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Tiu lun ch bin du
M U
Cng nghip du kh l mt ngnh cng nghip c nhng bc thay i v pht trin
khng ngng, c bit l vo nhng nm cui th k XX. Cng nghip du kh v ang tr
thnh ngnh cng nghip mi nhn, bn cnh l s pht trin khng ngng ca mt s qu
trnh ch bin du th ra cc nhin liu trong ngnh cng nghip ho du, song khng th khng
nhc n qu trnh qu trnh reforming xc tc sn xut ra xng cht lng cao.
Ngy nay, qu trnh reforming xc tc c s dng rt ph bin cho ngnh tng hp ho
du v cc ngnh cng nghip khc. Mc ch chnh ca qu trnh l bin i cc hydrocacbon
c trong phn on xng thnh nhng hydrocacbon thm l h c tr s octan cao nht. Qu trnh
ny cho php sn xut ra cc cu t cao octan cho xng t ti 98 100. Tuy nhin, ngoi vic
sn xut ra xng c tr s octan cao th qu trnh reforming xc tc cn sn xut ra ngun nguyn
liu BTX rt quan trng cho cng nghip ho du. Bn cnh cn sn xut ra nhiu kh hydro
(hm lng > 85%). y l ngun kh hydro c s dng lm nguyn liu sch v r tin phc
v cho cc qu trnh ch bin du m v tng hp hu c nh: lm sch nguyn liu, x l hydro
cc phn on sn phm trong khu lin hp lc ho du, sn xut phn m. Do khng th
ph nhn vai tr ca qu trnh reforming xc tc trong cng nghip ch bin du nu khng
mun ni rng qu trnh reforming xc tc l mt qu trnh ch bin th cp quan trng nht.
Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh reforming xc tc l izome ho, dehydro ho,
dehydro ho to vng cho sn phm chnh l cc hydrocacbon thm c tr s octan cao. Qu
trnh reforming thng dng nguyn liu l phn on xng c tr s octan thp, khng tiu
chun ca nhin liu xng cho ng c xng. l phn on xng ca qu trnh chng ct trc
tip du th hay t phn on xng ca qu trnh cracking nhit, cc ho.
Reforming xc tc do c tm quan trng nn qu trnh ny ngy cng c nghin cu
mt cch su rng v c p dng mt cch rng ri trn th gii. Hin nay, lng xng sn
xut t qu trnh reforming chim mt phn ng k lng xng tiu th trn th gii. Qu trnh
reforming xc tc v ang c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc cng nghip khc
nhau v l qu trnh khng th thiu ca nh my ch bin du m, nh my in, cng nghip
cht do, xng c tr s octan cao, BTX.
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CHNG I
TNG QUAN L THUYT
I. Mc ch v ngha ca qu trnh reforming xc tc
Reforming xc tc l mt qu trnh quan trng trong cc nh my ch bin du m trn
th gii. Vai tr ca qu trnh ny khng ngng c tng ln do nhu cu v xng c cht lng
cao v nguyn liu cho ho du ngy mt nhiu. Qu trnh reforming xc tc nhm sn xut ra
xng c tr s octan cao (98 100) v sn xut ra cc loi hydrocacbon thm nh benzen, toluen,
xilen (BTX) lm nguyn liu cho ngnh cng nghip tng hp hu c ho du. Ngoi ra, qu
trnh cn cho php nhn c kh hydro k thut (hm lng hydro ti 85%) vi gi r nht so
vi cc qu trnh sn xut khc (r hn 10 15 ln so vi hydro thu c t cc qu trnh iu
ch khc). Sn phm hydro thu c t qu trnh cung cp cho qu trnh lm sch nguyn
liu, x l hydro cc phn on sn phm trong khu lin hp lc ho du.
Hin nay, nh ci tin cng ngh v xc tc, qu trnh reforming xc tc nhn c xng
c tr s octan cao, khng cn pha nc ch, trnh nhim mi trng v c hi cho ngi s
dng.
Qu trnh reforming xc tc thng dng nguyn liu l phn on xng c tr s octan
thp, khng tiu chun lm nhin liu xng cho ng c xng l phn on xng ca qu
trnh chng ct trc tip du th, phn on xng ca qu trnh cracking nhit, cc ho ...
Qu trnh reforming xc tc dng xc tc a chc nng: chc hydro-dehydro ho do kim
loi m nhim (ch yu l platin), c mang trn cht mang axit (thng dng l gama oxit
nhm tng tc cc phn ng theo c ch ion cacboni nh izome ho, vng ho v
hydrocracking).
II. C s chung ca qu trnh reforming
Reforming xc tc l mt qu trnh bin i cc thnh phn hydrocacbon ca nguyn liu
(ch yu l naphten v parafin thnh hydrocacbon thm c tr s octan cao) m ch o l xng
chng ct trc tip v gn y nh s pht trin ca qu trnh lm sch bng hydro do c th
s dng c xng ca cc qu trnh lc du khc nh xng ca qu trnh cc ho, xng cracking
nhit.
Nhng phn ng chnh xy ra trong qu trnh reforming xc tc:
-
Dehydro ho cc hydrocacbon naphten.
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-
Dehydro vng ho cc hydrocacbon parafin.
ng phn ho.
Hydro cracking.
Dehydro vng ho
n_parafin
Alkyl cyclo
Hydro
hexan
cracking
Dehydro ho
Hydrocacbon thm
ng phn ho
Sn phm
cracking
Hydrocracking
izo_parafin
Alkyl Cyclopentan
Dehydro vng ho
Hnh 1: S cc phn ng chnh trong qu trnh reforming xc tc.

Trong iu kin tin hnh qu trnh reforming cn xy ra cc phn ng ph, tuy khng
lm nh hng nhiu n cn bng ca cc phn ng chnh nhng li c nh hng ln n
hot ng v bn ca xc tc. l cc phn ng:
-
Phn ng phn hu v kh cc hp cht cha oxi, nit, lu hunh thnh H2S, NH3, H2O.
Phn ng phn hu cc hp cht cha kim loi v halogen.
Phn ng ngng t ca cc hp cht trung gian khng bn nh olefin, diolefin vi

hydrocacbon thm dn n to thnh cc cht nha v cc bm trn b mt xc tc.
V th pht trin qu trnh reforming xc tc, ngi ta cn phi khc phc c qu

trnh to cc trn xc tc, hay t nht phi hn ch ti mc ti a qu trnh to cc. Trong thc t
sn xut, ngi ta p dng cc bin php khc nhau nh dng p sut v nng hydro cao
hoc tin hnh ti sinh lin tc xc tc (qu trnh CCR).
III. So snh cc qu trnh cng ngh khc nhau ca reforming xc tc
Khi thc hin 2 cng ngh reforming xc tc chuyn ng (CCR) v reforming xc tc
c nh ta thy im khc bit trong ch lm vic l :
p sut ca qu trnh cng ngh reforming xc tc chuyn ng l thp hn nhiu so vi
qu trnh reforming xc tc c nh. iu dn n cc u th sau: Ti iu kin p sut thp
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cho php nhn c nhiu hydrocacbon thm , nng cao tr s octan v nng cao hiu sut xng,
nhng n i hi rt ngn chu k ti sinh xc tc.
Khi p sut thp, chn lc xc tc tng nht l khi ch bin c hm lng
hydrocacbon parafin ln. Khi lm tng vai tr ca phn ng dehydro vng ha parafin 50
60% aren nhn c t chuyn ho parafin. Do tr s octan ca sn phm rt cao.
Nh kh nng ti sinh lin tc xc tc b cc ho, qu trnh CCR cho php dng p sut
thp, thao tc lin tc hng nm cha phi thay th xc tc mi, hiu sut aren v H2 tng ln
ng k.
Nh ti sinh lin tc m khng phi dng qu trnh ti sinh xc tc nh dy chuyn
reforming xc tc c nh do vy xc tc mi lin tc c chuyn vo reactor dn n xc tc
c hot tnh cao hn v n nh hn, lm vic iu kin kht khe hn m vn cho hiu qu
cao hn.
Tuy vy, qu trnh dng lp xc tc c nh th c kt cu n gin, iu kin vn hnh
khng qu kht khe, d iu chnh. Gi c u t ban u va phi. Cn dy chuyn xc tc
chuyn ng th li c chiu cao ln, gi ban u t cao v qu trnh ti sinh xc tc i hi rt
cn thn, nguyn liu phi lm sch bng hydro ho mc su.
Trong thi im hin nay th vi mc ch tng tr s octan, hiu qu nht vn l qu trnh
reforming xc tc ti sinh lin tc.
IV. La chn s cng ngh v thuyt minh
p ng cc yu cu v ch cng ngh cng nh ph hp vi nguyn liu, ta
phi chn dy chuyn cng ngh ph hp cho qu trnh reforming xc tc vi nng sut 2 triu
tn/ nm em chn dy chuyn cng ngh thit k da trn s reforming vi lp xc tc
chuyn ng v ti sinh lin tc
iu kin lm vic ca qu trnh nh sau:
B phn reactor v ct n nh:
Nng sut theo nguyn liu:
2,0 triu tn/nm
Nhit vo reactor:
520 540oC
LHSV, h-1:
H2/RH, mol:
2,5
p sut trong thit b phn ng:
3,5 kg/cm2 (50 psi)
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p sut trong thit b tch:
2,5 kg/cm2
p sut trong cc thit b ti tip xc:

S 1:
6,6 kg/cm2
S 2:
15,6 kg/cm2
S 3:
34,8 kg/cm2
p sut trong ct n nh:
11,3 12 kg/cm2
Nhit y ct n nh:
227oC
Nhit nh ct n nh:
85oC
B phn ti sinh:
Tc dng xc tc:
3000 Ib/h
Nng oxy trong vng chy:
0,5% mol
p sut ct ti sinh:
2,5 kg/cm2
Tc dng kh ti sinh:
1229 m3/ngy
Tc khng kh kh:
38.000 m3/ ngy
Tc dng kh kh
36.000 m3/ ngy
Nhit trong cc vng ca l ti sinh:

Vng chy trung bnh:
497oC
Vng clo ho:
519oC
Vng sy kh:
573oC
Vng kh:
567oC
Tc dng kh nng N0.1/N0.2:
680/12200 m3/ngy
Tc dng kh y:
160.000 m3/ ngy
V. Thit b refoming xc tc
B phn thit b phn ng bao gm cc thit b chnh:

- L phn ng;
- Thit b gia nhit.
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Hnh 1: Cu to chung l phn ng (kiu xp chng)

L phn ng ca qu trnh reforming vi thit b ti sinh xc tc lin tc c xp chng
ln nhau (ty theo nguyn liu m s l phn ng khc nhau, nhng thng thng c t 3 ti
4 l phn ng trong mt phn xng reforming). Theo kt cu ny, xc tc chy t pha trn
xung ln lt qua cc l phn ng ri tch ra y l phn ng cui cng ri thu v bnh thu
gom xc tc trc khi chuyn ti bnh lu tr v vn chuyn xc tc (Lift Engager).
Nguyn liu phn ng c a vo tng l phn ng ni tip nhau, qua mi l phn ng
hn hp nguyn liu li c a ra khi l gia nhit b sung (do a s cc phn ng trong
qu trnh reforming l phn ng thu nhit). Trong tng l phn ng, nguyn liu v xc tc
chuyn ng theo hng cho dng.
Cu to chung ca l phn ng xp chng c m t trong hnh 1
Cc l phn ng reforming c cu to tung t nhau vng phn ng ch c khc nhau v th
tch thit b do c im ca cc giai on phn ng khc nhau v do yu cu v kt cu. Cc l
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phn ng u tin c khc bit i cht v kt cu do yu cu np xc tc ban u v thu gom
xc tc. Cu to bn trong ca mt l phn ng reforming c m t trong hnh v sau:
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CHNG 2: TNH TON
I. Cc s liu u
Nng sut: 2.000.000 tn/ nm.
Nhit : 803oC.
Tc th tch: 1,5 h-1.
p sut : 3,5 at.
T l H2/RH: 2,5 mol.
Phn b xc tc trong l phn ng ln lt l: 1:1,5:2,5:5.
Bng 3.1: Thnh phn ca nguyn liu.
Khi
lng
ring
Thnh phn phn on
0,7288
% khi lng
T0s u
T0s10%
T0s50%
T0s90%
T0scui
3330K
3480K
3850K
4280K
4530K
50
38
12
II. Tnh ton

Cc phn ng chnh xy ra trong qu trnh reforming xc tc:
Phn ng chuyn ho hydrocacbon naphten thnh hydrocacbon thm:
CnH2n
CnH2n-6 + 3H2
(1)
Phn ng chuyn ho hydrocacbon naphten thnh parafin:

CnH2n
CnH2n+2
(2)
Phn ng hydrocracking parafin:

CnH2n+2 + (n-3)/3.H2
n/15(CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + C5H12)
(3)
S gim hm lng hydrocacbon do chuyn ho ho hc c th hin bng phng

trnh vi phn sau:
dNN
k
k 1 .PN 1 .PA .PH3
dVR
k P1
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dNN
k
k 2 .PN .PH 2 .PP
dVR
k P2
dNP
P
k3. P
dVR
P
(5)
(6)
Trong :
NN, NP: ln lt l phn mol ca hydrocacbon naphten v parafin trong nguyn liu b chuyn
ho (kmol/kmol).
VR: i lng nghch o ca tc np liu theo mol [kg xc tc/(kmol/h) nguyn liu].
k1: hng s tc ca phn ng (1) c xc nh bng th ph lc (1) (kmol/h.Pa.kg.xc
tc).
tc).
tc).
kp1,kp2: hng s cn bng ca phn ng (1) v (2) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
46,15
k P1 9,81 .10 .e
3
12
25600
T
4450
7,12
T
k P2 98,1 .10 .e
1
(Pa3)
(Pa-1)
T: nhit phn ng (K).

PA, PN, PP, PH 2 , P: p sut ca hp cht thm, naphten, parafin, hydro v p sut chung ca h
(Pa).
Thnh phn ca kh tun hon cho bng sau:
Bng 3.2: Thnh phn ca kh tun hon.

Cu t
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
% mol
86
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tnh thnh phn ca hn hp dng cng thc sau:
MC.yi = Mi.yi
Trong :
MC: khi lng phn t trung bnh ca nguyn liu.
Mi: khi lng phn t trung bnh ca cc hydrocacbon trong nguyn liu.
yi, yi: phn khi lng v phn mol ca cu t i trong nguyn liu.
Mt khc: MC = 0,4.T50 - 45
Trong T50: nhit si ti 50% th tch nguyn liu.
Vy ta tnh c MC = 0,4.385 - 45 = 109
Khi lng ca cc hydrocacbon trong nguyn liu c tnh theo bng sau:
Bng 3.3: Khi lng ca cc hydrocacbon trong nguyn liu.
Hydrocacbon
Cng thc ho hc
Cng thc khi lng
Parafin
CnH2n+2
MP = 14.n + 2
Naphten
CnH2n
MN = 14.n
Aromat
CnH2n-6
MA = 14.n - 6
Ngoi ra MC cn c tnh theo cng thc:

MC =
1
YA
Y
Y
N P
MA MN MP
Trong :
YA, YN, YP: phn khi lng ca aromatic, naphten v parafin trong nguyn liu.
MA, MN, MP: khi lng phn t trung bnh ca cc hydrocacbon aromatic, naphten, parafin.
Vy ta c:
MC =
1
YA
Y
YP
N
14n 6 14n 14n 2
Bin i phng trnh ny ta c:
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n3 -
1
M C 4n2 1 6 y A 2y N 3y P .M C n 3 .y N .M C 0
14
98
686
Vi yA = 0,12.MC, yN = 0,38.MC, yP = 0,50.MC, MC = 109

Gii phng trnh trn ta c: n = 7,77.
Khi ta c:
MA = 14n - 6 = 14.7,77 - 6 = 102,78
MN = 14n
= 14.7,77
= 108,78
MP = 14n + 2 = 14.7,77 + 2 = 110,78

Ta c cc s liu v thnh phn nguyn liu nh sau:
Bng 3.4: Thnh phn ca nguyn liu.
Cu t
Mi
Hm lng hydrocacbon cc loi
Khi lng phn t
yi
Yi = yi.MC/Mi
CnH2n-6
102,78
0,12
0,127
CnH2n
108,78
0,38
0,381
CnH2n+2
110,78
0,50
0,492
1,00
1,000
Tng
Tnh nng sut thit b
Gi thit s ngy lm vic trong mt nm ca nh my l 340 ngy, c 25 ngy ngh dng

bo dng v sa cha thit b.
Vy nng sut thit b l:
GC =
L
(kg/h)
24.340
L: nng sut trong mt nm ca thit b.
GC=
2.10 6.10 3
231481 ,4815
24 .340
(kg/h)
Nng sut thit b tnh theo kmol/h:
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NC =
GC
G
231481 ,4815
C
2123 ,683 kmol/h
M C 109
109
Vy ta c bng sau:
Bng 3.5: Thnh phn cc cu t trong nguyn liu.
Cu t
yi
NCi = NC.yi
CnH2n-6
0,127
269,708
CnH2n
0,381
809,123
CnH2n+2
0,492
1044,852
Tng
1,000
2123,683
Tnh lng kh tun hon cn thit

Ta c H2/RH = 2,5 mol.
Nng sut H2 l: nH 2 = 2,5.NC = 2,5. 2123,683= 5309,2075 (kmol/h).
Vy lng kh tun hon l:
nkth = nH 2 .100/86 = 6173,4971 (kmol/h).
Vy thnh phn ca kh tun hon c cho nh sau:
Bng 3.6: Thnh phn ca cc cu t trong kh tun hon.

Cu t
Mi
yi
Mi.yi
ni = nkth.yi
(kmol/h)
H2
0,86
1,72
5309,2075
CH4
16
0,04
0,64
246,9399
C2H6
30
0,05
1,50
308,6749
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C3H8
44
0,03
1,32
185,2049
C4H10
58
0,01
0,58
61,7350
C5H12
72
0,01
0,72
61,7350
1,00
6,48
6173,4971
Tng
Lng hydrocacbon trong kh tun hon

6173,4971- 5309,2075 = 864,2896 (kmol/h).
Tnh lng xc tc cho ton b qu trnh
Vxt =
GC
C V0
GC: nng sut thit b (kg/h).

C: khi lng ring ca nguyn liu th lng.
C : 728,8 (kg/m3).
Vo = 1,5 h-1: tc th tch.
Vxt =
231481 ,4815
211,7467 (m3)
728 ,8.1,5
Lng xc tc c tnh theo cng thc sau:

mxt = Vxt.xt (kg).
Trong : xt l khi lng ring ca xc tc, xt = 550 650 (kg/m3).
Chn xt = 600 (kg/m3)
mxt = 211,7467.600 = 127048,02 (kg).
S phn b xc tc trong cc l phn ng nh sau: 1:1,5:2,5:5.
Nn ta c bng sau:
Bng 3.7: S phn b xc tc trong cc l phn ng.
L phn ng
Vxt(m3)
mxt(kg) = Vxt.600(kg)
21,1747
12704,80
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2
31,7620
19057,20
52,9367
31762,01
105,8733
63524,01
Tng
211,7467
127048,02
Tnh s phn b p sut ca cc cu t trong hn hp nguyn liu v kh tun hon

Pi = P.yi
Trong :
Pi: p sut ring phn ca cu t i (Pa).
P: p sut chung ca l phn ng (Pa).
yi: nng phn mol ca cu t trong hn hp.
P = 3,5 kg/cm3 = 343234,5 (Pa).
Bng 3.8: Phn b p sut theo cu t.
Cu t
ni (kmol/h)
yi = ni/ni
Pi = 343238.21.yi (Pa)
CnH2n-6
269,708
0,0325
11155,1213
CnH2n
809,123
0,0975
33465,3638
CnH2n+2
1044,852
0,1259
43213,2236
H2
5309,2075
0,6399
219635,7566
P*
864,2896
0,1042
35765,0349
Tng
8297,1801
1,0000
343234,5
Trong P* l lng hydrocacbon trong kh tun hon.
II. Tnh ton cho l phn ng th nht

II.1. Tnh cn bng vt cht
Hng s tc ca phn ng chuyn ho naphten thnh aromatic:
T = 8030K
1000/T = 1000/803 = 1,245
Tra th ph lc (1) ta c k1 = 3,145.10-7 (kmol/h.Pa.kg xc tc).

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Phng trnh tnh cn hng s cn bng phn ng:
46,15
k P1 9,813.1012.e
25600
803
14,866.1020 (Pa3)
gim tng i hm lng naphten do phn ng thm ho:
dNN11
k
k 1 .PN 1 .PA .PH3
dVR1
k p1
dNN11
3,145.107
3
3,145.107.33465,3638
.
11155
,
1213
.
219635
,
7566
dVR1
14,866.1020
dNN11
0,011
dVR1
Suy ra: NN11 = -0,011.VR1

M VR1 =
m1
N C1
Trong : m1 = 12704,80kg.
NC1: lng nguyn liu vo l th nht (kmol/h).
VR1
12704,80
5,9824 (kg/kmol)
2123,683
Vy NN11 = - 0,011.5,9824 = -0,066 (kg xc tc/kmol).

Lng naphten cn li sau phn ng (1) l:
nN11 = (yN1 - NN11).NC1 = (0,381 - 0,066).2123,683 = 668,960 (kmol/h).
Lng naphten tham gia phn ng (1) l:
809,123- 602,0642 = 140,163 (kmol/h).
Hng s tc phn ng chuyn ho naphten to thnh prarafin:
T = 8030K
1000/T = 1000/803 = 1,245

Phng trnh tnh hng s cn bng phn ng:
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4450
7,12
803
k P2 98,1 .10 .e
1
= 0,0021.10-3 (Pa-1)
Do kP2 << 1, chng t u th thuc v phn ng nghch tc l phn ng chuyn

ho parafin thnh naphten.
S tng hm lng naphten trong l phn ng th (1) l:
dNN
12
dVR1
k 2 .PN .PH
2
k2
.PP
k p2
dNN12
2,55.1015
2,55.1015.33465,3638.219635,7566
.43213,2236
dVR1
0,0021.103
dNN12
0,337.10-4
dVR1
Suy ra: NN12 = 0,337.10-4.VR1 = 0,337.10-4.5,9824 = 2,02.10-4

Lng naphten sau phn ng (1) v(2) l:
nN12 = (yN1 - NN11 + NN12).NC1 = (0,381- 0,066 + 2,02.10-4). 2123,683
= 669,389 (kmol/h).
Lng naphten to thnh do phn ng (2) l:
nN12 - nN11 = 669,389 - 668,960 = 0,429 (kmol/h)
Hng s tc phn ng hydrocracking parafin:
T = 803ok
1000/T = 1000/803 = 1,245.
Tra th ph lc (3) ta c k3 = 0,075 (kmol/h.Pa.kg xc tc).
dN P13
P
k3 P
dVR1
P
dNP13
43213,2236
0,075
9,4425.10-3
dVR1
343234,5
Suy ra: NP13 = - 9,4425.10-3.VR1 = - 9,4425.10-3.5,9824 = - 0,056

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 16
Tiu lun ch bin du

Lng parafin cn li sau phn ng (2) v (3) l:
nP1 = (yP1- NP13).NC1 = (0,492 - 0,056). 2123,683= 925,926 (kmol/h).
Vy lng parafin tham gia phn ng hydrocracking l:
NP1 - nP1 = 1044,852- 925,926 = 118,926 (kmol/h)
Vy ta c cn bng vt cht cc phn ng ho hc nh sau:
Bng 3.9: Cn bng ho hc ca l phn ng th nht .
Lng cc cht tham gia phn ng

(kmol)
Lng cc sn phm (kmol/h)
140,163 CnH2n
140,163 CnH2n-6 + 140,163.3 H2
0,429 CnH2n+2
0,429 CnH2n + 0,429
118,926 CnH2n+2 + [118,926 (n-3)/3] H2
118,926. n/15 (CH4 + C2H6 +

C3H8 + C4H10 + C5H12)
Vi gi tr n = 7,77 ta tnh c lng kh hydrocacbon c sinh ra trong l phn

ng th nht l:
118,926.(7,77/15)(CH4+C2H6+C3H8+C4H10+C5H12) = 61,6037(kmol/h).
Bng 3.10: Lng cht dng vo v dng ra ca l phn ng th nht.
Cu t
Lng vo
(kmol/h)
Lng ra (kmol/h)
269,708
242,7370 + 140,163 = 382,900
809,123
809,123- 140,163 + 0,429 = 669,389
1044,852
1044,852- 0,429 - 118,926= 925,497
Tng
2123,683
1977,786
Bn 3.11: Lng kh tun hon.
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 17
Tiu lun ch bin du

Cu t
Lng vo
Lng ra
H2
5309,2075
5309,2075+ 140,163.3 + 0,429 118,926(4,77/3) = 5541,033
CH4
246,9399
246,9399+ 55,4434 = 302,3833
C2H6
308,6749
308,6749+ 55,4434 = 363,6483
C3H8
185,2049
185,2049+ 55,4434 = 240,6483
C4H10
61,7350
61,7350+ 55,4434 = 117,1784
C5H12
61,7350
61,7350+ 55,4434 = 117,1784
Tng
6173,4971
6682,0697
Bng 3.12: Lng kh tun hon ra khi l phn ng th nht.
Cu t
Mi
ni (kmol/h)
yi = ni/ni
Mi.yi
H2
02
5541,033
0,8292
1,6584
CH4
16
302,3833
0,0454
0,6486
C2H6
30
363,6483
0,0544
1,632
C3H8
44
240,6483
0,0360
1,584
C4H10
58
117,1784
0,0175
1,015
C5H12
72
117,1784
0,0175
1,26
6682,0697
1,0000
7,798
Tng
Vy ta tnh c lng kh tun hon:

6682,0697. 7,798= 52106,7795 (kg/h).
Lng sn phm kh ra khi l th nht l:
244340,9857 - 52106,7795 = 192234,2062 kg/h
Vy ta c phng trnh l:
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 18
Tiu lun ch bin du

382,900.(14n - 6) + 669,389.14n + 925,497.(14n + 2) = 192234,2062
Suy ra: n = 7,7766
MA = 14n - 6 = 102,8724
MN = 14n
= 108,8724
MP = 14n + 2 = 110,8724
Bng 3.13: Tng kt cn bng vt cht ca l phn ng th nht.
Cu t
ni (kmol/h)
yi
Mi
Gi = Mi.ni
u vo
A
242,7370
0,0325
102,78
24948,5089
728,2110
0,0975
108,78
79214,7926
940,3669
0,1259
110,78
104173,8452
H2
4778,2873
0,6399
6,48
36003,8390
P*
777,8607
0,1042
Tng
7467,4629
1,0000
244340,9857
u ra
A
368,8838
0,0470
101,8896
37585,4228
602,4503
0,0768
107,8896
64998,1219
832,9472
0,1062
109,8896
91532,2346
H2
4986,9304
0,6355
8,3126
50224,7965
P*
1055,0777
0,1345
Tng
7846,2894
1,000
244340,5758
II.2. Tnh cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng th nht

Ta c cn bng nhit lng:Q11 + Q21 = Q31 + Q41 + Q51 + Q61
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 19
Tiu lun ch bin du

Trong :
Q11: nhit do hn hp kh nguyn liu v kh tun hon mang vo l (kJ/h).
Q21: nhit do lng xc tc mang vo l (kJ/h).
Q31: nhit do hn hp kh sn phm v kh tun hon mang ra l (kJ/h).
Q41: nhit do lng xc tc mang ra l (kJ/h).
Q51: nhit tn tht do phn ng reforming (kJ/h).
Q61: nhit mt mt (kJ/h).
Tnh Q11: Ta cn xc nh Entanpi ca dng hi nguyn liu ca vo ca l th
nht. S liu Entanpi ca H2, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12 tra s tay ho l.
xc nh c Entanpi ca aromatic, naphten, parafin ta da theo trng lng phn
t trung bnh c t trng ri tra bng [5] c Entanpi.
Bng 3.14: T trng ca cc cu t.
298
288
Cu t
u vo
u ra
0,718
0,722
0,731
0,733
0,733
0,737
Bng 3.15: Entanpi ca cc cht vo l phn ng th nht.
Cu
t
Mi
H2
4778,2873 0,6399
1,2798
CH4
16
222,2459
0,0298
C2H6
30
277,8074
0,0372
ni
yi
Mi.yi
(kmol/h)
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Entanpi
qti
qyi.yi
0,0391
7700
301,070
0,4768
0,0146
1618
23,6228
1,1160
0,0341
1434
48,8994
Page 20
Tiu lun ch bin du

C3H8
44
166,6844
0,0223
0,9812
0,0299
1405
42,0095
C4H10
58
55,5615
0,0074
0,4292
0,0131
1400
18,3400
C5H12
72
55,5615
0,0074
0,5328
0,0163
1392
22,6896
102,78
242,737
0,0325
3,3404
0,1021
1713
174,8973
108,78
728,211
0,0976 10,6169 0,3245
1704
552,948
110,78
940,3669
0,1259 13,9472 0,4263
1703
725,9889
Tng
7467,4629 1,0000 32,7203
1,000
1910,4655
Nhit do hn hp nguyn liu v kh tun hon mang vo l th nht:

Q11 = 244340,9857.1910,4655 = 466805023,4158
Tnh Q21:
Ta c: Q21 = mxt1.q21 = mxt1.Cpxt.T
Trong :
Q21 = Cpxt.T: hm nhit xc tc (kJ/kg).
Cpxt: nhit dung ring ca cht xc tc nhit d T (0K).
Cpxt = a0 + a1 - a2.T-2 (kJ/h).
Tra s tay ho l [9]: Cpxt (Al2O3)
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.T - 5,225.105.T-2
Ti T = 803K ta c:
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.803 - 5,225.105.803-2 = 28,47 (kcal/kmol.K)
Hay:
CpXT
28,47.4,186
1,17 (kJ/kg.K)
102
MAl2O3 = 102 kg/kmol.

q21 = Cpxt.T = 1,17.803 = 939,51
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 21
Tiu lun ch bin du

Vy Q21 = mxt1.q21 = 11434,32.939,51 = 10742657,9832 (kJ/h)
Tnh Q41:
Gi thit nhit l th nht gim: T = 70K
Ta c: Q41 = mxt1. Cpxt.T
Trong : Cpxt l nhit dung ring xc tc T = 803 - 70 = 733K
Vy Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.733 - 5,225.105.733-2 = 27,68 (kcal/kmol.K)
CpXT
27,68.4,186
1,14 (kJ/kg.K)
102
Vy Q41 = mxt1.Cpxt.T = 11434,32.1,14.733 = 9554746,4784 (kJ/h)

Tnh Q51:
tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng ta dng cng thc sau:
qP = -355.b [5]
Trong :
b: hiu sut to hydro tnh theo khi lng nguyn liu ban u (%kl)
GH = 4986,9304 - 4778,2873 = 208,6431 (kmol/h)

2
GH = 208,6431. M H = 208,6431.2 = 417,2862 (kg/h)

2
GH
GC
100%
417,2862
100% 0,20029%
108333,333
Vy qP = -335.0,20029 = - 67,097 (kJ/kg)

Nhit tiu tn cho phn ng reforming:
Q51 = GC.QP = 208333,333.(- 67,097) = - 13978541,6443
Tnh Q61: Nhit mt mt:
Q61 = 0,01(Q11 + Q12)
= 0,01(466805023,4 + 10742657,98) = 4775476,8140
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 22
Tiu lun ch bin du

Tnh Q31: Nhit do sn phm v kh tun hon mang ra:
Q31 = Q11 + Q21 - Q41 - Q51 - Q61
= 466805023,4158 + 10742657,9832 - 9554746,4784 +
+ 13978541,6443 - 4775476,8140
= 477195999,7510 (kJ/h)
Q31 = 244340,5758.qtr1
Suy ra: qtr1 = 1952,9953 (kJ/h)
qtr1: hm nhit ca sn phm v kh tun hon mang ra
Bng 3.16: Cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng th nht.
Dng
Nhit
Lng (kg/h)
Entanpi
Nhit lng
(kJ/h)
u vo
Q11
803
244340,9857
1910,4655
466805023,458
Q21
803
11434,32
939,51
10742657,9832
Tng
477547681,3990
u ra
Q31
733
244340,5758
Q41
733
11434,32
9554746,4784
208333,333
-13978541,6443
Q51
1952,9953
477195999,7510
Q61
4775476,8140
Tng
477547681,3990
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 23
Tiu lun ch bin du

III. Tnh ton cho l phn ng th hai
III.1.Tnh cn bng vt cht
Bng 3.17: Thnh phn cc cu t ca l phn ng th hai.
Cu t
nCi2 (kmol/h)
yCi2 = nCi2/nCi2
CnH2n-6
368,8838
0,2044
CnH2n
602,4503
0,3339
CnH2+2
832,9472
0,4617
Tng
1804,2813
1,0000
tt p sut gia cc l phn ng thng t 0,15 n 0,35 (kg/cm2)

Chn tt p sut l th 2 l 0,2 kg/cm2.
Khi p sut chung ca hn hp kh nguyn liu vo l th hai l:
P2 = 3,5 - 0,2 = 3,3 (kg/cm2) = 3,3.98067 = 323621,1 (Pa)
Bng 3.18: Thnh phn p sut nguyn liu v kh tun hon vo l
phn ng th hai.
Cu t
yi
Pi = 323621,1.yi (Pa)
CnH2n-6
0,0470
15210,1917
CnH2n
0,0768
24854,1005
CnH2n+2
0,1062
34368,5608
H2
0,6355
205661,2091
P*
0,1345
43527,0379
Tng
1,000
323621,1000

T = 803oK
1000/T = 1000/803 = 1,245
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 24
Tiu lun ch bin du

46,15
k P1 9,81 .10 .e
3
12
25600
803
14,866.1020 (Pa3)
dNN 21
k
k 1 .PN 1 .PA .PH3
dVR2
k p1
dNN 21
3,145.107
3,145.107.24854,1005
.15210,1917.(205661,2091)3
20
dVR2
14,866.10
dNN 21
7,817.10-3
dVR2
M: VR2 =
m2
N C2
Trong : m2 = 17151,48 (kg)

NC2: lng nguyn liu vo l phn ng th 2 (kg xc tc/ kmol)
VR2
17151,48
9,506 [kg/(kmol/h)]
1804,2813
Vy NN21 = - 7,817.10-3.9,506 = - 0,0743 (kg xc tc/kmol).

nN21 = (yN2 - NN21).NC2 = (0,3339 - 0,0743).1804,2813 = 468,3914 (kmol/h).
602,4503 - 468,391 = 134,0589 (kmol/h).
T = 8030K
1000/T = 1000/803 = 1,245

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 25
Tiu lun ch bin du

4450
k P2 98,11.103.e 803
7,12
= 0,0021.10-3 (Pa-1)

dNN 22
k
k 2 .PN .PH 2 .PP
dVR2
k p2
2
dNN 22
2,55.1015
15
2,55.10 .24854,1005.205661,2091
.34368,5608
dVR2
0,0021.103
dNN 22
0,287.10-4
dVR2
Suy ra: NN22 = 0,287.10-4.VR2 = 0,287.10-4.9,506 = 2,728.10-4

Lng naphten sau phn ng (1) v (2) l:
nN22 = (yN2 - NN21 + NN22).NC2
= (0,3339 - 0,0743 + 2,728.10-4).1804,2813
= 468,8836 (kmol/h).
nN22 - nN21 = 468,8836 - 468,3914 = 0,4922 (kmol/h)
T = 8030k
1000/T = 1000/803 = 1,245.
dN P23
P
k3 P
dVR 2
P
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 26
Tiu lun ch bin du
dNP23
34368,5608
0,075
7,96.10-3
dVR2
323621,1
Suy ra: NP23 = - 7,96.10-3.VR2 = - 7,96.10-3.9,506 = - 0,0757

nP2 = (yP2 - NP23).NC2 = (0,4617 - 0,0757).1804,2813 = 696,4526 (kmol/h).
NP2 - nP2 = 832,9472 - 696,4526 = 136,4946 (kmol/h)
Bng 3.19: Cn bng ho hc ca l phn ng th hai.

(kmol)
Lng cc sn phm
134,0589 CnH2n
134,0589 CnH2n-6 + 134,0589.3 H2
0,4922 CnH2n+2
0,4922 CnH2n + 0,4922
136,4946 CnH2n+2 + [107,0336(n-3)/3] H2
136,4946 n/15 (CH4 +
(kmol/h)
C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + C5H12)

Vi gi tr n = 7,7064 ta tnh c lng kh hydrocacbon c sinh ra trong l
phn ng th nht l:
136,4946.(7,7064/15)(CH4+C2H6+C3H8+C4H10+C5H12) = 70,1255 (kmol/h).
Bng 3.20: Lng cht dng vo v dng ra ca l phn ng th hai.
Cu t
Lng vo
(kmol/h)
Lng ra (kmol/h)
368,8838
368,8838 + 134,0589 = 502,9427
602,4503
602,4503 - 134,0589 + 0,4922 = 468,8836
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 27
Tiu lun ch bin du

P
832,9472
832,9472 - 0,4922 - 136,4946 = 695,9604
Tng
1804,2813
1667,7867
Bng3.21: Lng kh tun hon.
Cu t
Lng vo
Lng ra
H2
4986,9304
4986,9304 + 134,0589.3 + 0,4922 136,4946 (4,7064/3) = 5175,4666
CH4
277,6893
277,6893 + 70,1255 = 347,8148
C2H6
333,2508
333,2508 + 70,1255 = 403,3763
C3H8
222,1278
222,1278 + 70,1255 = 292,2533
C4H10
111,0049
111,0049 + 70,1255 = 181,1304
C5H,
111,0049
111,0049 + 70,1255 = 181,1304
Tng
6042,0081
6581,1718
Bng 3.22: Kh tun hon ra khi l phn ng th hai.
Cu t
Mi
ni (kmol/h)
yi = ni/ni
Mi.yi
H2
02
5175,4666
0,7864
1,5728
CH4
16
347,8148
0,0529
0,8464
C2H6
30
403,3763
0,0613
1,8390
C3H8
44
292,2533
0,0444
1,9536
C4H10
58
181,1304
0,0275
1,5950
C5H12
72
181,1304
0,0275
1,9800
6581,1718
1,0000
9,7868
Tng

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 28
Tiu lun ch bin du

6581,1718.9,7868 = 64408,6122 (kg/h).
Lng sn phm kh ra khi l th nht l:

244340,5758 - 64408,6122 = 179931,9636
502,9427.(14n - 6) + 468,8836.14n + 695,9604.(14n + 2) = 179931,9636
Suy ra: n = 7,7758
MA = 14n - 6 = 102,8612
MN = 14n
= 108,8612
MP = 14n + 2 = 110,8612
Bng 3.23: Tng kt cn bng vt cht ca l phn ng th hai.
Cu t
ni (kmol/h)
yi
Mi
Gi = Mi.ni
u vo
A
368,8838
0,0470
101,8896
37585,4228
602,4503
0,0768
107,8896
64998,1219
832,9472
0,1061
109,8896
91532,2346
H2
4986,9304
0,6356
8,3126
50224,7965
P*
1055,0777
0,1345
Tng
7846,2894
1,0000
244340,5758
u ra
A
502,9427
0,0610
102,8612
51733,2897
468,8836
0,0568
108,8612
51043,2314
695,9604
0,0844
110,8612
77155,0051
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 29
Tiu lun ch bin du

H2
5175,4666
0,6274
P*
1405,7052
0,1704
Tng
8248,9585
1,0000
9,7868
64408,6122
244340,1384
III.2. Tnh cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng th hai

Trong :
nht.
Bng 3.24: Entanpi ca cc cht vo l phn ng th hai.
Cu
t
Mi
H2
4986,9304 0,6356
1,2712
0,0411 7700
316,4700
CH4
16
277,6893
0,0354
0,5664
0,0183 1618
29,6094
C2H6
30
333,2508
0,0425
1,2750
0,0412 1434
59,0808
C3H8
44
222,1278
0,0283
1,2452
0,0403 1405
56,6215
C4H1
58
111,0049
0,0141
0,8178
0,0265 1400
37,1000
ni
yi
Mi.yi
(kmol/h)
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Entanpi
qti
qyi.yi
Page 30
Tiu lun ch bin du

0
C5H1
72
111,0049
0,0141
1,0152
0,0328 1392
45,6576
101,8896
368,8838
0,0470
4,7888
0,1548 1713
265,1724
107,8896
602,4503
0,0768
8,2859
0,2678 1704
456,3312
109,8896
832,9472
0,1062 11,6703 0,3772 1703
642,3716
Tng
7846,2894 1,0000 30,9358 1,0000
1908,4145
Nhit do hn hp nguyn liu v kh tun hon mang vo l th (2):

Q12 = 244340,5758.1908,4145 = 466303097,7951
Tnh Q22:
Trong :
Cpxt: nhit dung ring ca cht xc tc nhit d T (0K).
Cpxt = a0 + a1 - a2.T-2 (kJ/h).
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.T - 5,225.105.T-2
Ti T = 803K ta c:
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.803 - 5,225.105.803-2 = 28,47 (kcal/kmol.K)
Hay:
CpXT
28,47.4,186
1,17 (kJ/kg.K)
102

q22 = Cpxt.T = 1,17.803 = 939,51
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 31
Tiu lun ch bin du

Vy Q22 = mxt2.q22 = 17151,48.939,51 = 16113986,9748 (kJ/h)
Tnh Q42:
Ta c: Q42 =mxt2.Cpxt.T
27,68.4,186
1,14 (kJ/kg.K)
102
CpXT
Vy Q42 = mxt2.Cpxt.T = 17151,48.1,14.743 = 14527646,5896 (kJ/h)

Tnh Q52:
qP = -355.b [5]
Trong :
GH = 5175,4666 - 4986,9304 = 188,5362 (kmol/h)

2
GH = 188,5362. M H = 188,5362.2 = 377,0724 (kg/h)

2
b=
GH
GC
100%
377,0724
100% 0,194%%
194115,7793
Vy qP = -335.0,194 = - 64,99 (kJ/kg)

Q52 = GC.QP = 194115,7793.(- 64,99) = - 12615584,4967
Tnh Q62:
Nhit mt mt:
Q62 = 0,01(Q12 + Q22)
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 32
Tiu lun ch bin du

= 0,01(466303097,7951 + 16113986,9748)
= 4824170,8477
Tnh Q32:
Nhit do sn phm v kh tun hon mang ra:
Q32 = Q12 + Q22 - Q42 - Q52 - Q62
= 466303097,7951 + 16113986,9748 - 14527646,5896
+12615584,4967 - 4824170,8477
= 475680851,8293 (kJ/h)
Q32 = 244340,1384.qtr1
Suy ra: qtr2 = 1946,7978 (kJ/h)
Bng 3.25: Cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng th hai.
Dng
Nhit
Lng (kg/h)
Entanpi
Nhit lng (kJ/h)
u vo
Q12
803
244340,5758
1908,4145
466303097,7951
Q22
803
17151,48
939,51
16113986,9748
Tng
482417084,7699
u ra
Q32
733
244340,1384
Q42
733
17151,48
Q52
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
208333,333
1946,7978
475680851,8293
14527646,5896
- 64,99
-12615584,4967
Page 33
Tiu lun ch bin du

Q62
4824170,8477
Tng
482417084,7699
IV. Tnh ton cho l phn ng th ba

IV.1.Tnh cn bng vt cht
Bng 3.26: Thnh phn cc cu t ca l phn ng th ba.
Cu t
nCi3 (kmol/h)
yCi3 = nCi3/nCi3
CnH2n-6
502,9427
0,3016
CnH2n
468,8836
0,2811
CnH2+2
695,9604
0,4173
Tng
1667,7867
1,0000

Khi p sut chung ca hn hp kh nguyn liu vo l th hai l:
P2 = 3,3 - 0,2 = 3,1 (kg/cm2) = 3,1.98067 = 304007,7 (Pa)
phn ng th ba.
Cu t
yi
Pi = 304007,7.yi (Pa)
CnH2n-6
0,0610
18544,4697
CnH2n
0,00568
17267,6374
CnH2n+2
0,0844
25658,2499
H2
0,6274
190734,4310
P*
0,1704
51802,9121
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 34
Tiu lun ch bin du

Tng
1,0000
304007,7

T = 8030K
1000/T = 1000/803 = 1,245

46,15
k P1 9,81 .10 .e
3
12
25600
803
14,866.1020 (Pa3)
dNN 31
k
k 1 .PN 1 .PA .PH3
dVR3
k p1
dNN 31
3,145.107
7
3,145.10 .17267,6374
.18544,4697.(190734,4310)3
20
dVR3
14,866.10
dNN 31
5,431.10-3
dVR3
M: VR3 =
m3
N C3
Trong : m3 = 28585,8 (kg)

VR3
28585,8
17,1399 [kg/(kmol/h)]
1667,7867
Vy NN31 = - 5,431.10-3.17,1399 = - 0,093 (kg xc tc/kmol).

nN31 = (yN3 - NN31).NC3= (0,2811 - 0,093).1667,7867 = 313,7107 (kmol/h).
468,8836 - 313,7107 = 155,1729 (kmol/h).
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 35
Tiu lun ch bin du

T = 8030K
1000/T = 1000/803 = 1,245

4450
7,12
803
k P2 98,1 .10 .e
1
= 0,0021.10-3 (Pa-1)

dNN 32
k
k 2 .PN .PH 2 .PP
dVR3
k p2
2
dNN 32
2,55.1015
15
2,55.10 .17267,6374.190734,4310
.25658,2499
dVR3
0,0021.103
dNN 32
0,23.10-4
dVR3
Suy ra: NN32 = 0,23.10-4.VR3 = 0,23.10-4.17,1399 = 0,39.10-3

nN32 = (yN3 - NN31 + NN32).NC3 = (0,2811 - 0,093 + 0,39.10-3).1667,7867
= 314,3611 (kmol/h).
nN32 - nN31 = 314,3611 - 313,7107 = 0,6504 (kmol/h)
T = 8030k
1000/T = 1000/803 = 1,245.
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 36
Tiu lun ch bin du
dN P33
P
k3 P
dVR3
P
dNP33
25658,2499
0,075
6,33.10-3
dVR3
304007,7
Suy ra: NP33 = - 6,33.10-3.VR3= - 6,33.10-3.17,1399 = - 0,1085

nP3 = (yP3 - NP33).NC3 = (0,4173 - 0,1085).1667,7867 = 515,0125 (kmol/h).
NP3 - nP3 = 695,9604 - 515,0125 = 180,9479 (kmol/h)
Bng 3.28: Cn bng ho hc ca l phn ng th ba .

(kmol)
Lng cc sn phm
155,1729 CnH2n
155,1729 CnH2n-6 + 155,1729.3 H2
0,6504 CnH2n+2
0,6504 CnH2n + 0,6504
180,9479 CnH2n+2 + [107,0336(n-3)/3] H2
180,9479 n/15 (CH4
(kmol/h)
+ C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 +C5H12)

phn ng th nht l:
180,9479.(7,7758/15)(CH4+C2H6+C3H8+C4H10+C5H12) = 93,8010 (kmol/h).
Bng 3.29: Lng cht dng vo v dng ra ca l phn ng th ba.
Cu t
Lng vo
(kmol/h)
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Lng ra (kmol/h)
Page 37
Tiu lun ch bin du

A
502,9427
502,9427 + 155,1729 = 658,1156
468,8836
468,8836 - 155,1729 + 0,6504 = 314,3611
695,9604
695,9604 - 0,6504 - 180,9479 = 514,3621
Tng
1804,2813
1486,8388
Bng3.30: Lng kh tun hon.
Cu t
Lng vo
Lng ra
H2
5175,4666
5175,4666 + 155,1729.3 + 0,6504 180,9479 (4,7758/3) = 5353,5787
CH4
347,8148
347,8148 + 93,8010 = 441,6158
C2H6
403,3763
403,3763 + 93,8010 = 497,1773
C3H8
292,2533
292,2533 + 93,8010 = 386,0543
C4H10
181,1304
181,1304 + 93,8010 = 274,9314
C5H12
181,1304
181,1304 + 93,8010 = 274,9314
Tng
6581,1718
7228,2889
Bng 3.31: Kh tun hon ra khi l phn ng th ba.
Cu t
Mi
ni (kmol/h)
yi = ni/ni
Mi.yi
H2
02
5353,5787
0,7407
1,4814
CH4
16
441,6158
0,0611
0,9776
C2H6
30
497,1773
0,0688
2,0640
C3H8
44
386,0543
0,0534
2,3496
C4H10
58
274,9314
0,0380
2,204
C5H12
72
274,9314
0,0380
2,736
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 38
Tiu lun ch bin du

Tng
7228,2889
1,0000
11,8126

7228,2889. 11,8126 = 85384,8855 (kg/h).
Lng sn phm kh ra khi l th 3 l:
244340,1384 - 85384,8855 = 158955,2529
658,1156.(14n - 6) + 314,3611.14n + 514,3621.(14n + 2) = 158955,2529
Suy ra: n = 7,7766
MA = 14n - 6 = 102,8724
MN = 14n
= 108,8724
MP = 14n + 2 = 110,8724
Bng 3.32: Tng kt cn bng vt cht ca l phn ng th ba.
Cu t
ni (kmol/h)
yi
Mi
Gi = Mi.ni
u vo
A
502,9427
0,0610
102,8612
51733,2897
468,8836
0,0568
108,8612
51043,2314
695,9604
0,0844
110,8612
77155,0051
H2
5175,4666
0,6274
9,7868
64408,6122
P*
1405,7052
0,1704
Tng
8248,9585
1,0000
244340,1384
u ra
A
658,1156
0,0755
102,8724
67701,9313
314,3611
0,0361
108,8724
34225,2474
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 39
Tiu lun ch bin du

P
514,3621
0,0590
110,8724
57028,5605
H2
5353,5787
0,6143
11,8126
85384,8855
P*
1874,7102
0,2151
Tng
8715,1277
1,0000
244340,6247
IV.2. Tnh cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng th ba

Trong :
Tnh Q13:
Bng 3.33: Entanpi ca cc cht vo l phn ng th ba.
Cu
t
Mi
H2
5175,4666 0,6274
1,2548
0,0424 7700
326,4800
CH4
16
347,8148
0,0422
0,6752
0,0228 1618
36,8904
C2H6
30
403,3763
0,0489
1,4670
0,0496 1434
71,1264
C3H8
44
292,2533
0,0354
1,5576
0,0527 1405
74,0435
C4H10
58
181,1304
0,0220
1,2760
0,0431 1400
60,3400
C5H12
72
181,1304
0,0220
1,5840
0,0535 1392
74,4720
ni
yi
Mi.yi
(kmol/h)
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Entanpi
qti
qyi.yi
Page 40
Tiu lun ch bin du

A
102,6812
502,9427
0,0609
6,2533
0,2114 1713
362,1282
108,6812
468,8836
0,0568
6,1731
0,2087 1704
355,6248
110,6812
695,9604
0,0844
9,3415
0,3158 1703
537,8074
Tng
8248,9585 1,0000 29,5825 1,0000
1898,9127
Nhit do hn hp nguyn liu v kh tun hon mang vo l th ba:

Q13 = 244340,1384.1898,9127 = 463980591,9275
Tnh Q23:
Trong :
q23: hm nhit xc tc (kJ/kg)
Cpxt: nhit dung ring ca cht xc tc nhit T (0K).
Cpxt = ao + a1 - a2.T-2 (kJ/h).
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.T - 5,225.105.T-2
Ti T = 803K ta c:
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.803 - 5,225.105.803-2 = 28,47 (kcal/kmol.K)
Hay:
CpXT
28,47.4,186
1,17 (kJ/kg.K)
102

q23 = Cpxt.T = 1,17.803 = 939,51
Vy Q23 = mxt3.q23 = 28585,8.939,51 = 26856644,9580 (kJ/h)
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 41
Tiu lun ch bin du

Tnh Q43:
Ta c: Q43 = mxt3. Cpxt.T
27,914.4,186
1,145 (kJ/kg.K)
102
CpXT
Vy Q43 = mxt3.Cpxt.T = 28585,8.1,14.753 = 24646247,9730(kJ/h)

Tnh Q53:
qP = -355.b [5]
Trong :
GH = 5353,5787 - 5175,4666 = 178,1121 (kmol/h)

2
GH = 178,1121. M H = 178,1121.2 = 356,2242 (kg/h)

2
GH
GC
100%
356,2242
100% 0,198%
179931,5262
Vy qP = -335.0,198 = - 66,33 (kJ/kg)

Q53 = GC.QP = 179931,5262.(- 66,33) = - 11934858,1328
Q63 = 0,01(Q13 + Q23) = 0,01(463980591,9275 + 26856644,9580)
= 4908372,3689
Tnh Q33:
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 42
Tiu lun ch bin du

Nhit do sn phm v kh tun hon mang ra:
Q33 = Q13 + Q23 - Q43 - Q53 - Q63
= 463980591,9 + 26856644,96 - 24646247,97 +
+11934858,13 - 4908372,369
= 473217474,6765 (kJ/h)
Q33 = 244340,6247.qtr3
Suy ra: qtr3 = 1936,7122 (kJ/h)
Bng 3.34: Cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng th ba.
Dng
Nhit
Lng (kg/h)
Entanpi
Nhit lng (kJ/h)
u vo
Q13
803
463980591,9275
Q23
803
26856644,9580
Tng
490837236,8855
u ra
Q33
753
473217474,6765
Q43
753
24646247,9730
Q53
-11934858,1328
Q63
4908372,3689
Tng
490837236,8855
V. Tnh ton cho l phn ng th t

V.1.Tnh cn bng vt cht
Bng 3.35: Thnh phn cc cu t ca l phn ng th t.
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 43
Tiu lun ch bin du

Cu t
nCi4(kmol/h)
yCi4 = nCi4/nCi4
CnH2n-6
658,1156
0,4426
CnH2n
314,3611
0,2114
CnH2+2
514,3621
0,3460
Tng
1486,8388
1,0000

Khi p sut chung ca hn hp kh nguyn liu vo l th 4 l:
P2 = 3,1 - 0,2 = 2,9 (kg/cm2) = 2,9.98067 = 284394,3 (Pa)
phn ng th t.
Cu t
yi
Pi = 304007,7.yi (Pa)
CnH2n-6
0,0755
21471,7697
CnH2n
0,0361
10266,6342
CnH2n+2
0,0590
16779,2637
H2
0,6143
174703,4185
P*
0,2151
61173,2139
Tng
1,0000
284394,3

T = 8030K
1000/T = 1000/803 = 1,245

46,15
k P1 9,81 .10 .e
3
12
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
25600
803
14,866.1020 (Pa3 )
Page 44
Tiu lun ch bin du

dNN 41
k
k 1 .PN 1 .PA .PH3
dVR 4
k p1
dNN 41
3,145.107
7
3,145.10 .10266,6342
.21471,7697.(174703,4185)3
20
dVR 4
14,866.10
dNN 41
3,229.10-3
dVR 4
M: VR4 =
m4
N C4
Trong :
m4 = 57171,6 (kg)
VR4
57171,6
38,4518 [kg/(kmol/h)]
1486,8388
Vy NN41 = - 3,229.10-3.38,4518 = - 0,124 (kg xc tc/kmol).

nN41 = (yN4 - NN41).NC4 = (0,2114 - 0,124).1486,8388 = 129,9497 (kmol/h).
314,3611 - 129,9497 = 184,4114 (kmol/h).
T = 8030K
1000/T = 1000/803 = 1,245

4450
k P2 98,11.103.e 803
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
7,12
= 0,0021.10-3 (Pa-1)
Page 45
Tiu lun ch bin du

dNN
42
dVR 4
k 2 .PN .PH
2
k2
.PP
k p2
dNN 42
2,55.1015
2,55.1015.10266,6342.174703,4185
.16779,2637
dVR 4
0,0021.103
dNN 42
0,158.10-4
dVR 4
Suy ra: NN42 = 0,158.10-4.VR4 = 0,158.10-4.38,4518 = 0,608.10-3

nN42 = (yN4 - NN41 + NN42).NC4
= (0,2114 - 0,124 + 0,608.10-3).1486,8388
= 130,8537 (kmol/h).
nN42 - nN41 = 130,8537 - 129,9497 = 0,904 (kmol/h)
T = 8030k
1000/T = 1000/803 = 1,245.
dNP
43
dVR
dNP
43
dVR
k3
PP
P
16779,2637
0,075
4,425.10-3
284394,3
Suy ra: NP43 = - 4,425.10-3.VR4 = - 4,425.10-3.38,4518 = - 0,17

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 46
Tiu lun ch bin du

nP4 = (yP4 - NP43).NC4
= (0,346 - 0,17).1486,8388
= 261,6836 (kmol/h).
NP4 - nP4 = 514,3621 - 261,6836 = 252,6785 (kmol/h)
Bng 3.37: Cn bng ho hc ca l phn ng th t.

(kmol)
Lng cc sn phm
184,4114 CnH2n
184,4114 CnH2n-6 + 184,4114.3 H2
0,904 CnH2n+2
0,904 CnH2n + 0,904
252,6785 CnH2n+2 + [252,6785(n-3)/3] H2
252,6785 n/15 (CH4 + C2H6 +

C3H8 + C4H10 + C5H12)
(kmol/h)

phn ng th t l:
252,6785.(7,7766/15)(CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + C5H12) = 130,9986 (kmol/h).
Bng 3.38: Lng cht dng vo v dng ra ca l phn ng th t.
Cu t
Lng vo
(kmol/h)
Lng ra (kmol/h)
658,1156
658,1156 + 184,4114 = 842,527
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 47
Tiu lun ch bin du

N
314,3611
314,3611 - 184,4114 + 0,904 = 130,8537
514,3621
514,3621 - 0,904 - 252,6785 = 260,7796
Tng
1486,8388
1234,1603
Bng 3.39: Lng kh tun hon.
Cu t
Lng vo
Lng ra
H2
5353,5787
5353,5787 + 184,4114.3 + 0,904 252,6785.(4,7766/3) = 5505,4022
CH4
441,6158
441,6158 + 130,9986 = 572,6144
C2H6
497,1773
497,1773 + 130,9986 = 628,1759
C3H8
386,0543
386,0543 + 130,9986 = 517,0529
C4H10
274,9314
274,9314 + 130,9986 = 405,9300
C5H12
274,9314
274,9314 + 130,9986 = 405,9300
Tng
7228,2889
8035,1054
Bng 3.40: Kh tun hon ra khi l phn ng th t.
Cu t
Mi
ni (kmol/h)
yi = ni/ni
Mi.yi
H2
02
5505,4022
0,6852
1,3704
CH4
16
572,6144
0,0713
1,1408
C2H6
30
628,1759
0,0782
2,3460
C3H8
44
517,0529
0,0643
2,8292
C4H10
58
405,93
0,0505
2,9290
C5H12
72
405,93
0,0505
3,6360
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 48
Tiu lun ch bin du

Tng
8035,1054
1,0000
14,2514

8035,1054. 14,2514 = 114511,5011 (kg/h).
Lng sn phm kh ra khi l th 4 l:
244340,6247 - 114511,5011 = 129829,1236
842,527.(14n - 6) + 130,8537.14n + 260,7796.(14n + 2) = 129829,1236
Suy ra: n = 7,7764
MA = 14n - 6 = 102,8696
MN = 14n
= 108,8696
MP = 14n + 2 = 110,8696
Bng 3.41: Tng kt cn bng vt cht ca l phn ng th t.
Cu t
ni (kmol/h)
yi
Mi
Gi = Mi.ni
u vo
A
658,1156
0,0755
102,8724
67701,9313
314,3611
0,0361
108,8724
34225,2474
514,3621
0,0590
110,8724
57028,5605
H2
5353,5787
0,6143
11,8126
85384,8855
P*
1874,7102
0,2151
Tng
8715,1277
1,0000
244340,6247
u ra
A
842,5270
0,0909
102,8696
86670,4155
130,8537
0,0141
108,8696
14245,9899
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 49
Tiu lun ch bin du

P
260,7796
0,0281
110,8696
28912,5299
H2
5505,4022
0,5940
14,2514
114511,5011
P*
2529,7032
0,2729
Tng
9269.2657
244340,4364
V.2. Tnh cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng th t

Trong :
nht.
Bng 3.42: Entanpi ca cc cht vo l phn ng th t.
Cu
t
Mi
H2
5353,5787 0,6143
1,2286
0,0438 7700
337,2600
CH4
16
441,6158
0,0507
0,8112
0,0289 1618
46,7602
C2H6
30
497,1773
0,0507
1,7100
0,0610 1434
87,4740
C3H8
44
386,0543
0,0443
1,9492
0,0695 1405
97,6475
C4H10
58
274,9314
0,0315
1,8270
0,0652 1400
91,2800
ni
yi
Mi.yi
(kmol/h)
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Entanpi
qti
qyi.yi
Page 50
Tiu lun ch bin du

C5H12
72
274,9314
0,0315
2,2680
0,0809 1392
112,6128
102,8724
658,1156
0,0755
7,7669
0,2771 1713
474,6723
108,8724
314,3611
0,0361
3,9303
0,1402 1704
238,9008
110,8724
514,3621
0,0590
6,5415
0,2334 1703
397,4802
Tng
8715,1277 1,0000 28,0327 1,0000
1884,0878
Nhit do hn hp nguyn liu v kh tun hon mang vo l th nht:

Q14 = 244340,6247.1884,0878 = 460359190,0614
Tnh Q24:
Trong :
Cpxt: nhit dung ring ca cht xc tc nhit T (0K).
Cpxt = a0 + a1 - a2.T-2 (kJ/h).
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.T - 5,225.105.T-2
Ti T = 803K ta c:
Cpxt = 22,08 + 8,971.10-3.803 - 5,225.105.803-2 = 28,47 (kcal/kmol.K)
Hay:
CpXT
28,47.4,186
1,17 (kJ/kg.K)
102

q24 = Cpxt.T = 1,17.803 = 939,51
Vy Q24 = mxt1.q24 = 57171,6.939,51 = 53713289,9160 (kJ/h)
Tnh Q44:
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 51
Tiu lun ch bin du

Ta c:
Q44 = mxt4. Cpxt.T
CpXT
28,027.4,186
1,15 (kJ/kg.K)
102
Vy Q44 = mxt4.Cpxt.T = 57171,6.1,15.763 = 50165220,4200 (kJ/h)

Tnh Q54:
qP = -355.b [5]
Trong :
GH = 5505,4022 - 5353,5787 = 151,8235 (kmol/h)

2
GH = 151,8235. M H = 151,8235.2 = 303,647 (kg/h)

2
GH
GC
100%
303,647
100% 0,19%
158955,7392
Vy qP = -335.0,19 = - 63,65 (kJ/kg)

Q54 = GC.QP = 158955,7392.(- 63,65) = - 10117532,8001
Q64 = 0,01(Q14 + Q24)
= 0,01(460359190,0416 + 53713289,9160) = 5140724,7996
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 52
Tiu lun ch bin du

Tnh Q34: Nhit do sn phm v kh tun hon mang ra:
Q34 = Q14 + Q24 - Q44 - Q54 - Q64
= 460359190,0416 + 53713289,9160 - 50165220,4200
+ 10117532,8001 - 5140724,7996
= 468884067,5382 (kJ/h)
Q34 = 244340,4364.qtr4
Suy ra: qtr4 = 1918,9786 (kJ/h)
Bng 3.43: Cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng th t.
Dng
Nhit
Lng (kg/h)
Entanpi
Nhit lng
(kJ/h)
u vo
Q14
803
460359190,0416
Q24
803
53713289,9160
Tng
514072479,9576
u ra
Q34
763
468884067,5382
Q44
763
50165220,4200
Q54
-10117532,8001
Q64
5140724,7996
Tng
514072479,9576
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 53
Tiu lun ch bin du

MC LC
M U ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
CHNG I ................................................................................................................................................... 2
TNG QUAN L THUYT........................................................................................................................ 2
I. Mc ch v ngha ca qu trnh reforming xc tc ........................................................................... 2
II. C s chung ca qu trnh reforming ................................................................................................... 2
III. So snh cc qu trnh cng ngh khc nhau ca reforming xc tc .................................................... 3
IV. La chn s cng ngh v thuyt minh ......................................................................................... 4
V. Thit b refoming xc tc ..................................................................................................................... 5
CHNG 2: TNH TON .......................................................................................................................... 8
I. Cc s liu u....................................................................................................................................... 8
II. Tnh ton .............................................................................................................................................. 8
Tnh nng sut thit b ...................................................................................................................... 11
Tnh lng kh tun hon cn thit................................................................................................... 12
Tnh lng xc tc cho ton b qu trnh ........................................................................................ 13
II. Tnh ton cho l phn ng th nht ................................................................................................... 14
II.1. Tnh cn bng vt cht ................................................................................................................ 14
II.2. Tnh cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng th nht ................................................................. 19
III. Tnh ton cho l phn ng th hai .................................................................................................... 24
III.1.Tnh cn bng vt cht ................................................................................................................ 24
III.2. Tnh cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng th hai .................................................................. 30
IV. Tnh ton cho l phn ng th ba ..................................................................................................... 34
IV.1.Tnh cn bng vt cht ................................................................................................................ 34
IV.2. Tnh cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng th ba ................................................................... 40
V. Tnh ton cho l phn ng th t ....................................................................................................... 43
V.1.Tnh cn bng vt cht ................................................................................................................. 43
V.2. Tnh cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng th t ..................................................................... 50
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
Page 54
Tiu lun ch bin du
Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh
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Tiu lun ch bin du

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh

Tiu lun ch bin du

Dehydro ho cc hydrocacbon naphten.

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh

Tiu lun ch bin du

Dehydro vng ho cc hydrocacbon parafin.

Hnh 1: S cc phn ng chnh trong qu trnh reforming xc tc.

Phn ng phn hu cc hp cht cha kim loi v halogen.

Phn ng ngng t ca cc hp cht trung gian khng bn nh olefin, diolefin vi

V th pht trin qu trnh reforming xc tc, ngi ta cn phi khc phc c qu

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh

Tiu lun ch bin du

2,0 triu tn/nm

p sut trong thit b phn ng:

3,5 kg/cm2 (50 psi)

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh

Tiu lun ch bin du

p sut trong cc thit b ti tip xc:

p sut trong ct n nh:

Nng oxy trong vng chy:

38.000 m3/ ngy

36.000 m3/ ngy

Nhit trong cc vng ca l ti sinh:

Vng clo ho:

Tc dng kh nng N0.1/N0.2:

160.000 m3/ ngy

B phn thit b phn ng bao gm cc thit b chnh:

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh

Tiu lun ch bin du

Hnh 1: Cu to chung l phn ng (kiu xp chng)

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh

Tiu lun ch bin du

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh

Tiu lun ch bin du

Thnh phn phn on

II. Tnh ton

Phn ng chuyn ho hydrocacbon naphten thnh parafin:

Phn ng hydrocracking parafin:

n/15(CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + C5H12)

S gim hm lng hydrocacbon do chuyn ho ho hc c th hin bng phng

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh

Tiu lun ch bin du

T: nhit phn ng (K).

Bng 3.2: Thnh phn ca kh tun hon.

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh

Tiu lun ch bin du

Cng thc khi lng

Ngoi ra MC cn c tnh theo cng thc:

Bin i phng trnh ny ta c:

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh

Tiu lun ch bin du

Vi yA = 0,12.MC, yN = 0,38.MC, yP = 0,50.MC, MC = 109

MP = 14n + 2 = 14.7,77 + 2 = 110,78

Hm lng hydrocacbon cc loi

Khi lng phn t

Gi thit s ngy lm vic trong mt nm ca nh my l 340 ngy, c 25 ngy ngh dng

L: nng sut trong mt nm ca thit b.

Nng sut thit b tnh theo kmol/h:

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh

Tiu lun ch bin du

Tnh lng kh tun hon cn thit

Bng 3.6: Thnh phn ca cc cu t trong kh tun hon.

Sinh vin: L Vn Qunh