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Chng 1 TNG QUAN TI LIU

1.1 KHI QUT V NM TRNG.
1.1.1. Nm v sinh hc nm ln. 1.1.1.1 nh ngha v nm ln. Trc tin, phi hiu r t nm ting Vit, m n c hai ngha khc nhau: - Nm theo ngha rng (thut ng khoa hc), m ting Anh l Fungi, l nhm sinh vt nm trong gii Myceteae (Miles and Chang, 1997 theo [25]). Gii nm, bao gm nm ln v tt c nm khc (nh nm men, nm mc, l cc vi nm), c tch ring do c cc c im khng ging c thc vt ln ng vt. Nm 1969, R.H.Whitaker nu h thng phn loi 5 gii: Khi sinh (Monera), Nguyn sinh (Protista), Nm (Mycota hay Fungi), Thc vt (Plantae) v ng vt (Animalia). Vo nm 1977, C. Woese da vo trnh t nucleotide ca rRNA 16S ribosome phn chia sinh gii thnh 3 lnh gii hay siu gii l Bacteria, Archaea v Eukarya. Thc vt, ng vt v nm xp chung vo Eukarya. Nh vy, nm l mt gii ring trong lnh gii Eukarya. Gii nm gm nhng sinh vt nhn thc, c th n bo hoc a bo, cu trc dng si, phn ln thnh t bo cha kitin, khng c lc lp, khng c lng v roi. Nm c hnh thc sinh sn hu tnh v v tnh nh bo t. Nm l sinh vt d dng, chng nhn cc cht dinh dng bng hp th qua b mt t bo, khc vi thc vt l t dng v ng vt l ni tiu ho qua ng tiu ho. - Nm ln theo ngha hp, m mi ngi d nhn thy ngoi thin nhin hay c nui trng, ting Anh l mushroom. Trn th gii, mushroom c th c hiu khc nhau ty t nc v dn tc [25]. Hin nay, c th tm chp nhn mt nh ngha : nm theo ngha hp l nm ln (macrofungi) vi qu th (fruiting body) phn bit r, m n c th mc trn mt

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t hay di mt t v to thy c bng mt thng v thu hi bng tay (Chang and Miles, 1992 theo [25]). Nm ln thuc v gii nm, vi nhng c im ca gii nm. Cc nm n thuc ngnh ph Nm ti hay nm nang (Ascomycotina) v ngnh ph Nm m (Basidiomycotina), v khng nht thit n c. Tuy nh ngha trn khng hon chnh lm, nhng c th dng nh gi s lng cc loi nm ln trn th gii (Hawksworth, 2001 theo [25]). 1.1.1.2. Mt s c im sinh hc Hnh thi : Nm n c cu to cn bn gm hai phn: h si t nm v qu th. Phn nhiu qu th cc nm ln rt a dng: hnh d vi m nm v cung nm (hnh 1.1), c bao ngoi (hnh 1.2), ging v s nh nm s, hnh cp un nhn, dng cu, di cui nh (hnh 1.3), dng ging l tai nh nm tai mo. Trn thc t, kh m k ht cc hnh dng ca cc nm ln.

Hnh 1.1. Nm hng (hnh d)

Hnh 1.2. Nm rm (c bao ngoi)

Hnh 1.3. Nm rm la bc (di cui nh)

Mu sc ca nm ln cng rt khc nhau: trng, xm, vng, nu , en, tm, Cu trc m ngi bnh thng gi nm, thc cht l qu th hay tai nm ca loi nm. Phn sinh dng (vegetative part) ca loi nm, c gi l h si t nm (mycelium), bao gm mt h cc si mnh nh di nh cc si ch mc lan ra t, compost, khc g hay c cht trng nm. Sau mt thi gian tng trng v di nhng iu kin thun li, h si t nm trng thnh c th sn sinh ra qu th l tai nm [2]. Sinh l, sinh ha: Nhm nm ln c bit ny i hi cc ngun dinh dng di do hn v cc iu kin mi trng (nhit , m , thng kh, pH, nh sng,..(s c trnh by phn sau)) phc tp hn hnh thnh qu th, so vi vic to cc bo t v tnh vi nm. Ngun dinh dng ch yu cho nm ln l cc cht x

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lignocellulose ca thc vt iu c bit l cc nm ln, ging cc loi nm khc ni chung, c th tit ra cc enzyme mnh (nh cellulase, ligninase, ...) phn r cc vt liu lignocellulosic thnh cc cht dinh dng d hp thu. Ngun Carbon v Nitrogen trong nguyn liu c ngha quan trng thng c nh gi qua t l C/N. Sinh thi: Cc loi nm c tm thy mi ni. S xut hin ca nm ln l mt iu l i vi ngi thng: hon ton khc thc vt xanh, chng tng trng khng ht, khng l v chi; qu th ca chng c th thnh lnh xut hin sau cn ma. Do vy, c coi l mc nhanh nh nm. Hn na, cc ch m t, nh cc lp l cy mc v cc vng rng ma, m cao lm nm ln mc ra v c th thu hi chng quanh nm. Nhng cc vng kh cc nm ln ch c th xut hin sau cn ma. S hnh thnh cc qu th nm ph thuc rt nhiu vo kiu ma v trong mt s nm c th mt hn s to thnh tai nm [25]. Trong trng nm, nhiu khi tht bi do khng thu c qu th. Phn nhm nm theo gi tr s dng: Cn c theo gi tr s dng, c th chia nm ln thnh 4 loi: (1) Nm n (v d, nm hng L. edodes, nm rm V. volvacea, ; (2) Nm y dc (nh nm linh chi Ganoderma lucidum); (3) Nm c (nh nm Amanita phalloides); (4) Nhm nm hn hp haycc nm khc s lng ln cc nm cn li cha xc nh r c gi tr s dng. D nhin, kiu phn loi ny ch c gi tr tng i. Nhiu loi nm ln tuy khng n c, nhng chng c gi tr tng lc v y hc [25]. Phn nhm nm theo mi sinh: Nm l nhng sinh vt khng th thiu cho s sng trn tri t, chng phn hu nhng cht b hu c, v l mt mt xch quan trng trong li thc n t nhin, tham gia vo chu trnh tun hon vt cht. Phn nhm nm theo mi sinh th c th chia thnh 3 loi: (1) Hoi sinh: thu nhn dinh dng t vt liu hu c cht. (2) K sinh: sinh vt k sinh ly cht dinh dng t thc vt v ng vt sng, gy bt li cho vt ch. Ch c vi nm trng l k sinh. Tuy nhin, mt s nm trng nh nm mo hay mc nh Auricularia auricular/ polytricha , nm linh chi Ganoderma lucidum c th mc trn cy cn ti sng

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hay kh mc. Chng c th gi l bn k sinh. (3) Nm cng sinh thng gi l r-nm hay khun cn: r-nm c quan h sinh l cht ch hai bn u c li vi r thc vt sng ch: nm thu nhn dinh dng t thc vt ng thi lm cy tng trng tt hn. Mt s nm n ni ting thuc loi ny nh: Amanita ceseareus l nm mang tn hong Cesear do ng thch n loi nm ny; nm trufe en (Tuber melanosporum) ra qu th di mt t, m vic d tm phi nh heo hoc ch c hun luyn quen mi; nm Cep Bordeaux (gi theo ting Php) Boletus, thng cng sinh vi r cy si Quercus; nm matsutake (ting Nht) Tricholoma matsutake. T. Matsutake lc u xut hin nh nm cng sinh vi r non, sau thnh k sinh v cui cng l hoi sinh. Cc nm cng sinh ny thng mc quanh gc cy to. Rt kh hoc cha nui c cc loi nm gi rt cao v rt ngon ny, v nhiu yu t cho tng trng v ra qu th nm cha bit [25]. 1.1.1.3. nh danh cc nm ln (Identication of Mushrooms) nh danh nm ln, cn da vo cc kha phn loi. Tuy nhin khng phi loi nm hoang no cng c trong kha phn loi. Mu nm ti va thu hi l tt nht cho nh danh v da vo kha phn loi m xc nh theo cc c tnh ch yu sau: (1) kch thc, mu sc v chc ca m v cung nm; (2) cch gn cc phin vo cung; (3) mu bo t c s lng ln; v (4) cc th nghim ha hc. Mc d mu ca phin l mt ch th tt v mu bo t, nhng nhng nh nm hc thng dng du in ca cc bo t ri xung b mt vt hng (mnh giy, ming cellophane hay nylon,) t m nm xc nh mu bo t. Cc bo t ny cn c dng cho quan st hin vi v o kch thc. Cch gn phin vo cung l ch th v chi phn loi (genus) ca nm ln v cn c ghi chp cn thn. xc nh diu ny, tai nm c ct theo chiu dc m nm lm ph by cc im gn ca phin vo cung. Cnh quan mi trng cng cn ghi chp bit: nm mc trn mt t, trn g mc, trn thn cy ti, hay cht mn hoai. Mt s nm d nh danh, nhng nhiu nm ln kh xc nh, c bit mt s ln trng hp ging nhau. trnh nhng hu qu ng tic do n phi nm c thu hi t thin nhin, cn rt thn trng v nh cc chuyn gia. Mt s nm ln c

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hng v thm ngon, nhng s khc rt c. Tuy nhin cha c sch hng dn no gip phn bit r nm n v nm c, v nu c nghi vn th ng ng n. S lng cc loi nm ln bit c thng bo n nm 2000 l 14,000, chim khong 10% tng s cc loi nm ln d kin c trn Tri t (Hawksworth, 2001 theo [24]). Trong s khong 2000 loi c dng lm thc n, khong 200 loi c dng lm dc liu vng Vin ng. Ring Trung Quc, c tnh c khong 15002000 loi nm n v dc liu vi 981 loi c nh danh (Shu-Ting Chang, 2008). Cn bit rng, 1% cc nm ln ghi nhn trn th gii l nguy him nu n, thm ch mt s gy c cht ngi. n nm 2002, 92 chng loi nm ln c thun ha, m 60 trong s ny c nui trng bn ra th trng (Mau et al., 2004 theo [25]). 1.1.2. Gi tr dinh dng v y dc ca nm trng 1.1.2.1. Gi tr dinh dng Nm n l mt mn n qu khng ch v thm ngon m cn v c gi tr dinh dng cao. Kh khn ln nht trong dinh dng nui ngi l cung cp s lng v cht lng protein. Ba loi cht dinh dng khc l ngun nng lng (carbohydrate v m); cc yu t b sung thc phm (cc vitamin); cc hp cht v c l khng th thiu c cho sc khe tt. m c nh ca nm ti dao ng trong khong 7095%, cn nm kh th mc 1013%. Hm lng protein ca nm trng mc t 1.75 to 5.9% trng lng ti, c th ly gi tr trung bnh i din khong 3.54.0%; ni chung gp 2 ln c hnh (1.4%) v ci bp (1.4%). C th so snh vi hm lng protein tht ni chung nh sau: tht heo, 916%; tht b, 1220%; tht g, 1820%; c, 1820%; v sa, 2.93.3%. Xt v trng lng kh, nm n thng cha 1935% protein, so vi 7.3% go, 12.7% la m, 38.1% trong u nnh, v 9.4% ng. Nh vy, protein th nm n thp hn cc tht ng vt, nhng cao hn phn ln thc phm khc, k c sa. Hn na, protein ca nm n cha 9 loi acid amin khng thay th [25]

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Thm vo protein c gi tr cao, cc nm nm cn cha cc cht dinh dng khc rt tt cho ngi theo quan im hin i: m, phosphorous, st v hng lot vitamin nh thiamine, riboavin, ascorbic acid, ergosterol, v niacin. Nm cha cc cht t nng lng, carbohydrates v calcium. Tng hm lng lipid dao ng gia 0.6 v 3.1% trng lng kh ni chung nm trng. t nht 72% tng lng acid bo tm thy l khng no tt c 4 loi nm n c phn tch (Huang et al., 1985 theo [25]. Cn bit rng cc acid bo khng no (khng bo ha) c gi tr rt cn bn trong khu phn n i vi sc khe con ngi. Nm n cha nhiu vitamin khng km thc vt, nh cc vitamin B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), vitamin C, vitamin PP (niacin), vitamin D, tin vitamin A (carotene),... vi lng kh cao. Trong 140 loi nm n c phn tch Nht Bn c ti 118 loi c cha bnh qun 0.126mg vitamin B2/100g nm, 47 loi c cha bnh qun 1,229 mg vitamin B2/100g nm. Vitamin B12 vn khng c trong thc n thc vt nhng li c cha kh nhiu trong nm Agaricus bisporus, A.campestris, Morchella spp [1] Nm n c cha kh nhiu cc nguyn t khong (K, Na, Ca, Fe, Al, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, S, Cl, P, Si). Lng cht khong c trong nm n thng vo khong 7% trng lng kh. Tuy cc s liu nu trn ly t nhiu loi nm n t nhin, cha nui trng, nhng n cho thy nm cha nhiu vitamin khng km rau qu. Trong nhng nm gn y, mt hng nghin cu c pht trin l tm cch x l nm trng tng thm gi tr. V d, Wermer v Beelman (2002) thng bo v trng nm giu selenium. Bng cch b sung sodium selenite vo compost, c kh nng trng nm cha nng selenium mong mun. Selenium l cht dinh dng vi lng c nhiu chc nng sinh l, nh loi b cc gc t do khi c th, nh vy gim tc hi oxy ha chng lo ha [25]. S a thch thc phm khng nht thit lin quan gi tr dinh dng. Trn thc t, v b ngoi, v v mi i khi c th kch thch khu v. Thm vo gi tr dinh dng, cc nm n c mt s mu sc, mi v c o, v cc c tnh kt cu hp dn ngi n [25].

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1.1.2.2. Gi tr y dc
T lu, cc tnh chy y dc ca nm thu ht s ch ca cc nh nghin cu. Trong s 14,00015,000 nm ln trn th gii, khong 400 c cc tnh cht y dc bit c, nhng d kin khong 1800 loi c tim nng v cc tnh cht y dc. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v cc bi bo nu cc tnh cht y dc ny ca nm, v d, nh cc hiu qu i vi p huyt cao v thn (Yip et al., 1987), iu bin min dch v cc hot tnh chng khi u ca cc phc hp proteinpolysaccharide t nui cy h si t nm (Liu et al., 1995, 1996; Wang et al., 1995a, 1996b, c (theo [25], iu bin min dch v cc hot tnh chng khi u ca cc lectin t nm n (Wang et al., 1995b, 1996a, 1997 [theo 24]), phn lp v xc nh cc c tnh ca kiu I protein bt hot ribosome t nm rm Volvariella volvacea (Yao et al., 1998 [theo [25]), cc hiu qu ca nm linh chi Ganoderma lucidum [25]. C th k ra mt s tc dng y dc ca nhiu loi nm trng. - Nm m Agaricus bisporus c cha hp cht ngn cn enzyme aromatas lm tng trng khi u, dng iu tr v ngn nga c ung th v. [7] - Nm kim chm Flammulina velutipes c cha Flammulin, c tc dng hiu qu t 80-100% trn u bng (sarcoma 180) v ung th biu b. Cc nh trng nm kim chm tnh Nagano c t l ung th rt thp so vi cng ng. [16] - Nm hng Lentinula edodes t lu c coi c tc dng lm tng lc, c cht Lentinan lm gim cholesterol mu v phng chng ung th [15]. Mt polysaccharide khc (KS-2) (Fujii v cng s (1978)) cng chng li sarcoma 180 v ung th biu b. Cht aritadenin lm gim cholesterol mu.[7] - Nm bo ng xm Pleurotus ostreatus cha Lovastatin (3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl-coenzym A reductase) c c quan Thc phm v dc phm Hoa K (FDA) chp thun cho iu tr d cholesterol trong mu. [7]. - Nm rm Volvariella volvacea c cha cht c phn t lng khong 10kDa c tc dng h huyt p, tc ng nh serotonin.[7].

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- Nm mo Auricularia spp c tc dng hiu qu t 80-90% trn ung th biu b v sarcoma 180. Polysaccharide tan trong nc lm gim ng huyt ca chut tiu ng do di truyn [7]. - Nm ngn nh Tremella fuciformis cha heteropolysaccharide c tnh chng ung th. Cht chit bo v t bo gan b tn thng bi phng x v dng tr bnh gan. Polysaccharide v glycoprotein lm tng hiu qu interferon tr siu vi B.[7] - Nm hu th Hericium erinaceus c tc dng ch yu kch thch h min dch, phng chng ung th d dy, ung th phi di cn. Cht Erinacin kch thch ti sinh trng neuron, c kh nng iu tr no suy, bnh Alzheimer, tng tr nh, phc hi chn thng thn kinh do t qu [7] - Nm rm la bc Volvariella bombycina cha phc hp protein-polysaccharide c tc dng chng li sarcoma 180 chut nhim phng x (ICR mice) [7]. 1.1.2.3. Cc b sung dinh dng dc (Nutriceuticals) vo khu phn n Trong nhng nm gn y, cc nghin cu su hn v thnh phn ha hc, cc c tnh dinh dng v chc nng ca nm, pht hin nhiu hp cht hot tnh sinh hc c gi tr y dc. Chng c th dng lm cc ph gia b sung cho thc phm cha cc tc nhn khng ung th, khng virus, tng tim lc min dch, gim cholesterol, v bo v gan. Cc cht mi ny, c gi l dinh dng dc nm, tc l thc n c tc dng phng v tr bnh (Chang and Buswell, 1996 theo [24]) v nm n l thc phm chc nng (health foods). Chng c chit tch t h si t nm hoc t qu th v l mt cu phn quan trng ca cng nghip cng ngh sinh hc nm ang m rng [25]. C qu th v h si t nm u sn sinh ra cc cht y dc hoc dinh dng dc (tng cng min dch tng qut - general immune-enhancing), m ch yu l polysaccharide, triterpene, cc protein iu bin min dch. Mc d hu nh tt c cc loi nm v thc phm c polysaccharide trong vch t bo, nhng mt s cha cc polysaccharide cho hiu qu c bit trong lm chm s tin trin khi u v nhiu bnh khc, gim bt hiu qu ph ca phng x v ha tr liu. Nhiu nghin cu chu , c bit Trung Quc v Nht Bn, ghi nhn s ko di cuc sng

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ca cc bnh nhn b ung th chu cc tr liu ni trn km ung hay tim chit sut nm (Mizuno et al., 1995; Liu, 1999 theo [25]). Ngoi ra, nh tng cng h min dch, n cn gip gim b nhim cc bnh khc. Khong 80 - 85% ca tt c cc sn phm y dc nm bt ngun t cc qu th do cc trang tri nui trng hay thu hi t thin nhin, v d, Lentinan, cht phn t ln (1! 3)--D-glucan, t nm hng Lentinula edodes v cc sn phm khc nhau t nm linh chi Ganoderma lucidum. Ch khong 15% ca tt c sn phm c chit ra t h si t. Cc v d ng k l PSK (tn thng mi Krestin) l polysaccharide peptide v PSP (polysaccharide-gn peptide) chit t Coriolus versicolor. Mt phn nh sn phm nm nhn c t dch lc nui cy, v d, schizophyllan, (1 ! 3),(1 ! 6)--D-glucan, ly t Schizophyllum commune Fr., v PSPC t Tricholoma lobayense Hein. Tuy nhin, do i hi cht lng tng v cn sn xut quanh nm, sn phm t t nm s tng t bin trong tng lai [25]. Doanh s th trng nm y dc v cc dn sut b sung vo thc n ca chng trn ton th gii khong 1,2 t U.S.$ nm 1991 v 3,6 t U.S.$ nm 1994 (Chang, 1996 theo [25]). Nm 1999, c tnh 6,0 t U.S.$. Doanh s th trng ch ring cc sn phm dinh dng dc gc nm linh chi nm 1995 c tnh 1628,4 triu U.S.$ (Chang and Buswell, 1999 theo [25]). Nm hng ni ting cng c doanh thu tng t. Chn mi chin phn trm cc sn phm k trn sn xut cc chu v u, ch di 0.1% Bc M. [25]. 1.1.4. Tn dng ph ph phm cho s pht trin nng nghip bn vng 1.1.4.1. S dng c hiu qu sinh khi lignocellulose Hin nay, dn s th gii hn 6,0 t, m s tip tc gia tng trong th k 21 ny. Hai thch thc ln t ra cho nhn loi theo hai hng i ngc nhau: - Gia tng ngun thc phm vi s lng ln hn v cht lng tt hn. - Gim thiu nhim mi trng v cc hu qu ca hiu ng nh knh Tuy nhin, th gii c khi lng khng l ngun vt liu lignocellulose l bn vng, tng t nng lng mt tri. Vt liu lignocellulose dng sinh khi (biomass), c tnh c khi lng n 1.09 x 1011 tn kh hng nm trn mt t

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(Chang, 1989 theo [25]). Lignocellulose, gm 3 cu phn cellulose, hemicellulose, v lignin, l thnh phn ch yu ca g v cht x thc vt. Sn lng rm r ng cc trn th gii trong nm 1999 c t 3570 x 106 tn kh, tng ng lng ln nng lng mt tri c nh trong sinh khi lignocellulose l 3020 x 1018 Joule (n v nng lng), m con ngi cn chuyn i thnh sn phm hu ch. c nhiu chin lc khc nhau c pht trin s dng ngun lignocellulose khng l to ra hng nm thng qua cc bin php nng lm nghip v cng nghip thc phm. Nhng bin php c gi tr hn c l trng nm n, v n c nhiu loi enzyme phn r lignocellulose nn to ra nm c gi tr kinh t cao t ph ph phm, li gim nhim mi trng. Hn th na, gn y sn xut nm y dc v cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc lm gi bn nm tng cao ng k. S phn r sinh hc ca nm nh cc enzyme khng nhng lm cc ph liu c phn r nhanh gim nhim mi trng, m cn c tc ng bi hon sinh hc (bioremediation). B c cht sau trng nm lm giu cht hu c cho t, thm ch phn bn hu c sch cho cy trng, nn c ngha bo v mi trng.

1.1.4.2. Trng nm vi pht trin nng nghip bn vng

Cuc sng con ngi tc ng rt ln n mi trng sng v thng xuyn gy nhim mi trng. Vn t ra y l lm th no vn sn xut c lng thc, thc phm m khng gy nguy hi cho mi trng. Gii chuyn mn gi vn ny l pht trin nng nghip bn vng (sustainable agriculture). Nng nghip bn vng l mt h thng trong con ngi tn ti v s dng nhng ngun nng lng khng c hi, tit kim v ti sinh nng lng, s dng ngun ti nguyn phong ph ca thin nhin m khng ph hoi nhng ngun ti nguyn . N gp phn tch cc vo bi hon sinh hc (bioremediation) nhng h sinh thi b suy thoi [7]. Vic tn dng nhng ph ph liu ca nng nghip sn xut ra thc phm s gp phn ng k vo pht trin nng nghip bn vng. Ngun ph thi ca nng nghip rt ln (rm r, thn, li bp, thn cy u phng, b ma), nu bit tn dng lm nguyn liu trng nm, sau khi thu hoch nm, chng lm phn vi sinh th s c nhiu li ch. Th nht, c sn phm gi tr cao thu

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hoch. Th hai, khng gy nhim mi trng. Th ba, b sau khi trng nm li c th tr thnh ngun phn hu c rt tt i vi t [7]. Trng nm gp phn pht trin nng nghip bn vng mt cch tch cc.

II. S PHT TRIN TRNG NM

1.2.1. S lc lch s pht trin ngh trng nm n v nm dc liu Khi u t th k th VI, ngi ta bit trng mt s loi nm n mc d k thut cn th s. Theo ti liu ca Chang & Miles [26], nm mo c trng u tin Trung Quc, nm kim chm c trng vo khong nm 800-900, nm hng c trng vo nm 1000 [7] Bng sau y lit k nm u nui trng nhiu loi nm thc phm v dc liu. Bng 1.1 Lch s nui trng mt s loi nm Loi nm
Agrocybe cylinaracea (dng th nam) Auricularia auricula (nm mo) Auricularia polytricha (mc nh long) Flammulina velutipes (nm kim chm) Lentinula edodes (nm hng) Poria cocos (nm phc linh) Agaricus bisporus (nm m) Ganoderma spp. (linh chi) Volvariella volvacea (nm rm) Tremella fuciformis (nm ngn nh) Pleurotus ostreatus (bo ng xm) Pleurotus ferulea (mt loi nmbo ng) Pleurotus eryngii (bo ngnmi g)

Chc nng
thc phm thc phm, dc liu thc phm thc phm thc phm, dc liu dc liu thc phm, dc liu dc liu thc phm thc phm, dc liu thc phm, dc liu thc phm thc phm

Nm trng Ni nui trng ln u

Nm 50 trc Nam Chu cng nguyn (South Europe) T nm 600 Trung Quc T nm 1975 T nm 800 T nm 1000 T nm 1232 T nm 1600 T nm 1621 T nm 1700 T nm 1894 T nm 1900 T nm 1958 T nm 1977 Trung Quc Trung Quc Trung quc Trung quc Php Trung Quc Trung Quc Trung Quc c Php Php u

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Pholiota nameko (nm trn chu) Hericium erinaceus (hu th) Agaricus brasiliensis/ blazei (nm m brasil) Trametes vesicolor (nm vn chi)

thc phm thc phm, dc liu thc phm, dc liu dc liu

T nm 1958 T nm 1960 T nm 1970 T nm 1981

Nht Trung Quc Nht Trung Quc

(Theo Jin-Xia Zhang, Chen-Yang Huang, General introduction to species and varieties of cultivated edible fungi in China) Nhn chung, cng vic thm d v nghin cu cch trng nm thc s pht trin mnh v rng khp trong nhng thp k qua, nht l trong 20 nm tr li y. Hin nay, trn th gii c khong 60 loi nm ang c nui trng vi mc ch thng mi, vi 20 loi c nui trng quy m cng nghip. 1.2.2. S tng vt sn lng nm trng trn th gii 1.2.2.1. Tng sn lng chung tt c cc loi Th trng nm trn th gii vo nm 2001 t doanh s trn 40 t U.S.$ (Chang, 2006a). Th trng nm gm 3 loi ch yu : nm n, cc ch phm nm y dc v nm hoang di (wild mushrooms) (Chang, 2006b). Sn xut nm trng trn th gii gia tng mt cch n nh nh s ng gp ng k t cc nc nh Trung Quc, n , Ba lan, Hungary, v Vit Nam [25]. Bng 1.2 minh ha s gia tng nhy vt sn lng nm trng sut thi gian t nm 1960 n 2002 [25]. Bng 1.2. Tng sn lng nm trng trn th gii t nm 1960 n 2002 Nm 1960 1965 1970 1975 1978 1981 Sn lng (tn ti) 170.000 301.000 484.000 922.000 1.060.000 1.257.000 Nm 1983 1986 1990 1994 1997 2002 Sn lng (tn ti) 1.453.000 2.182.000 3.763.000 4.909.000 6.158.000 12.250.000

Sn lng nm trn ton th gii tng lin tc t nm 1960 n nay, c bit tng vt: nm 1981 l 1.257.200 tn, n nm 1997 tng thnh 6.158.400 tn, gp hn 4,5 ln trong 16 nm; gp i trong 5 nm 1997 2002 t 6,158 triu tn ln 12,250

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triu tn/nm [25]. Tc gia tng sn lng nm trng tip tc duy tr lin tc n nay. 1.2.2.2. S thay i c cu sn lng cc loi nm trng Trong qu trnh pht trin, trng nm khng nhng gia tng v s lng, m cn a dng ha chng loi lm thay i c cu sn lng cc loi c trng. Bng 1.3 (nm 1981-1997) v 1.4 (2003-2004) phn nh s gia tng sn lng nm trn ton th gii vi chi tit cho tng loi [22]. Bng 1.3 cho thy trong nhng nm 1990 tr v trc, nm m Agaricus bisporus chim u th, c sn lng ln nht trong cc loi nm trng. N c trng quy m cng nghip cc nc tin tin nh M (th nht), Php (th hai), H Lan, Anh,.. Sn lng nm m tng lin tc qua cc nm, nhng t l tng i so vi cc nm khc gim dn. Nm 1981, n chim 71,6% tng sn lng; con s ny gim dn, n nm 1997 cn 31,8%. Bng1.3. Sn lng mt s loi nm trng ph bin th gii nm 1981-1997 Nm 1981 Cc loi nm Nm m Agaricus bisporus/bitorquis Nm hng Lentinula edodes Nm bo ng Pleurotus spp. Nm mo Auricularia spp. Nm rm V. volvacea Nm kim chm Flammulina velutipes Ngn nh Tremella spp. Nm ngc trm Hypisizygus spp. Nm trn chu Pholiota spp. Grifola frondosa x 1000 tn ti (%) 900,0 (71,6) 180,0 (14,3) 35,0 (2,8) 10,0 (0,8) 54,0 (4,3) 60,0 (4,8) ---17,0 (1,3) -Nm 1986 Nm 1990 Nm 1994 Nm 1997 x 1000 tn ti (%) 1.227,0 (56,2) 314,0 (14,4) 169,0 (7,7) 119,0 (5,5) 178,0 (8,2) 100,0 (4,6) 40,0 (1,8%) -25,0 (1,1) -x 1000 tn ti (%) 1.420,0 (37,8) 393,0 (10,4) 900,0 (23,9) 400,0 (10,6) 207,0 (5,5) 143,0 (3,8) 105,0 (2,8) 22,6 (0,6) 22,0 (0,6) 7,0 x 1000 tn ti (%) 1.846,0 (37,6) 826,2 (16,8) 797,4 (16,3) 420,1 (8,5) 298,8 (6,1) 229,8 (4,7) 156,2 (3,2) 54,8 (1,1) 27,0 (0,6) 14,2 x 1000 tn ti (%) 1.955,9 (31,8) 1.564,4 (25,4) 875,6 (14,2) 485,3 (7,9) 180,8 (3,0) 284,7 (4,6) 130,5 (2,1) 74,2 (1,2) 55,5 (0,9) 33,1

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( 0,2 ) (0,3 ) ( 0,5 ) 1,2 10,0 139,4 238,8 518,4 Cc nm khc (0,1) (0,5) (3,7) (4,8) (8,4) 1.357,2 2.182,0 3.763,0 4.909,3 6.158,4 Tng sn lng (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) % gia tng 73,6 72,5 30,5 25,4 Theo World Production of Cultivated Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms in Different Years (Chang, 1999). Cc loi nm khc nh nm hng Lentinula edodes, nm bo ng Pleurotus spp c sn lng tng vt. Nm 1981, nm tuyt nh Tremella, nm ngc trm ( cc ch Vit Nam cn gi l nm hi sn) Hypisizygus, Grifola cha c trng,. Nhng t 1986, Tremella c mt trn th trng, nm 1990, Hypisizygus v Grifola cng c mt. Nm 1981, sn lng cc loi nm khc (ngoi 10 loi ph bin rng Agaricus, Lentinus, Pleurotus, Auricularia, Volvariella, Tremella, Hypisizygus, Grifola , Pholiota, Flammulina) chim 0,1%, n 1997 l 8,4%. [22]. c bit, bng 1.4 cho thy s pht trin trng nm nhy vt ca Trung Quc lm thay i cn bn c cu sn lng cc loi nm trng trn th gii. V tr s mt thuc v nm bo ng Pleurotus spp. vi nhiu loi khc nhau. V tr th hai l nm hng Lentinula edodes. Nm m ri xung v tr th ba. Trng nm pht trin theo hng ngy cng tng nhanh hn v sn lng v a dng v chng loi cc nm trng l thc phm chc nng v y dc [22]. Ni chung n nm 1997, Chu ng gp 74,4% vo tng sn lng nm trn trn th gii. Bng 1.4. Sn lng nm thu c vo nm 2003 v nm 2004 Cc loi nm 2003 Trung quc Nm Bo ng Pleurotus spp. 2.468.000 Nm hng Lentinula edodes 2.228.000 Nm m Agaricus bisporus 1.330.400 Nm mo Aurilaria spp. 1.654.800 Nm rm Volvariella volvacea 197.400 Nm Kim chm Flammulina 557.700 velutipes Nm Tuyt nh Tremella spp. 183.300 Nm Hu th Hericium 30.500 Nht Bn 5.210 >200.000 110.185 84.356 25.068 45.805 29.882 1.821 2004 Hoa k 1.803 3.428 383.636 2,3 2,2 22,7 0,9 42,5

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erinaceum Nm Ngc trm Hypsizygus 242.500 171.500 spp. Nm Trn chu Pholiota 24.900 177.800 nameko Nm K ta Grifola frondosa 52.200 Nm Mc Coprinus comatus Nm Bo ng Pleurotus 114.100 92.900 nebrodensis Nm Bo ng Pleurotus 32.200 42.000 eryngii Nm Agrocybe chaxinggu Nm li Dictyophora spp. 49.100 Nm m Brasil Agaricus 145.900 571.700 brasiliensis Nm Linh chi Ganoderma spp. Nm Phc linh Wolfiporia cocos Cc nm khc Tng sn lng 10.386.900

33,0 2,7 130,0

~300

Sn lng nm Vit Nam c tnh: Nm rm ~20.000 tn ti, nm bo ng ~1.800 tn ti, nm m :~300? Tn ti, nm mo (mc nh) ~5.500 tn kh, nm hng ~50? tn kh, nm linh chi ~25 tn kh). Theo bo co ca PGS. TS L Xun Thm, 2006. S gia tng c bit i vi nm bo ng v nm hng c th gii thch nh sau: - Nm bo ng c nhiu loi c nui trng, d trng quy m gia nh v cng nghip, m nng sut cao rt thch hp cho s pht trin nng nghip bn vng. - Nm hng l thc phm chc nng c gi tr dinh dng dc cao v mt phn c chit thnh cc ch phm y dc. Nhiu loi nm mi c nui trng v sn lng gia tng rt nhanh. Ni chung cc nm trng ngy cng c vai tr ln hn trong i sng con ngi. 1.2.3. S pht trin trng nm Vit Nam Theo xu hng chung trn th gii, trng nm Vit Nam cng pht trin nhanh v mnh, c v quy m nui trng, nhiu chng loi mi, ln nhiu nghin cu v nm

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n v nm dc liu. Do vy c coi l mt trong 4 nc pht trin nhanh trng nm [25]. 1.2.3.1. Cc nghin cu v nm n v nm dc liu Vit Nam Trc tin phi k n cc nghin cu gp phn cho s pht trin chung. - Nm hng Lentinula edodes l mt thc phm chc nng. Nm 1994, nm hng c nghin cu hon chnh qui trnh sn xut trn mt ca cao su [10]. Nm 1998, Nm hng c lai gia chng Cao bng v chng nhp t Nht, to c chng lai chu nhit (25-30oC) ph hp iu kin kh hu Vit Nam [11]. - Linh chi l mt loi nm y dc, c nui trng t nhng nm 1990 v nhiu tc gi nghin cu mt s thnh phn v hot cht sinh hc, v tim nng iu tr mt s bnh [2]. Ngoi ra, cn thm d tc ng bt sinh khi v bo t [15], tnh a dng di truyn [16], so snh thnh phn ha sinh mt s chng [17]. - Nm hu th (u kh) Hericium erinaceus cng l thc phm chc nng c gi tr cao. Thc s C c Trng thuc Trung tm Nghin cu Linh chi v nm dc liu (B Y t) trng th nghim thnh cng dng nm hu th chu nhit do mnh chn ra ti Bnh Dng v TP HCM v thc hin d n cp TPHCM Sn xut thng phm dng nm hu th chu nhit (Hericium erinaceus) ti TPHCM. D n c nghim thu thng 11 nm 2007 vi kt qu ch yu: sn xut c 16.000 Kg nm ti, tng ng 1.600 Kg nm kh v xut khu 200 Kg nm kh. Nhng loi nm n khc cng ang tip tc c nghin cu tng nng sut v hiu qu kinh t. Bn cnh , nhng nghin cu nhm nh gi a dng ca nm ni chung, nm lm thc phm, nm a nin cng c tin hnh [5,12,1,6]. - Nm rm la bc Volvariella bombycina (Silver silk straw mushroom), m trn th gii cha c thng bo v k thut trng, t nhng nm 1990 c phn lp Vit Nam, c nghin cu cc c im sinh hc v trng thnh cng quy m 400 bch phi vi 100 % ra qu th [7 ]. Cc loi nm n v dc liu khc nh nm bo ng Pleurotus eringii (nm i g), nm ngc trm Hypsizygus spp, , vn chi cng c nghin cu.

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1.2.3.2. Hnh thnh ngh trng nm Trng nm nc ta trong 20 nm gn y t sn xut gia nh tranh th thi gian nng nhn hnh thnh mt ngh sinh sng ca nhiu gia nh. min Bc nc ta, nh s h tr ca Trung tm Cng ngh sinh hc thc vt thuc Vin Di truyn nng nghip, trng nm c trin khai khp cc tnh, m mt s ni trn ton huyn. min Nam, mt s vng trng nm tp trung hnh thnh nh c Trng, Lm ng; Long Khnh, ng Nai ; Bnh Chnh (TPHCM) v Long an, Huyn Lai Vung (ng Thp) v Tht Nt (Hu Giang). Lng nm c sn xut nhiu nhng cha thng k c chnh xc s lng. Trc y, th trng ch c nm rm v nm mo, sau c thm nm bo ng v hin nay trn 10 loi nm c bn siu th v cc ch.

1.3. CNG NGH TRNG NM

Trng nm va l khoa hc, va l ngh thut. Nh ng dng cc tin b khoa hc m n c nhng bc tin nhy vt. V mt khoa hc, cng ngh trng nm s dng nhiu k thut v kin thc v vi sinh vt: kh trng, nui cy ging thun, ln men c cht, to iu kin cho vi sinh vt c li pht trin v hn ch cc vi sinh vt c hi,... Cc nghin cu khoa hc gp phn thun ha cc chng nm mi a vo nui trng, kho st cc c im sinh hc, xc nh gi tr dinh dng v y dc,... V mt ngh thut th lm th no khng ch cc iu kin khc nhau, m ch yu l cc yu t mi trng nh nhit , m, nh sng, thng kh,..., nm trng ra c nhiu qu th, m nu khng mc ra c coi nh tht bi. 1.3.1. S khi qut Sau khi chn chng nm tt, quy trnh gm cc bc ch yu sau (hnh 1.4):

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Hnh 1.4 S tng qut qui trnh nui trng cc loi nm n

Ch thch ting Anh trn hnh ln lt t trn xung: Isolation of mushroom mycelium from contaminants : phn lp h si t nm khi cc sinh vt nhim; Sterilization and Pouring of Agar Medium : Kh trng v mi trng agar vo hp Petri); Propagation of Pure Culture : nhn rng ging thun; Sterilization of Grain Media : kh trng mi trng ht; Inoculation of Grain : ht ; Inoculation of Sawdust/Dowels : mn ca/mnh meo; Inoculation of Spawn : meo nm; Laying Out of Spawn on Tray : tri meo trong khay; Plugging Logs : nht meo vo cc khc g; Inoculation of Bulk Substrate = c cht trng lng ln; Tray culture : trng khay; Log culture :

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trng khc g; Stumb Culture : trng gc cy; Mound culture : trng m (lung); Wall Culture : trng bc tng; Column Culture : trng tr; Bag Culture : trng bch.

(1) Sn xut meo ging nm tt, (2) Ch bin nguyn liu thnh c cht tt, (3) Gieo meo vo c cht v si t nm pht trin tt, (4) Chm sc bng iu khin tt cc yu t mi trng cho ra qu th. (5) Thu hi nm v bo qun ch bin. S ca hnh 1.4 m t tm tt bng hnh nh 3 cng on ch yu ca qu trnh trng nm t u l phn lp ging n ra qu th theo cc kiu khc nhau [22]. S c gii thch tm tt km li dch ting Anh (ln lt t trn xung di theo cc cng on) trn hnh ra ting Vit nh sau : (1) Phn lp ging nm thun chng: c meo ging, trc tin phi phn lp h si t nm khi cc sinh vt nhim. Hnh s autoclave dng kh trng v sau mi trng agar vo hp Petri. Phn lp chng nm bng cch cy bo t (hnh trn c tia) hoc mnh m tht nm vo hp Petri. Mnh m nm tng trng nhn rng ging thun. (2) Sn xut meo ging nm: Meo ging s cp c sn xut t c cht ht nn cn kh trng mi trng ht trong autoclave. Sau cy t nm t hp Petri vo mi trng ht trong l v meo ht. Meo ht s cp c cy vo mi trng meo th cp gm mn ca/mnh meo v . Tip theo l meo ging nm cho sn xut. Meo ging sn xut c gieo vo c cht trng. Trc khi gieo, c th tri meo trong khay (hoc nht meo vo cc khc g). c cht trng lng ln sau khi trn meo. 3) Cc cch trng ra qu th: C th cho nm mc ra theo nhiu cch khc nhau : Trng khay, trng khc g, trng gc cy, trng theo m (lung), trng bc tng, trng theo hnh tr v trng bch.

1.3.2. Meo ging nm

Trong sn xut nm, meo ging gi vai tr quan trng hng u. D ch bin nguyn liu tt, chm sc k cng nhng ging nm xu th nng sut khng cao hoc t hn khng c nm mc. Trc khi trng cn chn chng nm thch hp vi

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iu kin a phng, m trc tin l nhit cho ra qu th, s di giu ngun nguyn liu, Ngoi ra, cc gi tr thng phm, y dc v thng phm. Khoa hc xc nh c rng nm ra cc tai nm ch khi no n c pht trin t h si t nm. ng rm r m c nm mc khi trong c sn h si t nm hoc bo t ny mm to ra h si t. Ch no khng c h si t hoc bo t th khng c nm mc ln. Meo ging nm c sn xut cung cp cho ngi trng thc cht l h si t nm thun chng c nui bng mi trng t nhin hay nhn to kh trng cy vo c cht trng nm lm ging khi u. Cc ngun to ra h si t nm c th l: b su tp ging, ging t n hoc a bo t, ging t m tht nm, ging t gi th nm. Nguyn liu ban u lm c cht cho meo nm rt a dng: rm r ct ngn, tru trn bt bp, mn ca, ht ng cc, than cy thuc l, b tr,, Ty loi nm trng m meo nm c sn xut c khc nhau, nguyn tc chung l to iu kin cho h si t pht trin. Cc bc to ra meo ging nm c th gm cc bc ch yu: ging gc t ng nghim hoc hp Petri meo ging cp I (meo ht la hoc go) meo ging cp II (meo ht la, meo cng, meo b rm, mn ca) meo ging cp III (meo sn xut gieo trc tip vo c cht trng nm).

1.3.3. Ch bin nguyn liu thnh c cht trng nm

Cn c vo s phn r nhiu t c th nguyn liu ban u dng lm c cht cho trng nm gm hai loi ch yu: - Nguyn liu th cha hoc t b phn r nh rm r, b ma, mn x da, mt ca, li bp, l chui kh, lc bnh kh, thn cy u, thn cy g... Phn ln cc loi nm trng, nh nm rm, nm mo, bo ng, nm hng, linh chi,, s dng ngun nguyn liu ny vi quy trnh ch bin n gin. - Nguyn liu tng i b phn hy mnh nh nh phn nga, phn b, phn g, m khi tip vi rm r, b ma, s to nn c cht gi l compost thnh cht mn. Compost c dng trng ch yu cho cc loi nm m Agaricus. Tu tng loi nm trng m chn loi nguyn liu. Nguyn liu th khng phi khc g c x l thnh c cht qua cc bc: thm nc a v m thch

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hp, b sung thm cht dinh dng nh cm, bp, ur, DAP, , cho vo vt cha nh khay, bch v kh trng hoc ng m, khaytu tng loi nm v phng php nui trng. Ch bin compost cho nui trng nm m Agaricus. Qu trnh ch bin compost c thi gian ko di, km mi hi thi ca nguyn liu v gm nhiu pha. Trong pha I ca qu trnh thc hin ngoi tri, nguyn liu ban u cht thnh ng c o trn v ti nc theo chu k. Trong pha I ny, cc vi sinh vt thc hin s phn r ban u i vi nguyn liu. Pha ny thng thc hin xong trong 912 ngy, khi nguyn liu (nh rm r) tr nn mm do, mu nu m v c kh nng gi nc. Thng ammonia bc mi mnh. Phase II ln men trong nh l kh trng Pasteur, khi m cc sinh vt khng mong mun b loi b. Qu trnh ny thc hin trong phng c thi hi nc nng vo gi nhit khng kh 60 0C trong t nht 4 gi. Nhit s h xung n 500C trong 872 gi ph thuc vo compost. Carbon dioxide CO2 duy tr 1.52% v mc ammonia gim xung di 10 PPM. Tip theo pha phase II to compost, c cht c lm lnh xung 300C cho Agaricus bitorquis v 250C cho A. bisporus gieo meo [24]. Tu vo iu kin ca ngi trng nm, tu a phng, chng nm, c cht c th c xp thnh m lung (nm rm), cho khay hay gin k hoc ti nylon ln (nm m), cho bch PP,Nui trn khc cy th xp dng cho chm t hay trn gin k. Cc gc cy sau khi b ca mt thn v ngn, nu cy meo ging vo, v c ti nc s cho ra nm v sau mt thi gian gc cy b phn r.

1.3.4. Gieo meo v lan t

Gieo meo Sau khi kh trng xong, ngui, tin hnh gieo meo. C nhiu cch gieo meo tu theo phng php trng v loi nm: (1) Gieo meo cm: Thng cc cm meo cch nhau 10-15cm theo chiu dc ra mi lp c cht. (2) Gieo meo b mt: Ri meo nm thnh 1 lp mng u trn b mt compost. (3) Gieo meo trn u: Meo c trn u vi compost ri cho v khay, ti plastic. (4) Gieo meo tng lp: Ri meo theo tng lp c cht cch nhau gia lp meo trn v di khong 5-10cm.

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i vi cc bch mn ca th cy meo ht pha trn ming bch, nu dng meo cng th cm su cng meo thng t ming bch xung y [9].

t n m
Nh trn ni, nm ln gm 2 phn ch yu: qu th hay tai nm l c quan sinh sn v h si t nm l b phn sinh dng. So vi thc vt th tng ng vi qu v thn cy. Tng ng vi iu ny, trng nm c 2 giai on : Nui h si t nm pht trin tt nh trng cy ln mi ra nhiu tri tt c v to iu kin cho nm mc ra qu th nh cy sinh tri. Do vy, t nm tt cho lan nhanh chon ht khi c cht, c ngha rt quan trng cho sn lng nm sau ny. Tuy nhin, qu trnh lan t khng i hi nghim nht cc yu t mi trng nh lc hnh thnh qu th. Thng nhit t nm cao hn nhit ra qu th. m ch yu l m c cht trng. V thng kh th a s nm ch cn phng nm c thng thong. c bit, h si t nm bo ng trong lc c tc lan t nhanh nht khi nng kh CO2 khong 20%. a s nm khng cn nh sng trong giai on lan t nm. Tuy nhin, nm hng, nm rm la bc v mt s khc nu thiu nh sng (yu cng c) th sau ny khng ra qu th c. Thi gian cho lan t thch hp ty loi nm nh i vi nm mo, khong 25-30 ngy, i vi nm bo ng, 20-25 ngy. Khi cy meo vo lung nm, nhng si t ny mc lan mi ra. Trong lc mc lan ra cc nhnh ngang gp nhau ni li thnh mng li. Nh to mng ni m h si t nm thnh mt khi thng nht. Cc cht bn trong khi h si c th thng vi nhau, di chuyn t ch ny ti ch khc. Hin tng to mng ni v s di chuyn cc cht bn trong si t nm c ngha c bit i vi trng nm. Khi trng nm ai cng thy l nm ra trn b mt, nhng nng sut th ph thuc vo c khi c cht (nh rm r) bn trong. S d nh vy l v cc si t nm nm su trong rm r ht cht dinh dng chuyn ra ngoi to ra cc tai nm. Gn nh hnh thnh mt nguyn tc l sn lng nm ph thuc vo khi nguyn liu em trng, t ph thuc b mt ch nm mc ra.

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1.3.5. Chm sc (cc yu t mi trng) v thu hi

Khi t nm lan y khi c cht, di nhng iu kin mi trng nht nh, khc nhiu vi giai on lan t, n nm (primordia) s xut hin v ln dn thnh qu th. Ngh thut trng nm th hin nhiu nht khu c tnh cht quyt nh thnh bi ca ton b qu trnh trng nm. giai on ny, bng vic chm sc con ngi c nhiu tc ng trc tip hn c to cc yu t mi trng thun li nht cho s hnh thnh qu th nm c v s lng ln cht lng. tin hnh ti v thu hi qu th [13]. Giai on ny cn lu mt s iu kin mi trng nh sau: - Nhit : Nhit c nh hng ln i vi s hnh thnh qu th nm trng, l yu gii hn nht nh i vi nm trng. a s loi nm trng c gc vng n i, c loi nh nm rm ch trng c vng nhit i. Cn phn bit nhit nui h t nm v nhit ra qu th, m a s c nhit ra qu th thp hn nui t [19,3,4,9]. V d: Nm rm V. volvacea nui t 35 - 40oC ra qu th 35 - 40oC; nm bo ng Pleurotus eringii nui t 20 - 30oC v ra nm 15 - 20oC. Tuy nhin, nhiu loi nm bo ng gc n i ra qu th nhit 25 35 oC, chng nm hu th chu nhit cng hnh thnh qu th nhit ny. - m : Si t nm thiu nc d b kh cht. Mi loi cn m nht nh si t tng trng v ra qu th. Trong trng nm cn phn bit: (1) m c cht nguyn liu l m trong c cht sau khi c thm nc. C cht qu kh hoc qu m u bt li cho h si t nm. m thch hp khong 65-80%. (2) m tng i ca khng kh trong khong 70-95% i vi a s nm trng. Cn phi gi m khng kh tt: khng kh m, hi nc t bc hi ra. m c duy tr nh ti nc, m tt nht l ti phun sng, t nh hng n h si t nm. Gia nhit v m c mi quan h cht ch vi nhau. Ti nc lm h nhit khng kh. Khng kh lnh cha t hi nc hn khng kh nng. Cn lu vic ti vo ma lnh [13]. - nh sng: Mi loi nm trng c phn ng khc nhau vi nh sng. Nm m Agaricus bisporus hon ton khng cn nh sng trong sut qu trnh trng t lan

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t n ra qu th. nh sng cn mt giai on ngn cho nm rm to n. Ch cn nh sng hong hn cng cho nm rm ra qu th. Tuy nhin, nhiu loi nm khc nh nm rm la bc, nm hng,. u cn nh sang ra qu th. - Thng kh: Trong qu trnh tng trng, si t nm h hp to ra nhiu thn kh (CO2), phn ng ca cc loi nm khc nhau i vi nng CO2 khc nhau. Hu ht cc loi nm trng u cn thng kh mnh trong giai on ra qu th. Nm rm thuc loi cn thng thong tt. Trng ngoi tri, vic thng thong cho nm khng thnh vn . Nm bo ng cn thng kh mnh ra qu th. - chua pH: Trong qu trnh pht trin ca nm mi trng thay i v pha chua. Do , cn xc nh s dao ng chua. Mt s cht b sung va c tnh cht iu ho m va lm bt chua nh bt thch cao CaSO4, vi mn CaCO3 chua ban u c nh hng n cc vi sinh vt c trong nguyn liu v c th nh hng c n dinh dng, n cc vi sinh vt gy nhim hoc cnh tranh. Vic thu hi nm ph thuc vo chng loi v thiu ngi tiu dng. V d, nm rm thu hi giai on hnh trng trc khi nt bao; nm hng hi lc mng trng di m nm va tch khi mp qu th; nm linh chi thu lc m nm cng ton b mt trn bng nh nh verni v c nhiu bi bo t. a phn nm tiu th dng ti (k c nm mo), s khc va ti va dng kh nh nm mo, nm hng v mt s nh nm linh chi ch yu dng kh. Nm m v nhiu loi nm khc c lm hp.

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1.4. NM THI DNG

1.4.1. Lch s nghin cu v nui trng Nm 1960, nm Thi dng c pht hin ln u tin lng Piedade bang So Paulo thuc Brazil bi mt ngi Brazil gc Nht, ng Takatoshi Furumoto. Nm 1965, ng gi nm v Nht nghin cu v nui trng thng mi nm 1978. Nm 1992, n c a vo Trung Quc trng thng mi [25]. Nm 1965, Heinemann (ngi B) nh danh l Agaricus blazei Murrill, cng loi Agaricus blazei do W.Blazei pht hin nm 1944 ti bang Florida ca M v do Murrill xc nh tn. Tuy nhin, n nm 2002 Wasser v cng s bng nhng kho cu k lng v hnh thi v sinh hc phn t, xc nh loi Brazil v loi Florida l 2 loi khc nhau v chnh l tn loi Agaricus Brazil l Agaricus brasiliensis. T nm 2002 n nay, n c gi theo tn mi A. Brasiliensis. T 1968, Takashi Mizuno (Nht Bn) nghin cu cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc trong nm A. brasiliensis, c bit l cc polysaccharide c hot tnh khng ung th. Nm 1995, ng bo co v kh nng khng ung th glycoprotein FIII-2-b t qu th nm m Brasil. y l trng hp u tin ca hp cht khng ung th c tm thy trong nm n [28, 31]. Trong nhng nm 2005, 2006 rt nhiu bi bo cng b v kh nng kch thch h min dch v khng ung th ca nm m Brasil. Nm 2006. Akanuma v cng s to dng v xc nh c tnh ca DNA m ha cho enzyme polyphenoloxidase c vai tr phn hy cc hp cht phenol, l nhng hp cht gy c i vi c th [22]. Nm 2007, Ying Liu v cng s nghin cu tc ng ca nm m Brasil i vi h min dch trn chut v ngi tnh nguyn. i vi chut, cho thy gia tng cc p ng min dch t nhin: khng khi u, tng lng bch cu, gii c gan v gim shock ni c t chut, cn i vi ngi, t l m trong c th v trong ni tng, hm lng ng huyt u gim mt khc hot ng ca t bo dit t nhin li gia tng.[22] thnh ph H Ch Minh, nm Agaricus brasiliensis ch mi c ThS. C c Trng trng th nghim thnh cng ti Trung tm Nghin cu linh chi v nm dc liu ( B y t) v gi tn ting Vit l nm thi dng do c ni gi theo ting

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Anh l Sun agaric, theo chng ti gi nm m Brasil th nu r c xut x v c tnh sinh hc hn 1.4.2. Phn loi v cc c im sinh hc 1.4.2.1. V tr phn loi Nm m Brasil c xp vo kha phn loi nh sau: Gii: Ngnh: Lp: Lp ph: B : H : Ging: Loi: Fungi Mycota Homobasidiomycetes Homobasidiomycetidae Agaricales Agaricaceae Agaricus Agaricus brasiliensis
Hnh 1.5. Nm Agaricus brasiliensis

Ngnh ph: Basidiomycotina

(trc 2002 l Agaricus blazei Murill) 1.4.2.2. c im hnh thi cu to

Qu th mi hnh thnh c mu kem hi vng n nu hng, m nm c dng chung bn cu v sau dt dn li, n khi gi th phng. Khi cn l bp, b ngang ti a ca m nm l 4 cm, tai nm ln phnh to, b ngang ca m nm l 10 cm.

D C B A Hnh 1.6. Cc giai on pht trin ca qu th (A. N nm B. Nm bp C. Trng thnh D. Gi n)

Hnh 1.7. Tai nm ct dc

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Lc nm gi, b x ho v c bo t. Trn m nm c nhiu vy rt nh mu nu sm. Vut lp vy i lm l lp tht mu trng tng t cung nm (hnh 1.5). Mt di m nm l phin nm mu nu. Phin nm di, rng tri ra t cung cho ti mp m nm. Trn phin nm c nhiu m bo t hnh elip cn i, mng kh dy, nhn v trong sut. Mp qu th i khi gp np su hn, c bao ring dy. Cung nm c ng knh t 1 cm tr ln, cao 6 - 7 cm, phn gc cung phnh mp. Thn v cung mu trng, nhn, chc hay hi rng (hnh 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9).

Hnh 1.8.. Mt trn qu th nm I.4.2.3. Chu trnh sng ca nm thi dng. [22]

Hnh 1.9. Phin nm

Agaricus brasiliensis l nm m co chu trnh sng nh nu trn hnh 1.10. Khi nm trng thnh, phin nm hnh thnh cc m, m nh mi ci c 4 bo t (gi l m bo t). Chu trnh sng coi nh bt u t (A): 2 loi m bo t (basidiospore) n bi (c n nhim sc th- NST) khc nhau (+) v (-) tng t 2 gii tnh hay cn gi l 2 kiu bt cp (mating type); (B) Cc bo t ny mm mc ra cc si t nm s cp (primary mycelia) hay khun ty s cp (B trn hnh); (C) Hai loi khun ty s cp (+) v (-) kt hp nhau to h khun ty th cp (secondary mycelium) lng bi (2n NST); (D) H t nm pht trin su rng trong compoast dn n hnh thnh n nm (hyphat knots); (E) Bt u hnh thnh qu th, m giai on u l hnh nt (button stage); (F) v (G) qu th nm tng dn kch thc n trng thnh (G) v to m bo t khp kn chu trnh.

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Hnh 1.10. Chu trnh sng ca nm thi dng (Gii thch chi titxem trong bi)

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1.4.3. Cc gi tr dinh dng v y dc Nm m Brasil t xa c ngi dn Brasil v Peru dng lm thc phm v dc liu. T 1965, n mi c bt u nghin cu nui trng, nhng sn lng gia tng nhanh ch yu nh c gi tr dinh dng v y dc cao. 1.4.3.1. Gi tr dinh dng Bng 1.5 cho thy gi tr dinh dng ca nm m Brasil A. brasiliensis. Bng 1.5. Thnh phn dinh dng ca nm m Brasil trong 100g nm kh. Cht hu c: Nng lng (Energy) Protein M (Fat) Cht khong: Sodium (Na) Calcium (Ca) St (Iron Fe) Kali (Potassium - K) Phosphorus (P) Magnesium (Mg) Km (Zinc = Z) Total chromium Vitamin: Vitamin in A (Tng caronene) Vitamin B Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2 Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Niacin Agaritine 288,00 kcal 38,50 g 2,60 g 8.40 mg 22.50 mg 10.10 mg 2920.00 mg 952.00 mg 96.50 mg 7.87 mg 0 0 0 0.63 mg 3.04 mg 0.54 mg 0 15.3 ppm Carbohydrate -glucan Si (Fiber) Copper Manganese Iodine Selenium Arsenicum Cadmium Plumbum Hydrargyrum Pantothenic acid Folic acid Biotin Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K1 27.70 g 12.4 g 20.60 g 7.67 mg 0.825 mg 0 88.00 mg 0 .48 ppm 2.01 ppm 0.13 ppm 0.18 ppm 22.90 mg 230.00 mg 123.00 mg 0 56.7 mg 0 0

(theo Japan Food Research laboratories) [24]

So vi cc lai nm khc, nm m Brasil lc hm lng protein cao t 34%-50% v nhiu cht dinh dng thit yu khc nh vitamin B1, B2, D,Protein ca nm c cha 18 lai amino acid, trong d c 8 loi khng th thay th. Nm c v ngt v thm ngon. Gi bn khng r: ti Nht Bn, 500 600 USD/ 1kg nm kh.

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1.4.3.2. Gi tr y dc Nm m Brasil cha cc hot cht khng ung th, h tr h min dch lm tng sc khng cho c th, gim ng trong mu, gim huyt p, gim cholesterol v chng x va ng mch. Tc dng khng t bo ung th: Cu Tng thng M Ronald Reagan cng tng iu tr bng nm m Brasil chin thng cn bnh ung th da v qua s kin , hiu qu dc hc ca nm ny c c th gii bit n. c bit, t cui thp nin 80, u thp nin 90, cc nh nghin cu Nht Bn pht hin ra hiu qu chng ung th rt cao ca cc thnh t chit xut t nm ny [12]. Theo cc cng trnh nghin cu ti Vin Nghin cu Ung th Quc gia Nht Bn, phi hp vi Vin i hc Y v i hc Dc Tokyo,, nm m Brasil c hiu qu phng ung th n 99% v hiu qu iu tr t 90% vi liu 10 mg tinh cht/ngy trong khi cc loi nm khc dng vi liu 30 mg tinh cht/ ngy nhng tc dng khng cao bng. Nm t ra c hiu qu cao hn 80% so vi PSK, thuc tt nht dng trong iu tr ung th [29]. T qu th nm trng v hn hp h si, cc tc gi tch phn on c 18 nhm phn t polysaccharide v lectin c hot lc chng t bo ung th dng Sarcoma 180 v t bo dng Ehrlich, m cho hot tnh mnh nht l cc phn don: FA-1-a-a, FA-1-a-b, FA-2-b-b, v FIII-2-b. Bng1.7. Polysaccharide A.brasiliensis chng t bo ung th dng Sarcoma 180
Polysaccharide trch t nm a-glycan FA-1-a-a b-galactoglycan FA-1-a-b Nucleic acid (RNA) FA-2-b-b Proteinic glycan FIII-2-b S cht/ T l khng T l khng S kho khi u (%) xut hin st 93 97 95 99 4/8 5/8 7/8 8/10 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/10 Liu dng mg/kg/ngy (Tim) 10x10 10x10 10x10 10x10

Ch phm polysaccharide ca nm m Brasil c thng mi vi k hiu AB-P (tch t th qu) v AB-FP (tch t hn hp h si). Mc c ch khi u thc nghim trn chut t t 70 - 99%, s chut cht l t 0 - 4/10 con v thi gian sng

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cao hn (i chng cht 100%) [31]. Cc tc gi Nht Bn cn chit ra 4 loi steroid, ergosterol v ergosterol peroxid, cerevisterol v cerebrosid, m mi y Hattori v cng s (1997) ch ra rng chng c khung cu to lanostan, kiu triterpenoid nm Linh chi Ganoderma lucidum [8]. Cc hot cht ny c kh nng c ch mnh t bo ung th dng HeLa (Mizuno, 1989).

Hnh 1.11: Khung cu to lanostan, kiu triterpenoid [17] H tr h min dch t nhin: Nm m Brasil cha 3 lai -glucan khc nhau vi hm lng rt cao, hn c nm Linh Chi, nh: -(1-3)-D-glucan, -(1-4)-a-Dglucan v -(1-6)-D-glucan. y l cc polysaccharide c vai tr kch thch v h tr p ng ca h min dch t nhin nn c s dng rt nhiu trong vic iu tr ung th ti Nht Bn, California v nhiu ni trn th gii. [6, 15, 10, 11] Cc polysaccharide ny c tc dng hot ho mnh m cc macrophage trong h thng min dch ca c th, ng ngha vi tng cng kh nng phng chng, ngn chn cc mm bnh ngay t giai on xm nhp u tin. S hot ho cc macrophage cn lm tng hm lng cc cytokin, chu trch nhim xc tc v iu ho hng lot cc phn ng min dch ca c th. Bn cnh , cc macrophage cn tng tc vi cc t bo Lympho T, khi ng cc phn ng min dch c hiu v lm chng cng c tng cng. Ngoi ra, nhiu nghin cu cn cho thy cc polysaccharide k trn cng c tc dng c ch s pht trin khng bnh thng ca t bo, c bit l chng kch thch, lm tng s lng cc t bo st th (killer cells) [1, 9, 18]. Cc t bo ny c kh nng pht hin v tiu dit cc t bo pht trin khng bnh thng. Nhn mt cch tng th, cc polysaccharide ca nm m Brasil tng cng rt mnh kh nng min dch ca c th.

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Tc dng ci thin sc khe: Nm m Brasil c tc dng lm gim nng ng trong mu, h nng cholesterol huyt thanh, ci thin chc nng tuyn ty v lm gim x cng ng mch. V vy, nm l mt trong nhng thc phm l tng dnh cho nhng ngi b bnh tim mch, i tho ng v ung th [13]. 1.4.4. Cng ngh nui trng Trong t nhin, nm thi dng phn b ch yu Brazil v Peru, nh vy n c ngun gc nhit i. Trong sn xut, nm ny c trng nhiu nc trn th gii c bit l Brazil v Trung Quc, M, Nht. 1.4.4.1. Sn xut meo ging nm m Brasil To ging cp I: Mu m tht nm v trng tch t qu th c cy vo ng nghim hay hp Petri mi trng thch khoai ty PGA hay Raper phn lp ging thun ban u v c nhn ln tip tc thnh ging cp I. H si pht trin tt sau 5 - 7 ngy v n 9 - 15 ngy h si t pht trin y, c th ct gi ging (6 - 8oC), hoc cy sang ht ng cc to ging cp II v meo sn xut. To ging cp II: Ging sn xut c nhn trong mi trng ht la m (go, ng, go ) nu chn, b sung bt nh v thch cao, nhit phng 18 - 210C trong 14 - 20 ngy. Ging cp 2 cha trong cc chai thy tinh hay bch plastic [1, 2, 3, 4, 22, 25]. Ngoi ht ng cc c th dng rm r, thn cy thuc l, lm meo. Meo ging sn xut: Meo ging nm cp II c th dng cy vo c cht nui trng cho sn xut hoc cy chuyn tip nhn nhiu ra thnh meo ging sn xut, m c cht v cn bn ging nh lm meo cp II, cc dng c cha ln hn.. 1.4.4.2. Ch bin nguyn liu thnh c cht compost Nm m Brasil mc tt trn compost c ch bin tng t nh i vi nm m Agaricus bisporus t cc ngun nguyn liu ban u lignocellulose ch yu nh rm r, thn cnh l ng, u, ma, v ht bng, li ng, kh du...; cc loi phn gia sc, gia cm, phn m, phn ln, phn kali; cc cht MgSO4, CaSO4, CaCO3. Trong ch bin nguyn liu thnh c cht compost cho nm m, im c bit l thng s dng cc loi phn giu cht mn: phn g, phn b, phn trn qu.

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Mt s cng thc phi trn: Mi trng sn xut c th c theo mt trong cc cng thc khc sau y: (1) Rm la 65%, phn kh 15%, v ht bng 16%, bt thch cao 1%, ur 0,5%, vi bt 1%, canxi 1%, supe ln, bnh phn bn 0,5%; (2) B ma 80%, phn b 15,5%, bt thch cao 2%, ur 0,5%, vi 2%; (3) Rm ng (hoc rm la m) 80%, phn b bt 15%, thch cao bt 3%, vi bt 1%, bnh phn bn 1%, ur 0,4% (hoc amoni sunfat 0,8%); (4) Phn gia sc kh (ln, tru, b) 55% ,rm r kh 40% , kh du 2 - 3% , CaSO4 1%, Supe ln 0,5% , nc khong 160% (5) Phn g (40% m) 800 kg , rm r kh 1000 kg , CaSO4 75 kg , nc 5000 lt (6) Rm r 1000 kg , phn g 100 kg , CaSO4 10 20 kg , nc m 65%. Sau y l v d v ch bin compost, m nguyn liu ch yu l rm r. Ln men pha I: Cc nguyn liu sau khi thm nc m, trn u c thnh ng ln men pha I. Sau 3 ngy , nhit c th ln ti 70 - 75oC. nhit ny a s cc vi sinh vt (tr bo t ca chng), cc loi cn trng, tuyn trng cng u cht ht. Cc x khun a nhit s hot ng mnh m nhit cao ny, lm phn hu cc cht cao phn t thnh cc ng phn t thp, m si t nm d hp thu. nguyn liu l khu u tin rt quan trng. Cc ng c o trn to iu kin ln men hiu kh, c 3 ngy 1 ln v c qu trnh gm 3 -5 ln o trn. Trong 3 ln o trn u c b sung mt s cht ph gia. ln 1: Nhn chm rm r trong nc vi 1 -2% t 3 - 5 pht v b sung ur ((NH2)2CO) 5 Kg/tn rm kh bng cch rc xen tng lp rm r; c th ph nylon. ln 2: Sau 3 ngy, g nilon ra o trn trn xung di trong ra ngoi, rc phn ln (thermophotphat) 30 kg phn ln nung chy cho 1 tn rm kh. Ln 3 thay phn ln bng CaCO3 25 Kg/ 1 tn rm . Ln 4 v 5 ch o trn sau mi 3 ngy m khng b sung cht ph gia. Thi gian tng cng l 15 ngy. Mi ln o trn cn kim tra m nguyn liu. Ch khi o ng cn gim chiu di v tng thm chiu cao cho ng .

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Cho compost vo vt cha: Sau khi hon thnh qu trnh nh va nu, c th ni rm r thnh c cht compost cho nm. Compost c th vo cc khay, gin k hay ti nylon ln v kh trng bng hi nc si, ri cy meo nm vo cho h si t nm pht trin. Chiu cao lp c cht l 20 22 cm. Cc hnh di y m t mt kiu gin k. Ln men pha II: Kiu ln men ny c ng dng t nhng nm 1970, m thc cht l kh trng nhit khng cao 50-600C, nn cn gi l kh trng Pasteur tuy vi thi gian di 4-7 ngy. Nh kiu ln men ny m trng nm m t kt qu chc chn nh nui nm men bnh m, nn n c p dng tt c cc c s sn xut nm m quy m cng nghip. Mc ch chnh l to iu kin cho cc x khun a nhit (thermophiles) pht trin lm chuyn ha nguyn liu ban u sau khi thnh c cht c tnh chn ch thun tin cho h si t nm tng trng v ng thi dit cc sinh vt khc c hi. Quy trnh bng thi hi nc nng trc tip vo bung cha nguyn liu v tin hnh nh sau: (1) Sau khi thi hi nc nng nhit phng t 570 C, duy tr nhit ny 5 gi; (2) Sau 5 gi, lp tc thng gi a khng kh sch bn ngoi vo, nu c ch no trong compost t trn 600C th tip tc thng gi h xung 570C, nu nhit cc gin h di 570 C th ngng thng gi. Trong thi gian ln men pha II, c 3 gi thng gi mt ln, mi ln 15 pht. Tu nhit khng kh bn ngoi c th m 2 3 ca s nu khng nh hng n nhit gin. (3) Qua 3, 4 ngy 50-600C nhit phng (bung ) kh trng t t h xung; sau 5, 6 ngy t 400 C, lp tc thng gi mnh h nhit d xung bnh thng, kt thc ln men. Sau 7 ngy c th cy meo ging nm vo compost. 1.4.3.3. Cy meo ging v lan t nm Thng s dng meo ht, bp cho ht ti ra v rc vo nhng ng rnh co trn b mt lung, su n 2/3 lp compost. Sau cng ph mt lp mng nguyn liu ln trn b mt lung, dy khong 1,0 - 1,5 cm gi m. n ngy th 15, khi thy c si t nm trng lan u trn compost th bt u giai on to lp ph.

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Hnh 1.12: Si t nm ang lan trn b mt

Hnh 1.13. Ngay trc khi ph t - Si t nm lan y mt gin

1.4.4.4. Lp ph b mt cho ra nm. c im ring ch chuyn cho cng ngh trng nm m Agaricus l khi h si t nm lan y khi c cht th trn b mt phi c mt lp ph vi chiu dy khong 2-3 cm th nm mi ra qu th tt. y l cng on khng th thiu c cho trng nm m, khc hn vi cng ngh trng cc loi nm khng s dng compost thnh cht mn. C th dng nhiu loi nguyn liu khc nhau (t, phn trn, than bn trn vi mn,..) lm lp ph cho ra qu th. Nhng ngi trng nm Php v cc nc chu u dng lp ph gm 50% vi nh (3-5 mm) + 50% than bn, c kh trng Pasteur nh compost. Than bn lm lp ph cho kt qu ra nm tt nht ly t mt vng c, c ng bao c ch Activator (cht hot ha). Tuy nhin, nhiu ni chu , nh Vit Nam, dng t hay vt liu khc lm lp ph: Rc t to ra thnh tng ht, tng vin to bng khong ht ng ph ln khp b mt ca lung. dy lp t ph khong 1,0-1,5 cm. Tuyt i khng dng t vn, t bt hoc cc cc t qu ln.

Hnh 1.14. Thao tc nghin t ph qua ry

Hnh 1.15. Thu hi nm

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1.4.3.5. Chm sc, cc yu t mi trng Nhit : Nhit h si nm c th pht trin trong khong 10-370C, tt nht l 23-270C. Nhit ra qu th l 16-330C, nhng tt nht l 18-250C. Nm m Brasil c th trng c nc ta t min Bc n min Nam quanh nm, do kh nng chu c nhit cao. Khi rt di 100C th si nm khng mc, di 190C si nm sinh trng chm. Vi nhit 290C tuy si nm mc rt nhanh nhng li rt yu v d lo ha. Trn 300C, si nm bt u mc chm li. Ti 370C, si nm b cht kh. Khi nhit qu 250C qu th vn hnh thnh nhng cung di v d xe m nm. m: m nguyn liu nui cy si t nm tt nht l vo khong 58,5% (ng vi t l 1 nguyn liu : 4 nc). m tng i thch hp nht pht trin si nm l 60-85%, sn sinh qu th l 85-95%. m ca lp t ph nn l 6065%. Cn trang b cc m k trong phng trng nm. nh sng: Si nm pht trin tt khi khng c nh sng, v khi hnh thnh qu th th cn mt cht nh sng tn x. Thng kh: Agaricus brasiliensis l mt loi nm trng cn thng kh mnh cho s pht trin h si t nm v ra th qu. chua pH: pH thch hp cho s pht trin ca h si t nm l 4,5-8,5; nhng tt nht l 6-7. Khi hnh thnh qu th, tt nht nn duy tr pH vo khong 6,5-7,5 v pH ca lp t ph nn l 7. 1.4.3.6. Thu hi v bo qun Nm dng bp, khi mp tai nm cha bung ra, c thu hi, chn qu th to hi trc. Mt tay gi phn t st chn nm, mt tay t vo chn nm nh thng ln cho ra c phn r. Hi nm xong nu thy b mt lung c ch no b lm xung th phi dng t d tr b sung vo. Sau khi hi mi t phi phun nc ngay gi m. Nm m Brasil c th n ti hoc kh. bo qu ti c th gi lnh 3-50C trong vi tun. Nm c th phi hc sy kh cho vn chuyn thun li hn.

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Di cc iu kin t nhin, nm A. brasiliensis c th trng 2 v mi nm. Mi v thu hi 3 t. Ty iu kin kh hu, c th xc nh thi im gieo meo ging, m sau 50 ngy t lc gieo c th thu hoch nm.

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