TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.

HCM
VIN CNG NGH SINH HC V THC PHM

TP H Ch Minh, thng 10 nm 2012

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

M U Ph gia thc phm l cc ch phm t nhin hay tng hp ha hc, khng phi l thc phm, c cho vo sn phm c ch vi cc mc ch bo qun,thay i cu trc, tng gi tr cm quan, dinh dng ca thc phm. Ph gia vn cn c lu li trong thc phm dng nguyn th hoc dn xut nhng vn bo m an ton cho ngi s dng. K thut s dng cc cht ph gia thc phm ngy cng c hon thin v a dng ha, c bit khi thc phm c a vo sn xut qui m cong nghip. S tin b ca khoa hc k thut lm phong ph thm, a dng thm vic s dng ph gia trong thc phm. Hin c hn 2500 ph gia c s dng trong cng ngh thc phm. Ngy nay nhu cu s dng thc phm ca con ngi tng cao cng vi nhng i hi v cht lng, dinh dng, v sinh, cng khng nhng gia tng. Nhng trong qu trnh ch bin cng nh bo qun thc phm thng xy ra mt lot cc loi phn ng oxi ha khc nhau, lm bin i phm cht v gi tr ca thc phm. V vy p ng nhng nhu cu cht lng vic s dng nhng cht c tc dng ngn nga hoc kim ch cc qu trnh oxy ha l rt cn thit. Nhng cht gi l ph gia chng oxy ha. Ph gia chng oxy ha l mt loi ph gia gip ngn chn hoc lm chm qu trnh oxy ha. Chng ngn cn qu trnh ph hy thc phm bng cch kh i cc gc t do, oxy ha chnh mnh nhm km hm s oxy ha. Chng lin kt vi nhau v vi cc phn t c hi, gim sc mnh ph hy ca chng lm gim cc qu trnh oxy ha nguy him xy ra trong thc phm. Cht chng oxy ha gm Cht chng oxy ha t nhin: axid ascorbic (Vitamin C), Tocopherol (Vitamin E), carotenoid, vanillin, Cht chng oxy ha tng hp: BHA, BHT, TBHQ, Tuy nhin ni dung bi tiu lun ch trnh by v ph gia chng oxy ha: Acid ascorbic & isomer, ascobyl palmite, sodium ascorbate, calcium ascobate, saponin.

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

MC LC
I. II. TNG QUAN V PH GIA CHNG OXY HA ................................................... 5 AXID ASCORBIC & ISOMER (L-ASCORBIC ACID AND ERYTHORBIC

ACID) .................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Ascorbic Acid (L-) ................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Lch s ................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Ngun cung cp .................................................................................................. 8 1.3 c im, tnh cht ............................................................................................. 8 1.4 C ch tc dng ................................................................................................ 10 1.5 Cc ch s, liu lng v phm vi s dng....................................................... 12 1.6 ng dung, chc nng ........................................................................................ 14 1.7 Nhng lu khi s dng .................................................................................. 14 2. Erythorbic acid (isoascorbic acid, axit D-araboascorbic) .................................... 15 2.1 Tng qut .......................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Cc ch s .......................................................................................................... 16 2.3 C ch tc dng ................................................................................................ 16 III. 1. 2. 3. 4. ASCORBYL PALMITATE .................................................................................... 17 Lch s v ngun gc: .......................................................................................... 17 Cu to v tnh cht : (C22H38O7) ......................................................................... 18 ng dng: ............................................................................................................ 18 C ch: ................................................................................................................. 19 4.1 S oxy ha cht bo:......................................................................................... 19 4.2 C ch chng oxy ha cht bo: ....................................................................... 22

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

5. IV. 1. 2. 3. 4. Liu lng s dng: ............................................................................................. 24 SORDIUM ASCORBATE ...................................................................................... 25 Lch s v ngun gc: .......................................................................................... 25 Tnh cht:( C6H7NaO6)......................................................................................... 26 ng dng: ............................................................................................................ 26 C ch oxy ha ( c ch hnh thnh nitrosamine v c ch nitrosamine ca

sodium ascorbate trong tht ): ........................................................................................ 27 5. V. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. VI. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Cc lu khi s dng: ......................................................................................... 28 CALCIUM ASCORBATE ........................................................................................ 29 Lch s v ngun gc: .......................................................................................... 29 Tnh cht: ............................................................................................................. 29 ng dng: ............................................................................................................ 30 C ch: ................................................................................................................. 30 Lu : ................................................................................................................... 30 Liu lng s dng: ............................................................................................. 31 SAPONIN ................................................................................................................ 32 Tnh cht .............................................................................................................. 33 Cu trc ................................................................................................................ 34 Ngun gc ............................................................................................................ 36 Phn loi ............................................................................................................... 37 Cng dng ............................................................................................................ 38 C ch tc dng .................................................................................................... 38

VII. TI LIU THAM KHO ....................................................................................... 38

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

I.

TNG QUAN V PH GIA CHNG OXY HA

Cht xy ho cn gi l gc t do, l nhng phn t hay hp t cht c cha in t c thn khng ghp i. Chnh do cha in c thn m gc t do c hot tnh rt mnh, n lun mang tnh "hu hoi", sn sng thc hin tnh xy ho, cp in t ca cht m n tip xc ( ghp i vi in t c thn ca n) v cht b n xy ho ph hy. Phn ng xy ho thng thy hng ngy l phn ng t chy gy bin i mu mu sc cng nh cu trc ca vt cht b oxi ha Trong qu trnh ch bin cng nh bo qun thc phm thng xy ra mt lot cc loi phn ng oxi ha khc nhau, lm bin i phm cht v gi tr ca thc phm. Chnh v vy phi s dng nhng cht c tc dng ngn nga hoc kim ch cc qu trnh ny li. l nhng ph gia chng oxy ha Phn loi 1. Theo ngun gc Ngun gc t nhin: L cc cht c kh nng chng oxi ha c sn trong thnh phn cc loi rau qu. Li ch chnh ca vic s dng nhng hp cht chng oxy ha t nhin l tnh an ton so vi vic s dng nhng hp cht chng oxy ha tng hp. Cc cht chng oxi ha c ngun gc t nhin thng gp: Axit Lascorbic (vitamin C) dng t nhin, Acid citric hoc Acid limonic, Tocopherol (vitamin E), Acid tactric v mt s loi gia v tho mc nh cy hng tho (Rosmariquinon v Rosmaridiphenol l hai thnh phn c kh nng chng oxy ha ca loi cy ny). Ngun gc nhn to: Vitamin C tng hp, Vitamin E (hay Tocopherol) tng hp, BHA, BHT, BTHQ

2. Theo bn cht Cht chng oxi ha c bn cht acid (bao gm acid hoc mui v ester ca chng): aicd citric, acid ascorbic... Cht chng oxi ha c bn cht l cc hp cht phenolic: Tocopherol (vitamin E), BHA, BHT, BTHQ...

Yu cu v ph gia chng oxy ha Cc cht chng oxi ha c dng trong thc phm phi m bo cc yu cu sau:

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Tng kh nng n nh v cht lng thc phm. Hn ch hoc loi b cc qu trnh oxi ha. Bo tn cc gi tr dinh dng c bn ca thc phm. Cc gi tr cm quan ca thc phm phi c gi nguyn. Qu trnh s dng nhng cht ny phi tin li, chi ph thp Khng c c c tnh v khng lm nh hng n mi v, trng thi ca du m Phi l mt cht c kh nng ha tan hoc phn tn ng u trong khi thc phm lm cho tc dng chng oxy ha c chc chn. Ty theo loi thc phm m s dng loi ph gia chng oxy ha khc nhau. V d: Cc sn phm c du m th nn s dng ph gia c bn cht acid (acid citric, acid ascorbic). Rau qu th nn dng ph gia c bn cht phenolic II. AXID ASCORBIC & ISOMER (L-ASCORBIC ACID AND ERYTHORBIC ACID) 1. Ascorbic Acid (L-)

1.1 Lch s
Vo th k 15, 16, trong cuc pht kin a l ca cc nc chu u, nhng nh thm him lun thy thy th ca h phi cht v cn bnh k l vi triu chng mt mi, au khp, chy mu nu, l bnh Scurvy (hay Scorbut). Mi n nm 1774, James Lind, bc s hng hi qu tc Anh, pht hin n tri cy s phng trnh c bnh scurvy. ng cho rng nhng ngi thy th i bin ch tip

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

xc nhng mn n kh, mn, t n tri cy dn n cn bnh trn. Kinh nghim ca Lind cu sng rt nhiu thy th trong nhng chuyn hnh trnh bng ng bin sau ny. T gia th k 18, con ngi pht hin nc chanh c th gip cc thy th ngn chn bnh scobut (bnh gy ra do c th thiu vitamin C trm trng). Lc u ngi ta cho rng chnh tnh axit trong chanh to nn tc dng . Tuy nhin, ngay sau ngi ta nhn thy rng cc sn phm c tnh acid khc, nh dm, khng c li ch tng t. Nm 1907, hai bc s ngi Na Uy pht hin ra mt hp cht ngn nga bnh trong thc phm trong khi iu tra bnh thiu ch n ung bng cch s dng cht lang lm m hnh th nghim. Kh bt ng, chut lang chng minh l d mc bnh scobut khi n mt ch n tng t nh ca thy th pht hin mc bnh, hp cht mi pht hin c gi l vitamin C. T 1928 n 1932, nhm nghin cu Hungary do Albert Szent-Gy rgyi dn u v cng nhn ngi M Charles Glen King, pht hin rng yu t tr bnh bi huyt l mt cht ha hc tinh khit duy nht. Ti bnh vin Mayo, Szent-Gy rgyi trch ly acid hexuronic t tuyn thng thn ca ng vt. ng nghi ng n l yu t tr bnh bi huyt, nhng khng th chng minh iu m khng c mt s kho nghim sinh hc. iu ny cui cng c thc hin bi phng th nghim ti i hc Pittsburgh, lm nghin cu v vn ny trong nhiu nm. Cui 1931, phng th nghim ca Anh thu c axit hexuronic thng thn gin tip t Szent-Gy rgyi v s dng m hnh ng vt, v chng minh rng l vitamin C vo u nm 1932. Mt nm sau , nhm nghin cu Szent-Gy rgyi pht hin ra rng t bt ht tiu, mt gia v ph bin trong cc ch n ung Hungary, l mt ngun giu axit hexuronic, v ng gi mt s hp cht ha hc ti Walter Norman Haworth, mt nh ha hc Anh. Trong nm 1933, Haworth lm vic vi Tr l Gim c Nghin cu Edmund Hirst v nhm nghin cu ca h, ng suy lun ra ng cu trc v tnh cht quang hc-ng phn ca vitamin C, v vo nm 1934 ng a ra bo co cc tng hp u 7

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

tin v vitamin. Haworth v Szent-Gy rgyi xut tn L-ascorbic acid cho hp cht mi pht hin, v cng l tn ha hc chnh thc khi cu trc ca n cui cng c chng minh bng tng hp. Nm 1937, gii thng Nobel ha hc c trao cho Norman Haworth trong vic xc nh cu trc v tng hp thnh cng acid ascorbic, gii thng Y hc trao cho Albert Szent-Gy rgyi cho nghin cu ca ng v cc chc nng sinh hc ca L-ascorbic acid. Tuy nhin, quy trnh tng hp vitamin C li c tn l Tadeus Reichstein, ngi cng tng hp thnh cng vitamin C cng lc vi Haworth (2 ngi tm ra cch tng hp hon ton c lp).

1.2 Ngun cung cp

Hnh: Mt s thc phm giu Vitamin C Vitamin C c nhiu trong cc loi rau qu ti nh nc cam, chanh, qut, v c hm lng cao trong rau xanh, c bit l bng ci xanh, tiu, khoai ty, ci brussel, rau ci, c chua, qut, chanh, bi Lng vitamin C c trong nhiu loi tri cy: trong 100g t c 1900mg, trong u , du, cam, chanh c t 40-60mg. Vitamin C l loi vitamin rt cn thit i vi c th con ngi. B sung vo sn phm ngoi tc dng chng oxi ha cn tng gi tr dinh dng.

1.3 c im, tnh cht

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Ascorbic acid l mt cht lng tnh, n va mang tnh kh va mang tnh oxi ha, th nhng tnh kh ca n mnh hn nhiu th hin kh nng bt gi O2

D trong cng thc cu to khng c nhm COOH nhng vitamin C vn c tnh axit. N c tnh cht ha hc tng t cc axit thng thng, c kh nng b oxi ha v b phn hy thnh CO2 v nc 193oC. Ascorbic acid l mt hp cht chng oxy ha t nhin. N l cht rn mu trng, mu khng tinh khit c th xut hin mu vng. N ha tan tt trong nc to tnh axit nh. Ngoi ra cn tan trong ethanol, methanol, khng tan trong ether, benzene, toluene, chloroforme. Dung dch nc 5% c pH=3. Nhiu loi ng vt c th tng hp c, nhng con ngi cn n nh l mt phn dinh dng. ng vt c xng sng khc thiu kh nng tng hp acid ascorbic bao gm cc loi linh trng, chut lang, di, v cc loi chim, tt c u cn n nh l mt vi cht dinh dng. Axit Ascorbic c tng hp t ng glucose. u tin, glucose - mt loi aldose pentahydroxy b lm yu i to thnh sorbitol. Sau n c xi ha bi cc vi si nh vt Acetobacter suboxydans. V ch chn oxidize trong nhm su hydroxy ca sorbitol l mt phn ng enzym c lin quan. Thy phn vi acid sau loi b hai nhm acetal gy ra mt phn ng ester to nn sn phm ascorbic acid. Trong qu trnh sn xut vitamin C s ln tp cht, s c lm sch qua qu trnh lc v kt tinh li.

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Acid ascorbic phn hy khi tip xc vi khng kh, chuyn oxy n nc. Phn ng oxi ha kh c tng tc bi s hin din ca cc ion kim loi v nh sng. N c th c oxy ha bi mt in t ti mt trng thi n nh c gi l axit dehydroascorbic.

1.4 C ch tc dng
Qu trnh oxy ha C cht ca qu trnh oxy ha:cht bo, vitamin, hp cht phenolic Tc nhn gy oxy ha: oxy, gc t do, s c mt ca cc ion kim loi, enzyme oxy ha kh Chng oxy ha: loi b cc tc nhn gy oxy ha Qu trnh oxy ha rau qu Trong rau qu c nhng hp cht polyphenol l nhng cht m phn t c cha vng benzen, trong c cha nhiu nhm OH (hydroxyl), hp cht polyphenol nu ngoi khng kh rt d b oxy ha to thnh nhng hp cht gy sm mu v to v ng cho rau qu. V d: Trong khoai ty l pirocatechol v dn xut to t tyrozyl b oxy ha thnh dopaquinon gy sm mu khoai ty. V d: S bin i mu sc ca nm rm trong qu trnh bo qun

10

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

C CH TC DNG CA AXIT ASCORBIC Acid ascorbic thng phn ng vi oxy ca cc phn t ha hc c cha oxy , chng hn nh gc hydroxyl hnh thnh t hydrogen peroxide . Cc gc nh vy c th tng tc vi cc axit nucleic , protein v lipid gy tn hi n cu trc ca thc phm. i khi cc gc t do bt u phn ng dy chuyn. Ascorbate c th chm dt nhng phn ng dy chuyn trit bng cch chuyn in t .Chui phn ng din ra:

RO + C6H7O6 ROH + C6H6O6

11

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Acid ascorbic chng oxy ha thc phm bng cch trung ha cc gc t do sn sinh t cc phn ng chuyn ha. Acid ascorbic b oxy ha cho acid dehydroascorbic; y l phn ng oxy ha kh thun nghch, qua Vitamin C tc dng nh mt ng yu t (cofactor), tham gia vo nhiu phn ng ha sinh trong c th. Phn ng Acid ascorbic bt oxy to ra Dehydroascorbic acid.

Ngoi ra Acid ascorbic s lm gim cc ion kim loi to ra gc t do thng qua phn ng Fenton. C ch ca hot ng kh ion st 3+ l s ghp i electron v nh ch phn ng xiha dy chuyn bng s kh dng xi-ha thnh dng t do. Kh Fe3+ thnh Fe2+, sau n xc tc cho phn ng Fenton gia Fe2+ v H2O2. V vy, hn ch s kh Fe3+thnh Fe2+ v lm cho thc phm gi c mu sc 2Fe3+ + ascorbate 2Fe2+ + Dehydroascorbate 2Fe2+ + 2H2O2 2Fe3+ + 2OH + 2OHC ch chng oxy ha v s bin mu trong qu trnh bo qun tht. Trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun acid ascorbic phn ng vi O2, ngn O2 tip xc phn ng vi cc thnh phn ca tht, vi nitrite nn gip nh mu cho sn phm, tng nhanh kh nng to mu cho sn phm. Acid ascorbic chim ly Oxy trong khng kh, ngn cn s pht trin ca vi khun hiu kh gy h hng tht. C ch chng oxy ha v s bin mu trong qu trnh bo qun rau qu. Acid ascorbic c tc dng n nh mu. Acid ascorbic ngn nga phn ng oxi ha cc hp cht polyphenol to thnh nhng hp cht mi gy sm mu rau qu, do n to ra mi trng pH thp lm chm vn tc phn ng oxi ha gy sm mu, c ch hot ng ca enzyme oxy ha kh. Ngoi ra n cn ngn nga s oxi ha cc cht mu c trong nguyn liu

1.5 Cc ch s, liu lng v phm vi s dng

INS: E300 Tn theo IUPAC: 2-oxo-L-threo-hexono-1,4- lactone-2,3-enediol 12

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Tn thng thng: axit ascorbic, vitamin C Cng thc phn t: C6H8O6 Khi lng phn t: 176,13 g/mol C dng: bt mu trng n vng nht (khan) S CAS: [50-81-7] Nhit nng chy: 1930C (phn hy) Hng s phn li: pKa : pKa1 = 4,17 pKa2 = 11,56 Thi gian bn hy: 10-20 ngy Liu lng s dng: 0,03 0,05% so vi khi lng sn phm Bng 1 Liu lng s dng acid ascorbic STT Nhm thc phm 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sa bt, bt kem (nguyn cht) Du v m khng cha nc B v b c c Rau, c ng lnh Tht, tht gia cm v th ti ML 500 200 GMP 100 2000

Thy sn, sn phm thy sn ng lnh k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da 400 gai

7 8 9

Thc n cho tr em di 1 tui Nc qu p thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc chai Necta qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc chai

50 540 400

13

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

10 Ru vang 200

1.6 ng dung, chc nng

Ngn chn cc phn ng oxy ha gy ra i mu ca cc loi thc phm c ct. C th c thm vo thc phm, chng hn nh khoai ty, thay th cho vitamin C b mt trong ch bin. i vi tht qua x l, vitamin C (acid ascorbic) c 4 chc nng chnh: - To mu cho tht - c ch qu trnh hnh thnh nitrosamine - Ngn xy ra qu trnh oxy ha - Ngn s bin mu ca tht Vitamin C tham gia vo nhiu phn ng sinh ha trong c th nh Hydroxyl ha, - Amid ha; - Lm d dng s chuyn prolin, lysin sang hydroxyprolin v hydroxylysin (trong tng hp collagen); - Gip chuyn acid folic thnh acid folinic trong tng hp carnitin; - Tham gia xc tc oxy ha thuc qua microsom (cytochrom P450) gan; - Gip dopamin hydroxyl ho thnh nor-adrenalin; 3+ 2+ - Gip d hp thu st do kh Fe thnh Fe d dy, ri d hp th rut. - m, Vitamin C gip tng hp collagen, proteoglycan v cc thnh phn hu c khc rng, xng, ni m mao mch. - Trong thin nhin, Vitamin C c mt cng vitamin P (vitamin C2). Vitamin P li c tnh chng oxy ha, nn bo v c Vitamin C; hn na Vitamin P cn kt hp vi Vitamin C lm bn vng thnh mch, tng to collagen, c ch hyaluronidase. Ngoi ra, Vitamin C cn tham gia thanh thi gc t do c hi trong c th. Vitamin C vi c th o Hon nguyn Oxy ha v thc y cc t chc sn sinh t bo cht. o Gim thiu tnh thm thu ca mao mch, kch thch cng nng to mu. o Tng cng sc khng v cng nng gii c o c ch s hnh thnh cc t bo ung th. o Lm cho vt thng mau lnh
-

1.7 Nhng lu khi s dng

Acid ascorbic dng trong thc phm dng tinh th mu trng, 1g tan trong 3,5ml nc hay trong 30ml ethanol, khng tan trong du m. Sau khi c ht m bi acid sulf uric trong 24 gi khng c cha t hn 99% acid ascorbic.

14

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Lu s dng Tr s sinh n 3 tui: 25-30mg mi ngy T 4 18 tui: 30-40mg mi ngy. Ngi trng thnh: trung bnh l 45mg/ ngy. Ph n mang thai: 55mg/ngy Ph n cho con b l 70mg/ngy Tha Vitamin C: Dng trn 1.000mg/ngy lm ri lon tiu ha, gy tiu chy, rt d dy, gy hin tng tha st, gim bn hng cu, gim kh nng dit khun ca bch cu, vim bng quang, vim ng tit niu. Dng trn 2.000mg/ngy gy mt ng, to si oxalat, c ch bi tit insulin, tng huyt p, tn thng thn do tng tng hp corticoid v catecholamin. 2. Erythorbic acid (isoascorbic acid, axit D-araboascorbic)

2.1 Tng qut

Erythorbic acid c ngun gc t ng ma (Saccarose) l mt stereoisomer acid ascorbic, trc y c bit n nh isoascorbic acid v axit D-araboascorbic, l ng phn quang hc ca acid ascorbic v c cc tnh cht oxi ha kh nh acid ascorbic. Isoascorbic Acid c cng loi v s lng ca cc nguyn t nh Vitamin C, nhng cc nguyn t c sp xp khc. Acid Isoascorbic (hoc Erythorbic Acid) c cc ng dng tng t nh Vitamin C l mt cht chng oxy ha ha tan trong nc. c s dng nh mt ph gia thc phm ti Hoa K, Isoascorbic Acid (hoc Erythorbic Acid) d dng s dng v chuyn ha trong c th. 15

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

L hp cht kt tinh, cng thc phn t C6H8O6, c th tan trong nc, c s dng nh l cht chng oxy ha, ng vai tr l cht bo qun. N c s dng rng ri nh mt cht chng oxy ha trong thc phm. Erythorbic acid khng c hot tnh sinh hc, thng c s dng nhiu trong cc loi sn phm tht mui v nhiu sn phm khc na nh bia, nc tri cy, xi-r hoa qu, bnh, sa, 2.2 Cc ch s INS: E315 Tn gi khc: D-Erythro-hex-2-enoic acid delta-lactone, isoascorbic acid, Disoascorbic acid M s CAS 89-65-6 Khi lng: 176,13 Kho nghim: Erythorbic Acid cha khng t hn 99,0% v khng hn tng ng vi 100,5% C 6 H 8 O 6, c tnh trn c s kh. L cht rn kt tinh, c mu trng hoc vng nht, sm mu khi tip xc vi nh sng ha tan: d tan trong nc, tan trong ethanol nng chy: phn hy khong 164 172

2.3 C ch tc dng
Do y l mt cht chng oxy ha c cu trc lin quan n vitamin C, c tnh cht oxy ha khuer nh Vitamin C, do tc dng ca n cng tng t vitamin C l gip ci thin s n nh hng v , chng oxy ha , c th gi c mu sc, hng v t nhin ca thc phm v ko di thi gian lu tr. C ch tc ng ch yu bng cch c ch cc tc ng ca oxy ln thc phm. Loi ph gia thc phm ny c th gi c mu sc v hng v t nhin ca thc phm v ko di thi hn s dng, m khng c bt k tc dng ph no.

16

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Ngoi ra, trong bo qun tht bng nitrit, vic s dng thm axit erythobic cn gip c ch s to thnh nitrosamine - mt cht c kh nng gy ung th.

III.

ASCORBYL PALMITATE

1. Lch s v ngun gc: Ascorbyl palmitate ln u tin c to ra bi Linus Pauling, mt thi gian hai ngi ot gii Nobel t Portland, Oregon. S kt hp ca cc axit bo v vitamin C c mt lot cc ng dng v c th c tm thy trong tt c mi th lm bng khoai ty chin. Trong khi mc hu dng ca Ascorbyl Palmitate vn ang c iu tra, ha tan trong cht bo v nc lm cho n tr thnh mt s pha ch tuyt vi thng qua c th c th hp th vitamin C. Xut pht t mt kt hp ca du c v cc ngun dextrose ng, Ascorbyl Palmitate cha hu ht nhng li ch ca vitamin C. Ascorbyl palmitate hnh vi nh l mt bn sao lu trong trng hp c th thiu vitamin C cht dinh dng m n thng s nhn c t tri cy v rau qu. Mt s ngi cng palmitate ascocbyl, thng c qung co l "este-C," khi mt ngun vitamin C khng p ng cc nhu cu dinh dng. Trong khi hu ht cc hnh thc ca axit ascorbic v vitamin C ha tan trong nc, Ascorbyl Palmitate tan trong cht bo, c ngha l n lu tr chnh n trong mng t bo ca c th con ngi s dng trong tng lai. Ascorbyl Palmitate l g? | EHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8735944_ascorbylpalmitate.html#ixzz29DlT7PZH

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Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

2. Cu to v tnh cht : (C22H38O7)

Tn ho hc: Ascorbyl Palmitate; L-Ascorbyl Palmitate; 2,3-didehydro-L-threo-hexono-1 ,4-lactone-6-palmitate; 6-palmitoyl 3 keto-L-gulofuranolactone Cng thc ha hc: C22H38O7 M t: rn trng hoc mu vng trng, c mi nh cam qut. Chc nng s dng: cht chng oxy ha. ha tan: Rt t tan trong nc, tan trong ethanol. im nng chy: 116o ML : 5.000mg/Kg ADI: 0 1,25mg/Kg

Food_additives+(Phan+The+Dong).pdf Ascorbyl palmitate l ph gia thc phm vi s E l E304 3. ng dng:

Ascorbyl palmitate l chng oxy ha trong cc sn phm bo, c bit l thm vo ngn chn i trong cc loi du thc vt c nhiu axit bo khng bo h a. Cng c s dng cho cc mu sc thc phm E160 v E161 ngn chn qu trnh oxy ha ca cc mu sc. http://www.food-info.net/uk/e/e304.htm

18

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Ascorbyl palmitate, theo cc chuyn gia y t, h tr sc khe mch mu v khp cng nh bo v mng t bo. Cc dn xut acid ascorbic cng chng li cc gc t do v bo v da khi b h hi c th c gy ra bi nh nng mt tri. iu ny tng ng vi vitamin C cng c bit n bo v h thng min dch ca c th . Ngoi ra, b sung bo co h tr trong vic h tr phng th ca c th, bao gm c s lng t bo mu trng, phn ng khng th v hormone mc. Ph gia thc phm chng oxy ha ny thng xut hin nh l mt thnh phn trong cc mt hng tp ha. V d, Ascorbyl Palmitate hot ng nh mt cht chng oxy ha tan trong cht bo gip tng tui th ca cc mn n nh nh khoai ty chin hoc cc hng mc nh du thc vt. Hnh thc ny ca axit ascorbic cng c sn di dng thuc vin c thc hin nh l mt b sung vitamin . http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-ascorbyl-palmitate.htm 4. C ch:

4.1 S oxy ha cht bo:

Qu trnh xy ra trong sn xut, bo qun v ch bin thc phm c s hin din ca cht bo. S oxy ha cht bo l nguyn nhn hn ch thi gian bo qun ca cc sn phm. S oxy ha cht bo khng no c khi to bng vic to thnh cc gc t do di tc dng ca nh sng, nhit , ion kim loi v oxy. Thng thng phn ng xy ra trn nhm metyl cn k vi ni i ca C=C. C ch phn ng oxy ha cht bo xy ra phc tp, c th chia thnh 3 giai on l: Khi to, lan truyn to cc sn phm trung gian v kt thc phn ng. - Khi to.

- Lan truyn - to cc sn phm trung gian.

19

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

- Kt thc phn ng.

Cc biu hin thng thy ca s oxy ha cht bo l: pht sinh mi-v xu, thay i mu sc, lm mt mi t nhin ca cc loi tinh du, thay i nht ca sn phm. S oxy ha cht bo chu nh hng bi nhiu yu t nh: no ca cht bo, ionkim loi, cht xc tc sinh hc, nhit , khng kh, cc cht chng oxy ha cht bo,

20

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

cht tr chng oxy ha cht bo nm r cc yu t nh hng n kh nng oxy ha cht bo cn tm hiu cc vn sau: * Thnh phn acid bo Cht bo l hn hp ester ca cc acide bo no v khng no vi glycerin. S hin din ca cc ni i, cc acide bo khng no d b oxy ha hn cc cht bo no. Phn ng s gia tng khi t l ni i cng cao. V d: tc oxy ha (tng i) ca mt s cht bo t l nh sau: Arachidonic : 40 : Linolenic : 20 : Linoleic 10 : : Oleic 1

V tr ni i cng nh v tr hnh hc ca ni i cng c tc dng n tc phn ng. Cc acid dng cis b oxy ha nhanh hn dng trans. Mch acide bo c cc ni i cng hng cng lm tng tc phn ng. S oxy ha cc cht bo no xy ra rt chm ti nhit thng, ti nhit cao (chin, xo) s oxy ha cht bo no mi c th xy ra. * Acide bo t do Acide bo t do (FFA) b oxy ha rt nhanh so vi cc ester - glycerin. Khi nghin cu cht bo hin din trong thc phm giai on u ti n, hu ht u c s hin din ca cc cht chng oxy ha thin nhin. Trong th nghim nu thm vo 0,1% FFA th hiu qu chng oxy ha ca tocopherol gim r rt v acide bo t do c tc dng xc tc qu trnh oxy ha. * Nng oxy Ti p sut cao (cung cp oxy khng hn ch) tc oxy ha ca cht bo ty thuc vo p sut O2. Ti p sut thp tc oxy ha t l vi p sut O2. * Din tch b mt

21

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Tc oxy ha cht bo t l vi din tch b mt tip xc ca thc phm vi khng kh. Trong trng hp cc sn phm nh tng D/N th tc oxy ha cht bo c tnh ton trn c s s khuch tn oxygen qua pha cht bo. * Nhit Thng thng th s oxy ha cht bo gia tng theo nhit . Do s ha tan ca oxy ph thuc vo nhit v vy tc ng ca yu t oxy trong qu tr nh oxy ha ti nhit cao l rt t. S ph thuc ca nhit trn qu trnh oxy ha cht bo c biu th bng cng thc:

Trong : K: hng s tc phn ng. A: hng s Entropy (khng ph thuc vo nhit ). Ea: nng lng hot ha. R: hng s kh l tng. T: nhit Kelvin. nhit thp t - 27 n 500C tc oxy ha t thay i. Nhng nhit cao hn tc phn ng gia tng ng k. * m Tc phn ng oxy ha cht bo ph thuc rt nhiu vo m (Aw) ca sn phm. Oxy ha cht bo c th xy ra ti Aw rt nh (Aw < 0.1 trong sa bt), Aw cng cao th tc oxy ha cht bo cng cao.

4.2 C ch chng oxy ha cht bo:

22

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Gi AH l cht chng oxy ha cht bo. Phn ng chng oxy ha cht bo xy ra theo s sau:

Cht tr chng oxy ha cht bo c thm vo tng hiu qu chng oxy ha. Cc cht quan trng thng c s dng l: acide citric v cc ester monoglycerid citrat, acid ascorbic v ascorbyl palmitat. Cc ester lipophilic ca acide citricm acid ascorbic c kh nng ha tan trong du. Thng thng: Citric Ascorbic + cht chng oxy ha tng hp + tocopherol

Cht tr chng oxy ha cht bo c cc chc nng: - To mi trng acide n nh chng oxy ha cht bo. - Loi b hot tnh cc ion kim loi (to phc v hi) - Loi b oxy (oxy ha ascorbic) - Phc hi chng oxy ha C ch phc hi cht chng oxy ha SH + A AH + S

23

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Xt cho cng cht chng oxy ha cht bo bng ph gia thc cht l: + Ngn chn nguyn nhn gy ra phn ng oxy ha. + Ngn chn cc phn ng lan truyn. z4.ifrm.com/30178/163/0/.../Co_che_cua_phan_ung_oxy_hoa.doc 5. Liu lng s dng:

INS: 304 ADI: 0 1, 25. Liu lng s dng ca Ascorbyl palmitate ST T 1. 2. 3. 4. Nhm thc phm Sa bt, bt kem (nguyn cht) Cc sn phm tng t sa bt v bt kem Phomt chn hon ton ( k c b mt) Thc n trng ming c sa (VD: kem, sa lnh, bnh puting, sa chua hoa qu hoc c hng liu...) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Du b, vng sa M v du thc vt M ln, m ng vt, du c v du ng vt khc Cc loi ko Cc loi bnh nng Thy sn, sn phm thy sn ng lnh, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai 11. Thy sn, sn phm thy sn xay nh ng lnh, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai ML 500 80 500 500 500 400 400 500 1000 1000 10 10 2,10 10 10 10 10,15 10 10 Ghi ch

1000

10

24

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

12. 13. Du trn, gia v (bao gm cc cht tng t mui) Nc chm khng c sa (VD: tng c chua, tng t, nc chm c kem) 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Nc chm dng sa (VD: nc st mayonne, nc st salt) Thc n cho tr em di 1 tui Thc n b sung cho tr ang tng trng Snack c ch bin t ng cc Snack c ch bin t ht c du 500 200 500 50 1000 200 200 10 10 10,15 10 10 10 20

IV.

SORDIUM ASCORBATE

1. Lch s v ngun gc: Sodium ascorbate l mt dng ca acid ascorbic (Vitamin C) l sinh hc v "kim", khng ging nh cc hnh thc acid ascorbic vitamin C, dn n ri lon d dy mt s ngi. Tuy nhin, nhc im l hm lng natri chun b ny, l 131 mg mui natri mi 1.000 mg acid ascorbic, lm trm trng thm hin c tng huyt p hoc suy tim trong mt s nhng bnh nhn ny. Ngoi ra, ni chung, gim thiu lng mui (sodium) c khuyn co cho tt c mi ngi, ngoi tr cho cc bnh nhn b tiu chy hoc cc iu kin khc thiu ht natri. Sodium ascorbate cng c s dng nh mt ph gia thc phm. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/177519/is-sodium-ascorbate-safe 25

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Thng c s dng trong mt s sn phm lm t tht: lp xng, tht heo xng khi, 2. Tnh cht:( C6H7NaO6)

Sodium ascorbate, mt hp cht hu c, l mt sn phm thit yu trong danh mc cc ph gia thc phm. Loi ph gia thc phm ny c th ngn nga s hnh thnh nitrosamine- mt cht gy ung th-cht v lm thc phm v ung c cc hin tng tiu cc ca b bin mu, hnh thnh mi hi thi, lm vn c v vv. http://asia-foodchem.com/vi/content/natri-ascorbate Sodium ascorbate: 1.000 mg natri ascorbate thng c cha 111 mg natri. C nhn theo ch n t mui (v d, huyt p cao) thng c khuyn nn gi tng lng natri ch n ung ca h t hn 2.500 mg / ngy. Nh vy, megadoses vitamin C trong hnh thc sodium ascorbate ng k c th lm tng lng natri (NaCl). http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/vitCform.html Sodium ascorbate l ph gia thc phm vi s E l E301 3. ng dng: L mt cht chng oxy ha quan trng trong ngnh cng nghip thc phm, sodium ascorbate khng ch bo v mu sc v hng v t nhin ca thc phm m cn ko di tui th ca sn phm m khng c bt k tc dng ph no. N ch yu c s dng trong cc sn phm tht, tri cy, rau qu, thc phm ng hp, mt, bia, ung c ga, tr hoa qu, nc p tri cy, ru vang, vv. http://asia-foodchem.com/vi/content/natri-ascorbate

26

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

4. C ch oxy ha ( c ch hnh thnh nitrosamine v c ch nitrosamine ca sodium ascorbate trong tht ): Ngoi tc dng bo qun nitrit c b sung vo cc sn phm t tht vi mc ch n nh mu. Sau khi git m, oxy cng t nn phn ng kh oxy to thnh dng MetMb chim u th do vy tht c mu thm hay nu. Tht cng lu mioglobin cng t do chuyn sang dng MetMb, trong khi phn ng to mu ca tht oxid nitrit ca mui nitrit tc dng vi mioglobin nhng khng phn ng vi MetMb. Do , nhiu mioglobin s cho mu ti hn. Phn ng n gin: Mb + Nitrit Nitroso Mb. Tuy nhin phn ng xy ra theo nhiu nhnh v nhiu giai on phc tp v NO2trong phn t nitrit va c tnh kh va c tnh oxy ha trong dung dch ha tan. Do ngoi tc dng tch cc to mu nitroso mioglobin NO2- oxy ha Mb v OxyMb to OxyMb hay MetMb. Cc dng trung gian ny khng phn ng trc tip vi oxid nitrit c. Mun chuyn Met Mb v OxyMb (sinh ra do phn ng trung gian v do tht km ti) thnh Mb cn c cht kh NO2- hay cht kh khc thm vo. Hn na phn ng to thnh Nitroso Mb thng chm v khng hon ton. V vy ngi ta thng thm cht kh nh: acid ascorbic, mui ascorbate, ng glucose hay saccarose nhm mc ch chuyn NaNO2 thnh NO nhanh v hon ton, ng thi chuyn mu nu ca MetMb thnh mu mioglobin c th lin kt vi nitrit to nitrosomioglobin. Nh vy, cc cht kh s lm tng tc cc phn ng to mu sn phm tht trong qu trnh ch bin v tn dng ti a lng mioglobin trong c. Trong qu trnh p, nu dng nitrit tha s sinh NO2 vi tc d di. Cht oxit nitrit c tnh oxy ha mnh s chuyn Fe2+ ca hem thnh Fe3+ mt mu hay to mu xanh tht. Hn na, lng nitrit d s phn ng vi acid amin to Nitrosamin gy ung th. khc phc hin tng trn, ngi ta dng lng NO2 t v thay th mt phn bng nitrat. Nh vy lng oxit nitrit do nitrit to thnh s phn ng ht vi mioglobin, sau nitrit mi c sinh ra t qu trnh chuyn nitrat do cc cht kh (acid ascorbic). iu ny m bo lng nitrit phn ng va v trnh d dng t do. Mt khc, lng nitrat hin din trong sn phm vi s tham gia ca vi khun kh nitrat s to thnh nitrit v chuyn dng nu (Denatured Met mioglobin) thnh hng (Nitroso hemoglobin) trong qu trnh bo qun sn phm tht p. http://s4.zetaboards.com/BioFood_Tech/topic/9123630/2/ Nitrosamin c hnh thnh khi cc amin tn ti t nhin trong thc phm phn ng vi natri nitrit c trong tht. R2NH (amines) + NaNO2 (natri nitrit) R2N-N=O (nitrosamin) Trong mi trng axit (nh trong d dy) hay nhit (nh qua vic nu n), nitrosamin c bin i thnh ion iazoni. R2N-N=O (nitrosamin) + (axi hay nhit) R-N2+ (ion iazoni) Cc nitrosamine nh N-nitrosoimetylamin[21] v N-nitrosopyroliin[22] hnh thnh cacbocation phn ng vi cc nucleophin sinh hc (nh DNA hay enzim) trong t bo. R-N2+ (ion iazonium) R+ (cacbocation) + N2 + :Nu (nucleophin sinh hc) RNu 27

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Nu phn ng th nucleophin ny xy ra ti v tr trng yu trong mt phn t sinh hc, n c th ph v cu trc t bo thng thng dn n ung th hay hoi t. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natri_nitrit 5. Cc lu khi s dng: Nhng tuyn b thng mi v ascorbate natri c minh ha bng cch sau: "Sodium ascorbate c th o ngc s pht trin ca bnh x va ng mch, gip ngn nga cn au tim. Ngoi ra, sodium ascorbate ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic loi b cc bnh nhim trng mn tnh v cp tnh. Hn na, n c coi l mt tc nhn chng ung th. Sodium ascorbate sn xut tc dng gy c t bo trong mt mng ca cc dng t bo c tnh, trong bao gm cc t bo u c tnh c bit nhy cm. " Cc thnh phn thch hp trong vic xy dng ny l vitamin C trong v khng natri hoc dng ascorbate ca n, v ng gy hiu nhm rng hnh thc ascorbate natri l mt S khng nh ny "k diu thuc." (Gip vo s la gt cng cng) ascrobate natri "hnh ng c quyn" so vi acid ascorbic thng xuyn (vitamin C), l mt huyn thoi, v khng th c thm t s tht. Cc thnh phn hot ng chnh trong c hai l acid ascorbic. Nhng li ch h tng trao cho c th u ging nhau. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/177519/is-sodium-ascorbate-safe Natri ascorbate c th dn n tiu cc nh hng sc khe, bao gm kch ng da, tiu chy v au ngc, theo Vin Linus Pauling. ngh trn gii hn lng ca tt c cc hnh thc ca vitamin C, bao gm sodium ascorbate, c thit lp bi FDA ti 2.000 mg mi ngy. Mc cao ko di ca ascorbate natri cng c th gy tn thng thn, ng h hp trn v ng tiu ha. Mt s ngi c th b phn ng d ng, c bit nu dng liu cao vitamin C. http://www.livestrong.com/article/168202-what-is-sodium-ascorbate/#ixzz2A4QyuUZ2

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Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

V. CALCIUM ASCORBATE

1. Lch s v ngun gc: Khng ging nh ascorbate natri, trong c cc mui natri, canxi ascorbate cng l mt dng ca vitamin C, canxi thay vo , m khng c natri. u im ca sn phm ny l n khng c natri v cung cp cc li ch gia tng lng canxi. Mui canxi cng lm gim axit ca axit ascorbic min ph, lm cho n t gy kh chu cho d dy. Nhiu bc s thch hnh thc 2-in-one ny. Sodium thu ht nc v c th gy gi nc trong c th, v lm trm trng thm bnh cao huyt p hoc suy tim. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/177519/is-sodium-ascorbate-safe 2. Tnh cht: Canxi ascorbat l mt hp cht ha hc c cng thc phn t CaC12H14O12. y l mui canxi ca axit ascorbic.

Canxi ascorbat l ph gia thc phm vi s E l E302. Calcium ascorbate: Calcium ascorbate thng cung cp 90-110 mg canxi (890-910 mg acid ascorbic) cho mi 1.000 mg calcium ascorbate.Canxi trong mu ny xut hin 29

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

c hp thu kh tt. Lng canxi c khuyn co ch n ung cho ngi ln l 1.000 n 1.200 mg / ngy. Tng canxi khng nn vt qu UL , l 2.500 mg / ngy cho ngi ln t 19-50 nm v 2.000 mg / ngy cho ngi ln hn 50 tui ( Canxi ).
http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/vitCform.html

3. ng dng: Sodium ascorbate E301-CAS-No.134-03-2 c th ngn chn s hnh thnh cc nitrosamine gy ung th v loi b cc mu thc phm v nc gii kht, mi, c v cc hin tng tiu cc khc. Sodium ascorbate E301-CAS-No.134-03-2 l mt ngnh cng nghip thc phm quan trng trong cc cht chng oxy ha , cht bo qun , khng ch duy tr mu sc v hng v t nhin ca thc phm, nhng cng m rng thi hn s dng ca h, m khng c bt k tc dng ph. Sodium ascorbate E301-CASNo.134-03-2 c s dng ch yu cho cc sn phm tht, tri cy, rau qu, thc phm ng hp, mt, bia, ung c ga, tr, nc tri cy, ru vang, http://www.sinoadditive.com/Sodium_Ascorbate 4. C ch: Khi n vo bng, Calcium ascorbate thy phn trong d dy cung cp cho ion canxi v ascorbate. HCl trong d dy chuyn i ion ascorbate acid ascorbic. V vy, khng c tng rng trong nng axit trong d dy. Ion ascorbate min ph li c th chelate vi canxi & d dng ng ha. Ny chelation tm thi ca ion ascorbate vi canxi bo v n t qu trnh oxy ha acid ascorbic dehydro v suy thoi sau nhanh chng oxy ha t trng. http://www.mineralsinc.com/WriteUp/CalciumAscorbate_w.htm 5. Lu : Ascorbate Canxi khng ch khuyn khch cho cc vn ng vin v nhng ngi gi m cn cho nhng ngi mun tng cng c bp v xng ca h v gi qu trnh lo ha vnh.

30

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Calcium ascorbate l mt tng cng min dch v h tr trong cuc chin chng nhim khun. N l mt cht chng oxy ha mnh m ph hy cc gc t do trong c th. l chng ung th, antitumorigenic v thc y hnh thnh xng v rng. N c th h tr trong vic lm gim lng cholesterol trong mu v lm chm qu trnh lo ha. N cng gip ngn nga ung th tuyn tin lit. http://www.mineralsinc.com/WriteUp/CalciumAscorbate_w.htm 6. Liu lng s dng: IND: 385 ADI: 0 2,5 Liu lng s dng ca Calcium ascorbate

STT 1.

Nhm thc phm Margarin v cc sn phm tng t (VD: hn hp Margarin v b)

ML

Ghi ch

75 130 100 250 250 50 35 21 21 21 21

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Mt, mt c c, mt hoa qu Cc sn phm khc t qu Rau, c ngm dm, du, nc mui Sn phm rau, c, qu ln men Bt nho t cacao Sn phm tht, tht gia cm v tht th xay nh v x l nhit

8.

Thy sn, sn phm thy sn xay nh ng lnh, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai

75

21

31

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

9. Thy sn, sn phm thy sn ngm dm, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai 10. Thy sn, sn phm thy sn c ch bin dng ln men, ng hp, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai 11. 12. Du trn, gia v (bao gm cc cht tng t mui) Nc chm khng c sa (VD: tng c chua, tng t, nc chm c kem) 13. 14. 15. Nc gii kht c ga Nc gii kht khng ga C ph, ch, nc ung c dc tho v cc loi ung t ng cc, khng k nc ung t cacao 16. Nc gii kht c cn 250 21

75 70 75 200 200 35 25 21 21 21 21 21 21

VI.

SAPONIN

32

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

1. Tnh cht Saponin(cn gi l saponosid) l mt glicozit t nhin thng gp trong nhiu loi thc vt, ngoi ra cn c phn lp t ng vt nh hi sm, c sao,.... Tin t latinh sapo c ngha l x phng(v to bt nh x phng) Saponin tan trong nc, alcol, rt t tan trong aceton, ether, hexan. Saponin c th b ta bi ch acetat, bari hydroxid, amoni sulfat Saponin a s c v ng tr mt s nh glycyrrhizin c trong cam tho bc, abrusosid trong cam tho dy, c v ngt. Saponin c tnh cht chung l khi ho tan vo nc c tc dng lm gim sc cng b mt ca dung dch, to nhiu bt, c tc dng nh ha v ty sch C tnh cht ph huyt, lm v hng cu ngay nhng nng rt long c i vi ng vt mu lnh nht l i vi c, v saponin lm tng tnh thm ca biu m ng h hp nn lm mt cc cht in gii cn thit, ngoi ra c tc dng tiu dit cc loi thn mn nh: giun, sn, To thnh phc vi cholesterol hoc 3--hydroxysteroid khc Di tc dng ca enzym c trong thc vt hay vi khun hoc do axt long, saponin b thu phn thnh cc phn gm genin gi l sapogenin v phn ng gm mt hoc nhiu phn t ng. Cc ng ph bin l D-glucoza, D-galactoza, L-arabinoza, axt galactunoic, axt D-glucuronic... Phn genin c th c cu trc cholan nh sapogeninsteroi hoc sapogenintritecpen dng -amirin (axt olenoic), dng -amirin (axt asiatic), dng lupol (axit buletinie) hoc tritecpen bn vng. C v hc, kch ng nim mc lm hc hi mnh. Cc saponin u l cc cht hot quang. Thng cc steroit saponin th t truyn cn triterpenoit saponin th hu truyn. im nng chy ca cc sapogenin thng rt cao.

33

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Saponin kh b thm tch, ngi ta da vo tnh cht ny tinh ch saponin trong qu trnh chit xut. phn genin (sapogenin v dn xut acetyl sapogenin) thng d kt tinh hn Saponin c loi axt, trung tnh hoc kim. Trong , triterpenoit saponin thng l trung tnh hoc axt (phn t c nhm COOH). Steroit saponin nhm spirostan v furostan thuc loi trung tnh cn nhm glicoancaloit thuc loi kim. 2. Cu trc

Cu tr c ha h c:

Phn ng: Phn ng ni vo OH C-3 ca aglycon.

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Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Cho n nay ngi ta bit khong 40 loi ng khc nhau nh D-glucose, Lramnose, D-fucose Nhng ng ny c cc c tnh: d b thu phn, cho phn ng mu vi thuc th Kele-Kiliani, thuc th Xanthydrol. Mch ng c th l monosacarit hoc oligosacarit. Ngi ta nhn thy rng glucose bao gi cng pha cui mch. Phn aglycon (genin) Phn aglycon chia lm 2 loi v cng da vo phn loi saponin. Saponin triterpenoid: Phn aglycon ca saponin triterpenoid c 30 cacbon, cu to bi 6 n v hemiterpen v chia lm 2 nhm Saponin triterpenoid pentacyclic: phn aglycon ca nhm ny c cu trc gm 5 vng v phn ra thnh cc nhm nh: olean, ursan, lupan, hopan. Saponintriterpenoid tetracyclic: phn aglycon c cu trc 4 vng v phn thnh 3 nhm chnh: dammanran, lanostan, cucurbitan. Saponin steroid: Gm cc nhm chnh: spirostan, furostan, aminofurostan, piroalan, solanidan.

Hnh VI.2: Cu trc riterpenoid methyl-2cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oate

Hnh VI.1 riterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oate

Hnh VI.3 Steroid

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Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

3. Ngun gc

Cam tho

Nhn sm Hnh: mt s dc tho cha saponin

Saponin c trong cc loi dc tho nh: cam tho, b kt, t gii, Ngoi ra u tng, u H lan v mt s cy c tnh cht to bt nh r cy x phng, v cy x phng, cng kh giu saponin Saponin c trong nhiu loi thc vt, c thc vt hoang di ln thc vt gieo trng. C 2 loi Saponin: saponin acid(triterpenoid saponin) v saponin trung tnh(steroid saponin). saponin acid c nhiu trong thc vt gieo trng, saponin trung tnh c nhiu trong thc vt hoang di, c bit l tho dc Trong sm c thnh phn saponin, c hiu nh l hot cht chnh to nn nhng cng dng ca nhn sm. Sm cng c nhiu thnh phn ny th cng tt. Saponin steroid thng gp trong nhng cy mt l mm. Cc h hay gp l: Amaryllidaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Liliaceae, Smilacaceae. ng ch nht l mt s loi thuc chi Dioscorea L.; Agave L.; Yucca L. Saponin triterpenoid thng gp trong nhng cy 2 l mm thuc cc h nh: Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Araliaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyll-aceae, Fabaceae, Polygalaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae.

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Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Trong cy saponin thng tch ly nhng b phn khc nhau: tch ly qu nh b kt, b hn; r nh cam tho, vin ch, ct cnh; l nh da M... Mt s dc liu cha saponin:Actis, Bch thuc, Cam tho, Saponin trong u nnh ging nh phytate, c tc dng nh cht anti-oxidants bo v t bo c th chng ta khi b nh hng do tc dng cc gc t do. N cng cn c kh nng trc tip ngn cn s pht trin ung th kt trng v ng thi lm gim lng cholesterol trong mu Saponin trong nhn sm lm tng chuyn ha lipid, Theo cc th nghim, nhn sm c th ngn nga s pht sinh cholesterol, v vy m ngn nga c s hnh thnh x va ng mch. 4. Phn loi V mt phn loi, da theo cu trc ho hc c th chia ra: saponin triterpenoid v saponin steroid Saponin triterpenoid pentacyclic: gm cc nhm: Nhm olean Nhm ursan Nhm lupan Nhm hopan.

Saponin triterpenoid tetracyclic: c 3 nhm chnh Nhm dammaran Nhm lanostan Nhm cucurbitan. Saponin steroid gm: Nhm spirostan Nhm furostan Nhm aminofurostan 37

Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Nhm spirosolan Nhm solanidan 5. Cng dng Trong cng nghip thc phm Saponin c dng lm cht chng oxy ha. Ngoi ra saponin cn c dng lm cht nh ho, cht to bt, phn tn, lm t Saponin c tc dng long m, cha ho. Saponin l hot cht chnh trong cc dc liu cha ho nh vin ch, ct cnh, cam tho, thin mn, mch mn... Mt s dc liu cha saponin c tc dng thng tiu nh rau m, t gii, thin mn, mch mn,... Saponin c mt trong mt s v thuc b nh nhn sm, tam tht v mt s cy thuc h nhn sm khc. Saponin lm tng s thm ca t bo; s c mt ca saponin s lm cho cc hot cht khc d ho tan v hp thu, v d trng hp digitonin trong l Digital. Mt s saponin c tc dng chng vim. Mt s c tc dng khng khun, khng nm, c ch virus. Mt s c tc dng chng ung th trn thc nghim. Nhiu saponin c tc dng dit cc loi thn mm (nhuyn th). Sapogenin steroid dng lm nguyn liu bn tng hp cc thuc steroid. Digitonin dng nh lng cholesterol. Mt s nguyn liu cha saponin dng pha nc gi u, git len d, t la Tc dng kch thch h min dch, chng oxy ha, chng lo ha, phng chng ung th v bo v t bo gan 6. C ch tc dng C ch chng oxy ha ca saponin ch yu l qu trnh ngn O2 tip xc phn ng vi thc phm. C ch tng t cc cht chng oxy ha c ngun gc phenolic, do trong phn t c nhiu nhm OH. Cc hp cht c bn cht phenolic ng vai tr l cht cho hydro d kt hp vi cc gc t do, ch cc hp khng kt hp vi O2. Gip ngn chn phn ng oxy ha xy ra ng thi gi c mu sc ca sn phm

VII.

TI LIU THAM KHO

Food Additives

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Tiu lun ph gia thc phm_GVHD Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Quy nh danh mc cc cht ph gia c php s dng trong thc phm http://www.inchem.org http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/bao-cao-de-tai-chat-chong-oxy-hoa-trong-thucpham.474755.html http://tapchithucpham.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbic_acid http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythorbic_acid http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v28je03.htm http://www.codexalimentarius.net/gsfaonline/additives/details.html?id=243 http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/jecfa-additives/specs/Monograph1/additive-172-m1.pdf http://ykhoa.net/duoc/sudungthuoc/27_131.htm http://www.hoahocngaynay.com/vi/hoa-hoc-va-doi-song/hoa-thuc-pham/239-vitaminc.html

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