(Bi tp sinh hc 12 - Cc quy lut di truyn - Bi ton nghch)

(ang cp nht ...)

I. Trng hp bi ton cho bit t l phn ly kiu hnh i con Cac bc lam bai tp: Bc 1. Bin lun, nhn dang quy lut di truyn chi phi tinh trang Bc 2. Quy c gen Bc 3. Xac inh kiu gen P Bc 4. Vit s lai kim chng

Nhn dang quy lut di truyn chi phi tinh trang 1. Khi lai 1 tnh trng Cn xc nh: 1. Tnh trng do mt cp gen hay hai cp gen quy nh. 2. Nu tnh trng do 1 cp gen quy nh xy ra mt trong cc trng hp sau + Tun theo quy lut di truyn Menen + Hin tng tri khng hon ton + Gen gy cht. 3. Nu tnh trng do 2 cp gen quy nh => Tun theo quy lut di truyn tng tc gen. Cch xc nh nh sau:

Trng hp 1. Khng phi lai phn tch

T t l phn tnh v kiu hnh th h con, xc nh quy lut di truyn chi phi. 1. Khi tng s t hp giao t <= 4 th l t l ca di truyn mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng + 3:1: quy lut di truyn tri ln hon ton (Theo nh lut phn tnh ca Menen). + 1:2:1: quy lut di truyn tri khng hon ton (xut hin tnh trng trung gian do gen nm trn NST thng hoc gii tnh. + 1:1 hoc 2:1: hin tng gen gy cht. 2. Khi tng s t hp giao t >4 th l t l ca tng tc gen. Trong , tng c th l 16 hoc 8. 2.1. Tng cc t hp giao t bng 16 (16 = 4 x 4 => mi bn b m cho 4 giao t => b me di hp v 2 cp gen => 2 cp gen quy nh 1 tnh trng => tng tc gen). Cc t l v quy c gen nh sau:

T l

Dng tng tc

Quy c gen

9:3:3:1 (4 KH)

B tr.

AaBb x AaBb => 9A_B_ : 3A_bb : 3aaB_ : 1aabb AaBb x AaBb =>

9:6:1(3 KH) Kiu hnh 1: 9A_B_ : 3A_bb : 3aaB_ Kiu hnh 2: 1aabb 9:7 (2 KH) AaBb x AaBb => Kiu hnh 1: 9A_B_ Kiu hnh 2: 3A_bb : 3aaB_ : 1aabb

AaBb x AaBb => 12:3:1(3 KH) t ch tri Kiu hnh 1: 9A_B_ : 3A_bb Kiu hnh 2: 3aaB_ Kiu hnh 3: 1aabb AaBb x AaBb => 13:3(2KH) Kiu hnh 1: 9A_B_: 3A_bb : 1aabb Kiu hnh 2: 3aaB_ AaBb x AaBb => 9:3:4(3 KH) t ch ln Kiu hnh 1: 9A_B_ Kiu hnh 2: 3A_bb Kiu hnh 3: 3aaB_ : 1aabb AaBb x AaBb => 15:1 Cng gp khng tch ly cc gen tri Kiu hnh 1: 9A_B_: 3A_bb: 3aaB_ Kiu hnh 2: : 1aabb

2.2. Tng t hp giao t bng 8 Tng cc t hp giao t bng 8 (8 = 2 x 4 => mt bn b (m) cho 4 giao t => di hp 2 cp gen, 2 cp gen quy nh tnh trng => tng tc gen). Cc t l v quy c gen tng t quy c ca trng hp 16 t hp giao t. Cc t l thng gp:

T l 3:3:1:1. 3:4:1. B tr.

Dng tng tc

Quy c 3:3:1:1. (AaBb x aaBb hoc AaBb x Aabb) 3:4:1. AaBb x Aabb => F: 3A_B_ : 3A_bb : 1aaBb : 1aabb 3:5. AaBb x Aabb =>

3:5. F: 3A_B_ : 3A_bb : 1aaBb : 1aabb 6:1:1 t ch tri (4:3:1) F: 3A_B_ : 3A_bb : 1aaBb : 1aabb 4:3:1. AaBb x aaBb => F: 3A_B_ : 1A_bb : 3aaB_ : 1aabb 7:1 5:3. 7:1 AaBb x Aabb => F: 3A_B_ : 3A_bb : 1aaBb : 1aabb 5:3. AaBb x aaBb => F: 3A_B_ : 1A_bb : 3aaB_ : 1aabb 3:3:2 t ch ln 3:1:4 F: 3A_B_ : 3A_bb : 1aaBb : 1aabb 3:1:4 AaBb x aaBb => 3A_B_ : 1A_bb : 3aaB_ : 1aabb 7:1 7:1 cng gp khng tch ly cc gen tri AaBb x Aabb => F: 3A_B_ : 3A_bb : 1aaBb : 1aabb 1.2. Trng hp 2: Lai phn tch T l kiu hnh c th thuc cc trng hp sau: 3:3:2 P: AaBb x Aabb => 6:1:1 P: AaBb x Aabb =>

1. Khi s t hp giao t la 2, ti l 1:1 th l s di truyn 1 tnh trng do 1 gen chi phi 2. Khi s t hp giao t la 4 (4 = 1 x 4, mt bn cho 4 giao t => di hp 2 cp gen => Tng tac gen) - T l 3:1. Thuc 1 trong cac trng hp: - Tng tc b tr 9:7 - Tng tc t ch 13:3 - Tng tc cng gp 15:1 + T l 1:2:1. Thuc 1 trong cac trng hp: - Tng tc b tr 9:6:1 - Tng tc t ch ln 9:3:4 - Tng tc t ch tri 12:3:1 + T l 1:1:1:1. Thuc 1 trng hp: 9:3:3:1

Bi 1. c chua khi lai cy thn cao qu vng vi cy thp qu F 1 thu c ton l cy cao qu . F1 t th phn c F2 c 3200 cy. Bit mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng. 1. Bin lun v vit s lai t P n F2. Xc nh s lng mi loi cy. 2. Lai phn tch cy c chua F1. Xc nh kt qu lai. 3. Xc nh kt qu lai ca cc php lai: AaBb x aaBb; AaBb x Aabb. Hng dn 1. P Cao, vng x thp, => F1 cao, => Cao l tri (A), thp l ln (a); l tri (B); vng l ln (b). Ptc => P Aabb x aaBB => F1: AaBb x AaBb => F2: 9 : 3: 3 :1. 2. F1 AaBb x aabb => 1:1:1:1 3. (1 cao : 1 thp)(3 :1 vng) ; (3 cao : 1 thp)(1 : 1 vng)

Bi 2. c chua A: qu , a: qu vng; B: qu trn, b: qu bu dc. Cho lai 2 cy c chua lai vi nhau th thu c F1 gm: 3 cy qu -trn, 3cy qu -bu dc, 1 cy qu vng-trn, 1 cy qu vng-bu dc. 1. Bin lun v vit s lai 2. Xc nh s kiu gen ti a ca qun th vi 2 cp gen trn.

Hng dn 1. Xt ring tng cp tnh trng F1 - Tnh trng mu sc: : vng = 3 : 1 (theo L phn li) => P: Aa x Aa - Tnh trng hnh dng: trn : bu dc = 1 : 1 (Lai phn tch) => P: Bb x bb => Kiu gen ca P l AaBb x Aabb. 2. S kiu gen ti a = 3x3 =9.

Bi 3. C th c d hp hai cp gen AaBb nm trn 2 cp NST khc nhau, cho lai vi c th ci. Bit 2 tnh trng trn tri hon ton. 1. Xc nh kiu gen ca c th ci bit F1 thu c t l kiu hnh 3:3:1:1. 2. Lai c th ci vi c th c khc c kiu gen Aabb, xc nh kt qu lai Hng dn 1. F1 thu c c t l kiu hnh l: 3:3:1:1 = (3:1)(1:1) - Do s t hp ca F1 l: 3 + 3 + 1 + 1= 8 t hp giao t = 4 x 2 - M c th c d hp hai cp gen (AaBb) => cho 4 loi giao t => C th ci s cho 2 loi giao t => c th ci d hp mt cp gen. 1 cp gen cn li phi l cp gen ln (V 1 tnh trng c t l 1:1) => C th ci c th c kiu gen l Aabb hoc aaBb 2. Xt 2 trng hp xc nh kt qu lai ca mi trng hp.

Bi 4. Mt loi thc vt gen A quy nh cy cao, gen a- cy thp; gen B qu , gen b- qu trng. Cc gen di truyn c lp. i lai c mt loi kiu hnh cy thp qu trng chim 1/16. 1. Xc nh cng thc lai. 2. Lai c th P vi 1 c th khc thu c t l 1:1:1:1. Xc nh cng thc lai Hng dn 1. Cy thp, trng (aabb) chim t l 1/16 => suy ra s t hp ca php lai trn l 16 t hp = 4x4 => Mi bn b m u cho 4 loi giao t => P d hp 2 cp gen => PAaBb x AaBb. 2. Lai phn tch (AaBb x aabb)

Bi 5. u H lan, gen A quy nh ht vng, gen a quy nh ht xanh, gen B quy nh ht trn, gen b quy nh ht nhn. Hai cp gen ny phn li c lp. Cho cy mc t ht vng, nhn giao phn vi cy mc t ht xanh, trn thu c th h lai c t l phn li kiu hnh l 1ht vng, trn : 1 ht xanh, trn. Xc nh kiu gen ca cy b, m. (Aabb aaBB) Bi 6. u H lan, gen A quy nh ht vng, gen a quy nh ht xanh, gen B quy nh ht trn, gen b quy nh ht nhn. Hai cp gen ny phn ly c lp. Lai phn tch cy mang kiu hnh tri, th h sau thu c 50% vng, trn : 50%xanh, trn. Cy c kiu gen nh th no? (AaBB)

Bi 7. u thm, s c mt ca 2 gen tri A, B trong cng kiu gen qui nh mu hoa , cc t hp gen khc ch c 1 trong 2 loi gen tri trn, cng nh kiu gen ng hp ln s cho kiu hnh hoa mu trng. Cho bit cc gen phn li c lp trong qu trnh di truyn. Lai 2 ging u hoa trng thun chng, F1 thu c ton hoa mu . Cho F1 giao phn vi hoa trng thu c F2 phn tnh theo t l 37.5% : 62,5% trng. Xc nh kiu gen cy hoa trng em lai vi F 1. Hng dn F2 phn tnh theo t l: 37.5% : 62,5% trng = 3 : 5 trng => F2 c 8 t hp giao t = 4 x 2 => Mt bn cho 4 giao t, 1 bn cho 2 giao t. Cy cho 4 giao t d hp 2 cp gen: AaBb Cy cho 2 giao t d hp 1 cp gen => Kiu gen Aabb hoc aaBb

Bi 8. Lai 2 dng b thun chng qu trn, thu c F 1 ton qu dt; cho F1 t th phn F2 thu c 271 qu dt : 179 qu trn : 28 qu di. Xc nh kiu gen ca b m. Hng dn - F2 c 271 qu dt : 179 qu trn : 28 qu di = 9 qu dt : 6 qu trn : 1 qu di =>F2 c 9+6+1 = 16 t hp = 4 x 4 => F1 d hp 2 cp gen (AaBb). Quy c: A-B- (9) : qu dt; A-bb (3) v aaB- (3): qu trn; aabb (1) : qu di

Vy kiu gen b m thun chng l: Aabb x aaBB

Bi 9. Khi lai cy hoa thun chng vi cy hoa trng thun chng, F 1 thu c 100% hoa . Cho lai F1 vi cy hoa trng thun chng trn, F 2 thu c 3 hoa trng : 1 hoa . S di truyn tnh trng trn tun theo quy lut no? Hng dn F1 x cy hoa trng thun chng c F2 3 : 1 trng => F2 c 4 t hp giao t = 4 x 1 (V cy hoa trng t/c ch cho 1 giao t) => F 1 cho 4 giao t => F1 d hp 2 cp gen (AaBb) => KG ca hoa trng thun chng l aabb, kiu gen ca cy hoa thun chng l AABB =>

S lai: Pt/c: AABB x aabb => F1: AaBb x aabb => F2: 1AaBb: 1Aabb: 1aaBb

1aabb

=> Aabb v aaBb quy nh tnh trng hoa trng => Tnh trng trn tun theo quy lut tng tc gen, kiu tng tc b tr gen tri.

Bi 10. ng, tnh trng v mu sc ht do hai gen khng alen quy nh. Cho ng ht trng giao phn vi ng ht trng thu c F1c 962 ht trng, 241 ht vng v 80 ht . Tnh theo l thuyt, t l ht trng F1 ng hp v c hai cp gen trong tng s ht trng F1 l bao nhiu? Hng dn F1: Trng : vng : = 12 : 3 : 1 => Tng tc t ch => 9 A-B-; 3 aaB-: ht trng; 3 A-bb: ht vng : 1 aabb : ht . Cy ht trng ng hp (AABB, aaBB) chim t l 12/16 Cy ht trng AABB chim t l 1/16, cy ht trng aaBB chim t l 1/16 = 2/16 trong tng s 12/16. => S cy ht trng ng hp c 2 cp gen trong tng s cy ht trng l: 1/6.

Bi 11. Cho lai hai cy b qu trn vi nhau, i con thu c 272 cy b qu trn, 183 cy b qu bu dc v 31 cy b qu di. 1. S di truyn tnh trng hnh dng qu b tun theo quy lut di truyn no? 2. Cho cy b trn AaBb lai vi cy b di. Xc nh kt qu lai Hng dn 1. P qu trn x qu trn => F1: Trn : bu dc : di = 272 : 183 : 31 = 9 : 6 : 1 => F 1 c 16 t hp giao t => D hp 2 cp gen => Tng tc gen (dng b tr) 2. T l 1:2:1

Bi 12. Cho giao phn hai cy hoa trng thun chng (P) vi nhau thu c F 1 ton cy hoa . Cho cy F1 t th phn, thu c F2 gm 89 cy hoa v 69 cy hoa trng khng xy ra t bin, tnh (theo l thuyt) t l phn li kiu gen F2? Hng dn F2 gm 89 cy hoa v 69 cy hoa trng 9 : 7 khng xy ra t bin => Tnh trng tun theo quy lut di truyn tng tc b tr => S t hp F2 = 9 + 7 = 16 => F1AaBb x AaBb => 4 :2 : 2: 2:2 :1 :1 : 1 :1

Bi 13. C 2 th bp ln thun chng ngun gc khc nhau gi l bp ln 1 v bp ln 2. TN1: cho bp ln 1 giao phn vi bp cao thun chng c F1-1 c kiu hnh cy cao. Cho F1-1 t th phn c F2-1 phn li theo t l 3 bp cao : 1 bp ln

TN2: cho bp ln 2 giao phn vi bp cao thun chng c F1-2 c kiu hnh cy cao. Cho F1-2 t th phn c F2-2 phn li theo t l 3 cao : 1 ln. TN3: cho bp ln 1 v bp ln 2 giao phn c F1-3 cy cao, cho F1-3 t th c F2-3 phn li theo t l 9 cao : 7 ln. a. Hy gii thch v vit s lai tng trng hp. b. T l kiu gen, kiu hnh ca th h con lai nh th no nu ly bp F1-3 giao phn vi: (1) Bp ln 1 thun chng? (2) Bp ln 2 thun chng? (3) Bp cao F1-1? (4) Bp cao F1-2? Bi 14. Cho chut F1 tp giao vi 3 chut khc trong 3 php lai sau: Php lai 1: c th h lai phn li theo t l 75% chut c mu lng trng, 12,5% lng nu, 12,5% lng xm. Php lai 2: c th h lai phn li theo t l 50% lng trng, 37,5% lng nu, 12,5% lng xm. Php lai 3: c th h lai phn li theo t l 75% lng trng: 18,5% lng nu: 6,25% lng xm.\ Cho bit gen quy nh tnh trng nm trn nhim sc th thng. Hy bin lun v vit s lai cc trng hp nu trn. Bi 15. Khi tin hnh mt s php lai gia cc ging g ngi ta thu c kt qu sau: Cho g lng trng lai vi g lng nu thu c 50% lng trng: 50% lng nu. Cho g lng trng lai vi g lng trng thu c 18,75% lng nu, cn li l lng trng. Cho g lng nu lai vi g lng nu thu c 75% lng nu: 25% lng trng. Cho bit gen quy nh tnh trng nm trn nhim sc th thng. Hy lp cc s lai v gii thch kt qu? Bi 16. Cho g c mo hnh qu h o giao phi vi nhau c F1 phn ly theo t l 9 g c mo hnh qu h o: 3 g c mo hnh hoa hng: 3 g c mo hnh ht u: 1 g c mo n. a. Cho g c mo hnh ha hng v g c mo hnh ht u ca F1 ni trn giao phi vi nhau c F2 phn li theo t l 1:1:1:1. Vit s lai. b. Cho g c mo hnh qu h o giao phi vi g c mo hnh hoa hng ca F1 ni trn c F2 phn li theo t l 3:3:1:1. Vit s lai. c. Lm th no phn bit c g c mo hnh qu h o thun chng v khng thun chng? Bi 17. cy c chua, gen R quy nh mu qu l tri hon ton so vi gen r quy nh mu qu vng, gen S kim sot s tng hp cht dip lc khin cho l c mu xanh l tri hon ton so vi gen s mt kh nng ny lm cho l c mu vng lu hunh. Nhng cy c chua c l c mu vng lu hunh u cht giai on mm. Cc cp gen ny nm trn cc cp nhim sc th ng dng khc nhau. Ngi ta tin hnh 2 kiu lai nh sau: Kiu 1: cy qu x cy qu . F1 xut hin 305 : 102 vng Kiu 2: cy qu x cy qu vng, F1 xut hin 405 : 403 vng. Hy gii thch kt qu v vit cc s lai c th c trong tng kiu lai ni trn. Bi 18. 1 ging c chua c 2 gen nm trn 2 nhim sc th khc nhau tc ng tch ly ln s hnh thnh trng lng v ln ca qu. Cy c qu b nht aabb v trung bnh qu ca n nng 30g. C 1 alen tri trong kiu gen u lm cho qu nng thm 5g. Ngi ta tin hnh lai cy c qu to nht vi cy c qu b nht. a. Hy cho bit kiu gen ca cy c qu to nht? Qu ca n nng bao nhiu? b. Cc cy F1 c qu nng bao nhiu? c. Tm kt qu phn tnh F2 v trng lng ca qu? Bi 19. ln, cc gen tc ng tch ly ln trng lng c th (1gen gm 2 alen); mi cp gen cha gen tri u c tc dng tng trng nh nhau v u tng trng gp 3 ln cp alen ln. Lai mt ging ln thun chng, trng lng 60kg vi ln Lanrat thun chng, trng lng 100kg, con lai F1 c trng

lng 120kg. Cho rng 4 cp gen nm trn cc nhim sc th khc nhau tham gia hnh thnh tnh trng ni trn v con lai F1 u d hp t theo tt c cc gen cho a. Hy tm s lai theo kt qu trn b. Nguyn nhn ca kt qu thu c chnh l g? c. Dng thun ng hp t tri v ln theo cc gen cho c trng lng tng ng l bao nhiu?

Bc 1. Bin lun, xc nh quy lut di truyn chi phi 1. Xc nh mi tnh trng do mt cp gen hay hai cp gen quy nh. 2. Nu mi tnh trng do nhiu cp gen quy nh => Tnh trng tun theo quy lut di truyn tng tc gen. 3. Nu mi tnh trng do 1 cp gen quy nh cn xac inh 3.1. Quan h tri, ln. 3.2. Mi cp gen nm trn 1 cp nhim sc th hay 2 cp gen cung nm trn 1 nhim sc th, phn b trn nhim sc th thng hay trn nhim sc th gii tnh. TH1. Nu s biu hin cc tnh trng gii c v gii ci nh nhau => Gen phn b trn NST thng - Nu mi cp gen nm trn mt cp nhim sc th: => tun theo quy lut phn li c lp - Nu 2 cp gen nm trn mt cp nhim sc th cn xac inh lin kt hoan toan hay hoan vi gen. Nu xay ra hoan vi gen, xc nh hon v 1 bn hay hon v 2 bn v tinh tn s hoan vi gen. + Lin kt gen: T th phn hoc giao phi gia 2 c th d hp 2 cp gen=> i con c t l Kh 1: 2: 1 hoc 3: 1. Hay khi lai phn tch c th d hp 2 cp gen c FB c t l KH 1: 1 + Hon v gen: Nu t l chung ca c 2 tnh trng biu hin tng bin d t hp, v khng bng tch cc nhm t l (khi xt ring). Nu t l giao t ab > 25% => C th d hp u, ngc li c th d hp cho. Nu c th em lai d hp 2 cp gen v t l ln l s chnh phng => Hon v 2 bn, ngc li hon v 1 bn. TH2. Nu s biu hin cc tnh trng gii c v gii ci khc nhau => Gen phn b trn NST gii tnh. Bc 2. Kim chng bng s lai (Hoc tnh ton s dng cng thc tnh nhanh)

V d minh ha
Bi tp v hon v gen D kin: Cho KH ca P; T l phn tnh kiu hnh th h lai. Yu cu: Bin lun v vit s lai. Cch gii chung: Bc 1. Bin lun xc nh tnh trng tri ln, v qui lut di truyn chi phi s di truyn ca hai cp tnh trng *C s l thuyt: - Da vo nh lut ng tnh, phn tnh ca G. Mendel xc nh tnh trng tri ln

- Nu th h lai xut hin 4 loi KH phn tnh 9:3:3:1 (hay 1:1:1:1 trong lai phn tch) th s di truyn chi phi tun theo qui lut di truyn hon v gen Bc 2: Xc nh hon v 1 gii hay hon v 2 gii, xc nh f , KG P. *C s l thuyt: T t l phn tnh th h lai (thng cn c vo t l % KH mang hai tnh trng ln) t l giao t lin kt (hoc t l giao t hon v) KG ca c th em lai Bc 3: Lp s lai kim chng

Bi tp 1. Khi cho giao phn gia hai cy cng loi, ngi ta thu c F1 c t l phn ly sau: 70% cy cao, qu trn; 20% cy thp, qu bu dc; 5% cy cao, qu bu dc; 5% cy thp, qu trn. Bin lun v vit s lai t P n F1 Hng dn 1. Bin lun: Bc 1. Xt ring kiu hnh tng tnh trng F1 + Tnh trng chiu cao: cy cao : cy thp = 3 cao : 1 thp (ph hp L phn tnh Mendel) cy cao(A) , cy thp (a) v P Aa x Aa (1)

+ Tnh trng hnh dng qu: qu trn : qu bu dc = 3 qu trn : 1 qu bu dc ( ph hp L phn tnh Mendel) qu trn (B), qu bu dc(b) v P Bb x Bb (1), (2) => P d hp 2 cp gen. So snh tch cc cp tnh trng phn tch vi d kin u bi nhn din quy lut di truyn chi phi Nu 2 cp gen/ 2 cp nhim sc th th t l F 1 l: (3:1)(3:1) = 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 d kin bi ra (70%: 5%: 5%: 20%) hai cp gen phn b trn 1 cp NST v tnh trng di truyn tun theo qui lut hon v gen. (V s KH ti a ca lin kt l 3) Bc 2: Xc nh hon v 1 gii hay hon v 2 gii, d hp t u hay d hp t cho v tnh f - F1 cy thp, bu dc (KG ab/ab ) = 20% = 40% ab x 50% ab (V t l KG ab/ab = 20% khng (2)

l s chnh phng => c th khng nh hon v ch xy ra 1 gii)

1 bn P cho giao t AB = ab = 40% Ab = aB = 10% < 25% v l giao t hon v

 KG ca P AB/ab xy ra hon v gen vi tn s f = 20% => 1 cy P AB = ab =50% KG P AB/ab (lin kt gen) Bc 3: Vit s lai.

Bi tp 2. Cho nhng cy c chua F1 c cng kiu gen vi kiu hnh cy cao, qu t th phn. F2 thu c t l phn tnh kiu hnh: 50,16% cao, : 24,84% cao, vng : 24,84% thp, : 0,16% thp, vng. Bin lun v vit s lai t F1n F2 Hng dn Bc 1: Quy c, nhn din quy lut di truyn + F2 xut hin tnh trng cy thp, qu vng F1 khng thun chng d hp hai cp gen => cy cao, qu biu hin trong kiu gen d hp l tnh trng tri. Qui c: A qui nh cy cao, a qui nh cy thp; Xt ring kiu hnh tng tnh trng F2 + Tnh trng chiu cao: cy cao : cy thp =75:25 = 3 : 1 (ph hp L phn tnh Mendel) P Aa x Aa (1) B qui nh qu ; b qui nh qu vng

+ Tnh trng hnh dng qu: qu : qu bu vng = 75:25 = 3 : 1 ( ph hp L phn tnh Mendel)
P Bb x Bb (2)

(1), (2) => P d hp 2 cp gen.

So snh tch cc cp tnh trng phn tch vi d kin u bi nhn din quy lut di truyn chi phi
Nu 2 cp gen/ 2 cp nhim sc th th t l F 1 l: (3:1)(3:1) = 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 d kin bi ra (50,16% : 28,84% : 28,84% : 0,16%) hai cp gen phn b trn 1 cp NST v tnh trng di truyn tun theo qui lut hon v gen. (V s KH ti a ca lin kt l 3) Bc 2. Xc nh hon v 1 gii hay hon v 2 gii, d hp t u hay d hp t cho v tnh f - F2 cy thp, vng(ab/ab) = 0,16% = 4% ab x 4% ab Hon v gen xy ra c hai bn b m F1 em lai. -AB = ab = 4% < 25% l giao t hon v => F1 d cho kiu gen ca F1 l Ab/aB, f = 2 x 4% = 8%

Bc 3. Lp s lai kim chng (Hoc tnh nhanh bng cng thc xc nh kt qu)

Bi tp 3. Khi lai th la thn cao, ht go trong vi th la thn thp, ht c. F 1 thu c ton cy thn cao, ht go c. Cho cc cy F1 t th vi nhau F2 thu c 15600 cy bao gm 4 kiu hnh, trong c 3744 cy thn cao, ht trong. Bin lun v vit s lai t P n F2 ( Bit rng mi tnh trng do mt gen tc ng ring r qui nh, qu trnh hnh thnh ht phn v non ging nhau) Hng dn Bc 1. - P thun chng hai cp tnh trng em lai F 1 ng tnh trng thn cao, ht go c ( ph hp L ng tnh Mendel ) Thn cao(A ), thn thp(a); ht c (B ) ht trong(b) v kiu gen F1 d hp 2 cp gen (Aa, Bb) - T l cy cao, ht trong (A-bb) F2 = 3744: 15600 = 0,24. - Nu 2 cp gen trn 1 cp NST th t l F 2 l 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 trong cy cao, ht trong chim 3/16 = 18,75% 24% 2 cp gen phn b trn 1 cp NST v qui lut di truyn chi phi hai cp tnh trng l qui lut di truyn hon v gen. KG(p)x KG(F1) Bc 2. Gi t l giao t ca F1 AB = ab = x; Ab = aB = y => Cy cao, ht trong (Ab/Ab hoc Ab/ab) = Ab x Ab v Ab x ab) => y2 + 2xy = 0,24 x + y = 1/2 (1)

(2)

Gii h phng trnh (1) & (2) ta c x= 0,1 ; y = 0,4 tn s f = 0,2 Bc 3. Lp s lai t p n F2

Bi tp 4. em giao phi gia b m u thun chng khc nhau v hai cp gen tng phn thu c F1 ng lot cy cao, chn sm. F 2 c 4 kiu hnh trong kiu hnh cy cao, chn mun chim 12,75%. Bin lun v vit s lai t P n F2 Hng dn

Bc1: - P thun chng hai cp tnh trng tng phn em lai F 1 ng tnh trng cy cao, chn sm (ph hp nh lut ng tnh Melen ) cao, sm tri so vi thp mun. + Qui c A: cao a: thp; B: chn sm b: chn mun

+ F1 c kiu gen d hp hai cp gen (Aa,Bb) - T l phn tnh kiu hnh F 2: Cy cao, chn mun ( A-;bb) = 12,75% 18,75 qui lut di truyn chi phi s di truyn hai cp tnh trng l qui lut di truyn hon v gen Bc2: - Gi t l giao t ca F1 AB = ab = x; Ab = aB = y Ta c y2 + 2xy = 0,1275 x + y = 1/2 (1) (2)

Gii h phng trnh c: x = 0,35 > 0,25 ( giao t lin kt) ; y = 0,15 < 0,25 (giao t hon v) => Kiu gen F1 l AB/ab v (f) = 0,15 x 2 = 0,3; Kiu gen ca P AB/AB x ab/ab - Bc 3: Lp s lai kim chng

Bi tp 5. : mt loi thc vt, gen A quy nh thn cao tri hon ton so vi gen a quy nh thn thp, gen B quy nh hoa tri hon ton so vi gen b quy nh hoa trng. Lai cy thn cao, hoa vi cy thn thp, hoa trng thu c F1phn li theo t l : 37,5% cy thn cao, hoa trng : 37,5% cy thn thp, hoa : 12,5% cy thn cao, hoa : 12,5% cy thn thp, hoa trng. Cho bit khng c t bin xy ra hy xc nh kiu gen ca cy b, m trong php lai trn. Hng dn: - Tri ln hon ton, cy thp, hoa trng tnh trng ln ch cho 1 loi giao t. F1 cho 4 loi t hp nn P d hp, cho 4 loi giao t. - F1 Cao : thp = 1:1; : trng = 1 : 1. Nu 2 cp gen/2 cp nhim sc th th t l F 1 l 1:1:1:1 . Vy 2/1 v hon v. - F1 thp, trng = 12,5% => ab= 12,5% <25 => L giao t hon v => P d cho => Ab/aB x ab/ab

Bi tp 6. mt loi thc vt, gen A quy nh thn cao tri hon ton so vi gen a quy nh thn thp, gen B quy nh qu trn tri hon ton so vi gen b qui nh qu di. Cc cp gen ny nm trn cng mt cp nhim sc th. Cy d hp t v 2 cp gen giao phn vi cy thn thp, qu trn thu c i con phn li theo t l : 310 cy thn cao, qu trn : 190 cy thn cao, qu di : 440 cy thn thp, qu trn : 60 cy thn thp, qu di. Cho bit khng c t bin xy ra. Tnh tn s hon v. Hng dn F1 c cy thp, di (ab/ab) => cy em lai thp qu trn KG: aB /ab (1) cho 2 loi giao t 0.5 aB : 0.5 ab F1 ab/ab = 60/(310+190+440+60) = 0.06 = 6% => cy d hp 2 cp cho ab = 12% < 25 => d cho => f = 2.ab = 24%

Bi tp 7 : mt loi thc vt khi cho lai cy thn cao, chn mun thun chng vi cy thn thp, chn sm F1 thu c 100% cy thn cao chn mun. Cho F1 lai phn tch Fb thu c 40% cy cao, chn mun, 40% cy thp, chn sm, 10% cy cao, chn sm. 10% cy thp, chn mun. Bin lun v vit s lai. Hng dn Cy thn cao, chn mun x cy thn, thp chn sm -> F1 100% cy thn cao, chn mun. => Thn cao tri (A), thn thp (a). Chn mun tri (B) chn sm ln (b). - F1 lai phn tch, thu c 4 t hp vi t l khng bng nhau => F1 cho 4 loi giao t t l khng bng nhau. - f = ab x ab => F1 cho ab = 0.4 > 0.25 => D u. => f = 20%

Bi tp 8: Cho ng thn cao (A), ht vng (B) lai vi ng thn thp (a), ht trng (b) ngi ta thu c 81 cy thn thp, ht vng, 79 cy thn cao, ht trng, 21 cy thn thp, ht trng, 19 cy thn cao, ht vng. Bin lun, vit s lai. Hng dn - Xt ring s di truyn tng cp tnh trng: - Tnh trng chiu cao: Cao : Thp = 1 : 1; Tnh trng mu sc: Vng : trng = 1 : 1 => Lai phn tch - Nu phn li c lp th t l i lai l 1 : 1 : 1 : 1, nu lin kt gen th t l i lai l 1 : 1 => hon v gen.

- Cy thp, trng (21) = 10% => Cy d hp cho ab = 10% <25 => Giao t hon v => Di cho => f = 20%.

Bi tp 9: Cho chut c F1 lai vi chut ci cha bit kiu gen c th h lai gm: 28 en, x; 20 en, mt; 4 trng, x; 12 trng, mt. Bit mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng, lng en tri hon ton so vi lng trng, lng x tri hon ton so vi lng mt. Bin lun, vit s lai.

Hng dn
Quy c: A: lng en, a lng trng. B lng x, b lng mt. - Xt ring s di truyn ca tng cp tnh trng + TT mu sc lng: Lng en : lng trng = 3:1. (Aa x Aa) + TT mt ca lng : Lng x : lng mt = 1 : 1. (Bb x bb) - Xt chung c hai tnh trng: Nu 2 cp gen / 2 cp NST th s phn li i con l 3 en, x : 3 en, mt : 1 trng, x : 1 trng, mt. => 2/1. Nu lin kt th ti a c 3 kiu hnh => hon v gen. - Do chut c kiu gen Ab/ab ch cho 2 loi giao t hon v gen xy ra chut c kiu gen d hp 2 cp. - Ta c ab/ab = ab x ab = 0.5x ab = 0,1875 => ab = 37.5 > 25 => d u => f = (50 -37.5).2 = 0.25.

Bi tp 10: mt loi thc vt, alen A quy nh thn cao tri hon ton so vi alen a quy nh thn thp, alen B quy nh qu tri hon ton so vi alen b quy nh qu vng. Cho cy thn cao, qu giao phn vi cy thn cao, qu (P), trong tng s cc cy thu c F 1, cy c kiu hnh thn thp, qu vng chim t l 1%. Bit rng khng xy ra t bin, tnh theo l thuyt, t l kiu hnh thn cao, qu c kiu gen ng hp t v c hai cp gen ni trn F1 bao nhiu? Hng dn + Cy c KG thn thp, qu vng (tnh trng ln) F 1 chim t l 1% => P d hp 2 cp gen. Nu 2 cp gen/2 cp nhim sc th th t l l 9:3:3:1 trong cy thp, vng chim 6.25%. => Hon v gen. + ab/ab = 1% = 0.01=> % ab * % ab = 0.1 * 0.1 => hon v 2 bn, d cho. f = 20 % + V khng xy ra t bin, tnh theo l thuyt, t l kiu hnh thn cao, qu c kiu gen ng hp t v c hai cp gen ni trn F1 l: AB x AB = 1%