Chng 8

Bo v ni t
8.1. Mt s khi nim, nh ngha
H thng ni t tp hp cc cc tip a v dy ni t c nhim v truyn
dn dng in xung t. H thng ni t bao gm ni t t nhin v ni t
nhn to.
Cc tip a Cc bng kim loi dng trn, ng hoc thp gc, di 23 mt
c ng su trong t. Cc cc ny c ni vi nhau bi cc thanh ging bng
phng php hn.
H thng ni t t nhin h thng cc thit b, cng trnh ngm bng kim
loi c sn trong lng t nh cc cu kin b tng ct thp, cc h thng ng dn
bng kim loi, v cp ngm v.v.
H thng ni t nhn to h thng bao gm cc cc tip a bng thp
hoc bng ng c ni lin kt vi nhau bi cc thanh ngang. Phn bit hai dng
ni t l ni t lm vic v ni t bo v.
H thng ni t lm vic h thng ni t m s c mt ca n l iu
kin ti cn thit cc thit b lm vic bnh thng, v d ni t im trung tnh
ca my bin p, ni t ca cc thit b chng st v.v.
H thng ni t bo v h thng ni t vi mc ch loi tr s nguy
him khi c s tip xc ca ngi vi cc phn t bnh thng khng mang in
nhng c th b nhim in bt ng do nhng nguyn nhn no . V d ni t v
thit b, ni t khung, b my v.v.
8.2. Phn tch c im ca qu trnh phn tn dng in trong t
Khi c s c chm t, dng in truyn vo t qua cc u cc tip xc ri
ta ra mi hng. Gi thit u tip xc c dng hnh cu ng knh D. Mt
dng in i vo t chnh l mt dng in tnh trn mt n v din tch ca
na b mt hnh cu Sc/2, c xc nh theo biu thc:
j=

I d 2I d
I
=
= d 2
2
S c D
2 .rc , A/m2
2

(8.1)

rc- bn knh cc tip a.

149

 mt im cch trc tip a

mt khong x, mt dng in s l:
jx =

Id
2 .x 2

, A/m2

(8.2)

Cng in trng ti im ny l:
E x = jx =

Id
2 .x 2

, V/m;

(8.3)

Trong
Id- dng in chy trong t, A;
ri in p trong di t dx:
dx = E x dx
(8.4)
in th ti im xt:

rc

(x)

max

x
20m

20m

I d dx
I
= d
2

2 x x
2.x

Hnh 8.1 Qu trnh phn

Id tn dng in trong
t v s phn b in th

- in tr sut ca t, .m.

x = dx =

Id

dx

(8.5)

Biu thc (8.5) chnh l phng trnh Hypebol. Gi tr in th cc i trn

cc tip a (ng vi bn knh ca cc tip a rc) c xc nh:
max =

Id
2 .rc

(8.6)

Vng t cch cc tip a 20 mt tr ln c coi l vng in th zero, c =0.

Ub

UtxM

UtxN

N
M
O
Hnh 8.2. c tnh in th do dng in chy trong t gy ra.

So snh cc gi tr in p tip xc ti cc im khc nhau, khi ngi ng

v tr M v N (hnh 8.2), ta thy U txM < UtxN, iu c th hin qua cc biu
thc:
UtxM = max- M

(8.7)

UtxN = max- N
150

Nu im N nm cch v tr t h thng ni t trn 20 mt th N=0, khi

in p tip xc s c gi tr ln nht (UtxN=max).
Phn tch c tnh in th hnh 8.2 ta rt ra mt s nhn xt sau :
- Khi ngi v tr cng gn vi ni t tip a th gi tr in p bc s cng
cao ;
- Ngi v tr cng gn im tip a m chm vo v thit b th in p tip xc
s nh hn so vi trng hp ng v tr xa (UtxM<UtxN).
8.3. Vai tr ca bo v ni t
T y, n gin, in tr ca h thng ni t bo v R d.bv c k hiu
ch n thun l Rd. Nh bit, trong mng in h p c trung tnh ni t, tt c
cc phn t kim loi ca cc thit b bnh thng khng mang in u c ni
vi h thng ni t bo v. Vai tr bo v ca h thng ni t ny c gii thch
nh sau :
Khi c s ngn mch chm masse, nu v thit b khng c ni t (hnh
8.3.a) th trn v s xut hin in p bng in p pha, do s gy nguy him khi
ngi tip xc vi n. Nu v thit b c ni t (hnh 8.3.b), th gi tr in p
tip xc ch bng ri in p trn in tr ca h thng ni t bo v, nu h
thng ni t bo v c gi tr nh th c th m bo c s an ton cho ngi
khi tip xc vi v thit b.

b)

a)

Hnh 8.3. Nguyn l bo v ni t

a) khi cha c ni t v thit b; b) khi c ni t v thit b.

Xt s hnh 8.4, khi c ngn mch chm masse s c dng in s c

chy trong mch kn Id , c xc nh theo biu thc:
Id =

U ph
Rtd + Rdn + R ph

(8.8)
151

Trong
Uph- in p pha, V;
Rtd- in tr tng ng:
Rtd =

Rng Rd
Rng + Rd

(8.9)

Rng- in tr c th ngi, ;

Rng

Rd- in tr h thng ni t bo v, ;
Rdn- in tr h thng ni t ngun, ;
Rph- in tr dy pha, ;

Rdn
a)

Gi tr in p t ln c th ngi l :
Utx= IdRtd;
(8.10)
Dng in chy qua c th ngi :
I ng

U
= tx
Rng

(8.11)

Thay gi tr ca Utx t (8.10) vo (8.11)

v sau mt vi bin i n gin ta c
I ng =

I d .Rtd
I .R
= d d
Rng
Rng + Rd

(8.12)

Rd
Id

Rng

Rd
Rdn
Rph

Ing

Id

Rtd
Rdn

Id

Rph

b)
Hnh 8.4. Gii thch vai tr ca bo v ni t.
a) S mng in c bo v ni t;
b) S thay th .

Ngha l dng in chy qua c th ngi ph thuc vo in tr ca h

thng ni t bo v Rd. Trong thc t ngi ta phi tnh ton sao cho R d c gi tr
m bo an ton cho ngi vn hnh.
8.4. Cu trc ca h thng ni t
a)
Theo phng thc b tr, h thng ni t
c phn bit hai loi l ni t ngoi
b)
bin v ni t bao quanh (hnh 8.5). Ni
Hnh 8.5. Cc loi h thng ni t
t ngoi bin thng c b tr xa v tr
a) Ni t ngoi bin;
t thit b (hnh 8.6). Ni t bao quanh
b) Ni t bao quanh.
c th c thc hin theo vng kn hoc
vng h.
h thng ni t bao quanh, trng phn b dng in t cc cc tip a
an vo nhau, do in th ti im bt k trn mt t bn trong khung tip a
kh cao. Tuy nhin, hiu in th gia cc im trn lnh th bn trong khung ca
h thng ni t li gim, do in p tip xc s khng ln.
152

Hnh 8.6. Ni t ngoi bin

a) mch vng; b) mch thng;
1- cc tip a; 2- dy ni t;
3- thit b ; 4- thanh ni.

b)
a)

b)

Trn hnh 8.7 ta thy gi tr in

p tip xc trong trng hp ni
Thanh
t bao quanh nh hn so vi
ni
Cc
tip
a
trng hp ni t ngoi bin
Utx2
(Utx2<Utx1). Do dng in
chy qua c th ngi khi tip
Utx1
xc vi v thit b nhim in s
nh hn so vi trng hp ni
t ngoi bin. san bng in
Hnh 8.7. in p tip xc
th, bn trong khung ni t v
Utx1- h thng ni t ngoi bin;
c bn ngoi, cc thanh thp
Utx2- h thng ni t bao quanh.
c b tr theo kiu mng li,
gi l ni t ng th.
8.5. Tnh ton ni t
Vic tnh ton ni t l xc nh s lng cc v thanh ngang cn thit
m bo in tr ca h thng ni t nm trong gii hn yu cu. in tr ca h
thng ni t ph thuc vo loi v s lng cc tip a, cu trc ca h thng ni
t v tnh cht ca t ni t tip a.
8.5.1. Tnh ton ni t theo in tr ni t yu cu (Ryc)
a) Trnh t tnh ton i vi t ng nht
Qu trnh tnh ton ni t theo R yc i vi khu vc c t ng nht c
thc hin theo cc bc sau:
1) Xc nh in tr yu cu ca h thng ni t
Nh phn tch trn, gi tr ca in tr ni t phi nh sao cho in
p tip xc khng vt qu gii hn cho php. in tr ni t trong mng in
c xc nh theo iu kin
R yc =

UL

Id

(8.13)
153

Trong
Id dng in ngn mch chy trong t, A;
UL - in p tnh ton c gi tr UL Ucp ;
Ucp- gi tr c p tip xc cho php, ph thuc vo thi gian ct ca bo v: i
vi mng in cao p Ucp=250V, nu h thng ni t c xy dng chung cho c
mng cao v h p th Ucp=125V. Trong trng hp c s dng cc thit b t ng
ct bo v th gi tr ca Ucp c th ly theo bng sau.
Bng 8.1 in p tip xc cho php ph thuc vo thi gian ct
t c, s
Ucp, V

0,3
50120

0,2
120 230

0,007
230 400

0,004
>400

Theo tnh ton, nu dng in ngn mch chy trong t c gi tr ln hn

500A, th in ca h thng ni t R yc 0,5 . iu thng xy ra i vi
mng in c h thng trung tnh ni t.
Cc gi tr Ryc tnh theo (8.13) phi khng c ln hn 10 . i vi cc
trm bin p tiu th, gi tr ca in tr ni t R yc ph thuc vo cng sut nh
mc ca trm, cn gi tr ca h thng ni t lp li R d.L, ph thuc vo in tr
ca h thng ni t chnh nh sau:
SBA, kVA
Ryc,
Rd.L,

< 100
10
30

100
4
10

in tr ni t cho cc khu nh nm trong gii hn 430 , ph thuc

vo in p cung cp, i vi mng in 380/220V, Rd10 .
2) Xc nh in tr ni t nhn to
Thng thng tng cng cho h thng ni t v tit kim cho h thng
ni t nhn to, ngi ta tn dng cc cng trnh ngm nh ng dn bng kim loi,
cc cu kin b tng ct thp, v cp, nn mng v.v. Tuy nhin y cn ht sc
lu l khng bao gi c s dng cc ng ng dn nhin liu. in tr ca tt
c cc cng trnh k trn gi l in tr ni t t nhin R tn. Gi tr ca in tr ni
t t nhin c xc nh theo phng php o, bng thit b o in tr tip a.
Nu gi tr Rtn < Ryc th khng cn phi xy dng thm h thng ni t nhn to.
154

Trong trng hp ngc li th cn tin hnh xc nh gi tr in tr tip a nhn

to Rn.tao theo biu thc:
Rn.tao =

Rtn .R yc
Rtn R yc

(8.15)

Rn.tao- in tr ca h thng ni t nhn to;

Rtn- in tr ca h thng ni t t nhin.
3) Chn in cc tip a v xc nh in tr ca chng
Nh trnh by, in cc tip a c lm bng thp trn, thp ng hoc
thp gc, c ng su trong t v c ni lin kt vi nhau bi cc thanh ni
dt nm ngang. Cc cc tip a bng ng c dn in tt, kh nng khng
i vi nh hng ca cc yu t tc ng ca mi trng cao, nhng vn u t
cao hn nhiu so vi h thng tip a bng thp.

Hnh 8.8. Mi quan h gia in tr ca cc tip a vi in tr

sut ca t v chiu di ca in cc, Rdc=f(, l)

in tr ca cc tip a ph thuc vo in tr sut ca t, v chiu di

ca n. Tuy nhin, nh th hin trn hnh 8.8, chiu di ca cc tip a ch c nh
hng nhiu khi n c gi tr khng ln. Khi chiu di l ca in cc tip a ln
hiu qu gim in tr ca n khng cao, c bit khi in tr sut ca t nh, v
vy ch nn s dng cc in cc di khi in tr sut ca t ln.

155

Trong nhiu trng hp bn thn h thng li ni t ch bao gm cc

thanh ni t ngang cng c th m bo c gi tr in tr ni t yu cu. Tuy
nhin, thng thng ngi ta kt hp h thng li ni t ngang v cc cc tip
a thng ng m bo n nh ca in tr ni t. in tr ca mt s
dng cc tip a c bn c biu th trong bng sau:
Bng 8.1. Tnh ton in tr ni t ca cc in cc tip a
in cc v c im

S b tr
h

Cc bng thp trn,

ng knh d m, chiu
di l m, chn thng
ng cch mt t h
m. in tr sut ca

Biu thc tnh in tr

Rdc =

2l 1 4l + 7 h
(ln + ln
)
2 .l
d 2
l + 7h

(8.16)

t , .m.

Cc bng thp trn,

ng knh d m, chiu
di l m, chn thng
ng u trn st mt
t.

4l
ln , ;
2.l
d

(8.17)

l
h

Thanh ngang dt c b
di L v rng b,m nm
cch mt t su
h m.

Rnga =

1,5 L
ln
, ;
.L
b.h

Rnga =

. ln
.L

(8.18)

Thanh ngang dt trn

ng knh d, m c b
di L, nm cch mt
t su h m.

Rdc =

L
,
d .h

(8.18)

Li ni t din tch

156

Fnd= a x b vi tng
chiu di cc thanh
ngang: L= n1.a+n2.b,
m.
Rluoi = [

1
1
1
+
(1 +
)]
L
20.Fnd
1 + h. 20 / Fnd

(8.19)
H thng gm n tia
trn ng knh d, di
l mt, kt sao, t gn
mt t.

Rsao =

4.l
.[ln
1 + N ( n)],
.n.l
d

N(n) (n-1).ln(3,414)-ln(n)
(8.20)

Din tch ni t Fnd (kch thc axb) trong biu thc (8.19) c xc nh
F bng ca vng c tnh ton ni t. C th c lng gn ng
trn c s mt
theo biu thc:
Fnd = 0,436

2
2
R yc

in tr ca thanh thp gc bn rng b m cng c xc nh tng t nh

thp trn, nhng thay gi tr d=0,95.b. Gi tr in tr sut ca mt s loi t c
trng c th hin trong bng 8.2.
Nu gi tr in tr sut ca t c xc nh theo phng php o th
= do.khc

(8.22)

do- in tr sut ca t theo ch s ca thit b o.

khc h s hiu chnh in tr sut ca t, ph thuc vo thi im o, hay ni
chnh xc hn l ph thuc vo trng thi ca t, c ly gn ng theo bng 8.3.
Bng 8.2. in tr sut trung bnh ca mt s loi t iu kin tiu chun
Loi t
t
t pha si
Ct
Ct pha
t en

, .m
3000
1000
700
300
200

Loi t
St pha
t st
t vn
t mn
t bn

, .m
150
100
40
30
20
157

Bng 8.3. Gi tr h s khc

Cc ni t
Thanh ngang dt chn su 0,5m
Thanh ngang dt chn su 0,8m
Cc ng su cch mt t 0,50,8m

t m
6,5
3
2

t tr. bnh
5
2
1,5

t kh
4,5
1,6
1,4

4) Xc nh s lng in cc cn thit khi cha tnh n thanh ni ngang

n1 =

Rdc
Rn.tao

(8.23)

Cc in cc c b tr thnh tng dy hoc theo chu vi ca thit b bo v.

Nu khong cch gia cc in cc qu gn th hiu qu ca h thng ni t s
thp, do nh hng ca hiu ng an cho. Sau khi s b phn b v tr ca cc
in cc, ta c th xc nh c khong cch trung bnh gia chng l a, t

Tnh ton in tr ni t

xc nh h s s dng , phc v cho qu trnh tnh ton tip theo.

=f(,L)
5) Xc nh in tr Ica
in tr ca
, Rtnh
, L thng ni t nhn to c tnh Rn
dc
d
cc thanh ni ngang
R 'n.tao =

R 'nga .Rn.tao

I >500A

R 'nga Rdn.tao

n1 =
(8.24)

Ryc 0,5

Rnga- in tr ca thanh ni Sngang c tnh n h s s dng.

Rnga

nga

Li
in
(8.25)

Rnga- in tr thanh ni ngang, ;

U 250V

U = f(t )

cp
k
nga- h s s
dng thanh cpni ngang,

ph thuc vo t s la/l v s lng

in cc n;
UL Ucp
la- khong cch gia cc in cc, m;
l- chiu di ca mi in cc, m.

Cao+h p
Ucp 125V
l

R 'nga
Cao
p=

Rdc
Rn.tao

nga= f(n1);
dc= f(n1)

la

la

R'n.tao =

R'nga .Rn.tao

Hnh 8.9 S b tr cc cc
R' tip Ra
nga

n =

n.tao

Rdc
dc .R 'n.tao

T
158
Hnh 8.10 S thut gii tnh ton ni t

Kt thc

H s s dng nga c cho trong bng 7.pl). Do s dng nhiu cc tip a,

trng phn b dng in trong t an cho nhau lm cho mt dng in tng
ln, in tr ni t cng tng ln lm gim hiu qu s dng ca h thng ni t.
Thng th h s s dng nm trong khong 0,5 0,8.
6) Xc nh s lng in cc chnh thc:
n =

Rdc
dc .R'n.tao ;

(8.26)

dc- h s s dng ca cc in cc, tra theo bng 5.pl tng t nh i vi h s

nga.
7) Kim tra iu kin n nh nhit ca h thng ni t
Tit din ti thiu ca thanh ni c xc nh theo biu thc:
Fmin = I d

tk
C

, mm2

(8.27)

tk- thi gian tn ti ca dng ngn mch chm masse Id chy trong t, sec.
159

C h s ph thuc vo vt liu lm thanh ni ( i vi thanh thp C=74).

iu kin n nh nhit l Fmin Fnga.
S thut ton qu trnh tnh ton ni t c th hin trn hnh 8.10
b) Tnh ton ni t trong trng hp c hai lp t khc nhau
Nu vng t ni t h thng tip a c s phn bit r rng ca hai lp
t, th cn phi xt n c im khng ng nht ny. in tr ca cc in cc
lc ny c xc nh theo biu thc:
Rdc =

1 + k kdn
1
4.l
l + 2hn
n
.(ln
+ k kdn
. ln
)
2
.
h
(8.28)
2. .l 1 + k .(
d
l
+
2
h
(
n

1
)
n =1
1)
kdn

Trong
kkdn- h s khng ng nht c xc nh theo biu thc:
k kdn =

2 1
2 + 1

(8.29)

1, 2 - in tr sut ca lp t trn v lp t di;

n s thanh ngang.
Tuy nhin, ta thy biu thc (8.28) qu phc tp, nn trong thc t c th p
dng biu thc gn ng
Rdc

l
2. .(

(l + h).l

ln
)

4.l
d

(8.30)

Biu thc ny c sai s di 3% nu t l l/h >6, cn t l l/h =1,5 th sai

s c th t n 15%.
Xc nh su chn in cc cn thit:
Trn nhnh phi ca trc honh (hnh
8.11) t gi tr dy ca lp t trn
A
hS, k vung gc t im tng ng vi60
dy hs n im gp ng 2/1,0,01
xc
0,001 0,1
0,2

5 trc tung. Sau , ng vi gi tr 2/R, k ng t trc tung mt

nh gi tr2/R=
A trn
50

3 song vi trc honh cho n khi gp ng thng 2/R nhnh

ng thng song

tri ca trc honh.2

10

0,3

15

40
0,5

0,1

30

0,01

20

10

30
h,m

5,0

2/1= 0,75

20

25

4,0

3,0

2,0

1,0

160
1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0 hs,m

Hnh 8.11. Biu xc nh su ca in cc tip a.

V d: Hy xc nh su cn thit ca cc tip a, bit dy lp t trn l

hS=1,2m, in tr cn nhn c l R= 10 , in tr sut ca cc lp t 1= 1000
.m v 2= 200 .m.
Trc ht ta cn xc nh cc i lng:

2/1= 200/1000=0,2;

2/R=200/10=20. K t im hS=1,2 tn trc honh ng thng vung gc, gp

ng 2/1=0,2; T giao im ny k ng thng song song vi trc honh cho
n khi gp ng 2/R = 20, dng xung trc honh ta tm c chiu su cn
thit l 3,8 m (ng chm chm trn hnh 8.11).
8.5.2 Tnh ton ni t theo in p tip xc v in p bc cho php
Theo ti liu ca IEEE /ANSI St 80-86, cng thc thc nghim biu th
ngng an ton ca dng in i vi c th ngi ph thuc vo thi gian dng
in i qua c dng:

2
I ng
.t k = S B

Trong
Ing ngng an ton ca dng dng hiu dng qua c th ngi, mA;
tk - l thi gian xut hin dng in, s;
SB - hng s kinh nghim lin quan n nng lng do in git.
T xc nh gi tr:
I ng =

kB
tk

(8.31)

Trong
161

kB = SB

h s kh hi, ph thuc vo trng lng ca c th ngi: k B= 0,116

vi ngi nng 50 kg v kB= 0,157 vi ngi nng 70 kg.
in p cho php:
U cp =

( Rng + bS .CS .S ) k B
tk

(8.32)

Trong
bS- h s ph thuc vo loi in p tnh:
S liu: , S,
i vi in p bc bS=6; i vi in p tip xc bS=1,5;
and,bnd, U, Z, h
tk thi gian s c, s;
Trnh t tnh ton h thng ni t TBA theo iu kin in p tip xc3.cho
U php
Ik =
2 Z1 +tr
Z 0sut ca
1) Xc nh cc s liu ban u nh din tch mt bng ca trm, in
t, dng s c chm t, thi gian s c
Id = CP.Df.Sf.Ik
2) Thit k s b mng ni t ch s dng cc in cc nm ngang ni vi nhau
Thit
k s ta
b:xc nh
thnh mt li (cha s dng cc cc). Vi mng li ny
ngi
D, L, n, d,
cc tr s sau :
- in tr mng ni t Rd;
11 1
Rd [ += (1+ )]
L 20.Fnd 1+ h. 20/Fnd
- Dng in cc i vo mng ni t Id;
- dng th t, Edng.
3) Tnh in p cc li sau so snh
dng th t, in p li vi cc gi tr in
p tip xc cho php v in p bc cho php :
Nu Edng > Utx.cp
Thay i:
v
Eli > Ub.cp
D, L, n
th phi b sung cc in cc ni t nm ngang hay
ng thm cc cc in cc ni t thng ng vo
mng ni t trong thit k s b.
S khi tnh ton c th hin trn hnh 8.12.
Cc iu kin tnh ton:
S
- Thi gian s c : t
- in p dy ca li: U
- in tr sut ca t: 2
- in tr sut ca lp vn: 1

Edng = Id.Rd
Edng Utx.cp

Eluoi

.I d .k m .ki
=
L

Eli Utx.cp

.I .k .k
Ub.t = d S i
LT

Ub.tt Ub.cp

Thit k chi tit

162

Ik =

3.U ph
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0

3.U
2 Z1 + Z 0

(8.34)

and

- dy ca lp : hS
- chn su mng ni t: h
- Tng tr th t thun: Z1
- Tng tr th t khng: Z0
- Din tch mt bng ca trm:Ftr.
Trnh t tnh ton ni t c tin
hnh theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1
Cn c vo mt bng trm bin p
xc nh din tch b mt s dng lm h
thng ni t a*b. thun tin ta
gi thit mt bng l mt hnh vung
(vi gi thit ny c th tn dng cc
ng cong trong biu thit k s b)
v li ni t l mt mng cc mt li Hnh 8.12 S thut gii tnh ton ni t theo
in p tip xc v in p bc cho php
nhng khng c cc cc in cc.
S b xc nh kch thc cc in cc ni t. Ta c mt h thng ni t n
gin nh sau: s dng cc in cc ni t ngang c ng knh d mt to thnh
mt mng mt li vi khong cch mi l D chn su h (m) v cha dng n
cc thng ng theo s hnh 8.13. Trn c s xc nh tng chiu di ca cc
in cc.
L= 2.n.D
(8.33)
Bc 2
Theo s liu cho ta tnh dng s c
chm masse coi (Z1=Z2):

Khi dng s c i vo t
n s b phn dng theo h s phn
dng Sf v thit lp cc dng i xng
tung ng: Idx = Sf . Ik
Sf: h s phn dng lin quan n bin

D
bnd
163

 ca dng s c v t l truyn vo
Hnh 8.13 S b tr cc in cc ngang
gia h thng ni t v vng xung quanh.
Theo kinh nhim Sf = 0,5 0,6.
Gi tr dng in cc i khng i xng i vo gia li ni t v vng
xung quanh c xc nh theo biu thc:
Id = CP.Df.Sf.Ik
(8.35)
CP: h s hiu chnh, tnh n s tng trng ca dng s c, (trong thi gian ca
tui th ca trm, vi h thng pht trin ly CP= 1) ;
Df: h s tt dn, ph thuc vo thi gian tn ti ca dng ngn mch (bng 8.2);
Bng 8.2 : H s tt dn theo thi gian s c.
Thi gian s c tk, s
Df

0,08
1,65

0,1
1,25

0,5

0,25
1,1

- Xc nh tit din thanh dn: F= F0.Ik

Gi tr F0 c xc nh ph thuc vo thi gian t k v loi in cc, tra trong
nomogram (hnh 8.14)
ng knh thanh dn
d=

4F

(8.36)

Cn c vo gi tr d, chn ng knh in cc hp l.
F0
A/mm2 mm2/kA Kch thc thanh
dn ngang mils/A
20
50
100
25
40
80
30
30
60
40
40
50
20
NO.304 steel
20

100

10

200

10

400

2,5

5
4
3

1,0

600
800
1000

30%CCS
97% Cu (2500C)
40%CCS
97% Cu (.thau)
97% Cu & 100% Cu (thau)

tk, sec

1
0,1

0,2 0,3 0,5

1,0

2,0 3,0

5,0

10

20

164

Hnh 8.14. Biu xc nh kch thc thanh dn.

Bc 3
Tnh ton in p tip xc cho php v in p bc cho php. Nu cc
in p tnh ton khng tho mn cc in p cho php th phi thay i thit k s
b cho ph hp.
Gi tr cho php ca in p bc:
( Rng + bS .b .C S .S ) k B

U b.cp =

(8.37)

tk

Gi tr cho php ca in p tip xc:

U tx.cp =

( Rng + bS .tx .C S .S ) k B

(8.38)

tk

CS- h s suy gim, ph thuc vo dy ca lp vn h S v h s khng ng

nht kkdn gia cc lp t;
k kdn =

2 1
2 + 1

(8.39)

2, 1 - in tr sut ca lp t v lp vn pha trn;

CS

kkdn=0

1,0
0,8

0,6

kkdn=-0,1
-0,2
-0,3
-0,4

0,4

-0,5
-0,6

0,2

-0,7
-0,8
-0,9

hS, m

0
0

0,04

0,08

0,12

0,16

0,20

0,24

165

Hnh 8.15. ng c tuyn CS = f (hS, kkdn)

CS=f(hS, kkdn), tra theo nomogram (hnh 8.15) hoc xc nh gn ng theo biu
thc:
CS =

1
k Bn
[1 + 2
]
0,96
1 + (2n.hS / b)2
n =1

(8.40)

n s lng thanh ngang song song

b bn knh tng ng ca bn chn (0,08m)
Bc 4
Xc nh in tr ca h thng ni t theo cng thc sau:
Rluoi = [

1
+
L

1
1
(1 +
)]
20.Fnd
1 + h. 20 / Fnd

(8.41)

Bc 5
Cn c vo gi tr Rd va tn c, xc nh dng th t theo biu thc: :
Edng = Id . Rluoi
(8.42)
Nu Edng < Utx.cp th bi ton kt thc, tc l in tr ca h thng ni t R d t
yu cu. Trong trng hp ngc li th cn xc nh in th li v in p
bc.
Bc 6
in th li c xc nh theo biu thc:
Eluoi =

.I d .k m .ki
L

(8.43)

Trong
: in tr sut ca t
L: tng chiu di cc ni t ca h thng ni t .
km: H s hnh hc ca h thng ni t c tnh theo cng thc:
km =

kii =

1
( 2n) 2 / n

k
1
D2
( D + 2 h) 2
h
8
[ln(
+

) + ii ln
]
2
16.h.d
8 D.d
4d
k h (2.n 1)

(8.44)

khi li ni t khng c cc in cc
166

kii =1 khi li ni t c cc in cc ng theo chu vi

ki l h s hiu chnh; ki = 0,656+0,172n;
n - l s thanh dn ni // vi nhau.
kh h s hiu chnh theo su:
kh = 1 +

h
h0

(8.45)

h0- chiu su t li ni t n mt t.
Nu Eluoi > Utx.cp, th cn phi b sung thm in cc dng cc ng theo chu vi,
tng thm chiu di cc in cc... Mi ln nh vy ta phi tnh li t bc th 4.
Bc 7
Xc nh in p li sau khi c b sung cc tip a.
Eluoi =

.I d .km .ki

(8.46)

LT

LT tng chiu di ca cc cc tip a trong h thng ni t

LT =Lng+ 1,1.Lc
(8.47)
Lng tng chiu di cc in cc nm ngang
Lc - tng chiu di cc cc tip a thng ng.
Nu Eli < Utx.cp th bi ton kt thc, cn trong trng hp ngc li th lp li
php tnh.
Bc 8
Xc nh in p bc tnh ton:
U b.tt =

.I d .k S .ki

(8.48)

LT

kS l h s hnh hc ca li ni t:
kS =

1
1
1
+
+ (1 0,5) n2 ]
2h D + h D
[

(8.49)

Nu Ub.tt < Ub.cp th coi nh h thng ni t t yu cu, trong trng hp ngc

li, cn b sung cc cc tip a v lp li php tnh.
8.6. o in tr ni t
in tr ca t ph thuc ch yu vo loi t, m v nhit ca mi
trng t. V vy n thay i theo ma. m bo an ton, in tr ca h thng
ni t phi nh v n nh trong gii hn cho php. m ca t kh n nh
su nht nh, v vy nn t h thng ni t su n mc c th.
167

8.6.1 Phng php o in tr sut ca t

Vic o in tr sut ca t c thc hin theo phng php 4 cc cn c
tn gi l phng php Wenner . Theo phng php ny, in tr sut ca t
c xc nh theo biu thc:
=2.a.R, .m;

(8.50)

Trong
- in tr sut ca t, .m ;
a - khong cch gia cc cc thm d, m ;
R in tr hin th trn thit b o, .
S o in tr sut ca t theo phng php 4 cc c th hin trn
hnh 8.16. Cm bn cc thm d thng hng, vi khong cch u nhau l a mt,
gi tr ca khong cch a ph thuc vo su cn th nghim. Cc cc thm d
khng c ng su qu 1/3 khong cch gia chng. V d xc nh in tr
sut ca t su 3m, cn c 4 cc thm d t cch nhau 4m. su cn ng
ca cc cc thm d l a/20, tc l 4/20 =0,5m.

Hnh 8.16. S o in tr sut ca t theo phng php 4 cc.

Php o c thc hin vi s tr gip ca thit b SATURN GEO UNILAP

GEO hoc UNILAP GEOX. V d nu hin th trn thit b o l 100 , th in
tr sut ca t s l
=2.a.R = 2.3,14.3.100 = 1885 .m

168

Thit b o s phng mt dng in mt chiu gia hai cc pha trong, ri

in p ph thuc vo in tr ca t s c ghi nhn. Thit b o s tnh ton v
hin th gi tr in tr t bng . Phng php o ny i khi gp sai s, nu nh
trong t c cc mnh kim loi. V vy cn phi thc hin thm php o vi vic
quay hng ca dy cc tham d i 900. Ta cng c th thc hin php o vi
su v khong cch khc nhau c th chn c loi s ni t hp l nht.
Kt qu ca cc php o cng c th b sai lch do s c mt ca nhng
dng in l, dng in s c v cc sng hi ca chng trong t. khc phc
iu , cc thit b o c trang b chc nng AFC (Automatic Frequency
Control) cho php la chn t ng tn s o hp l loi b cc tn s k sinh
khc nhau. Chc nng cho php thu c kt qu o chnh xc v hiu qu.
8.6.2. o in tr ni t
Vic o in tr ni t c th thc hin theo nhiu phng php khc nhau,
ty thuc vo loi thit b hin c v s ca h thng ni t. Di y trnh by
mt s phng php o thng dng.
8.6.2.1. Phng php 3 cc
Phng php 3 cc c p dng trn c s o in p, dng in v xc
nh dn ca t. S o in tr ni t theo phng php 3 cc c th
hin trn hnh 8.17.
Khi dng in i vo trong t, trc ht n chy qua in tr tip xc ca
h thng ni t, khi cng i xa th s lng sut in tr mc song song cng
nhiu v dn n khng, bi vy cho d gi tr dng s c ln n th no th in
th cng s bng 0. C ngha l, tn ti xung quanh mi in cc ni t mt vng
nh hng, do o in tr ni t cn phi p dng mt in cc ph tr S
gi l in cc in th khng cm bn ngoi vng nh hng gi l cc thm
d. Nh vy ba cc c s dng trong qu trnh o l cc E, S v H. Mt voltmet
c s dng o hiu in th gia cc cc E v S (UES) v mt
ampermet o
S
o ln 2
dng in gia cc cc ni t E v H (I EH). in tr ni t c xc nh theo
nh lut Ohm:
Vng nh
Vng nh hng
Vng nh
hng
Vng nh

hng
Vng nh
U
RE = ES
hng

I EH

hng

Vng nh hng
169
Vng nh hng
Vng nh hng

o ln 1

Hnh 8.17. S gii thch vng nh hng ca cc in cc E v H.

m bo chnh xc cn thit, cc S phi t ngoi vng nh hng, theo

kinh nghim thc t, khong cch t cc ph S n cc E l 62% khong cch gia
cc cc E&H (v l m phng php ny cn c tn gi l phng php 62%).
Php o c tin hnh ln u vi cc ph S mt pha v ln th hai pha i
din. Nu kt qu ca hai php o khc nhau th c nga l v tr ca cc S cn nm
trong vng nh hng. Cn tng thm khong cch v tin hnh o li. S o
in tr ni t c th hin trn hnh 8.18.

Hnh 8.18 S o in tr
ca h thng ni t

Ni thit b o theo s cho. n vo nt start l ta thc hin php o

in tr t. Nu h thng ni t c mc song song hoc ni tip vi h thng
khc, th kt qu nhn c l in tr ca h thng chung, tng ng ca tt c
cc h thng. Cn xc nh ring cho mi h thng. kim tra tin cy ca kt
qu o v m bo l php o c tin hnh n ngoi vng nh hng ca h
thng ni t, ta di chuyn cc thm d S tt c cc hng v tin hnh thc hin
170

li php o. Khi m tt c cc php o u cho kt qu gn ging nhau, c ngha l

khong cch gia cc cc thm d l va . Nu lch ca cc kt qu >30%,
th cn tng khong cch gia cc h thng ni t m ta cn o vi cc cc thm
d S v H cho n khi gi tr ca cc kt qu o n nh.
8.6.2.2 Phng php hai cc
Trong mt s trng hp khng th,
hoc rt kh mc cc cc tip a. Cc
thit b o HANDY GEO, SATURN
GEO, UNILAP GEO cho php thc
hin php o hai cc ca in tr hoc
mch vng . thc hin iu , cn
s dng mt cc tip a c s, nh
ng dn nc chng hn (hnh 8.19).
Hnh 8.19 o in tr ni t bng pp hai cc
Lu : ng dn kim loi cn c cch ring v khng c ch ni cch in.
8.6.2.3 Phng php khng dng in cc
H thng o gm thit b UNILAP GEO (hoc cc thit b tng ng) vi s
tr gip ca 2 Amper km, cho php o in tr ni t ni t ca cc thit b khc
nhau (hnh 8.20). H thng o ny khng cn phi tho cc h thng ni t mc
song song. iu ht sc thun tin.
Phng php da trn c s l trong cc thit b in vi h thng ni t
phc tp gm nhiu h thng mc song song, in tr ni t ca h thng chung
lun nh hn in tr ni t ca cc h thng thnh phn m ta cn o. in tr
ni t ca h thng mc song song R 1, R2 Rn rt nh. Trong thc t, sai s php
o ca RX c th b qua. Amper km th nht cp vo mt in p, trong khi
amper km th hai o dng in chy qua. iu cho php o dng v p ng
thi v do tnh c in tr RX.
Phng php o in tr bng Amper km ch p dng i vi h thng ni
t, c xy dng vi nhiu thit b song song. Do mt phn ca h thng khng
mc song song vi cc tip a cn o nn khng th thc hin c php o (do
khng c mch vng), hoc php o c kt qu sai s nhiu.

171

Hnh 8.20. S o in tr ni t ca cc thit

b vi s tr gip ca hai amper km.

Phng php ny cho php o in tr ni t c lp ca cc h thng ni

t trong h thng phc hp gm c li ng p, m thng c s dng nhiu
trong mng in phn phi. Vic s dng mt amper km c bit o dng in
chy qua in cc ni t c lp cho php loi tr c nh hng ca cc h
thng ni t song song. Vi phng php phn tch c bit, bng cch lc nhiu,
ta c th thu c kt qu o cc k chnh xc. Bt c h thng ni t n gin
hay phc tp no, u c th p dng cc phng php t cc thm d nh
trnh by thc hin cc php o. V tr t cc in cc ph thuc vo ng
cho ca li tip a, cho trong bng sau.
Bng 8.1.Khong cch t cc in cc o in tr ni t, mt.
ng
cho ca
HTN kiu
li

Khong
cch ca cc
thm
d
in p P2/S

Khong
cch
ca
cc ni t
ph C2/H

20
25
30
50
70

30
50
70
100
130

50
80
100
170
200

c chnh xc cao, nht thit Hnh

phi 8.21
t cc
cc thm d in p (P2/S) trnh
S o in tr ni t bng Amper km.
vng nh hng ca cc cc tip a v cc ph, nu khng th kt qu o s b sai
lch. kim tra tin cy ca kt qu o v m bo l php o c tin hnh
ngoi vng nh hng ca h thng ni t, ngi ta di chuyn cc thm d
172

P2/S khong 1 m tt c cc hng v tin hnh thc hin li php o. Khi m tt

c cc php o u cho kt qu gn ging nhau, c ngha l khong cch gia cc
cc thm d l va .
Nu lch ca cc kt qu >30%, th cn tng khong cch gia cc gia
cc h thng ni t m ta cn o vi cc cc thm d P2/S v C2/H cho n khi
gi tr ca cc kt qu o n nh.
8.6.3. o in tr ni t ca cc thit b ang hot ng
8.6.3.1 o in tr ni t mch vng
Vic o in tr ni t ca mch vng gm h thng ni t ngun R dn v
h thng ni t bo v thit b R d c tin hnh nh th hin trn hnh 8.22, gm
cc bc sau:
1) Tho im ni ca dy trung tnh (ct cu dao A) (hnh 8.22.a)
- Ni cc cc E v ES vi N (Tip a ca trung tnh ca mng in h p) vi s
tr gip ca hai dy cp 50m ;
- Ni cc S vi cc th nht vi s tr gip ca 50m cp ;
- Ni cc H vi cc th 2 vi si cp 100m ;
- t thit b o gia M v N khong cch 20m so vi trc ni hai im ny ;
- Tin hnh php o in tr ni t Rd(N)
(Vic ct im A l rt cn thit o in tr ni t ca trung tnh)
2) Tin hnh nh trn, nhng vi cc cc E v ES ni vi h thng ni t M
(ni t ca mng in trung p) (hnh 8.22.b)
- Thc hin cc php o in tr ni t Rdn(M)
3) - Ni cc cc E v ES vi M vi s tr gip ca hai si cp di 50m (hnh
8.22.c);
- Ni cc cc S v H vi N (tip a ca trung tnh mng h p) vi s tr gip ca
hai si cp di 50m.
- Tin hnh o in tr RM/N.

173

Hnh 8.22. S o in tr ni t mch vng Rdn&Rd.

4) Tnh ton ni t ca mch vng

Rd .mv =

Rdn ( M ) + Rd ( N ) RM / N
2

5) Xc nh h s
k=

Rd .mv
Rdn ( M )

H s k phi c gi tr nh hn 0,15.
8.6.3.2 o in tr ni t ca ct in cao th
S o in tr ni t ca ct cao th c th hin trn hnh 8.23 v 8.24.

Hnh 8.23. S o in tr ni t ct cao th.

174

 c kt qu o chnh xc in
tr ni t ca cc ct cao th c
cp bo v, khi o cn phi tho
chng ra. Nu mng ct c nhiu
dy ni t, th cn tch ring
chng vi nhau.
Thit b UNILAP GEO c
trang b my bin dng hnh Hnh 8.24. S o in tr ni t ln lt tng
chn ca ct cao th.
xuyn (gc m n 310 mm) cho
php o in tr ni t ca mi
chn ct m khng cn tho cp bo v v cc dy ni t khc.
Nh biu th trn s , in tr ni t ni t l chung ca ct vi cc cc
tip a mc song song. Cn tin hnh o in ln lt tr ni t ca 4 chn ct
(hnh 8.24) tnh ton theo biu thc: bit.
8.6.3.3 o in tr ni t ca trm bin p
khng nh l h thng ni t ca trm bin p lm vic hiu qu, cn tin
hnh o in tr ni t mi nm mt ln.
Khi kim tra trm bin p cn phi thc hin 3 php o in tr ni t khc
nhau. Bt u bng vic xc nh loi h thng ni t, v d h thng ni t li,
h thng cp nc v.v.
Thng thng cc my bin
p, ct in cao p v.v. c ni vi
h thng ni t. Vic tin hnh o
in tr ni t ca trm bin p
cng c thc hin tng t nh
trn vi s tr gip ca cc thit b
o SATURN GEO, lUNILAP
GEOX. chc chn rng h thng
ni t li khng nh hng n
Hnh 8.25 o in tr ni t ca trm bin p

175

php o, cn phi di chuyn cc thm d P2/S nhiu ln v thc hin cc php o

sau mi ln di chuyn. Nu cc kt qu o lch nhau qu 30%, th cn tng khong
cch ca cc cc P2/S v C2/H so vi h thng ni t m ta mun o, cho n khi
nhn c kt qu gn nhau.
8.6.4. Cc bin php gim in tr ca h thng ni t
Trong qu trnh vn hnh in tr ca h thng ni t tng ln,
i khi c th vt qu gi tr cho php, v vy cn p dng cc bin
php gim n xung n gi tr yu cu. Trong thc t c th c nhiu
gii php khc nhau, ty theo iu kin c th p dng cc bin php
thch hp v kinh t nht.
8.6.4.1 S dng cc in cc tip a tng cng
Mt trong nhng gii php c hiu qu l s dng cc cc tip a tng
cng b sung cho h thng ni t. Hin nay trn th trng c nhiu
loi in cc tip a cht lng cao nh cc tip a m ng ca hng
Kumwell, cc tip a cht lng cao ACE (hnh 8.26) v.v.
Hnh 8.26. Cc tip a cht lng cao.

c im ca cc cc tip a ny l c hm lng cascbon thp ton b b

mt ngoi c m mt lp ng nguyn cht dy khong 0,245mm.
u im ln ca cc loi cc tip a ny l c kh nng chng n mn cao
v vy tui th c th ko di n 30 nm, c kh nng tn dng s c ln do in
tr thp, c th ng su n hng chc mt.
8.6.4.1 S dng cc dung dch ha cht
Gii php s dng dung dch ha cht gim in tr ca h thng ni t
c p dng kh ph bin do s n gin ca n. Mt trong nhng ha cht dng
gim in tr ca h thng ni t rt c hiu qu l MEG (More Effective
Grounding). l hp cht gm bt than ch, ximng pooclng v mt s ha cht
khc. u im ca loi ha cht ny l lm gim in tr ni t rt nhiu, cho
php ko di tui th ca cc cc tip a v n c th gip cho cc cc tip a
chng n mn, gi cho in tr ca h thng ni t n nh trong thi gian di.
Vic p dng bin php ny cng ht sc n gin : Ngi ta ch cn n thun ri
trc tip bt MEG trong khu vc ca h thng tip a, hoc pha vi nc sch
khong 7 lt/bao (mi bao nng 11,5kg), mt s dng bt MEG l 1450 kg/m 3.
176

C th dng MEG bc cc cc tip a v cc thanh ngang. Ha cht MEG c

bit c hiu qu i vi cc vng t si , cc khu vc min ni vng cao.
8.7. V d v bi tp
V d 8.1. Hy tnh ton ni t cho trm bin p 22/0,4kVcng sut 250 kVA t
trn mt khu t c din tch 6x5m, khng c in tr ca h thng tip a t
nhin, in tr sut ca t l =80 .m; Cng dng in ngn mch mt pha
chy qua h thng tip a l I (1)k= 320A, thi gian tn ti ca dng ngn mch l
t=0,5 giy.
Gii:
Nh bit, in tr ni t cho php i trm bin p c cng sut >
100kVA l Ryc=4 . Ta gi thit mt bng ca h thng ni t l mt hnh ch
nht c kch thc: 6 x 5 m. S b chn in cc tip a l cc ng thp trn
ng knh d=0,05m, di lc=2m, chn su h = 0,5m (tnh t u cc n mt t).
in tr tip xc ca mi in cc c gi tr
Rdc =

80
2.2
1
4.2 + 7.0,5

2l 1 4l + 7 h
(ln
+ ln
) = 30,26
(ln + ln
)=
2
.
3
,
14
.
2
0
,
05
2
2 + 7.0,5
2 .l
d 2
l + 7h

S b xc nh s lng in cc
n=

Rdc
30,26
=
= 7,57
R yc
4

Ta chn n = 12 cc, phn b theo chu vi ca trm bin p ;

vi khong cch trung bnh la=2 m. Cc in cc c
ni vi nhau bi thanh ngang dt rng b=0,04m, dy 0,01m
Tng chiu di ca cc thanh ngang l
Lng=2.(a+b)=2(5+6)=22m
in tr ni t ca cc thanh ngang
Rnga =

.Lng

ln

1,5 Lng
b.h

100
ln
3,14.22

1,5.22
= 6,31
0,04.0,5

Xc nh h s s dng ca cc cc v thanh ni ngang ng vi t s l a/lc=1 v s

lng in cc n=12 ta tm c c=0,57 (bng 5.pl) v ng=0,34 (bng 7.pl)
Gi tr in tr ca cc in cc thng v thanh ni ngang c xt n h s s dng
Rdc =

Rdc
30,26
= 4,424
=
dc .n 0,57.12

177

R 'ng =

Rng

6,31

= 0,34

ng

=18,57

Tng tr ca h thng ni t
Rd . =

R 'ng .Rdc
R 'ng +Rdc

18,57.4,424
= 3,572
18,57 + 4,424

<4

Nh vy Rd. < Ryc

Kim tra n nh nhit ca h thng tip a .
Id = CP.Df.Sf.Ik = 1 . 1,1 . 0,6 . 320 = 211,2 A
CP: h s hiu chnh tnh n s tng trng ca dng s c trong thi gian ca
tui th ca trm, vi h thng pht trin ly bng 1
Df: h s tt dn ly bng 1,1 v h s Sf= 0,6
Fmin =

Id

tk
Ct

= 211,2

0,5
= 2,02mm 2 =
74

Ftn = 40.10 = 400 mm2;

Vy h thng tip a tho mn v iu kin n nh nhit.

V d 8.2 Hy tnh ton ni t cho trm bin p 110/22kV, t trn mt khu t c
din tch 80x95 m, in tr ca h thng tip a t nhin l R tn= 84 , in tr
sut ca t l o= 110.m, o trong iu kin m trung bnh (kcc=1,5 v
knga=2); Cng dng in ngn mch mt pha chy qua h thng tip a l
I(1)k=2,59kA, thi gian tn ti ca dng ngn mch l t =0,5 giy.
Gii:
Nh bit, in tr ni t cho php i mng in c dng ngn mch
mt pha > 500A l Ryc= 0,5 .
Ta gi thit mt bng ca h thng ni t l mt hnh vung c kch thc:
Fnd = 80 x 80 = 6400m2. Ta c mt h thng ni t n gin nh sau: cc in cc
ni t ngang bng thp, ng knh 6 mm, to thnh mt mng mt li vi
khong cch mi l D=8 m chn su h=0,8m: Nh vy ta c tt c 2.11=22 thanh
ngang vi tng chiu di cc in cc nm ngang l:
80m
L = 2 . 11 . 80 = 1760 m.
Xc nh in tr ca h thng ni t.

Rluoi =110.2.[

1
+
L

1
1
(1 +
)]
20.Fnd
1 + h. 20 / Fnd

1
+
1760

1
1
(1 +
)]
20.6400
0,8 20 / 6400

80 m

Rluoi = 0 .k hc [

= 0,757 ;
8

178

in tr ca h thng bao gm tip a t

nhin v li thp ngang
Rtn+luoi =

Rtn. .Rluoi
84.0,757
=
= 0,75
=
84 + 0,757
Rtn + Rluoi

in tr ca h thng cc tip a nhn to cn phi xy dng thm

Rnt =

Rtn+luoi . .Rd
0,75.0,5
= 0,75 0,5 =1,5
Rtn+luoi Rd

Chn cc tip a bng thp trn di l = 5,5 m, ng knh d = 0,06 m ng su

cch mt t h = 0,8 m. in tr tip xc ca in cc ny c gi tr
Rdc =
=

0 .k hc
2l 1 4l + 7 h
(ln + ln
)
2 .l
d 2 l + 7h

110.1,5
2.5,5 1
4.5,5 + 7.0,8
(ln
+ ln
) = 27,07
2.3,14.5,5
0,06
2
5,5 + 7.0,8

S b chn s lng cc
n=

Rdc
27,07
=
=18,04 chn n = 20 cc;
1,5
Rn.t

Khong cch trung bnh gia cc cc l la = 16 m;

Tra bng 5.pl. ng vi t l l a/l = 16/5,5 = 2,91 v s lng cc l 20, ta xc nh
c h s li dng ca cc cc tip a l coc=0,68
in tr thc t ca h thng cc tip a l
Rdc =

Rdc
27,07
=1,99
=
dc .n 0,68.20

in tr tng hp ca h thng tip a nhn to c tnh n in tr ca li v

in tr t nhin
Rd . =

Rtn+luoi .Rdc
0,75.1,99
= 0,544
=
0,75 +1,99
Rtn+luoi + Rdct

Gi tr in tr ny hi ln hn so vi in tr yu cu, do ta iu chnh li thit

k s b bng cch tng thm s lng cc l n=26 (s b tr cc in cc nh
hnh bn), khi coc=0,70:
R ' dc =

27,07
=1,487
0,7.26

R ' d . =

Rtn+luoi .R 'dc
0,75.1,487
= 0,75 +1,487 = 0,498
Rtn +luoi + R 'dct

Nh vy Rd. < Ryc m bo yu cu ra.

Kim tra n nh nhit ca h thng tip a.
Trc ht xc nh dng in chy qua tip a
179

Id = CP.Df.Sf.Ik = 1 . 1,1 . 0,6 . 2,59 = 1,7094k A=1709,4A

CP: h s hiu chnh tnh n s tng trng ca dng s c trong thi gian ca
tui th ca trm, vi h thng pht trin ly bng 1
Df: h s tt dn ly bng 1,1 v h s Sf= 0,6
Fmin =

Id

tk
Ct

=1709,4

0,5
=16,33mm 2 <
74

Ftn = (dluoi/2)2.= 32.3,14 = 28,26 mm2;

Nh vy iu kin n nh nhit m bo.

V d 8.3: Hy Tnh ton ni t cho mt cng xng, bit in tr yu cu l
Ryc=10 , in tr sut ca cc lp t trn l 1= 2000 .m v lp t di
2=200 .m, dy lp t trn l hS=0,8m.
Gii: Trc ht ta cn xc nh cc i lng: 2/1=200/2000=0,1;
2/Ryc=200/10=20. K t im hS=0,8 tn trc honh ng thng vung gc, gp
ng 2/1=0,1 (hnh 8.11); T giao im ny k ng thng song song vi trc
honh cho n khi gp ng 2/Ryc=20, dng xung trc honh ta tm c chiu
su cn thit l h= 3,8 m.
Chn in cc bng thp ng c ng knh d=0,05m, chiu di lc=4m, xc
nh in tr tip xc ca in cc
Rdc

l
2. .(

+ (l h).

ln
)

4.l
d

4
4.4
ln
= 23,89
3
,
8
4
= 2.3,14.(
+ (4 + 3,8)
) 0,05
2000
200

S b xc nh s lng in cc
n=

Rdc
23,89
=
= 2,389
R yc
10

Ta chn n =3 phn b theo dy khong cch l a=4 m. Chn thanh ni l dy thp

ng knh dng=6mm, c chiu di l:
Lng=(n-1).la= (3-1).4 =8 m
in tr ca thanh ni
Rnga =

2
ln
.Lng

Lng
d ng .h

200

= = 3,14.8 ln

8
= 31,82
0,006.3,8

ng vi t s la/l=1 v n=3, tra bng 5.pl v bng 7.pl tm c c= 0,8 v ng=0,8

in tr ni t ca cc phn t c xt n h s s dng
R'dc =

Rdc
23,89
=
= 9,954
dc .n 0,8.3

180

R 'ng =

Rng

ng

31,82
= 40,8
0,78

Tng tr ca h thng ni t
Rd . =

R 'ng .Rdc
R 'ng +Rdc

40,8.9,954
= 8 <
40,8 + 9,954

10

Nh vy tha mn yu cu
V d 8.4: Tnh ton ni t cho trm bin p 110 kV vi cc d kin cho trc
nh sau:
58
- Thi gian s c
t = 0,25 s
50
- in p nh mc
U = 115 000 V
- in tr sut ca lp vn 1 = 1150 m
- dy ca lp vn
- chn su mng ni t

hS = 0,16 m
h = 0,5 m

- Tng tr th t thun

Z1 = 4,3+j10,5

- Tng tr th t khng

Z0 = 12+j40,3

75

- in tr sut ca lp t di 2 = 300 m

Ik =
=

50 m

- Din tch mt bng ca trm Ftr = 58 x 75 m

Bc 1.
Ta gi thit mt bng ca h thng ni t l mt hnh vung c kch thc:
Fnd = 50 x 50 = 2500m2.. Ta c mt h thng ni t n gin nh sau: s dng cc
in cc ni t ngang to thnh mt mng mt li vi khong cch mi l
D=5 m chn su h = 0,5m v cha dng n cc thng ng theo hnh sau :
Nh vy ta c tt c 2.11=22 thanh ngang:
50m
Tng chiu di cc in cc nm
ngang l:
L = 2 . 11 . 50 = 1100 m.
Bc 2.
Dng s c chm t
3.U ph
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0
3.115000
3 ( 2( 4,3 + j10,5) +12 + j 40,3)

= 3080,1 A

5m

181

Dng in cc i khng i xng i vo gia li ni t v vng xung

quanh c xc nh
Id = CP.Df.Sf.Ik = 1 . 1,1 . 0,6 . 3080,1 = 2032,9 A
CP: h s hiu chnh tnh n s tng trng ca dng s c trong thi gian ca
tui th ca trm, vi h thng pht trin ly bng 1
Df: h s tt dn vi thi gian tk= 0,25 ly bng 1,1 v h s Sf= 0,6
Vi tk v Ik ta xc nh kch thc cc in cc nm ngang theo ng cong cho
trong hnh 14. ng vi tk=0,25 ta chn loi in cc bng thp, th t ng cong
trn ta c F0 =7,5 mm2/kA.
Tit din thanh dn: F= F0.Ik= 7,7.3,08 = 23,1 mm2
ng knh thanh dn
d=

4F
=

4.23,1

= 5,425 mm= 0,00543m

Trn c s s liu tnh ton ta chn ng knh in cc chn ngang l 6mm tc l

d=0,006 m.
Bc 3
Tnh ton in p tip xc v in p bc cho php. Trc ht ta xc nh h s
phn hi gia lp vn v lp t c in tr sut khc nhau:
k kdn =

2 1 300 1150
=
=-0,586
2 + 1 300 +1150

Cn c vo kkdn=-0,586 v dy lp vn hS=0,16 tra biu hnh 15, ta xc

nh c gi tr CS=0,28. Cc tnh ton c thc hin i vi ngi c trng
lng trung bnh l 70 kg.
U b.cp =
U tx .cp =

( Rng + bS .b .C S .S ) k B
tk
( Rng + bS .tx .C S .S ) k B
tk

(1000 + 6.0,82.1150)0,157
0,25

=2090,6 V

(1000 +1,5.0,82.1150)0,157
0,25

= 758,15 V

Bc 4
Xc nh in tr ca h thng ni t.
Rluoi = .[

1
+
L

1
1
(1 +
)]
20.Fnd
1 + h. 20 / Fnd

Thay cc gi tr tng ng:

182

1
Rluoi = 300.[
+
1100

1
1
(1 +
)] =1,672
20.2500
0,5 20 / 2500

Bc 5
Tnh dng in th t :
Edng = Id . Rluoi = 2032,8.1,672 = 3398,54 V
Edng > Utx.cp ; (3398,54 V > 758,15 V)

Ta thy:

Nh vy cn tin hnh cc bc tnh tip

Bc 6
Xc nh in th li
tnh in th li trc ht ta cn xc nh cc h s:
- H s hnh hc ca h thng ni t
km =
=

k
1
D
( D + 2 h) 2
h
8
[ln(
+

) + ii ln
]
2
16.h.d
8 D.d
4d
k h [2.(n 1)]

1
52
(5 + 2.0,5) 2
0,5
0,57
8
[ln(
+

)+
ln
] =0,59
2
16.0,5.0,006
8.5.0,006
4.0,006
1,225 ( 2.11 1)

1
1
Do li ni t khng c cc tip a nn kii = (2n) 2 / n = (2.11) 2 / 11 =0,57;

50m

ki = 0,656+0,172n = 2,548
kh = 1 +

h
0,5
= 1+
h0
1

= 1,225

Eluoi =

.I d .k m .ki
L

300.2032,9.0,59.2,548
1100

50 m

in th li

= 831,68 V
Kt qu trn cho thy
5m
Eluoi > Utx.cp (831,68 > 758,15 V
iu c ngha l thit k s b khng t yu cu. Vy cn phi b sung
thm in cc dng cc ng theo chu vi. Ta dng 20 cc c chiu di mi cc l
5m, ng knh 6cm, ng cch nhau 10m theo chu vi. Tng chiu di tnh ton
ca h thng ni t gm cc in cc nm ngang v in cc thng ng l
LT = Lng+1,1.Lc = 2.11.50 + 1,1.20.5 = 1210 m
* Tnh li in tr h thng ni t:
Rluoi = .[

1
+
LT

1
1
(1 +
)]
20.Fnd
1 + h. 20 / Fnd

183

Thay cc gi tr tng ng:

Rluoi = 300.[

1
+
1210

1
1
(1 +
)] =
20.2500
0,5 20 / 2500

1,647

* Tnh li dng in th t :
Edng = Id . Rluoi = 2032,8.1,647 = 3348,14 V
Edng > Utx.cp ; (3398,54 V > 758,15 V)
Bc 7
Tnh in th li sau khi b sung cc tip a.
Do c thm cc tip a nn lc ny h s kii=1;
Eluoi =

.I d .k m .ki
LT

300.2032,9.0,59.2,548
=
1210

604,65 V

Kt qu trn cho thy Eluoi < Utx.cp

(604,64 < 758,15 V)
Bc 8
Xc nh in p bc tnh ton:
xc nh in p bc, trc ht cn xc nh h s hnh hc ca li ni t:
kS =

1
1
1
1
1
1
0,5 n2
[
+
+
+
+ (1 0,5) n2 ] =
3,14 2.0,5 5 + 0,5
5
2h D + h D
1

U b.tt =

.I d .k S .ki
LT

300.2033.0,38.2,55
1210

=0,38

= 483,51 V

Nh vy ta thy: Ub.tt < Ub.cp (483,51V < 2090,6 V)

Tha mn yu cu an ton ca h thng ni t.
Kim tra n nh nhit
Fmin =

Id

tk
Ct

= 2033

0,25
= 13,74
74

mm2 < Ft= (d/2)2. = 32.3,14 = 28,26 mm2;

Vy h thng tip a tho mn v iu kin n nh nhit.

Tm li theo kt qu tnh ton thit k s b ta cn 1100 m thanh ngang bng
thp ng knh 0,006m v 20 cc thp di 5m, ng knh 0,06m. Tuy nhin y
cha phi l con s cui cng, v c th cn c nhiu phng n khc c th hiu
qu hn, m chng ta khng xt n trong khun kh ca chng trnh ny. c
c kt qu cui cng cn phi gii bi ton so snh kinh t - k thut.
Bi tp t lm
Bi tp 8.1 Hy tnh ton ni t cho trm bin p 10/0,4kV,cng sut 400 kVA t
trn mt khu t c din tch 4x6m, khng c in tr ca h thng tip a t
184

nhin, in tr sut ca t l =75 .m; Cng dng in ngn mch mt pha

chy qua h thng tip a l I (1)k= 412A, thi gian tn ti ca dng ngn mch l
t=0,5 giy.
Bi tp 8.2 Hy tnh ton ni t cho trm bin p 110/22kV, t trn mt khu t
c din tch 75x90 m, in tr ca h thng tip a t nhin l R tn= 63 , in tr
sut ca t l do= 100.m, o trong iu kin t kh (kcc=1,4 v knga=1,6);
Cng dng in ngn mch mt pha chy qua h thng tip a l I (1)k=2,07kA,
thi gian tn ti ca dng ngn mch l t =0,5 giy.
Bi tp 8.3 Hy Tnh ton ni t cho mt cng xng, bit in tr yu cu l
Ryc=20 , in tr sut ca cc lp t trn l 1= 1500 .m v lp t di
2=300 .m, dy lp t trn l hS=0,8m.
Bi tp 8.4 Tnh ton ni t cho trm bin p 110 kV vi cc d kin cho trc:
- Thi gian s c
tk=0,3s
- dy lp vn
hS = 0,24 m
- in p nh mc
U=115kV
- Tng tr t. t thun
Z1=5,1+j12,4
- in tr sut ca t
2 = 100 m - Tng tr t. t khng Z0=14+j48,23
Ftr = 70 x 95 m
- ca lp vn
1=1500 m - Mt bng ca trm
- chn su tip a
h=0,8m
Tm tt chng 8
Phn tch c im ca qu trnh phn tn dng in trong t
j=

Mt dng in i vo t:

I d 2I d
I
=
= d 2
2
S c D
2 .rc , A/m2
2

jx =

Mt dng in ti mt im
Cng in trng ti im ny

Id
2 .x 2

E x = jx =

Id
2 .x 2

, V/m;

dx = E x dx

ri in p trong di t dx:

in th ti im xt:

, A/m2

x = dx =
x

I d dx
I
= d
2

2 x x
2.x

d
Gi tr cc i ca in th : max = 2 .r
c

Vai tr ca bo v ni t
Dng in chy trong t:

Id =

U ph
Rtd + Rdn + R ph

185

Dng in chy qua c th ngi:

I ng =

I d .Rtd
I .R
= d d
Rng
Rng + Rd

Cu trc ca h thng ni t
- Ni t ngoi bin thng c b tr xa v tr t thit b.
- Ni t bao quanh c th c thc hin theo vng kn hoc vng h.
Cu hi n tp
1. Hy phn tch qu trnh dng in i trong t
2. Hy trnh bi vai tr ca ni t bo v
3. Cho bit cu trc c bn ca h thng ni t
4. Hy trnh by phng php tnh ton ni t theo in tr yu cu
5. Hy trnh by phng php tnh ton ni t theo in p tip xc
6. Phn tch vai tr ca bo v ni dy trung tnh
7. Phn tch vai tr ca ni t lp li
8. Phng php o in tr sut ca t bng 4 cc
9. Phng php o in tr ni t bng 3 cc v 2 cc
10. o in tr ni t ca cc thit b ang hot ng
Rtb = 0,25

, ;

(8.21)

Tm bn din tch F, m2, chn thng ng trong t.

186