kh nng pht sinh mi la ti nhng ni c lin quan n

cht chy n.
+ Trnh mi kh nng to ra nng nguy him ca cc cht chng chy
n.
+ Trc khi ngng sa cha hoc cho thit b hot ng tr li phi thi kh
tr, hi nc vo thit b .
4. An ton v in
An ton v in l mt trong nhng vn quan trng ca cng tc an
ton. Phi tun theo nguyn tc v k thut trnh gy ra tai nn in.
+ Dy in phi c ci tin bng v cao su v c th nng vo ng kim
loi trnh b dp.
+ Cu dao c lp t sao cho d iu khin nhng cng khng qu thp
v phi ni kh ro v an ton i vi ngi iu khin.
II.4. An ton lao ng v phng chng c hi vi cng nhn, mi trng
Cng nhn lm vic trong nh my phi c hc tp cc thao tc v
phng chy cha chy, nm c kin thc v c hi v bo v mi trng.
Trong cng vic i hi cng nhn phi c tay ngh trnh hin tng xy
ra ri vi, gy s c dn n chy n thit hi n tnh mng v ti sn. Trong
nh my ngi cng nhn phi nghim chnh chp hnh mi qui tc, ni quy
trong nh my nh: trong nh my cm mi hnh thc dng la, cm va trm
gy ra tia la in. Khi sa cha khng dng in 220 V m ch dng in
120 V thp sng. Cm dng ba sc, giy c inh i li lm vic trong khu
vc sn xut.
Trong cng tc bo qun b cha i hi phi ui ht hi xng du ra
khi b mi c vo trong.
Cng nhn lm vic trc tip phi c trang b dng c bo h lao
ng nh: ng, m o, gng tay trong nh my ch bin du phi c t
ng ho m bo an ton phng chng chy, trnh c hi cho con ngi.
Trong nh my bm xng du nn trang b cc thit b phng chy t

ng. Xng du l cc hp cht bay hi nn cn phi cn x l hi xng du
nhm m bo sc kho cho ngi lao ng.
Ngi lao ng cn phi pc khm sc kho nh k v phi c ch
bi dng c hi thch hp vi cng vic.
Ngun nc thi trong nh my phi c x l sch cc hp cht c
hi bng cc h thng s l nc thi ri mi c thi ra ngoi trnh
nhim mi trng v ngun nc ca dn c ln cn nh my.
Mc lc
LI M U
TNG QUAN QU TRNH
Qu trnh reforming
Nguyn liu v sn phm
Nguyn liu
X l nguyn liu
C s ho hc x l nguyn liu
Phn ng hydro sunfua ho
Phn ng hydro nit ho
Phn ng bo ho olefin
Phn ng bo ho hydrocacbon thm
Xc tc cho qu trnh x l hydro

Dy chuyn x l hydro
Sn phm ca qu trnh reforming
Xng
Hydrocacbon thm
Kh hydro k thut
Xc tc cho qu trnh reforming
C s ho hc v ho l ca qu trnh reforming xc tc
Phn ng hydro ho naphthen
Phn ng ng phn ho
Phn ng hydrocraking
Phn ng hydro alkyl ho
Phn ng hydro ng vng parafin
Tc tng i gia cc bn phm
Cc thng s cng ngh ca qu trnh
Nhit
Tc np liu ring th tch
T l H2/RH
p sut
Dy chuyn reforming xc tc
Dy chuyn reforming xc tc chuyn ng
c im ca thit b phn ng v cc thit b ph tr
Thit b phn ng
L t
Thit b trao i nhit
TNH TON
Tnh ton cn bng vt cht
Tnh ton cn bng vt cht l 1

Tnh ton kch thc thit b phn ng
Tnh ton cn bng nhit lng
PHN III : XY DNG V AN TON LAO NG
Xy dng
An ton lao ng

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PHN MT

TNG QUAN QU TRNH

ny s dn n xc tc mau b gim hot tnh do cc to thnh s bao ph cc

II. Nguyn liu v x l nguyn liu [13], [15], [10].

Naphtha thu c t qu trnh chng ct kh quyn c c im l

Hm lng lu hunh, %kl

Nhng naphtha thu c t qu trnh craking, ni chung, cha mt lng

nguyn liu tuyt vi cho qu trnh reforming, l do l nhng xyclo parafin d

Trong qu trnh reforming xc tc, tu thuc

vo mc ch qu trnh sn xut xng s dng lm nhin liu hay

C c s dng lm nguyn liu. S dng phn on

naphtha c nhit si 60-85o C sn xut benzen, 85-105oC sn xut

xc nh bng hn hp P, N, Ar . Nhng hp cht hydrocacbon thm tri qua

Trong nguyn liu reforming xc tc, KUOP v c bit l N + Ar thay i

ng thng l c hi. Nhng tp cht trong nguyn liu ca qu trnh

hydrogenolys to ra HCl, HCl s tng tc vi b mt xc tc b p lng

kh tch lu hunh tng dn.

Phn ng hydro sunfua ho i vi hp cht thiophen xy ra cc

Nhng hp cht lu hunh vng kh x l hn do lu hunh lin kt vi

Trong cc phn ng sunfua u to ra H 2S, do vy phn ng xy ra

S phc tp ca hp cht nit, lm cho phn ng nit kh khn hn

Chnh v s kt hp 2 giai on bo ho v tch nit, cho nn phn ng

II.2.1.4. Phn ng bo ho hydrocacbon thm.

Phn ng bo ho hydrocacbon thm xy ra theo cng mt c ch nh

Ngoi nhng vai tr nh trn, qu trnh x l hydro cng c thit k

Vi qu trnh hydro nit ho, xc tc Niken Molypden thng c

Qu trnh x l hydro phn on naphtha d hn so vi cc phn on

1. t/b phn ng, 2.l t, 3. my nn hydro bxung, 4. t/b tch

chuyn x l hydro phn on naphtha v cc phn on khc chng ta c

ph thuc cht lng xng n nh vo thnh phn khc nhau ca nguyn

Bng 4 : cht lng xng ca qu trnh reforming xc tc

Hm lng parafin trong nguyn liu

Thnh phn ho hc ch yu ca xng reforming xc tc l hydrocacbon

Bng 5 : c trng phn b tr s octan ca xng reforming xc tc khi

II.3.2. Hydrocacbon thm.

kh hydro k thut l kh cha hm lng hydro ln hn 80% v l mt

III. Xc tc cho qu trnh reforming. [13], [1], [3], [10]

Xc tc reforming bao gm Pt l ngun cung cp tm hot tnh hydro

Gi tr R cng ln chn lc xc tc cng cao. Do vy vic to nn s

thnh nhng ht nh hn, lm gim kh nng to thnh cc v bng cch ny

p sut qu trnh xung cn 1,4 1,5 MPa khi lm vic vi dy chuyn xc

Mt hn ch ca xc tc R-72 l c n nh km hn so vi xc tc PtRe. m bo n nh ca xc tc trong qu trnh reforming, UOP d

IV. C s ho hc v ho l ca qu trnh reforming xc tc. [10], [13],

su i vi mi phn ng tu thuc vo cht lng nguyn liu, iu kin ca

: Thng s nhit ng hc ti 500 oC ca mt vi phn ng

xy ra trong qu trnh reforming xc tc.

Nhng phn ng ch yu trong qu trnh reforming xc tc vitc

Phn ng ny c thc y bi vai tr hydro ho ca tm kim loi

ng hc v ng hc iu kin ca qu trnh reforming u thun li, cho

Phn ng ny c thc y bi tm axit ca xc tc.

Phn ng ny c tc trung bnh, t n cn bng trong vng lm

parafin nh. V khi sn phm c NO cao hn so vi khi tin hnh isome

IV.3 Phn ng hydrocraking.

R-CH3 (iso) +R1-CH 3(iso)

Phn ng hydrocraking l mt phn ng tiu th H 2, lm tng hiu sut

IV. Phn ng hydro ng vng parafin

Bc u tin ca phn ng l s hydro ho phn t hexan to ra 1

Phn ng hydro ng vng parafin to hydrocacbon thm l mt

vng ho heptan xp x bng 4ln hexan. Do n- heptan chuyn ho thanh

Hnh 5b minh ho s chuyn ho ca 3 tc nhn phn ng trong nguyn

Hnh 5 : chuyn ho ca tng loi hydrocacbon v mt s tc nhn phn

V. Cc thng s cng ngh ca qu trnh. [13], [10]

cn phi tnh n cht lng nguyn liu. Thng thng ch gi nhit

Tc np liu ring th tch thng thng c duy tr trong khong 1