Solids

Starter

Identify the types of solids that were used in Practical 9.1 (p. 113) using the table from last lesson

Solids, properties and particles

Physical properties are determined by the type of particles in a solid and the forces between the particles. Particles: atoms, ions or molecules. Forces of attraction between particles can be strong (e.g. metallic bonds, ionic bonds or covalent bonds) or weak (intermolecular forces).

 High melting point

strong attractive forces between particles

Low melting point

weak attractive forces

Electrical conductivity
Charged particles (ions or electrons) that are free to move

Malleable and ductile

Layers that can slide over each other without disrupting the lattice, i.e. non-directional bonds

Hard
Strong forces as it is difficult to displace particles from one another

Metallic Solids
3D network of metal atoms bound in a regular lattice structure. Valence electrons are delocalised and free to move from atom to atom Lattice of +ve ions surrounded by a sea of e Metallic bonds are electrostatic attractions between the metal cations and the free e-

Properties of Metals
Since delocalised e- are able to move through the lattice of +ve ions, the attractive forces have no set direction:
Solid lattice is easily deformed malleable and ductile Conduct electricity Conduct heat transferred through vibrating metals ions and free e Metallic bonds are very strong and metals usually have high melting points.

Ionic Solids

Consist of cations and anions 3D lattice of ions Formula represents the ratio of ions present Strong attraction force between these ions (ionic bond) Strong bonds high melting points (lots of energy needed to break strong ionic bonds)

Ionic Solids
Strong electrostatic forces in lattice makes a hard crystalline solid. When force applied to solid, ions move and repel each other causing the lattice to break
ionic solids are brittle

Ionic Solids
Electrical conductivity
Solid: No, ions are not mobile Molten and dissolved: Yes, ions can move freely

Starter
Complete the table

Starter
Complete the table

molecule atom atom

Intermolecular forces

Metallic bonds Covalent bonds

Ionic Solids
Electrical conductivity
Solid: No, ions are not mobile Molten and dissolved: Yes, ions can move freely

Solubility
For a solid to dissolve there needs to be an attraction between the solvent (usually water) and the particles for a solid (solute) to dissolve. This attraction must also be greater than the attraction between solute AND the attraction between solvent molecules. E.g. NaCl and water vs. zinc and water

Covalent Networks
3D or 2D lattice networks
E.g. SiO2 is 3D and graphite is 2D

Particles involved are atoms Attraction between particles are covalent bonds (strong)
High melting points (>1000 oC) Very hard strong, rigid lattice Dont conduct (no mobile ions or e-) Not soluble

Examples: diamond, C; silica, SiO2; silicon carbide, SiC

Graphite the exception

Allotrope of carbon 2D structure Layers of covalently bonded C atoms in hexagonal rings.
High melting point

Layers held together by weak intermolecular forces.

Soft, greasy texture (layers easily move over each other)

Contains mobile delocalised e conducts electricity

Molecular solids
Particles: molecules packed together Two forces involved
Forces within the molecule intramolecular forces very strong covalent bonds between atoms in individual molecules Forces between the molecule intermolecular forces weak forces that link individual molecules to each other

The weak intermolecular forces determine the properties of the molecular solids.

Properties of Molecular solids

Low melting and boiling points
As size of the molecule increases, number of intermolecular forces increase melting point increases with size

Solubility
Non-polar dissolves in non polar
E.g. iodine in cyclohexane

Polar dissolves in polar

E.g. ammonia in water

Do not conduct electricity

No mobile ions or electrons