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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

BI M U
Bi vit ny gii thiu v phng php hc c p dng cho Kha hc thc hnh thit k Kt cu Online. Cc bn s tun t thc hin 17 bi tp, ban u mi ngi ch c quyn truy cp Bi m u v Bi 1, sau khi bn thc hin xong mi bi tp v chng ti xc nhn kt qu lm bi l t, th bn s c cp quyn truy cp thc hin bi tp tip theo. Nhim v v yu cu ca mi bi tp c nu r trong tng bi. Bn cn thc hin ng cc yu cu mi c xc nhn l t ni dung ca bi . Trong mi bi tp thng c b sung cc clip hng dn, bn nn theo di thc hin bi tp tt hn.Hai bi u tin l 2 bi n gin nhng tng i quan trng. Bn cn thc hnh mt cch nghim tc to c phong cch lm vic khoa hc cht ch. Ni dung kha hc: Trong qu trnh tham gia kha hc, hc vin s c cc bi thc hnh v theo bn v mu, v mt bi tp xuyn sut thc hin cc bc thit k kt cu. Chng trnh gm 17 bi tp vi ni dung nh sau:

Bi 1: Thc hnh bi v mt bng kt cu theo bn v mu s 1 Bi 2: Thc hnh bi v mt bng kt cu theo bn v mu s 2 Bi 3: Chn la s b kch thc tit din v dng mt bng kt cu cho bi tp
xuyn sut Bi 4: Thit lp cc khai bo trong Etabs Bi 5: Dng m hnh kt cu

Bi 6: Xc nh v khai bo ti trng tnh (Tnh ti, hot ti) Bi 7: Xc nh v khai bo ti trng Gi (thnh phn ng v tnh) Bi 8: Xc nh v khai bo ti trng ng t Bi 9: Hon tt m hnh v phn tch ni lc Bi 10: V bn v chi tit Dm theo bn v mu Bi 11: Thit k v v bn v Dm in hnh cho bi tp xuyn sut Bi 12: V bn v chi tit Sn theo bn v mu Bi 13: Thit k v v bn v chi tit Sn cho bi tp xuyn sut Bi 14: V bn v chi tit Ct theo bn v mu Bi 15: Thit k v v bn v chi tit Ct cho bi tp xuyn sut Bi 16: V bn v chi tit i cc theo bn v mu Bi 17: Thit k v v bn v chi tit i cc cho bi tp xuyn sut

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

Gio trnh thit k kt cu

BI 1 V MT BNG KT CU THEO BN V S 1
1. CC QUY NH CHUNG 2. NHIM V V YU CU 2.1. Nhim v: V theo bn v mu Cc bc thc hin: + V cc ng li + V cc ct (bao gm Hatch B tng) + V cc dm + Hatch cc sn + Chn t l bn v (theo kh bn v A4) Xc lp cc thng s lin quan n t l (Linetype Scale: lnh LTS), TextHeight, To Dim tng ng V cc ng ging cho DIM DIM v t tn trc 2.2. Yu cu: S dng cc Style (Layer, Text, Dim) c quy nh trong file Form.dwg; th hin bn v trong file Form.dwg, n v mc nh ca bn v l Inches.Nt v bin dm khng c bng qua Ct (bt u t mp ct v kt thc ti cc mp ct). Cc nt khng c chng ln nhau. Tun theo cc quy nh v th hin DIM (bao gm ng ging bng nt KCS_KHONG_IN). Khong cch t mp Text ti i tng i km (v d Text tn dm v mp dm) khng c b hn 0.8mm (khi in ra). Yu cu s dng loi ch l DText cho tt c cc i tng Text (c sn trong file Form.dwg) Cc lnh AutoCAD cn s dng trong thc hnh - LINE: v on thng - COPY: Lnh copy i tng - OFFSET: Lnh offset i tng - FILLET: Lnh ni 2 i tng ti giao im - TRIM: Lnh ct i tng ti giao im - MATCHPROP: Lnh sao chp thuc tnh ca i tng - LTS: Lnh t Linetype Scale cho ton b bn v (gi tr nhp cho lnh ny l n*10 i vi h inchs trong n l t l bn v. V d t l bn v l 50 th nhp gi tr l 500) 3. BI LM Cu hi + Ti sao vic t tn dm v d D1 khng t t trc 1 n trc 2 m li di t trc 1 n trc 4;

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

Gio trnh thit k kt cu


+ Khi bn v c nhiu t l th lnh LTS s theo t l no? 10*n + Gi tr ca lnh LTS ph thuc vo kch thc (t l scale) ca khung bn v, Trong trng hp 1 file cad c nhiu khung bn v vi cc kch thc khc nhau, th s dng gi tr LTS cho khung bn v ph bin nht (v d c 2 khung c scale 100 ln v 1 khung c scale 25 ln th 2 khung scale 100 ln gi l khung ph bin), cc i tng v trong khung t ph bin c t Linetype Scale ph hp - t xc nh gi tr ny (v bn thn mi i tng c gi tr Linetype Scale ring, chn i tng v s dng ph Ctrl+1 thy iu ny). Tuy nhin li khuyn ca mnh l cc khung bn v c kch thc khc nhau th t cc file khc nhau, s d dang hn cho qun l v th hin + Vic v nt dm ch ti mp ct nh vy th khi tnh ton chiu di dm th vn tnh ti tim ct ch anh? ti v tr hai dm giao nhau ti ct th Cc bc lm bi tp s 1 - Move file Form.dwg ra mt folder khc, copy file Form.dwg ra mt foler bi 1 v i tn thnh bi tp s 1.dwg B1: V ng li - Trc khi v i v layer KCS_AXIS - Dng lnh line hay pline v cc ng li c chiu di khong 12000 mm - Cha cn to cc u tn trc ngay khi no phn chnh chiu cao ch theo t l bn v s x l mt th B2: V cc ct (bao gm Hatch B tng) - V cc ct bng lnh Line, Copy, Move, Offset, Mirror. B3: V cc dm B4: Hatch cc sn B5: Chn t l bn v (theo kh bn v A4) 4. Li sa Np ln 1: + Nhng Li gp phi - Tn cc ghi ch l kiu: KCS_MIDTEXT cao ch 4mm - Cc mp dm vng h ct m KCS_BORDER - Cc mp dm vng thang l KCS_BORDER - Mp l thng kiu KCS_BORDER - HATCH l thng kiu KCS_HATCH - LINE dm dng ti mp l thng, l k thut - Layer HATCH Ct ch - Cn l CENTER cho text Mt bng kt cu V t gia mt bng - To cc ng dng v dng chn DIM theo hng dn, ch khong cch gia cc ng dng, khng xa cc ng dng.

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

Gio trnh thit k kt cu


( V hnh ch nht bo quanh mt bng theo layer khng in, ri sau offset ra 20*t l bn v v ng dim u tin cch chn dim l 8*t l bn v) - Dng thng cc text tn dm theo l bn tri - Khi dim m st qu ko text v pha bn tri hng nhn - To cc ng dng chn DIM ch khng xa cc ng dng

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

Gio trnh thit k kt cu

BI 2 V MT BNG KT CU THEO BN V S 2
1. Nhim v ca bi tp s 2: V Mt bng kt cu sn tng 3 theo bn v mu Quan st bn v Kin trc nhn nhn v phng php b tr Dm S dng file LayerSet KCS.lsp thc hin cc lnh v nhanh 2. Yu cu: Tun th cc yu cu ca bi tp s 1 Chn t l bn v da vo khung bn v A3 Cc lnh s dng: NT : KCS_BORDER NS : KCS_STEEL NM : KCS_CHI ND : KCS_DIM NC : KCS_COLUMN NI : KCS_AXIS NK : KCS_HIDDEN NR : KCS_KHONG_IN

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

Gio trnh thit k kt cu

BI 3 CHN S B TIT DIN CT DM SN


1. Nhim v ca bi tp s 3 Chn s b tit din cc cu kin Ct, Dm, Sn V mt bng kt cu sn tng 3 2. Cc bc thc hin + Chn s b tit din Ct, Dm v Sn theo nguyn tc c trnh by ti y, tit din v b tr Vch thang my c ly theo bn v Kin trc. + V li ct + B tr Dm theo nguyn tc tha mn cc vai tr ca Dm. Dm c b tr vi cc vai tr sau: (1) ni cc Ct, Vch; (2) Chia nh sn; (3) bo cho sn (ti bin, ti cc l thng ...); (4) tng nu cn thit. + Th hin hatch sn vi ch sn khu vc v sinh c h ct 5cm. Ch : B tng cp bn B30, cng trnh cao 10 tng, mi tng cao 4.2m 3. Yu cu: Tun th cc nguyn tc th hin bn v trong Bi tp s 1, kh giy A2 + Mt s lu khi thc hin bi tp: - i vi cc l k thut c nh v y th khng cn thit phi c ghi ch nh cc bi tp trc - i vi cc dm c b rng >= 200 th cn b sung trc nh v ti tim dm nh v cho dm thng qua tim dm (khng p dng i vi cc dm chnh i qua ct vch c nh v thng qua trc chnh). - Vch c th hin nh Ct trn mt bng kt cu (nt bo bi layer KCS_COLUMN, kiu hatch BETONG). - Lanh t vch c th hin nh Dm trn mt bng kt cu (KCS_BORDER hoc KCS_HIDDEN theo tng trng hp c th). Khng cn ghi ch lanh t vch (tn, kch thc) nh Dm. 3.1. Quy nh v cc ng DIM - Mt bng thng 3 tng DIM chnh vi vai tr nh sau: Tng DIM ngoi cng o khong cch gia cc trc xa nht Tng DIM gia o khong cch gia cc trc chnh (c t tn) Tng DIM trong cng dng nh v cc trc ph, dm ph v.v... Hnh nh minh ha

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

Gio trnh thit k kt cu

3.2. Hng dn nh v dm: - i vi cc Dm chnh i qua Ct, Vch - c nh v thng qua cc trc chnh. - i vi cc Dm ph c b rng >= 200, cn b sung trc ph i qua tim dm. Cc dm ph ny s c nh v thng qua trc ph. - i vi cc Dm ph c b rng < 200, vic nh v dm c tin hnh thng qua cc ng DIM t trc (chnh hoc ph) gn nht ti mp dm, v ng DIM th hin b rng Dm. - Chng ta s t tn (hay nh s th t) theo nguyn tc u tin sau: t tn dm chnh trc, dm ph sau Theo phng X trc, phng Y sau Dm pha di trc, pha trn sau (ln lt t trc A n B, C, v.v..) Dm bn tri trc, bn phi sau (ln lt t trc 1 n 2, 3, v.v..) Tn dm c t vi quy nh nh hnh di, nu khng c s tng th b trng, v d: D1-20 (35x70) hoc D-20 (35x70). Lu l ch c duy nht 1 du cch trong tn dm

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

Gio trnh thit k kt cu


l gia s 20 v du "(", hnh nh pha di ch mnh ha c th thy r rng hn. Ch rng dm c kch thc hnh hc khc nhau, cu to ct thp khc nhau th cn c t tn khc nhau!

3.3. Phng php la chn tit din dm, ct, sn - Phng php la chn tit din dm, ct, sn c cp tng i k trong cc gio trnh BTCT tp 1, 2 v cun hng dn thit k sn BTCT ton khi (hng dn n BT1). Nu bn c nh tm hiu v KC th nn sm cc cun ny. V rt c bn v cn thit. Ngoi ra cn tm hiu cc tiu chun nh: Ti trng v tc ng (2737-1995) v thit k kt cu BTCT (356-2005) - C th tm tt nguyn l nh sau: Ti trng (t dn n ni lc v chuyn v) l yu t quyt nh cho vic la chn tit din ca cu kin. Tuy nhin c cc cng thc s b cho vic la chn tit din cu kin c trnh by sau y i vi dm: h = (1/10 ~ 1/15)*L i vi dm chnh; h = (1/15 ~ 1/20) * L i vi dm ph; b = (0.3 ~ 0.5)*h. Trong L l nhp dm. Khi h<600 th ly theo bi s ca 50, khi h >600 ly theo bi s 100 i vi ct: b*h = (1.2 ~ 1.5)*N/Rb; b = (0.25 ~ 1)*h. Trong N l lc dc, Rb l cng chu nn tnh ton ca ct. Lc dc c th ly bng = (din chu ti mi tng) * (s tng) * (ti trng trn 1 mt vung sn). Trong ti trng trn 1 mt vung sn c th ly bng 1.2T/m2.

Chn tit din ct th tnh nh sau:


(1.2->2)*S*1.3*1.1*n=N;F=N/Rn vy l tm xem tit din ct thnh theo th ny nhp vo m hnh ; sau tng gim tit din cho hp l i vi sn: d = (1/40 ~ 1/50)*L1 i vi mng: S cc n = N / [P], trong N l lc dc cp phn ct. [P] l sc chu ti ca mi cc.

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

Gio trnh thit k kt cu


4. CU HI: 4.1. Cu 1 - V vic la chn s b kch thc tit din i vi dm th L tnh nh th no? v d L =9.6m th h=(1/10-1/15)*9.6m= 0.960.64m th chn h=? Vi ct: p dng cng thc h = (1.2 ~ 1.5)*N/Rb; b = (0.25 ~ 1)*h , mong anh th tnh mt ct trong bi tp 3 em tham kho vi anh nh, v phn tnh ct cng hi kh hiu? Em thy phn kin trc c b tr ct ri th mt bng kt cu c th ly sang c ng khng anh? 4.2. Cu 2 - (y l h dm ph giao nhau (gi l giao nhau v hai dm ph ny c chiu di nhp (tnh ti cc dm chnh) tng i bng nhau, c iu kin chu ti bng nhau). Dm ny n vo l k thut cng khng sao, l k thut ang rt to 5. TR LI 5.1. V nhp tnh ton ca Dm Nhp tnh ton ca Dm c xc nh l khong cch gia cc gi gn nht m dm truyn lc ln.i vi dm chnh: l khong cc gia cc ct, cc vch, hoc gia ct v vch. i vi dm ph: l khong cch gia cc dm chnh i vi h dm ph giao nhau m kch thc tit din cc dm ging nhau v nhp dm gn ging nhau: l khong cch gia cc dm chnh i vi h dm ph giao nhau m kch thc tit din cc dm khc nhau ( cng khc nhau): l khong cch gia cc dm ph c tit din ln hn ( cng n v ln hn) Khi nim tng qut vn l khong cch gia cc gi m dm truyn lc ln. Trong trng hp ca bi tp, bn xc nh L = 9.6m i l chnh xc i vi dm theo phng X 5.2. i vi ct

Khi xc nh din tch tit din ca Ct Din chu ti ca ct trn mi tng c xc nh theo nguyn tc pha di

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

Gio trnh thit k kt cu

6. Li bi 3 - Dm A gc ln dm B th dm B phi c kch thc ln hn hoc bng dm A - H dm ph giao nhau c thit k c cng kch thc - Cc dm trn trc ny c thit k ng trc v c b rng bng nhau (tham kho kin trc) - Suy ngh th hin li cho ng cc layer ca lanh t vch

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

Bi tp s 4 Thit lp cc khai bo trong Etabs


1. Cc bc thc hin

Khai bo cc tit din Dm Khai bo cc tit din Sn: ch cc phng chc nng khc nhau (hnh lang, phng lm vic, kho, v sinh v.v..) cn c khai bo vi cc loi sn khc nhau (mc d c th cng chiu dy) thun tin cho vic gn ti trng v sau Khai bo cc tit din Vch: ch khai y cc loi Vch theo chiu dy. 2. Yu cu: - Thc hin theo cc hng dn (sau bi vit ny). Li ct c xy dng theo cng trnh bi tp s 3. Vt liu cp trn. - Gi file Etabs (*.EDB v *.$ET) qua hm th ketcausoft.edu@gmail.com 2.1. Lu khi khai bo tit din Ct - Chng ta s dng Etabs tnh ton din tch ct thp Ct, khi cn ch rng vic phn b ct thp trng ct nh hng n kt qu tnh ton. Do khi khai bo tit din ct, trong mc Reinforcement Data cn lu cc im: - Khong cch t mt ngoi ca b tng ti tm ct thp (Cover to rebar center), thng thng khong cch ny bng 25mm + D/2. Trong khai bo c th t bng 40mm l hp l. - S lng ct thp phn b cng u cng tt. n gin, trong thc hnh nn ly nh sau: s lng ct thp t trn cnh no th bng n = Kch thc cnh (theo mm) / 100 - ng knh ct thp ch c ngha khi thc hin bi ton kim tra, trong bi ton din tch ct thp nn ly bng nhau, c th ly cng bng 20d.

t n v l T-m Xy dng h li Chn tiu chun thit k BS 8110-97 Khai bo vt liu (b tng B30, ct thp dc A-III, ct thp ai A-I) Khai bo cc tit din Ct, ch cc lu v khai bo tit din ct.

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

Mt im na khi khai bo ct thp l hng t ca tit din. i vi tit din


vung th chng ta khng cn quan tm nhng i vi tit din ch nht th cn lu . DEPTH l chiu cao lm vic khi un theo trc 3. WIDTH l chiu cao lm vic khi un theo trc 2. Mc nh trong etabs l: trc 2 trng vi trc X, trng 3 trng vi trc Y. Do , v d khi ct c tit din 70x90 m 90 l cnh i theo hng trc Y th cn khai bo trong Etabs l DEPTH = 0.7m v WIDTH = 0.9m 2.2. Cc thng s v vt liu: Khi lng ring: 0.25 T.s2/m3 Trng lng ring: 2.5 T/m3 Modul n hi: Ty thuc cp bn, xem tiu chun Cng vt liu: xem bng di

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

3. Cc thng s bi 4 3.1. Ti trng - Vn phng gm: phng vin ph, vin trng, phng lm vic : 200KG/m2 - Kho: - Phng hp c gh gn c nh : 500KG/m2 - V sinh - Phng k thut - Hnh lang

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


3.2. Li trc

3.3. Cc tng - Chiu cao mi tng 4.2m, cng trnh cao 10 tng

3.4. Vt liu Khi lng ring: 0.25 T.s2/m3 Trng lng ring: 2.5 T/m3

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


Modul n hi: Ty thuc cp bn, xem tiu chun Cng vt liu: xem bng di

4. Quy i n v - 1MPa = 10^6Pa 1Pa=1N/m2 1KN=10^3N 1MPa=10^3KN/m2 - 1T=100KG (tn lc) 1KN=10^3KG 1T=10KN 1MPa=100T/m2 - 1daN/m2=10N/m2 1KN/m2=1000N/m2 1daN/m2=10^-3T/m2 - T ta tnh ti trng ln sn v d sn phng lm vic q=200daN/m2=0.2T/m2 5. TNH TON DIN TCH CT THP BNG ETABS - THEO TCVN (Bi vit ny da trn nghin cu ca tc gi v nhng im tng ng trong vic tnh ton ct thp gia hai tiu chun BS8110-97 v TCVN356-2005, c gi c th tm hiu qua ti liu sau: So snh BS8110-97 v TCVN) C BS8110-97 v TCVN356-2005 u tnh ton cu kin b tng ct thp da trn l thuyt v trng thi gii hn (v bn v trng thi s dng). i vi cu kin loi

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


Dm, c BS ln TCVN u thit lp phng trnh cn bng lc trng thi gii hn, gii phng trnh v tm ra lng ct thp yu cu. i vi cu kin loi Ct, cch truyn thng c nu ra trong BS l quy i v trng hp lch tm phng vi h s quy i, bn cnh , BS cng a ra cc biu tng tc dng kim tra kh nng chu lc ca tit din. TCVN vn ang cht vt vi vic tnh ton ct chu nn lch tm xin, tuy nhin a ra iu kin tng qut, v cng thc cho php xc nh ng sut ca ct thp ph thuc vo v tr ca ng gii hn vng nn. Nhng nm gn y, cc nghin cu v vic xy dng biu tng tc t c nhiu kt qu, bn cnh l quy trnh tnh ton ct thp theo phng php ng dn da vo biu tng tc. Chng ta hon ton gii c bi ton khung BTCT theo TCXDVN 356-2005! Nhng trc ht hy tn dng Etabs ci . Mc d Etabs khng cung cp la chn tiu chun TCVN356 trong tnh ton ct thp, nhng t nhng im chung ca hai tiu chun nh ni trn, chng ta hon ton c th dng Etabs + BS8110-97 + Ti trng VN + Vt liu VN -> Ct thp theo TCVN356 5.1. S dng tiu chun BS 8110-97, nhng sa i 2 thng s gim hot ti v gii hn s dng (tm dch)

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

5.2. Khai bo t hp thit k l t hp theo tiu chun Vit Nam

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

5.3. Thay i c trng vt liu theo tiu chun Vit Nam Bn cn bit, mc d BS yu cu bn nhp hai thng s v cng Vt Liu l fcu (cng c trng ca b tng, tng ng vi cp bn. V d: B15 l 15MPa, B20 l 20MPa) v fy (gii hn chy ca ct thp) Tuy nhin gi tr tnh ton ca vt liu theo BS c ly nh sau: i vi B tng: cng tnh ton = 0.67*fcu/1.5 i vi Ct thp: cng tnh ton = fy/1.05 y 1.5 v 1.05 l h s an ton ring cho B tng v Ct thp Suy ngc li, nu bn mun khai bo vt liu theo tiu chun Vit Nam, bn cn khai bo cng tnh ton nhn vi cc h s trn. V d: Vi b tng B15, R=85 kG/cm2 -> fcu khai bo s bng: 85*1.5/0.67 = 190.3 kG/cm3 Vi b tng B20, R=115 kG/cm2 -> fcu khai bo s bng: 115*1.5/0.67 = 257.5 kG/cm2 Vi b tng B25, R=145 kG/cm2 -> fcu khai bo s bng: 145*1.5/0.67 = 324.6 kG/cm2 Vi ct thp AII, R=2800 kG/cm2 -> fy khai bo s bng: 2800*1.05 = 2940 kG/cm2 Vi ct thp AIII, R=3650 kG/cm2 -> fy khai bo s bng: 3650*1.05 = 3832.5 kG/cm2 y fcu v fy c khai theo tiu chun Vit Nam quy i ln, khng phi theo con s ng vi ngha ca n nh trong BS.

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

Cn ni thm rng kt qu tnh ton nh trn ch ng v mt nh tnh (s liu), m khng ph hp v mt php l. KetcauSoft cng pht trin cc phn mm thit k kt cu b tng ct thp bng cch s dng ni lc ca Etabs v tnh ton ct thp theo tiu chun Vit Nam.

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

BI 5 Dng m hnh kt cu sn tng 2, cao +4.200 (Ct, vch, dm, sn)


1. Nhim v ca bi tp s 5:

Dng m hnh kt cu sn tng 2, cao +4.200 (Ct, vch, dm, sn)


2. Cn ch khi thc hnh:

Ct, Vch, Dm c xy dng ng trc (tim ct, tim dm v tim vch trng vi trc) mc d trn mt bng kt cu c th trc ca cc cu kin ny khng trng vi h li. Lanh t thang my c khai bo nh 1 dm thng thng c chiu rng bng chiu dy ca vch, chiu cao bng chiu cao tng tr chiu cao ca thang my, trong chiu cao ca thang my l 2.2m S dng chc nng Draw Point ca Etabs to cc im trung gian khi cn thit bt im
3. Yu cu:

Thc hin theo cc hng dn pha di Cc phng c chc nng ring (vn phng, v sinh, hnh lang ...) cn c khai bo bi cc loi tit din sn ring Cn to cc Dm o (Null Line, hay cc Frame c loi tit din NONE) di cc v tr c tng m khng c dm tht. Tuy nhin, khi tng ngay cnh dm tht th c th gn ti trng ln dm tht v khng cn xy dng dm o. 4. Cu hi bi 5 - Ti sao khi v dm ct khng t ng theo Mt bng kt cu lun? C phi thun tin cho v khng ? Khi v sn v sinh th khng offset xung 5cm m vn nguyn v tr nh vy c nh hng g ti kt qu khng? - Trong bi bi tp s 5 l: v mt bng kt cu sn tng 2 cao 4.2m nhng trong khi sn bi tp s 3 l sn tng 3, cng trnh c 10 tng cao mi tng l 4.2m. Nn i li l v mt bng kt cu sn tng 3 bi tp s 3, v khi d nhm. - Nhng dm cch trc mt on th vn v bnh thng ch ? Nn ly kch thc no khai bo dm D10-25x40 nh hnh di y?

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

- Cho nay co dam khong?

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

BI 6 Xc nh v khai bo ti trng tnh (Tnh ti, hot ti)


1. Nhim v ca bi tp s 6:

- Xc nh v khai bo ti trng tnh (Tnh ti, hot ti)


2. Cn lu khi thc hnh:

Cho n bc ny chng ta vn ch mi xy dng m hnh cho kt cu tng 1. Chng ta vn s cha thc hin vic sao chp m hnh ln cc tng khc trong bi tp ny. Hot ti (HT) c xc nh theo tiu chun TCVN 2737-1995, cc gi tr c quy nh ring cho cc phng chc nng (vn phng, hnh lang, v sinh v.v..). Tnh ti (TT) bao gm: Ti trng cc lp hon thin ca sn, ti trng tng xy, vch knh. Vt liu hon thin sn bao gm: Lp va trt dy 15mm, lp va lt dy 20mm, lp gch lt dy 10mm Tng xy bao gm: 2 lp trt hai bn - mi lp dy 15mm; gch xy dy 220mm hoc 110mm i vi tng loi tng. H s l ca (nu c ca) l 0.75 Vch knh dy 1cm, h khung nhm c khi lng tnh theo mt vung vch l 50kG/m2. 3. Yu cu: - Khai bo cc trng hp ti trng TT v HT trong M hnh Etabs (bi tp xuyn sut) - Xc nh cc loi ti trng TT v HT v th hin di cc bng Word hoc Excel - Gn cc ti trng TT v HT vo vo m hnh - Np bi tp bao gm file xc nh ti trng v file Etabs.

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

7 Bi tp s 7

1. Nhim v ca bi tp s 7 - Xc nh v khai bo ti trng Gi (thnh phn Tnh v ng) 2. Cn lu khi thc hnh - Sau khi hon thnh xong bi tp s 6, hon thin m hnh bng cch s dng chc nng nhn bn (replicate) ca Etabs nhn sn tng 1 ln cc sn khc - Cn gn Diaphragm trc khi phn tch m hnh (c lp theo cc phng) - Cn thit lp khi lng tham gia dao ng (Mass Source) ch From Load, v gi tr bng: 1*TT + 0.5*HT - Cn chia o sn trc khi phn tch ni lc (xem hng dn pha di) - Cn gn lin kt ngm cho cc chn ct trc khi phn tch ni lc - S dng phn mm WDL tnh ton ti trng gi. Ch rng sau khi bn import file *.mdb, bn cn nhp cc gi tr Lx v Ly ln lt l kch thc theo phng X v Y ca mt bng. - Thnh phn tnh, v cc thnh phn ng c khai bo vi cc trng hp ti trng khc nhau. V d theo phng X c: GTX - Gi tnh, GDX1 - Gi ng ca dng dao ng thc nht, GDX2 - Gi ng ca dng dao ng th 2; v.v.. - Cng trnh c xy dng li thnh ph Bc Ninh (Tn c theo TCVN 2737-1995 l: th x Bc Giang, tnh H Bc) 3. Yu cu - Khai bo cc trng hp ti trng do Gi (cc thnh phn Tnh v ng) - Gn cc trng hp ti trng do Gi vo m hnh - Gi file Excel xc nh ti trng gi (thnh phn Tnh v ng), v file Etabs 4. Lu chia o sn trc khi chy dao ng 4.1. Bc 1: Chn ton b m hnh 4.2. Bc 2: Chn menu Assign > Shell/Area > Area Object Mesh Options ..., thit lp nh hnh di

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

CC BI VIT
1. BI 1 T hp ti trng v t hp ni lc Cc loi ti trng (thng xuyn, tm thi, c bit ...) c phn bit da trn tnh cht tc ng ca n ln cng trnh. S tc ng ca chng ln cng trnh c th ng thi hoc khng, do cn xt n cc trng hp t hp tm ra trng hp c ni lc bt li nht. V xt n xc sut xut hin ng thi ca cc loi ti trng, ngi ta ra cc h s t hp. Xt v hnh thc, t hp ti trng l cng ti trng trc (c k n h s t hp) ri mi gii bi ton xc nh ni lc; cn t hp ni lc l gii bi ton xc nh ni lc cho cc trng hp ti trng ring r trc ri mi cng ni lc li vi nhau (c k n h s t hp) Xt v mt gi tr, t hp ti trng v t hp ni lc mang li kt qu ni lc ging nhau cho h n hi tuyn tnh (kt cu thng thng c gi thit l n hi tuyn tnh) TCVN 2737-1995 mc 2.4 ch cp n t hp ti trng Xt v mt gi tr th t hp ti trng v t hp ni lc mang li kt qu ging nhau, nhng xt v gc tnh ton th c s khc bit v mt hiu qu. V d, chng ta ch c 4 trng hp ti trng l Tnh ti (TT), Hot ti (HT), Gi phng X (GX), Gi phng Y (GY) nhng li c 5 trng hp t hp: TH1: TT + HT TH2: TT + 0.9*HT + 0.9*GX TH3: TT + 0.9*HT - 0.9*GX TH4: TT + 0.9*HT + 0.9*GY TH5: TT + 0.9*HT - 0.9*GY Nh vy, nu s dng t hp ni lc th chng ta ch cn gii 4 bi ton ni lc cho 4 ti trng ring r, trong khi cn phi gii 5 bi ton xc nh ni lc nu s dng t hp ti trng. S lng bi ton cn tng ln rt nhiu nu s dng tiu chun nc ngoi. Do , chng ta thng s dng phng php t hp ni lc thay cho t hp ti trng (v kt qu cui cng ging nhau) 2. BI 2 Nhng mu thun khi phn tch kt cu lm vic ng thi vi nn t s dng phng php m hnh cc bng lin kt n hi Vic phn tch kt cu lm vic ng thi vi nn t trong s dng phng php m hnh cc bng lin kt n hi (m hnh spring) ang c s dng ngy mt rng ri. Mt u im ca phng php ny l xt n c s lm vic mm ca i cc v s tham gia c h ging mng trong s phn phi m men trong i cc. M hnh spring cn gii quyt mt cch gn gng bi ton i cc phc tp. Tuy nhin bn cnh nhng u im, m hnh spring cha ng trong nhng mu thun c th dn ti s sai lch trong kt qu tnh ton.

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


2.1. nh hng ca m hnh spring ti kt qu phn tch kt cu So vi m hnh thng thng (kt cu lin kt ngm vi nn t), m hnh spring dn n nhng thay i tng i r rt trong kt qu phn tch kt cu

2.1.1. S thay i tnh cht ng hc

Hnh 1: So snh cc c trng ca h kt cu trong hai m hnh Xt h kt cu dng cng xn chu ti trng F nh hnh 1. Khi lin kt gia h vi mt t c gi thit l ngm, chuyn v ti nh 1 bng chuyn v e do bin dng n hi, h c cng K1 tng ng v chu k dao ng ring c bn T1 Trong m hnh lin kt spring, ngoi chuyn v do bin dng n hi e, h cn b chuyn v s do bin dng ca cc lin kt spring di tc dng ca m men ti mng, tng chuyn v ti nh ca h 2 = s + e > 1, h c cng tng ng K2 < K1 v chu k dao ng ring c bn T2 > T1. Nh vy, trong m hnh spring, cng ca h gim so vi m hnh ngm v do chu k dao ng ca h ln hn so vi chu k dao ng ca m hnh ngm.

2.1.2. S thay i gi tr ca ti trng Do chu k dao ng ring ca h thay i nn cc ti trng b nh hng bi chu k dao ng ca h cng thay i. C th, i vi ti trng ng t, khi chu k dao ng ca h tng th gi tr ca ti trng ng t c xu hng gim. Ngc li, i vi ti trng gi, khi chu k dao ng ring ca h tng th gi tr thnh phn ng ca ti trng gi cng tng. Cha th nh lng v so snh mc tng gim gia hai loi ti trng, tuy nhin iu c th khng nh l s thay i ca chu k dao ng s dn ti s thay i gi tr ca ti trng gi v ti trng ng t tc dng ln cng trnh. 1.3. S phn phi li ni lc Cc phn tch s dng phn mm Etabs cho thy rng s phn phi li ti trng ph thuc vo dng ti trng v sut huy ng sc chu ti ca cc (t l gia ti trng u cc v sc chu ti ca cc, k hiu Cp, gi tr Cp 1). i vi ti trng thng ng, khi cc cc c Cp xp x nhau, ngha l ln ng u trn ton b cng trnh, th s khng c

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


s phn phi li ti trng thng ng cho d h s n hi spring c la chn l bao nhiu. Khi cc cc c Cp tng i khc bit dn ti s chnh lch ln trn mt bng cng trnh, th s c s phn phi li ti trng thng ng gia cc cu kin, mc phn phi ph thuc vo cng ca cc cu kin ngang lin kt gia cc cu kin thng ng. i vi ti trng ngang, s phn phi li ni lc (m men v lc dc ti chn ct) phc thuc vo mc ging gi gia cc i cc. Nu tt c cc ct u ng trn mt i cc c cng ln, hoc nm trn cc i khc nhau v c ging bi h ging c cng ln, th s phn phi li ni lc l khng ng k. Ngc li l s phn phi li ni lc ng k i vi h ging c cng khng ln hoc h khng b ging.

Hnh 2: S phn phi li ni lc trong h kt cu trong cc trng hp Hnh 2 l biu m men ca khung trong 3 trng hp i vi khung chu ti trng ngang, trong ta thy s phn phi li m men khi h c m hnh bng lin kt spring cc mc ging khc nhau. Lc dc trong h cng s phn phi li tng ng vi s phn b m men. 2.2. Nhng mu thun khi s dng m hnh spring M hnh spring dn ti s thay i tnh cht ng hc ca cng trnh, thay i gi tr ca cc ti trng ngang nh thnh phn ng ca ti trng gi v ti trng ng t, v s phn phi li ni lc trong cc trng hp ti trng ngang. Nh vy, vic phn tch kt cu theo m hnh spring c kt qu khc vi m hnh kt cu lin kt ngm vi nn t, c bit i vi ti trng ngang v cc ti trng ng c phng php tnh ton ph thuc vo chu k dao ng ring ca h. Tuy nhin cu hi t ra l m hnh spring c phn nh ng s lm vic ca h kt cu trong cc iu kin thc t? Trong thc hnh thit k, h s n hi ca lin kt spring c ly ph thuc vo ln

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


cc di iu kin ti trng s dng, tuy nhin cn khng nh rng ln ca cc trn thc t l ln t c di s tc dng lu di ca ti trng. Xem xt li v d trong hnh 1, t c chuyn v s, lc F cn d nguyn phng v chiu tc dng trong mt thi gian lu cc t c ln cn thit. Trong khi , tri hn vi thc t, bin dng ca lin kt spring trong Etabs l bin dng tc thi, Etabs phn tch kt cu c k n bin dng ny m khng xem xt n thi gian tc dng cn thit ca ti trng t c bin dng ny. Do cc cn c thi gian lu t c ln cn thit nh m hnh spring, c th ni rng dao ng ring ca h kt cu c cc gi tr c trng ging vi m hnh ngm hn l m hnh spring. Bn cnh , ti trng gi v ti trng ng t xy ra trong mt thi gian ngn, do c th ni, s dng kt qu phn tch ng hc ca h trong m hnh spring xc nh gi tr ca cc ti trng ny s khng chnh xc. Mt vn n na khi s dng m hnh spring l vic xc nh h s n hi ca lin kt spring. Nh phn tch mc 1.3, vic la chn gi tr spring khng nh hng ti kt qu phn tch ni lc i vi h ch chu ti trng thng ng v c h s huy ng sc chu ti Cp ng u trn mt bng, tuy nhin kch bn s hon ton thay i trong cc trng hp cn li. 2.3. Kt lun Tm li, vic phn tch kt cu bng m hnh spring c th mang li gi tr khng chnh xc m nguyn nhn ch yu l do m hnh ny khng phn nh s lm vic trn thc t ca h kt cu. Ngi k s khi s dng m hnh ny cn lng trc c cc mu thun v cn nhc s dng cc gii php thay th tt hn. i vi trng hp phn tch kt cu trong Etabs bng m hnh spring, tc gi khuyn rng nn tnh ton cc ti trng ng t v ti trng gi bng bng tnh s dng thng s dao ng t m hnh kt cu ngm vi nn t. Vic thit k mng cc tt nht vn l s dng m hnh spring c lp (v d trong SAFE) v vi ni lc chn ct c ly trong m hnh ngm

3. BI 3 H BIN DNG NG IU Hai cu kin c gi l bin dng ng iu khi ng bin dng ca chng ng dng vi nhau. Khi nim ny thng c s dng cho cc cu kin thng ng v s bin dng khng ng iu gia cc cu kin thng ng nh hng ti s phn phi ca ti trng ngang v lc tc dng ln cu kin ging gia cc cu kin ny. Phn tch phng trnh bin dng cho thy hai cu kin thng ng ch bin dng ng iu khi chng c cng chiu cao tit din theo phng ang xt. Trong tnh ton gn ng, c th xem hai cu kin bin dng ng iu khi chng ch c bin dng ct (E.I = ) hoc ch c bin dng un (G.A = )

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


4. BI 4 TM CNG, TM KHI LNG, TM HNH HC Tm cng, tm khi lng, v tm hnh hc l cc c trng xc nh trn mt bng ca kt cu. Tm cng, tm khi lng v tm hnh hc c xc nh theo cch khc nhau v c vai tr khc nhau trong qu trnh phn tch kt cu. Tm cng Tm cng (CR - Center of Rigidity) l v tr trn mt bng m nu t mt lc ngang vo th mt bng ch chu chuyn v tnh tin, khng c chuyn v xoay. Tm cng c xc nh da trn c trng hnh hc ca kt cu (m men qun tnh I) v c trng ca vt liu (m un n hi E). i vi h kt cu c cc cu kin thng ng bin dng ng iu, v tr ca tm cng c xc nh nh sau: X = (Xi.E.Ixi)/(E.Ixi) Y = (Yi.E.Iyi)/(E.Iyi) Cng thc trn xc nh da trn tnh cht phn phi ti trng ngang t l thun vi cng i vi cc cu kin bin dng ng iu. Trn thc t, h kt cu thng tng i phc tp v c s kt hp ca cc cu kin thng ng c bin dng khng ng iu vi nhau. Trong nhng trng hp , cn xc nh v tr tm cng thng qua nh ngha ca n. Hnh 1 th hin phng php xc nh v tr tm cng trong phn mm Etabs

Hnh 1: Xc nh v tr tm cng theo nh ngha C th tm tt phng php ny nh sau: Ti im A bt k, t mt lc n v Fx = 1 theo phng X, xc nh c gc xoay ca sn Rzx Vn ti im A, t mt lc n v Fy = 1 theo phng Y, xc nh c gc xoay ca sn Rzy t mt m men xon n v Mz = 1 quanh trc Z, xc nh c gc xoay ca sn Rzz Ta (X, Y) ca tm cng c xc nh nh sau: X = -Rzy/Rzz v Y = Rzx/Rzz Khi mt lc t ln sn khng i qua tm cng, n s gy ra mt m men xon vi cnh tay n ca lc c tnh n v tr ca tm cng. Tm khi lng

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


Tm khi lng (CM - Center of Mass) ca sn chnh l trng tm vt l xt trn mt bng ca sn. Ta xc nh bng cc cng thc n gin nh sau: X = (Xi.mi)/(mi) v Y = (Yi.mi)/(mi). V tr ca tm khi lng chnh l im t ca cc lc lin quan n tc ng qun tnh nh: ti trng ng t, thnh phn ng ca ti trng gi Tm hnh hc Tm hnh hc c xc nh thng qua khong cch trung bnh t mt im ti cc bin ca cng trnh theo phng ang xt. Tm hnh hc c th c ly lm v tr tc dng ca cc ti trng tc dng trn b mt nh thnh phn tnh ca ti trng gi . ngha ca vic xc nh tm cng, tm khi lng v tm hnh hc V tr ca tm khi lng v tm hnh hc v cc v tr tc dng ca cc lc lin quan nh ti trng gi (thnh phn tnh, thnh phn ng) v ti trng ng t. V tr ca tm cng, tm khi lng v tm hnh hc ca mt mt bng kt cu thng khng trng nhau, do di tc dng ca cc ti trng gi v ng t, cng trnh thng phi chu thm m men xon do lch ca ti trng so vi tm cng. Mt s tiu chun thit k yu cu hn ch lch gia tm cng, tm khi lng v tm hnh hc mc cho php. 5. BI 5 HN CH CHUYN V NGANG CHO NH CAO TNG BNG CCH S DNG OUTTRIGGER (DM GNH) Mt vn thng phi i din khi thit k nh cao tng l gii php hn ch chuyn v ngang. Cc nh cao tng hin nay ti Vit Nam thng c bc ct tng i ln trong khi chiu cao ca dm tng i nh nhm m bo chiu cao thng thy vi mt chiu cao tng thp nht. iu ny lm gim tc dng chu ti trng ngang ca h khung trong kt cu khung vch li (core wall). Nh cng cao chuyn v cng ln trong khi vic tng kch thc ca vch li b hn ch bi cc iu kin kin trc v kinh t. hn ch chuyn v ngang cho cng trnh, mt gii php tng i n gin v hiu qu l s dng outtrigger v belt wall. Khi nim Outtrigger Outtrigger (dm gnh) l mt cu kin theo phng ngang c cng ln, ni gia vch li v cc ct bin, nhm s dng cc ct bin tng kh nng chu ti trng ngang ca vch li, t gim chuyn v ca cng trnh. Thut ng 'dm gnh' m t c nguyn l hot ng ca Outtrigger. Tuy nhin thc t cho thy Outtrigger c th c thit k vi nhiu hnh thc khc nhau v do thut ng dm gnh cha bao qut c kha cnh ny. Belt wall

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


Outtrigger huy ng cc ct trc tip ni vi n hn ch chuyn v ngang ca cng trnh. Khi cn huy ng ton b cc ct bin, ngi ta s dng belt wall. l h vch c chiu cao bng 1 hoc 2 tng chy di xung quanh cng trnh ni cc ct bin vi nhau v vi Outtrigger.

Hnh 1: Outtrigger v Belt wall Nguyn l hot ng Nguyn l hot ng ca Outtrigger tng i n gin. Khi ti trng ngang tc dng ln cng trnh, h vch li (chu hu ht ti trng ngang) lm vic nh mt cng xn v b chuyn v. Chuyn v ca vch li lm Outtrigger c xu hng b xoay, lm cho ct pha n ti trng b ko v ct pha bn kia b nn. Cc lc ko v nn ct hnh thnh cp ngu lc tc dng ln Outtrigger v to nn mt m men c tc dng lm gim m men trong t hp vi ti trng ngang v lm hn ch chuyn v ca cng trnh. C th lm c nh vy l nh cng ln ca outtrigger. Ngoi tc dng hn ch chuyn v ngang, vic b tr outtrigger cng lm gim ng k chu k dao ng ca cng trnh.

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


Hnh 2: Thc t a dng ca h kt cu V tr ti u Outtrigger c th c b tr cc v tr khc nhau l do c tc dng hn ch chuyn v ngang khc nhau. Hnh 3 l v d trng hp b tr 1 outtriger vi cc cao khc nhau cho cng trnh. Cc tnh ton cho thy i vi trng hp ch b tr 1 outtrigger, v tr ti u hn ch chuyn v l v tr c cao xp x chiu cao cng trnh.

Hnh 3: Outtrigger pht huy hiu qu khc nhau khi b tr cc cao khc nhau Hnh 4 l v tr ti u khi b tr outtrigger cho cng trnh c kin ngh trong cun Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

Hnh 4: V tr ti u tng ng vi s lng outtrigger p dng Mc d c lun im tng i r rng, trn thc t khng phi bao gi chng ta cng b tr c cc outtrigger v tr ti u nh mong mun. Bn cnh , vic s dng mt outtrigger c dng vch c mang li cc nhc im: Gy cn tr giao thng Tn vt liu v thi gian xy dng Tnh ton v thit k phc tp Hnh 5 l mt bin th ca outtrigger di dng dn. Vic s dng thanh ging cho khin vic tnh ton, thit k v thi cng tr nn n gin. S dng thanh ging cho cng to khong trng cho giao thng, gip outtriger c th b tr linh hot hn. Tuy dng dn khng mang li hiu qu ln nh dng vch c, nhng nhng u im ca n li gip cho chng ta c th p dng outtrigger mt cch ph thng hn.

Hnh 5: Outtrigger c th c thit k dng dn

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


6. H S NG X
H s ng x (tiu chun TCXDVN 375:2006 k hiu l q ; mt s tiu chun k hiu l R) l mt khi nim c s dng trong k thut thit k khng chn hin i, biu th kh nng lm vic ngoi gii hn n hi ca kt cu. Qua , thay v kh nng chu c tc ng ln nht ca ng t trong qu trnh lm vic n hi, kt cu s c kh nng phn tn nng lng ca tc dng ng t trong qu trnh lm vic n hi - do. iu ny th hin quan nim mi trong thit k cng trnh chu ti trng ng t l cho php cng trnh h hng nhng khng c php sp bo m sinh mng con ngi.

6.1. Khi nim h s ng x


H s ng x q biu th mt cch gn ng t s gia lc ng t m kt cu s phi chu nu phn ng ca n hon ton n hi v lc ng t c th s dng khi thit k theo m hnh phn tch khng n hi thng thng m vn tip tc m bo cho h kt cu mt phn ng tha mn cc yu cu t ra. Ty vo h kt cu, gi tr ca h s ng x q c th khc nhau theo theo cc hng nm ngang ca kt cu. Khi nim h s ng s q gn lin vi quan nim hin i trong thit k khng chn, gi tr ca n tng ng vi gi tr do ca cng trnh.

6.2. Quan nim hin i trong thit k khng chn


ng t l mt hin tng t nhin c thi im xut hin v cng khng th bo trc. Vic thit k cng trnh lm vic n hi chu c ti trng ng t gy lng ph v khng hp l do xc sut xut hin nhng trn ng t mnh thng rt thp. Do , quan im thit k khng chn hin nay l chp nhn tnh khng chc chn ca hin tng ng t c th tp trung vo vic thit k cc cng trnh c mc an ton chp nhn c. Cc cng trnh xy dng c thit k theo quan im ny phi c cng, bn v do thch hp no , nhm bo m trong trng hp ng t xy ra sinh mng con ngi c bo v, cc h hng c hn ch v nhng cng trnh quan trng c chc nng bo v c dn vn c th duy tr hot ng. i vi cc trn ng t c cng yu, cng nhm trnh khng xy ra cc h hng phn kin trc ca cng trnh. i vi cc trn ng t c cng trung bnh, bn cho php gii hn cc h hng nghim trng h kt cu chu lc. i vi cc trn ng t mnh hoc rt mnh, do cho php cng trnh c cc chuyn v n hi ln m khng b sp .

6.3. Kh nng lm vic ngoi gii hn n hi ca kt cu b tng ct thp


Trc khi hnh thnh quan im thit k khng chn hin i, cc cng trnh vn c thit k khng chn vi vi cng v bn ln kt cu vn m bo khng b ph hoi v vn lm vic trong giai on n hi. Tuy nhin, mt s cng trnh c thit k theo quan im ny khi chu tc ng ca ng t vi cp ln hn cp ng t c thit k vn khng b sp hay h hng trm trng. iu ny c c l do kh nng lm vic ngoi gii hn n hi ca kt cu b tng ct thp. Xem xt vn ny bng v d di y.

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Hnh 1. Phn ng ca cc h kt cu c mt bc t do ng khi chu tc ng ng t.

s a, h lm vic hon ton n hi. Di tc ng ca ti trng F 1, h c chuyn v x1. Nng lng ca h tp trung di dng th nng n hi, nh lng bng din tch ca hnh tam gic OBF. Khi ti trng dng tc dng, do tnh cht n hi, cng trnh tr v trng thi ban u, nng lng c chuyn thnh ng nng. Nu khng xt n lc cn, tng nng lng s khng i, v cng trnh s dao ng xung quanh v tr cn bng. s b h lm vic n hi do, v ch chu c ti trng F2 khi lm vic trong giai on n hi vi chuyn v xy. Sau giai on n hi, h tip tc chuyn qua lm vic trong giai on do v t n bin dng ln nht x 2. Nng lng tch ly dc nh lng bng din tch hnh OADE. Di tc dng ca ti trng o chiu, h s quay tr li im G, lc ny nng lng tch ly trong h ch l phn din tch hnh GDE, v mt phn ln nng lng ca h bng din tch ca hnh OADG c phn tn do s lm vic do ca kt cu. T l x2/xy c gi l do ca kt cu, v t l F1/F2 chnh l h s ng x q ca kt cu. Nh vy, h s ng x q chnh l h s gim ti trng, vi do thit k, cng trnh c thit k n hi vi ti trng F2 vn c th khng sp hoc h hi nghim trng di tc dng ca ti trng F1.

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


6.4. Quan h gia h s ng x q v d do
do biu th kh nng lm vic trong min do ca kt cu, l t s gia bin dng ton phn ca kt cu ti trng thi ph hoi v bin dng ca kt cu lc chuyn t giai on n hi sang giai on do. F2 c gi l ti trng ng t thit k trong khi F 1 chnh l lc ng t thc t m cng trnh phi chu. Mi quan h gia F1 v F2 c th c xc nh thng qua phng php cn bng chuyn v (x1 = x2) hoc cn bng nng lng (din tch hnh OBF bng din tch hnh OADE). Khi c xc nh theo phng php cn bng chuyn v th q 1 = . Khi c xc nh theo phng php cn bng nng lng th q2 = (2* - 1). Cc nghin cu cho thy rng, i vi cng trnh c chu k dao ng ln hn gi tr gii hn (v d gi tr chu k Tm ng vi nh ca ph phn ng), chuyn v cc i ca h khng n hi xp x vi gi tr chuyn v ln nht ca h kt cu n hi c cng cng vi cng ban u ca h khng n hi v c bn khng hn ch. i vi h c chu k b hn Tm, gi thit cn bng chuyn v t ra khng ph hp. H s q trn thc t c chn gia hai gi tr q 1 v q2.

6.5. Ti liu tham kho


[1]. TCXDVN 375:2006. Thit k cng trnh chu ng t. [2]. Nguyn L Ninh. ng t v thit k cng trnh chu ng t. Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni, 2009.

7. GI THIT TIT DIN PHNG


Tc gi: H Vit Hng Gi thit tit din phng (cc tn gi khc: gi thit mt ct phng, gi thit bin dng phng) l mt gi thit ti quan trng trong tnh ton thit k kt cu, thng c bit n vi tn gi thuyt Bernoulli. Gi thit tit din phng pht biu rng mt phng ca tit din vn phng sau bin dng. T gi thit ny, ngi ta c th a ra c s ng sut - bin dng ca tit din ti trng thi gii hn , v t thit lp c cc phng trnh tnh ton xc nh kh nng chu lc ca tit din.

7.1. TH NGHIM UN DM CA BERNOULLI


Nh khoa hc Bernoulli tin hnh th nghim nh sau: V cc on thng theo hai phng dc dm v vung gc vi phng dc dm. Dng mt lc tc dng vo gia dm cho dm c xu hng b un di lc tc dng.

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

Hnh 1. Th nghim un dm ca Bernoulli Quan st th nghim, ng pht hin ra rng vi mt bin dng cho php cc on thng theo phng dc dm vn c xu hng song song vi nhau. Cn cc on thng vung gc vi phng dc dm th vn c dng ng thng sau khi dm b un. T kt qu , ng nu ra gi thit tit din phng, theo cc tit din vung gc vi phng dc dm vn vung gc vi trc dm sau khi dm b un. Gi thit tit din phng tng i ph hp vi cc cu kin trong kt cu thc.

7.2. NG DNG TRONG THIT K KT CU


Gi thit tit din phng l c s xy dng biu ng sut - bin dng trng thi gii hn. Da vo bin dng gii hn ca b tng, chiu cao vng nn v v tr ca ct thp c th xc nh c bin dng ca ct thp, v t xc nh c ng sut ca ct thp. y l nguyn l chung gi quyt cc bi ton tnh ton v thit k cc cu kin thng thng trong cc tiu chun thit k kt cu b tng ct thp.

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

Hnh 2. S ng sut - bin dng ti trng thi gii hn ca dm t ct thp n theo Eurocode2 Tuy nhin gi thit tit din phng ch ng trong nhng phm vi ng dng nht nh. Nguyn l Saint-Venant (Saint-Venant's principle) ch ra rng gi thit tit din phng ch ng vi nhng tit din c khong cch xa so vi cc v tr c t lc tp trung hoc c s thay i v kch thc tit din (khong cch ny thng thng bng 1 ln chiu cao tit din). Bungale S. Taranath [2] cho rng i vi dm, gi thit tit din phng ch ng khi chiu di nhp dm ln hn hoc bng 4 ln chiu cao tit din. Cc dm c chiu di nhp b hn 4 ln chiu cao tit din c th c nh ngha l dm cao, c ng sut phn b phi tuyn trn tit din, c phn tch v thit k bng cc phng php c bit khc, v d m hnh gin o (Strut and Tie mothod).

7.3. Ti liu tham kho


[1]. L Ngc Hng. Sc bn vt liu. Nxb Khoa hc K thut, 1998, 2000. [2]. Bungale S. Taranath. Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings

8. PHNG PHP THIT K THEO TRNG THI GII HN


Tc gi: H Vit Hng Thit k theo trng thi gii hn (Limit State Design - LSD) l phng php ch yu v ph bin tnh ton kt cu BTCT. Trng thi gii hn l trng thi m nu vt qu th kt cu khng cn m bo kh nng chu lc, mt n nh hoc khng m bo iu kin s dng bnh thng. Thit k theo ti trng thi gii hn c phn ra lm 2 nhm, tng ng l tha m iu kin chu lc, n nh (Ultimate Limit State); v tha mn iu kin s dng bnh thng (Serviceability Limit State). Cc nhm ny trong TCXDVN 356:2005 c quy nh ln lt l Trng thi gii hn th nht (TTGH1) v Trng thi gii hn th hai (TTGH2)

8.1. TRNG THI GII HN TH NHT (TTGH1)


Tnh ton theo THGH1 nhm m bo cho kt cu: Khng b ph hoi dn, do

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


Khng b mt n nh v hnh dng hoc v v tr Khng b ph hoi v mi Khng b ph hoi do tc ng ng thi ca cc yu t v lc v nhng nh hng bt li ca mi trng

Tnh ton theo TTGH1 thng di dng tha mn cc phng trnh kim tra kh nng chu lc. V d phng trnh (28) trong TCXDVN 356:2005 s dng cho cu kin chu un: M Rb.b.x.(ho - 0,5.x) + Rsc.As'.(ho - a')

8.2. TRNG THI GII HN TH HAI (TTGH2)


Tnh ton theo TTGH2 nhm m bo s lm vic bnh thng ca kt cu sao cho: Khng cho hnh thnh cng nh m rng vt nt qu mc hoc vt nt di hn nu iu kin s dng khng cho php hnh thnh hoc m rng vt nt Khng c nhng bin dng vt qu gii hn cho php ( vng, gc xoay, gc trt, dao ng).

Tnh ton theo TTGH2 thng di dng tha mn cc phng trnh kim tra chuyn v, vng, hoc ln. TCXDVN 356:2005 cho php khng cn tnh ton kim tra s m rng vt nt v bin dng n qua thc nghim hoc thc t s dng cc kt cu tng t khng nh c: b rng vt nt mi giai on khng vt qua gi tr cho php v kt cu c cng giai on s dng (Mc 4.2.2). Cc tiu chun BS 8110:97, Eurocode2, ACI u a ra c cc cn s gii hn v kch thc cu kin (chiu di nhp dm / chiu cao tit din dm) m nu thit k tha mn th khng cn thit phi kim tra theo TTGH2.

8.3. Ti liu tham kho


[1]. TCXDVN 356:2005. Kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp - Tiu chun thit k.

9. CC C TRNG CNG CA B TNG


Tc gi: H Vit Hng Bi vit ny cp n cc c trng cng ca b tng c s dng trong tiu chun Vit Nam v cc h thng tiu chun khc.

9.1. TIU CHUN VIT NAM 9.2. CP BN


Cp bn chu nn ca b tng: K hiu bng ch B, l gi tr trung bnh thng k ca cng chu nn tc thi, tnh bng n v MPa, vi xc sut m bo khng di 95% xc nh trn cc mu

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


lp phng kch thc tiu chun (150mm x 150mm x 150mm) c ch to, dng h trong iu kin tiu chun v th nghim nn tui 28 ngy. Cp bn l khi nim ch yu dng phn loi b tng c s dng trong tiu chun TCXDVN 356:2005, thay th cho tn gi Mc. B tng theo TCXDVN 356:2005 c cc cp bn sau: B5; B7.5; B10; B12.5; B15; B20; B25; B30; B35; B40; B45; B50; B55; B60.

9.3. MC B TNG
Mc b tng theo cng chu nn: K hiu bng ch M, l cng ca b tng, ly bng gi tr trung bnh thng k ca cng chu nn tc thi, tnh bng n v kG/cm 2 xc nh trn mu lp phng kch thc tiu chun (150mm x 150mm x 150mm) c ch to, dng h trong iu kin tiu chun v th nghim nn tui 28 ngy. Mc l khi nim ch yu dng phn loi b tng c s dng trong tiu chun TCVN 5574:1991. B tng theo TCVN 5574:1991 c cc mc sau: M100; M150; M200; M250; M300; M350; M400; M450; M500; M600.

9.4. TNG QUAN GIA CP BN V MC B TNG


Tng quan gia cp bn B v mc M l: B = b.b.M Trong : b - h s i n v t kG/cm2 sang MPa; b = 1/9,81 0,1 b - h s tng quan gia cng c trng v cng trung bnh mu. Vi = 0,135 th b = 0,778

9.5. CNG CA B TNG 9.6. Gi tr trung bnh ca cng chu nn: Rtb
Gi tt l cng trung bnh. l gi tr trung bnh s hc ca cng mt s mu th: Rtb = Ri/n Trong : Ri - cng mu th th i n - S mu th

9.7. Gi tr c trng ca cng : Rc


Gi tt l cng c trng. l gi tr cng c ly vi xc sut m bo 95% Rc = Rtb.(1 - S.) = b.Rtb Trong :

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


b - h s ng cht ca b tng (h s tng quan gia Rc v Rtb) - h s bin ng cng cc mu th, xc nh theo tnh ton thng k, = [{(Ri Rtb)2}/{n - 1}]/Rtb S - h s, ph thuc v xc sut m bo. Vi xc sut 95% c S = 1,64

TCXDVN 356:2005 s dng = 0,135

9.8. Gi tr tiu chun ca cng chu nn: Rbn


Gi tt l cng tiu chun v chu nn. Khi th nghim mu th khi vung thng t c cng cao hn so vi b tng trong kt cu thc. l v nh hng ca mt s yu t nh ma st gia bn my nn v mu, kch thc mu, tc gia ti ... k n iu ny ngi ta xc nh cng tiu chun nh sau: Rbn = kc.Rc Trong kc l h s kt cu, chuyn i cng ca mu th sang cng b tng ca kt cu. Thng thng kc = 0,7 0,75 Khi th nghim nu dng mu lng tr c chiu cao bng 4 cnh y th thu c cng gn ging nh cng ca b tng trong kt cu thc. V vy, cng ca b tng (trung bnh hoc c trng) c nhn vi kc cng thng c gi l cng lng tr.

9.9. Gi tr tnh ton ca cng chu nn: Rb


l gi tr c dng tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn, c gi tt l cng tnh ton. N c xc nh vi mt mc an ton v k n cc iu kin lm vic. Cng tnh ton gc Rb c xc nh theo cng thc: Rb = Rbn/kb Trong kb l h s tin cy (h s an ton), kb = 1,3. Trong nhng trng hp cn xt n iu kin lm vic ca b tng th cn nhn R b vi h s iu kin lm vic b Bng cng tnh ton ca b tng theo TCXDVN 356:2005 Cp bn Rb (MPa) Rbt (MPa) Eb (MPa) B15 8,5 0,75 23000 B20 11,5 0,9 27000 B25 14,5 1,05 30000 B30 17 1,2 32500 B35 19,5 1,3 34500 B40 22 1,4 36000

TIU CHUN BS 8110

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


B tng theo tiu chun BS8110 c k hiu theo cp bn, v d cp bn C30, trong 30 l cng c trng tnh theo n v MPa. Khi nim cp bn ca BS8110 tng ng vi khi nim cp bn ca TCXDVN 356:2005 ngoi tr vic s dng k hiu C thay cho k hiu B Cng c trng fcu: l cng ca mu th lp phng (kch thc 150mm x 150mm x 150mm) tui 28 ngy vi xc sut m bo 95%. Trong cc quy trnh tnh ton ca BS8110, cng b tng s dng trong tnh ton c nhn vi h s quy i (sang cng cho cu kin chu un = 0,67) v chia cho h s iu kin lm vic m = 1,5; cng s dng trong tnh ton thng c ly bng: 0,45.fcu

TIU CHUN EUROCODE 2

B tng theo tiu chun Eurocode 2 c k hiu theo cp bn ca mu tr v mu lp phng tng ng, v d C20/25, trong 20 l cng c trng ca mu tr fck v 25 l cng c trng ca mu lp phng fck,cube, fck v fck,cube tnh theo n v MPa Gi tr cng c trng ca mu th lp phng fck,cube tng ng bng gi tr cng c trng fcu theo tiu chun BS 8110 v cng c trng Rc (tng ng l cp bn) theo TCXDVN 356:2005

9.10. Ti liu tham kho


[1]. TCXDVN 356:2005. Kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp - Tiu chun thit k. [2]. Nguyn nh Cng. Tnh ton thc hnh cu kin b tng ct thp (Tp 1). Nh xut bn xy dng. [3]. BS 8110-1997. Kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp (Bn dch ting Vit). Nh xut bn xy dng.

10. Shortening - Nguyn nhn, mu thun v phng php hn ch sai st


Tc gi: H Vit Hng Khi phn tch ni lc trong Etabs cho cc nh cao tng theo cch thng thng (khng s dng chc nng phn tch theo giai on thi cng - Sequential Construction Case) chng ta s bt gp trng hp m men ca dm ti cc v tr c lin kt vi vch tng ln t bin, trong khi m men ca u kia gim rt nhiu thm ch o chiu ( mp ct nhng cng th di). Trong trng hp ny, din tch ct thp tnh ton s rt ln, hm lng thp i khi vt qu hm lng ln nht theo khuyn co. Nu quan st kt qu ni lc trong cc trng hp ti trng, chng ta s thy ti trng ngang (gi, ng t) khng phi l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra hin tng ny. Nguyn nhn chnh gy ln tng t bin gi tr m men ca dm ti im lin kt vi vch l Tnh ti. Hiu ng m nh cc k s kt cu vn gi Shortening - hay ln n hi.

10.1. Khi nim


S co ngn khng ng u di cc nguyn nhn khc nhau ca cc cu kin thng ng gy ra s phn phi ni lc trong ton b kt cu c gi ngn gn l Shortening (ln n hi). Hnh nh di y m t mt cch s lc h qu ca hiu ng ny.

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu

10.2. Nguyn nhn


V l thuyt, s co ngn ca cc cu kin xy ra do cc nguyn nhn sau Lc dc T Bin Co ngt

Trong tnh ton thng thng ch xt n s co ngn do lc dc, bi v nh hng ca Lc dc ti s co ngn l r rt nht v c th tnh ton c mt cch ph thng. Cc cu kin thng ng chu lc dc u co ngn, tuy nhin mc co ngn ph thuc vo ti trng v cng dc trc (modul n hi v din tch tit din), v do gia cc cu kin thng ng c s co ngn khc nhau. S chnh lch v mc co ngn din ra r rt nht l phn li (h vch) v cc ct xung quanh li, nguyn nhn l do cng dc trc ca li thng rt ln, v li c thit k chu ti trng ngang, ng sut nn trong li i vi tnh ti l rt nh. Cc dm xung quanh li thng chu m men un ln do chu chuyn v cng bc, v phn li thng chu thm mt phn lc dc do s phn phi li theo chuyn v. i vi nh thp tng, khi tnh ton trong m hnh Etabs th h qu ca hiu ng trn khng ng k, do s chnh lch chuyn v ti cc tng l kh nh. H qu ca Shortening ch ng k khi tnh ton cho nh cao tng, v din ra r rt cc tng pha trn do chnh lch chuyn v c cng dn. Dm ca cc tng trn thng phi chu ln lch ca bn thn tng cng vi ln ca cc tng pha di.

10.3. Mu thun
Phn tch k hn cho thy khng ch lm thay i mt cch k d ni lc trong dm, Shortening cn phn phi li lc dc trong ct v t nh hng n phn kt cu mng. Lc dc khng cn c phn phi theo din tch nh cch thng thng, di tc dng ca chuyn v khng u, cu kin cng hn (chuyn v t hn) s phi chu mt ti trng phn phi ln hn. Tuy nhin Shortening khng din ra mt cch t nhin nh th. Ti trng bn thn ca kt cu v khi xy (chim hn 80% tng ti trng thng ng) c cht t t theo thi gian thi cng. Vic thi cng

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


tun t cc tng theo dy chuyn trit tiu c mt phn chnh lch chuyn v cng dn (do cng tc thi cng hiu chnh cao sn ph hp). Do , trn thc t, h qu ca Shortening khng ln nh trong tnh ton h kt cu hon chnh. Vic tnh ton h kt cu khng xt n s trit tiu ca hiu ng Shortening theo giai on thi cng s dn n mt s sai lch rt ln v kt qu ca ton b kt cu t phn mng n phn thn. H kt cu trn thc t s vn phi chu h qu ca Shortening, nhng gim i ng k, v ch ng k cc tng pha di (ngc vi theo tnh ton).

10.4. Phng php hn ch sai st


Mt s quan im cho rng nn gii phng lin kt (ha khp) cc dm lin kt vi vch trong m hnh Etabs khc phc hin tng trn. Tuy nhin cch lm ny c nhng im khng ph hp, l: Khng ph hp vi iu kin lm vic thc t ca cu kin cng ca h kt cu b thay i do lin kt c chuyn t nt cng sang khp

khc phc nhng sai st khi phn tch k cu, Etabs cung cp chc nng tnh ton ni lc ca h kt cu theo giai on thi cng (Sequential Construction Case), bn c th tm hiu ti y: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTEuKAIhp-E Tuy nhin, vic phn tch ni lc theo giai on thi cng trong Etabs chim mt lng thi gian rt ln. Mt phng php khc hn ch sai st do tnh ton ni lc trong Etabs theo cch thng thng (khng s dng chc nng phn tch theo giai on thi cng - Sequential Construction Case) l s dng ni lc ca trng hp tnh ti ca cc tng di. Do cc tng di chu nh hng t ca Shortening, chng ta c th ly ni lc trong trng hp tnh ti ca cc tng di tnh ton din tch ct thp cho cc tng pha trn. Tuy nhin phng php ny ch t c hiu qu hn ch, m khng a c kt qu chnh xc nh phn tch kt cu theo giai on thi cng.

11. S SUY GIM CNG CA KT CU B TNG CT THP


Tc gi: H Vit Hng

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


Bi vit ny cp n s duy gim cng ca kt cu b tng ct thp Ngay c di iu kin lm vic thng thng, cu kin BTCT cng b nt do ng xut ca th ko vt qu cng chu ko gii hn vn kh b ca b tng. Cng chnh vic b nt ti th ko lm xut hin bin dng tng i ca b tng v ct thp khin cho ct thp pht huy c kh nng chu ko ca mnh.

Trong giai on lm vic bnh thng, nhng vt nt nm trong gii hn v khng nhn thy c, tuy nhin cc nghin cu cho thy rng chng nh hng mt cch r rt ti cng ca cu kin BTCT. S suy gim cng ca cc cu kin BTCT s dn ti s thay i tnh cht ng hc ca h kt cu trong c chu k giao ng ring ca kt cu BTCT, v do tc ng ca gi v ng t ln cng trnh cng thay i so vi h kt cu khi cha xt n iu ny. Cc ti liu di y s khi qut vn ny: Download Lun vn thc s ca H Vit Hng v vn ny: Download

12. HM LNG TI A CA CT THP DM


Tc gi: H Vit Hng Bi vit ny cp n hm lng ti a ca ct thp Dm cho trong cc tiu chun

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


Hm lng ct thp nh hng n dng ph hoi ca cu kin, hm lng ct thp qu ln khng ch nh hng n kh nng chu lc m cn gy kh khn cho cng tc thit k v thi cng. Di y xin trnh by cc khng ch v hm lng ct thp trong Dm c nu trong tiu chun vit nam v mt s tiu chun khc:

Tiu chun Vit Nam o TCXDVN 356-2005: Khng quy nh v gi tr hm lng ti a ca ct thp cho cu kin chu un. Gio trnh BTCT c da trn gi tr gii hn ca vng nn a ra hm lng ti a ca ct thp trong iu kin t ct thp n da trn gi tr gii hn ca vng nn, tuy nhin gi tr ny khng p dng c cho trng hp t ct thp kp o TCXDVN 375-2006: C quy nh hm lng ti a ca ct thp cho cu kin chu un trong chng 5, ph thuc vo cp do ca cng trnh Tiu chun nc ngoi o BS 8110-97: Quy nh hm lng ti a ca ct thp (chu ko hoc chu nn) cho cu kin chu un l 4% o EuroCode 2: Quy nh hm lng ti a ca ct thp (chu ko hoc chu nn) cho cu kin chu un l 4% o ACI 318-08: Khng quy nh v gi tr hm lng ti a ca ct thp cho cu kin chu un. o Phn mm Etabs thit k ct thp theo BS 8110-97: Tnh ton cu kin vi hm lng ti a ca ct thp chu ko (k c trng hp t ct kp) l 4%

Mc d TCXDVN cha quy nh c th v hm lng ct thp ti a, nhng qua tham kho cc tiu chun nc ngoi, chng ta thy hm lng ti a ca ct thp chu ko hoc chu nn trong cu kin chu un c th ln ti 4%

13. VN TI U TRONG THIT K MNG CC


Tc gi: H Vit Hng D ang trong giai on kh khn, ngnh xy dng vn s pht trin theo xu hng pht trin chung ca t nc. Chng ta s cn cn rt nhiu nh cao tng phc v nhu cu thc t khng nh ca a s ngi dn. Chnh nhng kh khn trong khng hong t ra cho cc cng ty t vn thit k ni chung v cc k s kt cu ni ring mt nhim v mi: thit k ti u. Bi ngoi nhng yu t khch quan, mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm gi thnh cc sn phm xy dng cao l s cha ti u ca cc h s thit k. Thit k ti u thc cht l tm ra phng n kt cu tha mn cc yu cu k thut v c gi thnh thp nht. Bi vit ny nu ln nhng kh nng c th gim ti a gi thnh xy dng phn mng cc, t tit kim chi ph u t cho cng trnh.

13.1. Cn nhc la chn sc chu ti ca Cc


Sc chu ti ca cc thay i ph thuc vo kch thc tit din v chiu su chn cc. Thc t thit k cho thy, khi cc nm trong vng t tt, i khi tng chiu di cc ln mt on khng ln, nhng c th tng kh nhiu sc chu ti v do c th gim c mt s lng ln cc cc. thc hin c iu ny, ngi thit k cn c bc thit k s b v nh gi phng n thng qua cc h s an ton. H s an ton ca mt i cc c xc nh l t s gia sc chu ti ca cc v ti trng ln nht tc dng ln u cc. V d, cc p 300x300 c sc chu ti 40T chiu di 36m, v 43T chiu di 38m. Vi ti trng chn ct l 170T, nu s dng cc di 36m th chng ta phi la chn phng n 5 cc (h s an ton 1,17), trong khi nu dng cc 38m th chng ta ch cn 4 cc (h s an ton 1,01).

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


Nh vy s lng cc gim 20% trong khi chiu di cc ch tng 6%. V s b phng n 2 tit kim hn phng n 1 l 28m cc. Trong nhng trng hp ny, ngi thit k cn c phng n s b, nh gi c th v c ci nhn tng qut a ra phng n thit k hp l nht.

13.2. Cn nhc s dng ti trng tiu chun tnh ton


Sc chu ti ca cc c quyt nh da vo t nn hoc theo vt liu cc. Ch trong trng hp c cm vo lp t rt tt th sc chu ti ca cc mi c quyt nh da vo sc chu ti theo vt liu cc. Ph hoi ca cc lc l ph hoi do ng sut trong cc vt qu gii hn bn ca vt liu cc, ti trng dng kim tra lc ny l ti trng tnh ton. Trong trng hp cn li, sc chu ti ca cc c quyt nh da vo sc chu ti theo t nn. Ph hoi ca cc lc ny l ph hoi do cc b ln qu ln gii hn. Ti trng dng kim tra lc ny l ti trng tiu chun. Thng nht c iu ny, ngi thit k cn xc nh trng hp ph hoi ca cc v la chn ti trng dng kim tra. i vi trng hp sc chu ti ca cc c xc nh da vo sc chu ti theo nn t, vic s dng ti trng tiu chun c th a ti phng n thit k tit kim 13% do h s vt ti ni chung khng thp hn 1,15.

13.3. S dng h s gim hot ti


Tiu chun TCVN 2737-1995 cho php gim tc dng ca hot ti do xt ti xc sut xut hin ca yu t ny. Vic gim hot ti ph thuc vo chc nng v din tch ca phng. Trong a s trng hp, hot ti c th gim xung ch cn 80%.

13.4. Ti u ha tit din cc cu kin phn thn


Vic thit k ti u ha tit din cc cu kin phn thn s dn ti ti trng truyn xung mng l nh nht. Thc t cho thy cc n v thit k rt ngi phi iu chnh thit k, v thng thit k theo cch thc: chn la s b tit din v ... chn lun tit din b tr ct thp. iu ny s dn ti khng ch lng ph vt liu b tng m cn lng ph vt liu ct thp do phi b tr khng nh hn hm lng ti thiu cho php. Vic thit k ti u tit din em li kh nhiu hiu qu mang tnh dy chuyn: tit kim chi ph vt liu, tit kim chi ph nhn cng cho vt liu v cng tc lp dng vn khun, gim ti trng cho mng... La chn phng n kt cu hp l trn thc t khng ch pht huy hiu qu kh nng chu lc ca h kt cu, n cn nh hng n ng x ng ca cng trnh v do , nh hng ti tc ng ca ti trng gi v ng t tc dng ln cng trnh.

13.5. S dng vt liu hon thin nh


Vic s dng vt liu nh s trc tip lm gim ti trng tc dng ln mng. Gch nh c trng lng xp x v nh hn trng lng ca nc, so vi gch rng th trng lng gim 30%.

13.6. S dng m hnh phn tch kt cu c k n s lm vic ng thi gia phn mng v phn thn
Vic s dng m hnh lm vic ng thi gia phn mng v phn thn s tn dng c kh nng lm vic ca h ging mng, ng thi cng pht huy c s lm vic theo nhm ca h cc, trong , s phn phi li ti trng gia cc cc s lm gim ti trng tc dng ln u cc chu lc ln nht.

13.7. Tng 20% sc chu ti ca cc i vi trng hp t hp c ti trng ngang


Mt cch khng chnh thng nh trong cc tiu chun. Hin nay cc n v thit k ang s dng sc chu ti cho php ln hn 20% sc chu ti cho php tnh ton kim tra i vi t hp c ti trng

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu


ngang. Mt cn c ca vic p dng ny l Ch thch 1, ph lc A.1, tiu chun TCXD 205-1998. Tuy cn c ny khng cht ch, nhng vic p dng cng mang li hiu qu khng nh trong thit k mng cc.

13.8. Cui cng


Vic thit k ti u i hi phi xem xt t m cc phng n v la chn ra phng n thit k t hiu qu kinh t cao nht trong khi vn m bo iu kin k thut. lm c iu ny, cn c s h tr ca cc phn mm thit k kt cu nhm gim khi lng cng vic, to iu kin i su vo nh gi cc ch tiu kinh t k thut.

14. TNH TON TI TRNG NG T THEO TCXDVN 375:2006


Bi vit ny tm tt quy trnh tnh ton ti trng ng t theo TCXDVN 375:2006

14.1. Xc nh cc thng s c bn
1. Xc nh nh gia tc nn tham chiu: agR, tra bng ph lc I. Ch rng bng tra ny c quy i theo gia tc trng trng g, agR bng gi tr tra bng nhn vi g, v d i vi a im thnh ph H Ch Minh - qun 4, c nh gia tc nn tham chiu l 0,0847*g. 2. Xc nh h s tm quan trng, I, tra bng ph lc F v G. V d vi nh cao t 20 tng n 60 tng c mc quan trng l I, h s tm quan trng l I = 1,25 3. Xc nh gia tc nn thit k, ag = agR*I; theo mc 3.2.1 ca tiu chun: nu ag < 0,08*g trng hp ng t yu - th c th s dng cc quy trnh thit k chu ng t c gim nh hoc n gin ha cho mt s loi, dng kt cu; nu ag < 0,04*g - trng hp ng t rt yu - th khng cn phi tun theo nhng iu khon ca tiu chun. Theo [2] th vic thit k khng chn cho cc cng trnh xy dng theo cc quy nh cp ti trong ni dung ca tiu chun ch thc hin ch yu cho cc cng trnh xy dng trong cc vng ng t mnh c gia tc nn ag > 0,08*g. 4. Xc nh loi kt cu, i vi kt cu b tng ct thp xc nh theo mc 5.1.2. Loi kt cu ca cng trnh c nh hng n vic xc nh h s ng x s c cp mc 5. Mt s trng hp cn xc nh bng cch so snh lc ct (phn lc ngang ti lin kt vi mng) m cc cu kin (cc ct v cc vch) s gnh khi chu lc ngang gi thit. 5. Xc nh h s ng x q, i vi kt cu b tng ct thp xc nh theo mc 5.2.2.2, v d h khung, nhiu tng, nhiu nhp, cp do trung bnh (DCM) c: q = 3,0*1,3 = 3,9. H s ng x q c th khc nhau theo hai phng chnh ty thuc h kt cu. 6. Xc nh loi nn t, theo mc 3.2.1, c th s dng gi tr trung bnh ca ch s SPT ca cc lp t trong chiu su 30m. Loi nn t c vai tr xc nh cc tham s m t ph phn ng gia tc s c nu mc 7. 7. Xc nh cc tham s m t ph phn ng gia tc S, TB, TC, TD, theo bng 3.2 - mc 3.2.2.2.

14.2. Xc nh khi lng tham gia dao ng


Khi lng tham gia dao ng nh hng n chu k, dng dao ng, v ti trng ng t tc dng ln cng trnh. Khi lng tham gia dao ng c xc nh theo cc mc 3.2.4 v 4.2.4, ph thuc vo tnh ti, hot ti v loi hot ti. V d cng trnh c cc loi phng nh vn phng (HTVP) v phng h p (HTPH), th cng thc xc nh khi lng tham gia dao ng s bng: TT + 0,5*0,3*HTVP + 0,5*0,6*HTPH (s dng h s 0,5 do cc tng s dng c lp, khng ph thuc ln nhau).

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14.3. Xc nh chu k v dng ca cc dng dao ng
Trong mt s trng hp, tiu chun cho php s dng cng thc gn ng xc nh chu k v dng dao ng (xem mc 4.3.3.2.2) Khi cng trnh tha mn tnh u n trong mt bng, c th phn tch dao ng bng hai m hnh phng theo hai phng chnh.

14.4. Xc nh ph phn ng gia tc thit k


Gi tr ca ph phn ng gia tc thit k ca mt h kt cu Sd(Ti), xc nh theo mc 3.2.2.5.(4), ph thuc vo chu k dao ng ring ca h, h s ng x ca kt cu, gia tc nn thit k, v loi nn t.

14.5. Xc nh ti trng ng t
Khi cng trnh tha mn cc iu kin cho trong mc 4.3.3.2.1.(2), c th s dng phng php phn tch tnh lc ngang tng ng, trong mi trng hp c th s dng phng php phn tch ph phn ng dng dao ng. Nguyn tc chung xc nh ti trng ng t l xc nh lc ct y Fb ng vi mi dng dao ng v phn phi ln cc tng di dng ti trng ngang da vo dng ca cc dng dao ng: F i = Fb*(mi.yi)/(mj.yj), trong mi v yi ln lt l khi lng v tung ca dng dao ng ca tng th i.

14.6. Phng php phn tch tnh lc ngang tng ng (mc 4.3.3.2)
iu kin p dng phng php tnh lc ngang tng ng: 1. Chu k dao ng c bn T1 theo hai hng chnh nh hn cc gi tr sau: 4.TC v 2 giy; vi TC l thng s xc nh dng ca ph phn ng gia tc 2. Tha mn tnh u n theo mt ng Lc ct y c xc nh theo cng thc: Fb = Sd(T1).m. Trong : m l tng khi lng ca cng trnh; l h s iu chnh, xt n khi lng hu hiu ca dng dao ng c bn u tin, khi T1 < 2TC v nh c trn 2 tng th = 0,85; cc trng hp khc = 1.

14.7. Phng php phn tch ph phn ng dng dao ng


Xc nh s dng dao ng cn xt n theo mc 4.3.3.3.1. C th xc nh theo iu kin tng khi lng hu hiu ca cc dng dao ng c xt chim t nht 90% tng khi lng ca kt cu. Khi lng hu hiu ca cng trnh ng vi dng dao ng th i c xc nh theo cng thc Mtd,i = (mj.yj)2/(mj.yj2) Lc ct y ng vi dng dao ng th i c xc nh theo cng thc: Fb = Mtd,i.Sd(Ti) Khi cc dng dao ng c xem l c lp (Tj < 0,9*Ti), gi tr ln nht EE ca h qu tc ng ng

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t c th ly bng: EE = (EEi ), trong EEi l gi tr ca h qu tc ng ng t do dng dao ng th i gy ra.
2

14.8. T hp cc h qu ca cc thnh phn tc ng ng t


Cc thnh phn nm ngang (thnh phn theo phng X v thnh phn theo phng Y) ca tc ng ng t phi c xem l tc ng ng thi. Cc h qu tc ng do t hp cc thnh phn nm ngang ca tc ng ng t c th xc nh bng cch s dng hai t hp sau: 1. EEdx + 0,3*EEdy 2. 0,3*EEdx + EEdy Trong , EEdx v EEdy l cc h qu tc ng do t tc ng ng t dc theo trc X v trc Y.

14.9. T hp tc ng ng t vi cc tc ng khc
T hp ni lc c ti trng ng t i vi trng hp khng c ng sut trc c xc nh theo cng thc: TH = TT + k.HT + Trong k l h s t hp ca hot ti, xc nh theo bng 3.4 ca tiu chun, v d i vi hot ti khu vc vn phng th k = 0,3; hot ti ca khu vc hi hp l k = 0,6.

14.10. Tnh ton chuyn v


Chuyn v ca mt im ca h kt cu gy ra bi tc ng ng t thit k d s c xc nh da trn chuyn v ca cng im ca h kt cu c xc nh bng phn tch tuyn tnh d c: ds = qd*dc Trong qd l h s ng x chuyn v, gi thit bng h s ng x q tr khi c cc quy nh khc.

15. Tnh ton din tch ct thp cho Sn BTCT da vo ni lc t Etabs


Quy tc thng thng tnh ton din tch ct thp cho sn BTCT l xc nh ni lc (m men un) v gii bi ton tnh ton din tch ct thp cho cu kin chu un. Mt phng php tng c p dng mt cch rng ri xc nh ni lc trong sn l phng php tra bng. Cc bng tra cung cp ni lc ti cc im c trng ca bn khi bit loi lin kt ca bn v t l gia cc cnh ca bn. Vic p dng phng php ny tng i n gin, tuy nhin trong thc t thit k, sn c k ln cc dm c cng hu hn v xut hin chuyn v di tc dng ca ti trng, iu ny sinh hai vn vt qu phm vi ca phng php tra bng: (a) lin kt ca cc bn khng phi l lin kt l tng c gi thit khi lp bng tra, (b) chuyn v ca dm dn n s phn phi li ni lc ca h kt cu bao gm ni lc trong sn. Nhng vn trn c gii quyt mt cch gn gng khi s dng phng php phn t hu hn, v mt phn mm da vo phng php ny c s dng rng ri trong thc t thit k chnh l phn mm Etabs. Bi vit ny s cp n vic tnh ton ct thp cho sn s dng ni lc t phn mm Etabs

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15.1. Bi ton thc t
Thc t thng bt gp bi ton sn k ln cc dm chnh v c chia nh bi cc dm ph (hnh 1). Nh cp trong li m u, trong qu trnh chu ti, dm chnh v dm ph u xut hin chuyn v, trong dm ph chuyn v nhiu hn dm chnh. Cc sn nh th khng c iu kin bin l tng v khng th s dng bng tra tnh ton ni lc. Bi v cho d s dng phng php tra bng cho nh AEFG hay ln ABCD th u khng a c kt qu c th chp nhn c. Nu s dng nh AEFG, kt qu ni lc l qu b so vi thc t, nu s dng ln ABCD, kt qu ni lc ln hn nhiu so vi thc t.

Hnh 1: S sn thng gp trong thc t Thng thng, chiu dy sn s c xc nh s b da vo nhp ngn hn ca sn. V d nu tnh ton theo s nh th chiu dy s b ca sn xc nh da vo khong cch AE, nu tnh ton theo s ln th chiu dy s b c xc nh da vo khong cch AB. Tuy nhin trong bi ton ny, chiu dy s b ca sn cn xc nh da vo khong cch AH l khong cch trung gian gia chiu AB v AE, c th ly AH l trung bnh gia AB v AE.

15.2. H ta a phng v biu din m men un i vi phn t shell trong Etabs


K hiu v cc trc ca h ta a phng v m men un trong phn t shell c quy nh trong Etabs nh th hin trong hnh 2.

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Hnh 2: Quy nh v trc ta a phng v m men un. V mu sc, trc 1 th hin bng mu , trc 2 th hin bng mu trng, v trc 3 th hin bng mu xanh. i vi phn t nm ngang, theo mc nh trc 1 hng theo trc X v trc 2 hng theo trc Y. M11 l m men un tc dng ln b mt vung gc vi trc 1, v quay quanh trc 2. M22 l m men un tc dng ln b mt vung gc vi trc 2, v quay quanh trc 1. M11 v M22 l 2 gi tr c s dng tnh ton ct thp cho sn.

15.3. p dng trong tnh ton v thit k ct thp sn


Hnh 3 biu din cc s ni lc M11 v M22 cho sn.

Hnh 3: S ni lc theo kt qu phn tch ca Etabs. Cc vng m hn th hin cc v tr c ni lc ln. V d trong s M11, cc vng c ni lc ln c nh s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Ta cng thy dm ph c vai tr trong vic chia nh sn, th hin phn ni lc khc bit gia vng 5-7 v vng 6-8. Tuy nhin ni lc ti vng ny b hn nhiu so vi ni lc ti cc vng bin 1-2 v 3-4, cho thy rng dm ph khng m bo c iu kin bin l lin kt gi ta c nh. Khi tnh ton din tch ct thp s t theo phng trc X, chng ta s dng biu M11. tnh ton cho ct thp t ti gi (lp trn), ta so snh ly ra gi tr ln nht trong cc gi tr c ti cc im 1, 2, 3, 4. tnh ton cho ct thp ti nhp (lp di), ta so snh ly ra gi tr ln nht trong cc gi tr c ti cc im 5, 6, 7, 8.

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Tng t khi tnh ton din tch ct thp s t theo trc Y (s dng M22). Lu rng cc im ni trn l minh ha cho v d c th, bi ton thc t c th phc tp hn v cc im chn c th khc i. ph hp vi biu m men nh trn. Ct thp lp trn thng c b tr di dng xen kp. Thanh ct thp c ko di sut sn vi khong ri ln chu m men ti dm ph, thanh thp b sung s c t xen k gia cc thanh thp ko di v kt hp vi thanh thp ko di chu m men ln hn ti gi.

Hnh 4: B tr ct thp lp trn ph hp vi s ni lc.

16. MNG MM
Mng mm l loi mng m trong tnh ton c xt n bin dng ca mng. Thng thng mng vn c gi thit l tuyt i cng, v cc bi ton v kim tra ng sut, tnh ton ct thp vn da vo gi thit ny. Tuy nhin mt s trng hp, gi thit ny khng cn ph hp, gy lng ph ct thp cng nh mt an ton cho mng do khng xt n s phn b li ng sut di nn t theo bin dng ca mng. Mng c coi l mm khi bin dng ca n nu c xt n s dn ti s phn b li ng sut mt cch ng k so vi m hnh mng tuyt i cng Do c cng hu hn, mng s b vng ngc di tc dng ca phn lc nn t. Bin dng ca mng dn ti s ln khng u ca nn t v dn ti p lc ca nn t ln mng khng u. Ni lc trong mng c xu hng b hn so vi m hnh tuyt i cng, tuy nhin ng sut nn t di cc v tr tp trung ti trng (chn ct, chn vch) li ln hn khi tnh ton mng theo m hnh tuyt i cng. Thng thng, khi mng c mt kch thc khc bit so vi cc kch thc cn li (v d chiu di so vi tit din i vi mng bng, hoc chiu dy so vi mt bng i vi mng b), cn tnh ton mng theo s c xt n bin dng (mng mm) a n kt qu tit kim hn v ct thp v an ton hn v iu kin ng sut ca nn t

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Hnh 1: So snh m hnh tnh ton mng tuyt i cng v m hnh tnh ton mng mm

17. NGUYN L TNH TON GING MNG


Nguyn tc chung khi tnh ton thit k bt k mt kt cu ni chung hay mt cu kin no ni ring cng l phi tm c quy lut v lc tc ng - ni lc v quy lut v kh nng chu lc ca cu kin. Mt cch ngn gn l phi xc nh c cc yu t tc ng ln cu kin , ni lc pht sinh v thc hin bi ton thit k khi c ni lc. tnh ton ging mng, hy xt cc yu t tc dng hay vai tr ca n trong h kt cu chung: Chu tc dng ca ln lch. Ging mng gp phn nh trong tc dng chu ln lch ca c h kt cu. Trc y tng c quan im tnh ton ging mng di tc dng hon ton ca ln lch. Tuy nhin ging mng ch l b phn nh ca c h kt cu bao gm dm v sn ca phn thn. Cc nghin cu tnh ton cng ch ra rng ging mng ch gp mt phn nh trong tc dng chu ln lch so ton b phn thn. Tc dng tng xy. Tc dng phn phi m men chn ct. Cng vi kt cu mng (mng cc, mng n ...), ging mng chu tc dng phn phi m men chn ct theo cng Tc dng y ni ca nn t. Ging mng ng vai tr nh Dm trong h Sn dm khi lm vic cng vi sn tng hm chu tc dng y ni ca nn t. Ging chn ct. Di tc dng ca ti trng ng (ng t, thnh phn ng ca ti trng gi), ging mng c vai tr ging cc chn ct di tc dng ca ti trng ca ti trng ng. xc nh ni lc, m hnh ph hp nht l m hnh lm vic ng thi gia kt cu v nn t.

18. TI SAO DIN TCH CT THP CT TNG MI LI LN HN CC TNG KHC ?


Mt s k s bn khon khi thy kt qu tnh ton din tch ct thp ct tng mi li ln hn cc tng khc. iu ny c v mu thun bi v cc ct tng di thng phi chu ti nhiu hn. Tuy nhin, khi xem xt vn , cn ch rng ct chu tc ng ng thi bi lc dc v m men v do khng th ch dng duy nht yu t lc dc nh gi mc chu lc ca ct, v do , cu ni "ct tng di phi chu ti nhiu hn" l cha chnh xc.

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Hnh 1 l kt qu tnh ton din tch ct thp ca Etabs. Na bn tri l kt qu tnh ton din tch ct thp cn na bn phi l ni lc ca ct.

Hnh 1: Ni lc v din tch ct thp theo tnh ton ca Etabs C th thy din tch ct thp mi ln hn cc tng pha di, v m men ca ct tng mi cng ln hn cc tng pha di. Nguyn nhn khin m men ca ct tng mi ln hn ct cc tng pha di l do nt khung tng mi ch c 2 cu kin l 1 ct v 1 dm trong khi nt khung tng di c 2 ct v 1 dm. Bn cnh , do ct tng mi c cng kh ln, nn nt khung ng x nh mt nt cng c cng chng xoay ln, do m men t dm phn phi vo nt khung l tng i ln (xp x vi cc nt khung pha di). Do phn m men phn phi vo ct tng mi s ln hn m men phn phi vo ct tng di. Nh cp trn, cn xt ti lc dc v m men khi tnh ton din tch ct thp cho ct. Hnh 2 l v d v biu tng tc ca ct.

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Hnh 2: Biu tng tc ca ct v cc im biu din ni lc Trn biu , ng cong v vng gii hn trong n biu th kh nng chu lc ca ct mt hm lng ct thp nht nh. Gi thit l hm lng m bo kh nng chu lc ca ct tha mn ni lc ca ct tng di. Tuy nhin khi xt ni lc ca ct tng mi, do c lc dc b hn nhng m men ln hn nn im biu din ni lc ca ct li nm ngoi biu . Nh vy, ct tng mi cn mt hm lng ct thp ln hn ct tng di mi m bo kh nng chu lc. Hnh 2 l hnh nh r rng v mi quan h gia lc dc v m men trong nh gi kh nng chu lc ca ct v l gii c nguyn nhn khin kt qu tnh ton din tch ct thp ct tng mi ln hn cc tng pha di.

19. KHI NO TH CU KIN C COI L DM ?


Cu tr li s dn chng ta ti bi ton tnh ton ct thp cho cu kin theo trng hp chu nn un (hoc ko un) nh Ct hay ch tnh cho m men nh i vi Dm. Dm c nh ngha l cu kin nm ngang v ch chu tc dng ca m men un v lc ct. Trn tit din thng gc, ct thp ch c b tr t vic tnh ton theo iu kin kim tra kh nng chu m men un. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp, cu kin nm ngang cng c th chu thm tc ng ca lc dc (khung ging). Khi chng ta phi cn nhc vic tnh ton dm chu nn un (hoc ko un) ng thi nh ct. Mt trng hp khc m chng ta cng cn cn nhc vic tnh ton cu kin theo trng hp no chnh l ging cho (brace). Vy, khi no th cu kin c coi l Dm? Mt s ti liu khuyn rng ch cn tnh ton vi m men un cho tit din khi t s nn N / Rb.A 0,1 . Trong A l din tch ca tit din. C th l gii iu ny thng qua vic xem xt biu tng tc theo phng un ca tit din (hnh 1)

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Hnh 1: Biu tng tc Biu tng tc th hin kh nng chu lc trong trng hp tng qut ca tit din. im A ca biu chnh l kh nng chu lc trong trng hp cu kin chu un thun ty (lc dc bng 0). T im A, c 2 xu hng c th din ra: Cu kin chu thm lc ko, im biu din ni lc i xung theo mi tn mu Cu kin chu thm lc nn, im biu din ni lc i ln theo mi tn mu xanh

C th kt lun ngay rng: khi b tr ct thp theo m men un, nu cu kin chu thm lc ko th cu kin s khng m bo kh nng chu lc. im biu din ni lc lc ny nm ngoi gii hn ca biu tng tc. Khi cu kin chu thm lc nn, im biu din ni lc ln theo ng mu xanh, n vn nm trong gii hn ca biu tng tc, v cu kin s vn m bo kh nng chu lc cho n khi n vt ra ngoi gii hn ca biu tng tc (pha trn ca biu ). Nh vy, c th ni rng lc dc khi trong gii hn cho php s lm tng kh nng chu m men un ca tit din. Do lc dc lm tng kh nng chu m men un ca tit din, nn vic ch tnh ton cho tit din chu mt mnh m men un s l lng ph. Bn cnh , khi tip tc tng lc dc, tit din c th khng m bo kh nng chu lc khi im biu din ni lc vt qua gii hn ca biu . T cc nhn xt trn, c th kt lun rng khi lc nn nm trong gii hn quy c th ch cn tnh ton cu kin chu m men un (cu kin c coi l Dm), v khi lc nn vt qu gii hn quy c th phi tnh ton cu kin chu nn un ng thi, iu ny lm cho kt qu tnh ton tit kim hn v an ton khi cn thit. V gi tr gii hn quy c m mt s ti liu a ra chnh l t s nn bng 0,1

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20. BIU TNG TC
Bi vit ny cp n khi nim v tc dng ca biu tng tc.

20.1. Khi nim


Biu tng tc ca mt tit din l tp hp cc gi tr (N, Mx, My) th hin kh nng chu lc ca tit din.

Hnh 1: Biu tng tc Biu tng tc th hin mi quan h gia lc dc v m men trong nh gi kh nng chu lc ca tit din, lc dc thay i th kh nng chu m men thay i v ngc li. Hnh 1(a) l biu tng tc dng ba chiu, l tp hp cc im th hin kh nng chu lc trn cc phng nm trong gc 1/4 ca tit din. Hnh 1(b) l biu tng tc phng hay cn gi l mt ct ng ca biu tn g tc, l tp hp cc gi tr th hin kh nng chu lc ca tit din theo phng un c th. Biu tng tc l cng c nh gi kh nng chu lc mt cch tng qut, c th dng tnh ton c trng hp chu un thun ty (dm) hoc chu nn - un (ct). Biu tng tc cng l mt cng c trc quan nh gi xu hng lm vic ca tit din.

20.2. Nguyn l xy dng biu tng tc


Nguyn l xy dng biu tng tc tng i n gin. Qu trnh bt u t vic gi thit trc v tr ca ng gii hn vng nn quy c (trong trng hp s dng khi ng sut ch nht cho b tng) hoc trc trung ha (trong trng hp s dng m hnh ng sut b tng phc tp hn). Sau khi c ng gii hn vng nn quy c hoc trc trung ha, tin hnh xc nh ng sut ct thp da trn gi thit tit din phng v gi thit v bin dng cc hn ca b tng khi ph hoi (TCXDVN 356 -2005 a

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ra cng thc trc tip xc nh ng sut ct thp, tuy nhin bn cht vn da trn gi thit tit din phng). Sau khi c ng sut ca cc thnh phn b tng v ct thp, tin hnh xc nh kh nng chu lc ca tit din t cc thnh phn bng cc php ton thng thng. Thay i v tr ng gii hn vng nn quy c hoc trc trung ha, ta c tp hp ca cc gi tr to nn biu tng tc. Nguyn l xy dng biu tng tc tng i n gin, tuy nhin vic thc hnh i hi phi thc hin rt nhiu php tnh. Do cn thit phi c s tham gia ca my tnh in t.

20.3. Tc dng ca biu tng tc 20.4. S dng biu tng tc kim tra kh nng chu lc ca tit din
Cng dng u tin ca biu tng tc l kim tra kh nng chu lc ca tit din. Sau khi xy dng xong c biu tng tc, tin hnh kim tra cc im th hin ni lc. Nu im th hin ni lc nm trong gii hn ca biu th tit din m bo kh nng chu lc. H s kh nng chu lc (kh nng vt qu yu cu cn thit) c th c nh gi qua t s ca m men th hin kh nng v m men ni lc, hoc t s ca chiu di cc tia t im gc ta 0 ti im th hin kh nng chu lc v t im 0 ti im th hin ni lc

20.5. S dng biu tng tc tnh ton gn ng din tch ct thp


Biu tng tc c s dng t kh lu trong cc tiu chun nc ngoi nh BS hay ACI. Tiu chun cc nc xy dng sn cc biu tng tc di dng khng th nguyn (khng ph thuc trc tip vo tit din ct hay vt liu s dng) vi cc hm lng ct thp khc nhau. K s tin hnh biu din cc im th hin ni lc trn biu v ni suy tm ra c hm lng ct thp thch hp. Trong lp trnh thit k kt cu, cc k s a ra cc thut ton ng dn bao gm cc vng lp tm ra c hm lng ct thp tha mn tit din m bo kh nng chu lc vi h s kh nng chu lc xp x bng 1.

21. PHNG PHP XY DNG BIU TNG TC CHO CT TIT DIN CH NHT
Bi vit ny trnh by phng php xy dng biu tng tc cho Ct tit din ch nht

21.1. Phng php xy dng mt ct ng ca biu tng tc


Chng ta xc nh ng sut ct thp da trn v tr ca ng gii hn vng nn. Vi mi mt v tr ng gii hn vng nn c gi thit, ta xc nh c mt trng thi ng sut ca tit din, bao gm ng sut ca cc thanh ct thp, v t tm ra c mt cp (N, Mx, My) biu th kh nng chu lc ca tit din. Mt ct ng ca biu tng tc chnh l ng biu din kh nng chu lc ca tit din theo mt phng no , l tp hp ca cc im (N, Mx, My) tha mn gc hp gia Mx v My chnh bng gc ca phng un ang xt. Phng trnh biu din ng gii hn vng nn c dng: y=a.x + b, trong a c xc nh da vo phng ca im t lc (tnh t gc ca h trc qun

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tnh chnh trung tm), b l h s xc nh v tr ca ng ny chnh l im giao ct gia ng gii hn vng nn v trc Y. ng vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca b chnh l cc trng thi ng sut khc nhau khi tit din b un theo mt phng no . Khi b = b1: Ton b tit din chu ko (khng xut hin vng nn) Khi b = b2: Ton b tit din chu nn (khng xut hin vng ko) Khi b = bi: Cc trng thi trung gian.

dng c biu tng tc, ta ln lt cho bi chy t b1 n b2, qu trnh ny cho ta cc cp (Ni, Mxi, Myi). Tp hp tt c cc gi tr (Ni, Mxi, Myi) to thnh mt cu biu din kh nng chu lc ca tit din. Tp hp tt c cc im (Ni, Mxi, Myi) tha mn Mxi v Myi hp thnh 1 gc cho trc chnh l kh nng chu lc ca tit din theo mt phng cho trc. Ni cc im ny li ta c biu tng tc biu din kh nng chu lc ca tit din theo mt phng un no . Nh vy, qu trnh kim tra kh nng chu lc ca tit din khi chu ngoi lc (N, Mx, My) nh sau: Xc nh phng ca im t lc Ln lt gi thit cc ng gii hn vng nn (phng theo h s a, b tr theo h s b), xc nh c cc cp (Ni, Mxi, Myi) Tp hp cc im (Ni, Mxi, Myi) tha mn Mxi/Myi = Mx/My, to thnh mt ct ng ca biu tng tc theo phng un ang xt Xc nh h s an ton

21.2. Cch xc nh thnh phn lc dc v m men do b tng ng gp


Vic xc nh din tch v trng tm vng nn ca tit din theo cc phng trnh hnh hc l rt kh khn do s lng trng hp tng i nhiu c bit vi cc tit din c hnh dng phc tp. gii quyt vn ny, chng ta s dng phng php gn ng bng cch chia nh tit din (hnh v di).

Khi chia nh tit din, mi phn t b tng c ta trng tm (Xi,Yi) bit trc, trng thi ng sut c xc nh da vo v tr ca n so vi ng gii hn vng nn (ch : ng sut ca mi phn t b tng ch c th l mt trong hai gi tr: Rb hoc bng 0) T ta xc nh c phn lc dc v m men ng gp ca mi phn t b tng (Nbi,Mbi), tng hp tt c cc phn t chng ta s c (Nb,Mb) Ti liu mi nht ca H Vit Hng v vn ny: download

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22. TNH TON CT THP KP THEO GII HN NH TRC - GII PHP CHO DM CHU M MEN LN
Cng thc tng qut trong tiu chun Vit Nam (TCXDVN 356-2005) cho php k n vi tr ca ct thp chu nn trong tnh ton kim tra kh nng chu lc ca Dm. Tuy nhin trong cc gio trnh hng dn ch thc hin v d i vi gii hn Ci = CiR. Thc t cho thy vic tnh ton, thit k ct thp kp gii hn sm hn s lm gim ng k ct thp trong vng chu ko, lm gim hm lng ct thp mt cch hiu qu v tng kh nng b tr ct thp, thun tin cho thit k v thi cng. Li u tin, xin lm r khi nim "m men ln" y l ch gi tr m men m v n chng ra cn phi b tr mt hm lng ln ct thp cho Dm ang xt, ngha l cn phi xt thm cc yu t l vt liu v kch thc tit din dm. Tit din t ct thp kp l tit din c tnh ton vi ct thp trong vng ko As v trong vng nn As'. Trn thc t, dm cng thng c b tr ct thp trn c hai mt ca tit din, nguyn nhn l do cu to (c bit l yu cu trong tiu chun TCXDVN 375-2006 v cu to tha mn cp do ca cng trnh) Trong gio trnh b tng ct thp ca HXD cng nh trong cc ti liu hng dn thit k kt cu theo TCVN, c cp n vic tnh ton ct thp kp khi Ci > CiR , vi CiR l h s gii hn chiu cao vng nn - ph thuc vo vt liu. Cc ti liu cng cp n quy trnh tnh ton ct thp kp, bao gm vic la chn chiu cao vng nn x = C.ho, t tnh ton As' v As da vo cc phng trnh cn bng. R rng rng vi dm chu m men ln, vic tnh ton ct thp kp v cn thit. Tuy nhin, trong tnh ton thc t, vic chn chiu cao vng nn nh trn cha mang li hiu qu v mt hn ch hm lng ct thp. V d:

B tng B25

Ct thp AIII

b (cm)

h (cm)

a (cm)

CiR

M (Tm)

Ci

As (cm2) 63.63

As' (cm2) 2.16

50

50

0.703

67

0.787

Cc tiu chun BS 8110-97 v EC2 u a ra cc gi tr gii hn cho vic tnh ton ct thp n v ct thp kp, nhng khng my lin quan n gi tr ca h s gii hn vng nn. C th l quy nh v gii hn ca h s K ( ngha tng ng vi h s Anfa theo TCVN), BS 8110 -97 quy nh tnh ton ct thp kp khi K > 0.156 (tng ng h s Anfa = 0.35, v hm lng ct thp gn bng 1.8%). So snh mt v d tnh ton din tch ct thp theo TCVN 356-2005 v theo Etabs (s dng tiu chun BS 8110-97 vi vt liu c quy i ph hp vi TCVN), kt qu nh sau: B tng B25 B25 Ct thp AIII AIII b (cm) 50 50 h (cm) 50 50 a (cm) 6 6 M (Tm) 67 67 As (cm2) 63.63 52.83 As' (cm2) 2.16 14.13

Tiu chun

CiR

Ci

TCXDVN 356-2005

0.703

0.787

BS 8110-97 (

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quy i vt liu)

Ti trng thi m hm lng ct thp tng i ln, th s phn bit gi tr din tch ct thp gia 63.63 v 52.83 rt c ngha trong vic b tr ct thp. iu khin chng ta cn nhc li vic tnh ton din tch ct thp cho dm trong trng hp tnh ct thp kp. Xem xt li quy trnh tnh ton ct thp theo BS 8110-97, ta thy gi tr gii hn Ko = 0.156 c mt ngha hp l nht nh khi so snh vi TCVN v thc t thit k. Gi tr Ko = 0.156 tng ng vi gi tr Anfa = 0.35, v hm lng ct thp tng ng l 1.8% - hm lng m vic b tr ct thp trong dm vn mc "thoi mi" - d b tr. Mt khc cng thc tng qut trong tiu chun TCXDVN 356 -2005 c c thnh phn As'. Ngha l v mt tiu chun tnh ton, vic khng ch mt gi tr Anfa_h tng ng vi mt gi tr Cih < CiR lm ranh gii cho vic tnh ton ct kp cho dm l hon ton hp l, v mang li hiu qu trong cng tc thit k cc dm chu m men ln. Qua nghin cu tiu chun BS 8110-97 v sch Tnh ton thc hnh Cu kin BTCT theo tiu chun TCXDVN 356-2005 (GS. Nguyn nh Cng), tc gi xut quy trnh tnh ton ct kp cho dm nh sau: Chn gii hn gi tr Anfa_h = 0.35 (tng ng hm lng ct thp 1.8%) Xc nh gi tr h s gii hn Cih = 0.5*(1-(1-Anfa_h)2) Xc nh gi tr m men gii hn Mgh = Anfa_h * Rb * b * ho2 Khi M < Mgh: Tnh ton ct n Khi M > Mgh: Tnh ton ct kp. Gi tr As v As' c xc nh nh sau:

Kt qu tnh ton cho v d cp trn nh sau: B tng Ct thp b (cm) h (cm) a (cm) M (Tm) As (cm2) As' (cm2)

Tiu chun

CiR

Ci

TCXDVN 356-2005 (thng thng) BS 8110-97 ( quy i vt liu) TCXDVN 356-2005 (Anfa_h = 0.357)

B25

AIII

50

50

0.703

67

0.787

63.63

2.16

B25

AIII

50

50

67

52.83

14.13

B25

AIII

50

50

0.703

67

0.787

52.84

12.18

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Biu di y m t quan h M - As ca dm tit din 40x60 (cm), b tng cp bn B25, thp nhm AIII, a = a' = 6cm

Trong biu trn:

ng ng ng ng

lin nt l quan im tnh ton truyn thng, Ah = Ar = 0.456 (ng vi CiR = 0.703) t nt l quan im tnh ton s dng Ah = 0.35 trc thng ng l gii hn ca m men theo quan im A <= 0.5 trc nm ngang l gii hn ca hm lng ct thp theo quan im muy <= 4%

T biu ta thy, nu tha nhn Mgh vi A = 0.5, th kh nng chu lc ti a ca tit din l 85Tm, vi quan im tnh ton thng thng (Ar = 0.456) th As = 65cm2, vi quan im tnh ton theo gii hn Ah = 0.35 th As = 54cm2. Din tch ct thp ti th ko gim mt lng ng k. y khng xt n tng lng ct thp theo tnh ton, bi v trn thc t ct thp vn c b tr trong vng nn theo cu to vi mt lng tng i ln. Theo quan im tha nhn gii hn ca hm lng ct thp l 4%, th kh nng chu lc ti a ca dm c tnh theo Ar s l 122 Tm, trong khi kh nng chu lc ti a ca dm tnh theo Ah s l 142 Tm.

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23. DM CAO V DM CHUYN (DEEP BEAM AND TRANSFER BEAM) Dm chuyn c s dng ngy cng nhiu hn trong cc cng trnh xy dng Vit Nam, do c im v phn b ng sut m vic tnh ton thit k cc dm ny c nhiu khc bit so vi vic tnh ton v thit k dm theo l thuyt un thng thng. 23.1. DM CAO Dm c gi l dm cao (Deep Beam) khi mang mt trong cc c im sau y: T s gia nhp thng thy v chiu cao dm b hn hoc bng 4 Trn dm xut hin ti trng tp trung trong khong b hn 2 ln chiu cao dm tnh t mp gi Di tc dng ca ti trng, trong dm hnh thnh cc thanh chng chu nn ni gia v tr t ti trng v gi . i vi cc cu kin thng thng, chng ta thng s dng gi thit bin dng phng lp s ng sut cho tit din v gii bi ton tnh ton ct thp da trn cc s ng sut ti trng thi ph hoi. Tuy nhin, i vi dm cao gi thit v bin dng phng trong l thuyt un khng cn ng na. tnh ton dm cao, hoc s dng phng php phn tch vi phn b bin dng phi tuyn, hoc s dng m hnh gin o (strut-and-tie method). M hnh gin o c cp trong cc tiu chun nh ACI 308-08 - Ph lc A, hoc Eurocode 2 - Mc 6.5

Hnh 1: Cc trng hp nh ngha ca Dm cao

23.2. DM CHUYN Dm chuyn (Transfer Beam) l cu kin dm c tc dng phn phi li ti trng thng ng. Do c im v ti trng nn hu ht dm chuyn u thuc dng dm cao. Trn thc t dm chuyn c s dng tng i linh hot. Trong mt s cng trnh hn hp, do yu cu v khng gian tng pha di (khi thng mi) nn h ct cc tng di c khong cch tng i ln, trong khi khi cn h pha trn yu cu kch thc cu kin thng ng phi mng do h vch pha trn mng v di. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, dm chuyn c chc nng phn phi ti trng t cc vch v tp trung ti cc nh ct (Hnh 2).

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Hnh 2: Dm chuyn c s dng phn phi ti trng v cc ct

Trong mt s cng trnh khc, ngi ta cng b tr dm chuyn dn u ti trng xung mng (Hnh 3). Vi h kt cu ny, do ti trng c dn u xung cc ct ph hp vi sc chu ti ca cc, do di mi chn ct ch cn b tr mt cc. Hiu qu ca cch thc ny l trong i cc khng pht sinh lc chc thng v m men un, dn ti s tit kim c chi ph i cc v cc chi ph lin quan n cng tc thi cng i cc.

Hnh 3: Dm chuyn c s dng dn u ti trng xung mng

Xem xt vn qua mt v d: khc vi cc d n c qu t hn hp, d n Hyundai Hills State bao gm cc ta nh l khu chung c n thun, c sn chung rng v mt im hon ton khc bit l khu gara c t ngm di sn. Thit k ny to iu kin gii phng chc nng phn ngm ca cc ta nh chnh, do phn ngm ca cc ta nh ny

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c mc ch phc v ti a kt cu. Bn thit k ca Hyundai Hills State cho thy h thng dm chuyn di 2 tng hm to nn khi vng chc, phn phi ti trng ng v ti trng ngang u n ln cc ct, do khng xy ra hin tng cc tp trung ti i vch thang my. Cc cc c t ngay di chn ct lm gim ti a nguy c chc thng, dn n chiu dy ca i cc (i b) tng i nh v thp i cc c tit kim ti a. 23.3. L THUYT TNH TON V nguyn tc dm cao c th c tnh ton thit k bng m hnh gin o, tuy nhin vic ng dng m hnh ny nh th no trong cc trng hp a dng kt cu cn c nghin cu k lng. Mc d xut hin mt thi gian tng i di, vic tnh ton dm chuyn vn cn l mt vn kh mi m v cha c gii quyt mt cch trit . Cc kt qu phn tch v dm cao nu trong cun Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings ca Bungale S. Taranath cho thy ng sut trong giai on lm vic khi cha xut hin vt nt ln hn gp 2 ln so vi phn thch theo l thuyt un thng thng (s dng gi thit tit din phng), kt lun ny c ly lm c s cho mt s bng thuyt minh tnh ton s dng kt qu t phn tch n hi trong Etabs bng cch nhn i gi tr ng sut thu c v tnh ton din tch ct thp yu cu. Trc nhng hn ch v l thuyt tnh ton, khc phc bng phng n kt cu r rng lun l gii php ti u nht, mt s chuyn gia khuyn rng tt nht (thay v thit k gin o) hy thit k mt h gin tht lm nhim v phn phi ti trng, lc phng n kt cu s tr nn rt r rng v d x l. 24. ETABS - HNG DN THIT K VCH
Bi vit ny hng dn s dng chc nng kim tra v thit k Vch trong Etabs.

24.1. GII THIU CHUNG


Bn c th s dng Etabs kim tra kh nng chu lc ca mt cu kin c b tr sn ct thp. Hnh di y minh ha mt ct tit din ch L, trn thc t bn c th xy dng mt tit din phc tp bt k. Chc nng ny rt hiu qu cho vic kim tra kh nng chu ti ca vch thang my, ct vch, ct c tit din phc tp (L, T ...) s dng c chc nng ny, bn cn phn tch ni lc trc (Run Analysis), sau tin hnh cc bc sau: 1. 2. 3. 4. t tn cho vch nh ngha tit din b tr ct thp (tit din b tng c th ly ngay t m hnh hoc to mi) Gn tit din b tr ct thp cho vch Kim tra kh nng chu lc

Di y l cc hnh nh minh ha:

nh ngha tit din Ct thp

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Chc nng v (b tr) ct thp. Bao gm: b tr ct thp n, b tr ct thp theo ng dn, b tr ct thp theo ng dn vung hoc trn

Khung iu chnh c trng (vt liu, ...) ca b tng

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Khung iu chnh c trng (vt liu, ta , ...) ca ct thp

25. ETABS - PHN TCH KT CU THEO M HNH LM VIC NG THI VI NN T


Bi vit ny nu ln tng ca m hnh kt cu lm vic ng thi vi nn t v cch thc thc hin trogn Etabs.

25.1. TNG
S lm vic ca nn t c nh hng nht nh ti s phn phi li ni lc trong h kt cu. V d i vi mng cc, di tc dng ca ti trng cc cc s b ln xung, ko theo chuyn v thng ng ca i cc, bn cnh di tc dng khng u ca ti trng ln cc u cc, i cc b xoay do chuyn v ca cc u cc khng ging nhau. Nh vy, trong m hnh lm vic ng thi vi nn t, gi thit lin

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kt ngm ti chn ct - vch khng cn ng vi thc t. M hnh lm vic ng thi vi nn t, trong c k n chuyn v ti chn ct - vch, cng ng thi gin quyt c bi ton ging mng, do trn thc t ging mng phi chu tc ng ca ln lch (cng vi h kt cu bn trn), ca m men chn ct, ca ti trng tng xy, ca p lc y ni tc dng ln sn mng ... M hnh lm vic ng thi vi nn cng gii quyt c bi ton mng chu lc lch tm do k n nh hng ca ging mng.

25.2. CNG C
Etabs cung cp khai bo iu kin bin di dng lin kt n hi (spring). Cng c ny cho php khai bo cc lin kt chuyn v v m men di dng n hi, qua bin dng (tnh tin, xoay) ph thuc vo ngoi lc v cng ca lin kt

25.3. NGUYN L M HNH HA NN T


Nn t c m hnh ha bng cc lin kt n hi, vi cng ph thuc vo quan h ngoi lc - bin dng. V d vi mng n, t iu kin nn t chng ta xc nh c ln di tc dng ca ti trng chn ct s b (m hnh ngm), t xc nh c cng ca lin kt n hi.

25.4. P DNG TRONG THIT K MNG CC


Trong m hnh spring, cc c m hnh ha bng cc ct ngn c chn ct lin kt n hi. i cc c m hnh ha bng cc phn t Shell. cng ca cc ph thuc vo s lm vic ca cc: Cc ma st, cc chng vo lp t ct, c sc chu ti xc nh ph thuc vo sc chu ti ca nn t. Th nghim nn tnh cho thy ln di tc dng ca ti trng c dng ng cong. Sc chu ti ca cc c xc nh thng qua th nghim nn tnh, c ly ln quy c S* = 0,2.[S], trong [S] = 8cm l ln gii hn. H s n hi theo trc Z c ly bng k = P/S*. V d vi cc c P = 40T, k = 40/0,016 = 2500 T/m

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Cc chng vo lp t , sc chu ti xc nh bng sc chu ti theo vt liu, ln ch yu l bin dng n hi ca cc. H s n hi theo trc Z c ly bng cng dc trc EA/L ca cc, trong E, A, L ln lng l m un n hi ca vt liu cc, din tch tit din cc v chiu di ca cc.

26.

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MC LC

BI M U ............................................................................................................1 BI 1 V MT BNG KT CU THEO BN V S 1 ......................................2 1. CC QUY NH CHUNG .............................................................................2 2. NHIM V V YU CU ............................................................................2 3. BI LM.........................................................................................................2 4. Li sa .............................................................................................................3 BI 2 V MT BNG KT CU THEO BN V S 2 ......................................5 1. Nhim v ca bi tp s 2: ..............................................................................5 2. Yu cu: ...........................................................................................................5 BI 3 CHN S B TIT DIN CT DM SN ...............................................6 1. Nhim v ca bi tp s 3 ...............................................................................6 2. Cc bc thc hin ..........................................................................................6 3. Yu cu: ...........................................................................................................6 4. CU HI: ........................................................................................................9 5. TR LI ..........................................................................................................9 6. Li bi 3 .........................................................................................................10 Bi tp s 4 Thit lp cc khai bo trong Etabs .......................................................11 1. Cc bc thc hin ........................................................................................11 2. Yu cu: .........................................................................................................11 3. Cc thng s bi 4..........................................................................................14 Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu 4. Quy i n v ...............................................................................................16 5. TNH TON DIN TCH CT THP BNG ETABS - THEO TCVN ....16 BI 5 Dng m hnh kt cu sn tng 2, cao +4.200 (Ct, vch, dm, sn) .....21 1. Nhim v ca bi tp s 5: ............................................................................21 2. Cn ch khi thc hnh: ...............................................................................21 3. Yu cu: .........................................................................................................21 4. Cu hi bi 5 ..................................................................................................21 BI 6 Xc nh v khai bo ti trng tnh (Tnh ti, hot ti).................................23 1. Nhim v ca bi tp s 6: ............................................................................23 2. Cn lu khi thc hnh: ...............................................................................23 3. Yu cu: .........................................................................................................23 CC BI VIT .......................................................................................................26 1. BI 1 T hp ti trng v t hp ni lc ......................................................26 2. BI 2 Nhng mu thun khi phn tch kt cu lm vic ng thi vi nn t s dng phng php m hnh cc bng lin kt n hi ...........................26 3. BI 3 H BIN DNG NG IU .........................................................29 4. BI 4 TM CNG, TM KHI LNG, TM HNH HC ..................30 5. BI 5 HN CH CHUYN V NGANG CHO NH CAO TNG BNG CCH S DNG OUTTRIGGER (DM GNH) .........................................31 6. H S NG X ...........................................................................................35 7. GI THIT TIT DIN PHNG ................................................................37 8. PHNG PHP THIT K THEO TRNG THI GII HN ................39 9. CC C TRNG CNG CA B TNG ....................................40 10. Shortening - Nguyn nhn, mu thun v phng php hn ch sai st ....43 11. S SUY GIM CNG CA KT CU B TNG CT THP ......45 12. HM LNG TI A CA CT THP DM ......................................46 13. VN TI U TRONG THIT K MNG CC ...............................47 14. TNH TON TI TRNG NG T THEO TCXDVN 375:2006 .....49 15. Tnh ton din tch ct thp cho Sn BTCT da vo ni lc t Etabs ........51 16. MNG MM...............................................................................................54 17. NGUYN L TNH TON GING MNG ............................................55

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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Gio trnh thit k kt cu 18. TI SAO DIN TCH CT THP CT TNG MI LI LN HN CC TNG KHC ? ........................................................................................55 19. KHI NO TH CU KIN C COI L DM ? .................................57 20. BIU TNG TC .............................................................................59 21. PHNG PHP XY DNG BIU TNG TC CHO CT TIT DIN CH NHT ............................................................................................60 22. TNH TON CT THP KP THEO GII HN NH TRC - GII PHP CHO DM CHU M MEN LN ........................................................62 23. DM CAO V DM CHUYN (DEEP BEAM AND TRANSFER BEAM)...............................................................................................................65 24. ETABS - HNG DN THIT K VCH .............................................67 25. ETABS - PHN TCH KT CU THEO M HNH LM VIC NG THI VI NN T .......................................................................................69 26. ......................................................................................................................71

Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726

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