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Bi vit ny gii thiu v phng php hc c p dng cho Kha hc thc hnh thit k Kt cu Online. Cc bn s tun t thc hin 17 bi tp, ban u mi ngi ch c quyn truy cp Bi m u v Bi 1, sau khi bn thc hin xong mi bi tp v chng ti xc nhn kt qu lm bi l t, th bn s c cp quyn truy cp thc hin bi tp tip theo. Nhim v v yu cu ca mi bi tp c nu r trong tng bi. Bn cn thc hin ng cc yu cu mi c xc nhn l t ni dung ca bi . Trong mi bi tp thng c b sung cc clip hng dn, bn nn theo di thc hin bi tp tt hn.Hai bi u tin l 2 bi n gin nhng tng i quan trng. Bn cn thc hnh mt cch nghim tc to c phong cch lm vic khoa hc cht ch. Ni dung kha hc: Trong qu trnh tham gia kha hc, hc vin s c cc bi thc hnh v theo bn v mu, v mt bi tp xuyn sut thc hin cc bc thit k kt cu. Chng trnh gm 17 bi tp vi ni dung nh sau:
Bi 1: Thc hnh bi v mt bng kt cu theo bn v mu s 1 Bi 2: Thc hnh bi v mt bng kt cu theo bn v mu s 2 Bi 3: Chn la s b kch thc tit din v dng mt bng kt cu cho bi tp
xuyn sut Bi 4: Thit lp cc khai bo trong Etabs Bi 5: Dng m hnh kt cu
Bi 6: Xc nh v khai bo ti trng tnh (Tnh ti, hot ti) Bi 7: Xc nh v khai bo ti trng Gi (thnh phn ng v tnh) Bi 8: Xc nh v khai bo ti trng ng t Bi 9: Hon tt m hnh v phn tch ni lc Bi 10: V bn v chi tit Dm theo bn v mu Bi 11: Thit k v v bn v Dm in hnh cho bi tp xuyn sut Bi 12: V bn v chi tit Sn theo bn v mu Bi 13: Thit k v v bn v chi tit Sn cho bi tp xuyn sut Bi 14: V bn v chi tit Ct theo bn v mu Bi 15: Thit k v v bn v chi tit Ct cho bi tp xuyn sut Bi 16: V bn v chi tit i cc theo bn v mu Bi 17: Thit k v v bn v chi tit i cc cho bi tp xuyn sut
BI 1 V MT BNG KT CU THEO BN V S 1
1. CC QUY NH CHUNG 2. NHIM V V YU CU 2.1. Nhim v: V theo bn v mu Cc bc thc hin: + V cc ng li + V cc ct (bao gm Hatch B tng) + V cc dm + Hatch cc sn + Chn t l bn v (theo kh bn v A4) Xc lp cc thng s lin quan n t l (Linetype Scale: lnh LTS), TextHeight, To Dim tng ng V cc ng ging cho DIM DIM v t tn trc 2.2. Yu cu: S dng cc Style (Layer, Text, Dim) c quy nh trong file Form.dwg; th hin bn v trong file Form.dwg, n v mc nh ca bn v l Inches.Nt v bin dm khng c bng qua Ct (bt u t mp ct v kt thc ti cc mp ct). Cc nt khng c chng ln nhau. Tun theo cc quy nh v th hin DIM (bao gm ng ging bng nt KCS_KHONG_IN). Khong cch t mp Text ti i tng i km (v d Text tn dm v mp dm) khng c b hn 0.8mm (khi in ra). Yu cu s dng loi ch l DText cho tt c cc i tng Text (c sn trong file Form.dwg) Cc lnh AutoCAD cn s dng trong thc hnh - LINE: v on thng - COPY: Lnh copy i tng - OFFSET: Lnh offset i tng - FILLET: Lnh ni 2 i tng ti giao im - TRIM: Lnh ct i tng ti giao im - MATCHPROP: Lnh sao chp thuc tnh ca i tng - LTS: Lnh t Linetype Scale cho ton b bn v (gi tr nhp cho lnh ny l n*10 i vi h inchs trong n l t l bn v. V d t l bn v l 50 th nhp gi tr l 500) 3. BI LM Cu hi + Ti sao vic t tn dm v d D1 khng t t trc 1 n trc 2 m li di t trc 1 n trc 4;
BI 2 V MT BNG KT CU THEO BN V S 2
1. Nhim v ca bi tp s 2: V Mt bng kt cu sn tng 3 theo bn v mu Quan st bn v Kin trc nhn nhn v phng php b tr Dm S dng file LayerSet KCS.lsp thc hin cc lnh v nhanh 2. Yu cu: Tun th cc yu cu ca bi tp s 1 Chn t l bn v da vo khung bn v A3 Cc lnh s dng: NT : KCS_BORDER NS : KCS_STEEL NM : KCS_CHI ND : KCS_DIM NC : KCS_COLUMN NI : KCS_AXIS NK : KCS_HIDDEN NR : KCS_KHONG_IN
3.2. Hng dn nh v dm: - i vi cc Dm chnh i qua Ct, Vch - c nh v thng qua cc trc chnh. - i vi cc Dm ph c b rng >= 200, cn b sung trc ph i qua tim dm. Cc dm ph ny s c nh v thng qua trc ph. - i vi cc Dm ph c b rng < 200, vic nh v dm c tin hnh thng qua cc ng DIM t trc (chnh hoc ph) gn nht ti mp dm, v ng DIM th hin b rng Dm. - Chng ta s t tn (hay nh s th t) theo nguyn tc u tin sau: t tn dm chnh trc, dm ph sau Theo phng X trc, phng Y sau Dm pha di trc, pha trn sau (ln lt t trc A n B, C, v.v..) Dm bn tri trc, bn phi sau (ln lt t trc 1 n 2, 3, v.v..) Tn dm c t vi quy nh nh hnh di, nu khng c s tng th b trng, v d: D1-20 (35x70) hoc D-20 (35x70). Lu l ch c duy nht 1 du cch trong tn dm
3.3. Phng php la chn tit din dm, ct, sn - Phng php la chn tit din dm, ct, sn c cp tng i k trong cc gio trnh BTCT tp 1, 2 v cun hng dn thit k sn BTCT ton khi (hng dn n BT1). Nu bn c nh tm hiu v KC th nn sm cc cun ny. V rt c bn v cn thit. Ngoi ra cn tm hiu cc tiu chun nh: Ti trng v tc ng (2737-1995) v thit k kt cu BTCT (356-2005) - C th tm tt nguyn l nh sau: Ti trng (t dn n ni lc v chuyn v) l yu t quyt nh cho vic la chn tit din ca cu kin. Tuy nhin c cc cng thc s b cho vic la chn tit din cu kin c trnh by sau y i vi dm: h = (1/10 ~ 1/15)*L i vi dm chnh; h = (1/15 ~ 1/20) * L i vi dm ph; b = (0.3 ~ 0.5)*h. Trong L l nhp dm. Khi h<600 th ly theo bi s ca 50, khi h >600 ly theo bi s 100 i vi ct: b*h = (1.2 ~ 1.5)*N/Rb; b = (0.25 ~ 1)*h. Trong N l lc dc, Rb l cng chu nn tnh ton ca ct. Lc dc c th ly bng = (din chu ti mi tng) * (s tng) * (ti trng trn 1 mt vung sn). Trong ti trng trn 1 mt vung sn c th ly bng 1.2T/m2.
Khi xc nh din tch tit din ca Ct Din chu ti ca ct trn mi tng c xc nh theo nguyn tc pha di
6. Li bi 3 - Dm A gc ln dm B th dm B phi c kch thc ln hn hoc bng dm A - H dm ph giao nhau c thit k c cng kch thc - Cc dm trn trc ny c thit k ng trc v c b rng bng nhau (tham kho kin trc) - Suy ngh th hin li cho ng cc layer ca lanh t vch
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Khai bo cc tit din Dm Khai bo cc tit din Sn: ch cc phng chc nng khc nhau (hnh lang, phng lm vic, kho, v sinh v.v..) cn c khai bo vi cc loi sn khc nhau (mc d c th cng chiu dy) thun tin cho vic gn ti trng v sau Khai bo cc tit din Vch: ch khai y cc loi Vch theo chiu dy. 2. Yu cu: - Thc hin theo cc hng dn (sau bi vit ny). Li ct c xy dng theo cng trnh bi tp s 3. Vt liu cp trn. - Gi file Etabs (*.EDB v *.$ET) qua hm th ketcausoft.edu@gmail.com 2.1. Lu khi khai bo tit din Ct - Chng ta s dng Etabs tnh ton din tch ct thp Ct, khi cn ch rng vic phn b ct thp trng ct nh hng n kt qu tnh ton. Do khi khai bo tit din ct, trong mc Reinforcement Data cn lu cc im: - Khong cch t mt ngoi ca b tng ti tm ct thp (Cover to rebar center), thng thng khong cch ny bng 25mm + D/2. Trong khai bo c th t bng 40mm l hp l. - S lng ct thp phn b cng u cng tt. n gin, trong thc hnh nn ly nh sau: s lng ct thp t trn cnh no th bng n = Kch thc cnh (theo mm) / 100 - ng knh ct thp ch c ngha khi thc hin bi ton kim tra, trong bi ton din tch ct thp nn ly bng nhau, c th ly cng bng 20d.
t n v l T-m Xy dng h li Chn tiu chun thit k BS 8110-97 Khai bo vt liu (b tng B30, ct thp dc A-III, ct thp ai A-I) Khai bo cc tit din Ct, ch cc lu v khai bo tit din ct.
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3. Cc thng s bi 4 3.1. Ti trng - Vn phng gm: phng vin ph, vin trng, phng lm vic : 200KG/m2 - Kho: - Phng hp c gh gn c nh : 500KG/m2 - V sinh - Phng k thut - Hnh lang
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3.3. Cc tng - Chiu cao mi tng 4.2m, cng trnh cao 10 tng
3.4. Vt liu Khi lng ring: 0.25 T.s2/m3 Trng lng ring: 2.5 T/m3
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4. Quy i n v - 1MPa = 10^6Pa 1Pa=1N/m2 1KN=10^3N 1MPa=10^3KN/m2 - 1T=100KG (tn lc) 1KN=10^3KG 1T=10KN 1MPa=100T/m2 - 1daN/m2=10N/m2 1KN/m2=1000N/m2 1daN/m2=10^-3T/m2 - T ta tnh ti trng ln sn v d sn phng lm vic q=200daN/m2=0.2T/m2 5. TNH TON DIN TCH CT THP BNG ETABS - THEO TCVN (Bi vit ny da trn nghin cu ca tc gi v nhng im tng ng trong vic tnh ton ct thp gia hai tiu chun BS8110-97 v TCVN356-2005, c gi c th tm hiu qua ti liu sau: So snh BS8110-97 v TCVN) C BS8110-97 v TCVN356-2005 u tnh ton cu kin b tng ct thp da trn l thuyt v trng thi gii hn (v bn v trng thi s dng). i vi cu kin loi
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5.3. Thay i c trng vt liu theo tiu chun Vit Nam Bn cn bit, mc d BS yu cu bn nhp hai thng s v cng Vt Liu l fcu (cng c trng ca b tng, tng ng vi cp bn. V d: B15 l 15MPa, B20 l 20MPa) v fy (gii hn chy ca ct thp) Tuy nhin gi tr tnh ton ca vt liu theo BS c ly nh sau: i vi B tng: cng tnh ton = 0.67*fcu/1.5 i vi Ct thp: cng tnh ton = fy/1.05 y 1.5 v 1.05 l h s an ton ring cho B tng v Ct thp Suy ngc li, nu bn mun khai bo vt liu theo tiu chun Vit Nam, bn cn khai bo cng tnh ton nhn vi cc h s trn. V d: Vi b tng B15, R=85 kG/cm2 -> fcu khai bo s bng: 85*1.5/0.67 = 190.3 kG/cm3 Vi b tng B20, R=115 kG/cm2 -> fcu khai bo s bng: 115*1.5/0.67 = 257.5 kG/cm2 Vi b tng B25, R=145 kG/cm2 -> fcu khai bo s bng: 145*1.5/0.67 = 324.6 kG/cm2 Vi ct thp AII, R=2800 kG/cm2 -> fy khai bo s bng: 2800*1.05 = 2940 kG/cm2 Vi ct thp AIII, R=3650 kG/cm2 -> fy khai bo s bng: 3650*1.05 = 3832.5 kG/cm2 y fcu v fy c khai theo tiu chun Vit Nam quy i ln, khng phi theo con s ng vi ngha ca n nh trong BS.
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Cn ni thm rng kt qu tnh ton nh trn ch ng v mt nh tnh (s liu), m khng ph hp v mt php l. KetcauSoft cng pht trin cc phn mm thit k kt cu b tng ct thp bng cch s dng ni lc ca Etabs v tnh ton ct thp theo tiu chun Vit Nam.
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Ct, Vch, Dm c xy dng ng trc (tim ct, tim dm v tim vch trng vi trc) mc d trn mt bng kt cu c th trc ca cc cu kin ny khng trng vi h li. Lanh t thang my c khai bo nh 1 dm thng thng c chiu rng bng chiu dy ca vch, chiu cao bng chiu cao tng tr chiu cao ca thang my, trong chiu cao ca thang my l 2.2m S dng chc nng Draw Point ca Etabs to cc im trung gian khi cn thit bt im
3. Yu cu:
Thc hin theo cc hng dn pha di Cc phng c chc nng ring (vn phng, v sinh, hnh lang ...) cn c khai bo bi cc loi tit din sn ring Cn to cc Dm o (Null Line, hay cc Frame c loi tit din NONE) di cc v tr c tng m khng c dm tht. Tuy nhin, khi tng ngay cnh dm tht th c th gn ti trng ln dm tht v khng cn xy dng dm o. 4. Cu hi bi 5 - Ti sao khi v dm ct khng t ng theo Mt bng kt cu lun? C phi thun tin cho v khng ? Khi v sn v sinh th khng offset xung 5cm m vn nguyn v tr nh vy c nh hng g ti kt qu khng? - Trong bi bi tp s 5 l: v mt bng kt cu sn tng 2 cao 4.2m nhng trong khi sn bi tp s 3 l sn tng 3, cng trnh c 10 tng cao mi tng l 4.2m. Nn i li l v mt bng kt cu sn tng 3 bi tp s 3, v khi d nhm. - Nhng dm cch trc mt on th vn v bnh thng ch ? Nn ly kch thc no khai bo dm D10-25x40 nh hnh di y?
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Cho n bc ny chng ta vn ch mi xy dng m hnh cho kt cu tng 1. Chng ta vn s cha thc hin vic sao chp m hnh ln cc tng khc trong bi tp ny. Hot ti (HT) c xc nh theo tiu chun TCVN 2737-1995, cc gi tr c quy nh ring cho cc phng chc nng (vn phng, hnh lang, v sinh v.v..). Tnh ti (TT) bao gm: Ti trng cc lp hon thin ca sn, ti trng tng xy, vch knh. Vt liu hon thin sn bao gm: Lp va trt dy 15mm, lp va lt dy 20mm, lp gch lt dy 10mm Tng xy bao gm: 2 lp trt hai bn - mi lp dy 15mm; gch xy dy 220mm hoc 110mm i vi tng loi tng. H s l ca (nu c ca) l 0.75 Vch knh dy 1cm, h khung nhm c khi lng tnh theo mt vung vch l 50kG/m2. 3. Yu cu: - Khai bo cc trng hp ti trng TT v HT trong M hnh Etabs (bi tp xuyn sut) - Xc nh cc loi ti trng TT v HT v th hin di cc bng Word hoc Excel - Gn cc ti trng TT v HT vo vo m hnh - Np bi tp bao gm file xc nh ti trng v file Etabs.
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7 Bi tp s 7
1. Nhim v ca bi tp s 7 - Xc nh v khai bo ti trng Gi (thnh phn Tnh v ng) 2. Cn lu khi thc hnh - Sau khi hon thnh xong bi tp s 6, hon thin m hnh bng cch s dng chc nng nhn bn (replicate) ca Etabs nhn sn tng 1 ln cc sn khc - Cn gn Diaphragm trc khi phn tch m hnh (c lp theo cc phng) - Cn thit lp khi lng tham gia dao ng (Mass Source) ch From Load, v gi tr bng: 1*TT + 0.5*HT - Cn chia o sn trc khi phn tch ni lc (xem hng dn pha di) - Cn gn lin kt ngm cho cc chn ct trc khi phn tch ni lc - S dng phn mm WDL tnh ton ti trng gi. Ch rng sau khi bn import file *.mdb, bn cn nhp cc gi tr Lx v Ly ln lt l kch thc theo phng X v Y ca mt bng. - Thnh phn tnh, v cc thnh phn ng c khai bo vi cc trng hp ti trng khc nhau. V d theo phng X c: GTX - Gi tnh, GDX1 - Gi ng ca dng dao ng thc nht, GDX2 - Gi ng ca dng dao ng th 2; v.v.. - Cng trnh c xy dng li thnh ph Bc Ninh (Tn c theo TCVN 2737-1995 l: th x Bc Giang, tnh H Bc) 3. Yu cu - Khai bo cc trng hp ti trng do Gi (cc thnh phn Tnh v ng) - Gn cc trng hp ti trng do Gi vo m hnh - Gi file Excel xc nh ti trng gi (thnh phn Tnh v ng), v file Etabs 4. Lu chia o sn trc khi chy dao ng 4.1. Bc 1: Chn ton b m hnh 4.2. Bc 2: Chn menu Assign > Shell/Area > Area Object Mesh Options ..., thit lp nh hnh di
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CC BI VIT
1. BI 1 T hp ti trng v t hp ni lc Cc loi ti trng (thng xuyn, tm thi, c bit ...) c phn bit da trn tnh cht tc ng ca n ln cng trnh. S tc ng ca chng ln cng trnh c th ng thi hoc khng, do cn xt n cc trng hp t hp tm ra trng hp c ni lc bt li nht. V xt n xc sut xut hin ng thi ca cc loi ti trng, ngi ta ra cc h s t hp. Xt v hnh thc, t hp ti trng l cng ti trng trc (c k n h s t hp) ri mi gii bi ton xc nh ni lc; cn t hp ni lc l gii bi ton xc nh ni lc cho cc trng hp ti trng ring r trc ri mi cng ni lc li vi nhau (c k n h s t hp) Xt v mt gi tr, t hp ti trng v t hp ni lc mang li kt qu ni lc ging nhau cho h n hi tuyn tnh (kt cu thng thng c gi thit l n hi tuyn tnh) TCVN 2737-1995 mc 2.4 ch cp n t hp ti trng Xt v mt gi tr th t hp ti trng v t hp ni lc mang li kt qu ging nhau, nhng xt v gc tnh ton th c s khc bit v mt hiu qu. V d, chng ta ch c 4 trng hp ti trng l Tnh ti (TT), Hot ti (HT), Gi phng X (GX), Gi phng Y (GY) nhng li c 5 trng hp t hp: TH1: TT + HT TH2: TT + 0.9*HT + 0.9*GX TH3: TT + 0.9*HT - 0.9*GX TH4: TT + 0.9*HT + 0.9*GY TH5: TT + 0.9*HT - 0.9*GY Nh vy, nu s dng t hp ni lc th chng ta ch cn gii 4 bi ton ni lc cho 4 ti trng ring r, trong khi cn phi gii 5 bi ton xc nh ni lc nu s dng t hp ti trng. S lng bi ton cn tng ln rt nhiu nu s dng tiu chun nc ngoi. Do , chng ta thng s dng phng php t hp ni lc thay cho t hp ti trng (v kt qu cui cng ging nhau) 2. BI 2 Nhng mu thun khi phn tch kt cu lm vic ng thi vi nn t s dng phng php m hnh cc bng lin kt n hi Vic phn tch kt cu lm vic ng thi vi nn t trong s dng phng php m hnh cc bng lin kt n hi (m hnh spring) ang c s dng ngy mt rng ri. Mt u im ca phng php ny l xt n c s lm vic mm ca i cc v s tham gia c h ging mng trong s phn phi m men trong i cc. M hnh spring cn gii quyt mt cch gn gng bi ton i cc phc tp. Tuy nhin bn cnh nhng u im, m hnh spring cha ng trong nhng mu thun c th dn ti s sai lch trong kt qu tnh ton.
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Hnh 1: So snh cc c trng ca h kt cu trong hai m hnh Xt h kt cu dng cng xn chu ti trng F nh hnh 1. Khi lin kt gia h vi mt t c gi thit l ngm, chuyn v ti nh 1 bng chuyn v e do bin dng n hi, h c cng K1 tng ng v chu k dao ng ring c bn T1 Trong m hnh lin kt spring, ngoi chuyn v do bin dng n hi e, h cn b chuyn v s do bin dng ca cc lin kt spring di tc dng ca m men ti mng, tng chuyn v ti nh ca h 2 = s + e > 1, h c cng tng ng K2 < K1 v chu k dao ng ring c bn T2 > T1. Nh vy, trong m hnh spring, cng ca h gim so vi m hnh ngm v do chu k dao ng ca h ln hn so vi chu k dao ng ca m hnh ngm.
2.1.2. S thay i gi tr ca ti trng Do chu k dao ng ring ca h thay i nn cc ti trng b nh hng bi chu k dao ng ca h cng thay i. C th, i vi ti trng ng t, khi chu k dao ng ca h tng th gi tr ca ti trng ng t c xu hng gim. Ngc li, i vi ti trng gi, khi chu k dao ng ring ca h tng th gi tr thnh phn ng ca ti trng gi cng tng. Cha th nh lng v so snh mc tng gim gia hai loi ti trng, tuy nhin iu c th khng nh l s thay i ca chu k dao ng s dn ti s thay i gi tr ca ti trng gi v ti trng ng t tc dng ln cng trnh. 1.3. S phn phi li ni lc Cc phn tch s dng phn mm Etabs cho thy rng s phn phi li ti trng ph thuc vo dng ti trng v sut huy ng sc chu ti ca cc (t l gia ti trng u cc v sc chu ti ca cc, k hiu Cp, gi tr Cp 1). i vi ti trng thng ng, khi cc cc c Cp xp x nhau, ngha l ln ng u trn ton b cng trnh, th s khng c
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Hnh 2: S phn phi li ni lc trong h kt cu trong cc trng hp Hnh 2 l biu m men ca khung trong 3 trng hp i vi khung chu ti trng ngang, trong ta thy s phn phi li m men khi h c m hnh bng lin kt spring cc mc ging khc nhau. Lc dc trong h cng s phn phi li tng ng vi s phn b m men. 2.2. Nhng mu thun khi s dng m hnh spring M hnh spring dn ti s thay i tnh cht ng hc ca cng trnh, thay i gi tr ca cc ti trng ngang nh thnh phn ng ca ti trng gi v ti trng ng t, v s phn phi li ni lc trong cc trng hp ti trng ngang. Nh vy, vic phn tch kt cu theo m hnh spring c kt qu khc vi m hnh kt cu lin kt ngm vi nn t, c bit i vi ti trng ngang v cc ti trng ng c phng php tnh ton ph thuc vo chu k dao ng ring ca h. Tuy nhin cu hi t ra l m hnh spring c phn nh ng s lm vic ca h kt cu trong cc iu kin thc t? Trong thc hnh thit k, h s n hi ca lin kt spring c ly ph thuc vo ln
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3. BI 3 H BIN DNG NG IU Hai cu kin c gi l bin dng ng iu khi ng bin dng ca chng ng dng vi nhau. Khi nim ny thng c s dng cho cc cu kin thng ng v s bin dng khng ng iu gia cc cu kin thng ng nh hng ti s phn phi ca ti trng ngang v lc tc dng ln cu kin ging gia cc cu kin ny. Phn tch phng trnh bin dng cho thy hai cu kin thng ng ch bin dng ng iu khi chng c cng chiu cao tit din theo phng ang xt. Trong tnh ton gn ng, c th xem hai cu kin bin dng ng iu khi chng ch c bin dng ct (E.I = ) hoc ch c bin dng un (G.A = )
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Hnh 1: Xc nh v tr tm cng theo nh ngha C th tm tt phng php ny nh sau: Ti im A bt k, t mt lc n v Fx = 1 theo phng X, xc nh c gc xoay ca sn Rzx Vn ti im A, t mt lc n v Fy = 1 theo phng Y, xc nh c gc xoay ca sn Rzy t mt m men xon n v Mz = 1 quanh trc Z, xc nh c gc xoay ca sn Rzz Ta (X, Y) ca tm cng c xc nh nh sau: X = -Rzy/Rzz v Y = Rzx/Rzz Khi mt lc t ln sn khng i qua tm cng, n s gy ra mt m men xon vi cnh tay n ca lc c tnh n v tr ca tm cng. Tm khi lng
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Hnh 1: Outtrigger v Belt wall Nguyn l hot ng Nguyn l hot ng ca Outtrigger tng i n gin. Khi ti trng ngang tc dng ln cng trnh, h vch li (chu hu ht ti trng ngang) lm vic nh mt cng xn v b chuyn v. Chuyn v ca vch li lm Outtrigger c xu hng b xoay, lm cho ct pha n ti trng b ko v ct pha bn kia b nn. Cc lc ko v nn ct hnh thnh cp ngu lc tc dng ln Outtrigger v to nn mt m men c tc dng lm gim m men trong t hp vi ti trng ngang v lm hn ch chuyn v ca cng trnh. C th lm c nh vy l nh cng ln ca outtrigger. Ngoi tc dng hn ch chuyn v ngang, vic b tr outtrigger cng lm gim ng k chu k dao ng ca cng trnh.
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Hnh 3: Outtrigger pht huy hiu qu khc nhau khi b tr cc cao khc nhau Hnh 4 l v tr ti u khi b tr outtrigger cho cng trnh c kin ngh trong cun Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings
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Hnh 4: V tr ti u tng ng vi s lng outtrigger p dng Mc d c lun im tng i r rng, trn thc t khng phi bao gi chng ta cng b tr c cc outtrigger v tr ti u nh mong mun. Bn cnh , vic s dng mt outtrigger c dng vch c mang li cc nhc im: Gy cn tr giao thng Tn vt liu v thi gian xy dng Tnh ton v thit k phc tp Hnh 5 l mt bin th ca outtrigger di dng dn. Vic s dng thanh ging cho khin vic tnh ton, thit k v thi cng tr nn n gin. S dng thanh ging cho cng to khong trng cho giao thng, gip outtriger c th b tr linh hot hn. Tuy dng dn khng mang li hiu qu ln nh dng vch c, nhng nhng u im ca n li gip cho chng ta c th p dng outtrigger mt cch ph thng hn.
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s a, h lm vic hon ton n hi. Di tc ng ca ti trng F 1, h c chuyn v x1. Nng lng ca h tp trung di dng th nng n hi, nh lng bng din tch ca hnh tam gic OBF. Khi ti trng dng tc dng, do tnh cht n hi, cng trnh tr v trng thi ban u, nng lng c chuyn thnh ng nng. Nu khng xt n lc cn, tng nng lng s khng i, v cng trnh s dao ng xung quanh v tr cn bng. s b h lm vic n hi do, v ch chu c ti trng F2 khi lm vic trong giai on n hi vi chuyn v xy. Sau giai on n hi, h tip tc chuyn qua lm vic trong giai on do v t n bin dng ln nht x 2. Nng lng tch ly dc nh lng bng din tch hnh OADE. Di tc dng ca ti trng o chiu, h s quay tr li im G, lc ny nng lng tch ly trong h ch l phn din tch hnh GDE, v mt phn ln nng lng ca h bng din tch ca hnh OADG c phn tn do s lm vic do ca kt cu. T l x2/xy c gi l do ca kt cu, v t l F1/F2 chnh l h s ng x q ca kt cu. Nh vy, h s ng x q chnh l h s gim ti trng, vi do thit k, cng trnh c thit k n hi vi ti trng F2 vn c th khng sp hoc h hi nghim trng di tc dng ca ti trng F1.
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Hnh 1. Th nghim un dm ca Bernoulli Quan st th nghim, ng pht hin ra rng vi mt bin dng cho php cc on thng theo phng dc dm vn c xu hng song song vi nhau. Cn cc on thng vung gc vi phng dc dm th vn c dng ng thng sau khi dm b un. T kt qu , ng nu ra gi thit tit din phng, theo cc tit din vung gc vi phng dc dm vn vung gc vi trc dm sau khi dm b un. Gi thit tit din phng tng i ph hp vi cc cu kin trong kt cu thc.
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Hnh 2. S ng sut - bin dng ti trng thi gii hn ca dm t ct thp n theo Eurocode2 Tuy nhin gi thit tit din phng ch ng trong nhng phm vi ng dng nht nh. Nguyn l Saint-Venant (Saint-Venant's principle) ch ra rng gi thit tit din phng ch ng vi nhng tit din c khong cch xa so vi cc v tr c t lc tp trung hoc c s thay i v kch thc tit din (khong cch ny thng thng bng 1 ln chiu cao tit din). Bungale S. Taranath [2] cho rng i vi dm, gi thit tit din phng ch ng khi chiu di nhp dm ln hn hoc bng 4 ln chiu cao tit din. Cc dm c chiu di nhp b hn 4 ln chiu cao tit din c th c nh ngha l dm cao, c ng sut phn b phi tuyn trn tit din, c phn tch v thit k bng cc phng php c bit khc, v d m hnh gin o (Strut and Tie mothod).
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Tnh ton theo TTGH1 thng di dng tha mn cc phng trnh kim tra kh nng chu lc. V d phng trnh (28) trong TCXDVN 356:2005 s dng cho cu kin chu un: M Rb.b.x.(ho - 0,5.x) + Rsc.As'.(ho - a')
Tnh ton theo TTGH2 thng di dng tha mn cc phng trnh kim tra chuyn v, vng, hoc ln. TCXDVN 356:2005 cho php khng cn tnh ton kim tra s m rng vt nt v bin dng n qua thc nghim hoc thc t s dng cc kt cu tng t khng nh c: b rng vt nt mi giai on khng vt qua gi tr cho php v kt cu c cng giai on s dng (Mc 4.2.2). Cc tiu chun BS 8110:97, Eurocode2, ACI u a ra c cc cn s gii hn v kch thc cu kin (chiu di nhp dm / chiu cao tit din dm) m nu thit k tha mn th khng cn thit phi kim tra theo TTGH2.
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9.3. MC B TNG
Mc b tng theo cng chu nn: K hiu bng ch M, l cng ca b tng, ly bng gi tr trung bnh thng k ca cng chu nn tc thi, tnh bng n v kG/cm 2 xc nh trn mu lp phng kch thc tiu chun (150mm x 150mm x 150mm) c ch to, dng h trong iu kin tiu chun v th nghim nn tui 28 ngy. Mc l khi nim ch yu dng phn loi b tng c s dng trong tiu chun TCVN 5574:1991. B tng theo TCVN 5574:1991 c cc mc sau: M100; M150; M200; M250; M300; M350; M400; M450; M500; M600.
9.5. CNG CA B TNG 9.6. Gi tr trung bnh ca cng chu nn: Rtb
Gi tt l cng trung bnh. l gi tr trung bnh s hc ca cng mt s mu th: Rtb = Ri/n Trong : Ri - cng mu th th i n - S mu th
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B tng theo tiu chun Eurocode 2 c k hiu theo cp bn ca mu tr v mu lp phng tng ng, v d C20/25, trong 20 l cng c trng ca mu tr fck v 25 l cng c trng ca mu lp phng fck,cube, fck v fck,cube tnh theo n v MPa Gi tr cng c trng ca mu th lp phng fck,cube tng ng bng gi tr cng c trng fcu theo tiu chun BS 8110 v cng c trng Rc (tng ng l cp bn) theo TCXDVN 356:2005
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Trong tnh ton thng thng ch xt n s co ngn do lc dc, bi v nh hng ca Lc dc ti s co ngn l r rt nht v c th tnh ton c mt cch ph thng. Cc cu kin thng ng chu lc dc u co ngn, tuy nhin mc co ngn ph thuc vo ti trng v cng dc trc (modul n hi v din tch tit din), v do gia cc cu kin thng ng c s co ngn khc nhau. S chnh lch v mc co ngn din ra r rt nht l phn li (h vch) v cc ct xung quanh li, nguyn nhn l do cng dc trc ca li thng rt ln, v li c thit k chu ti trng ngang, ng sut nn trong li i vi tnh ti l rt nh. Cc dm xung quanh li thng chu m men un ln do chu chuyn v cng bc, v phn li thng chu thm mt phn lc dc do s phn phi li theo chuyn v. i vi nh thp tng, khi tnh ton trong m hnh Etabs th h qu ca hiu ng trn khng ng k, do s chnh lch chuyn v ti cc tng l kh nh. H qu ca Shortening ch ng k khi tnh ton cho nh cao tng, v din ra r rt cc tng pha trn do chnh lch chuyn v c cng dn. Dm ca cc tng trn thng phi chu ln lch ca bn thn tng cng vi ln ca cc tng pha di.
10.3. Mu thun
Phn tch k hn cho thy khng ch lm thay i mt cch k d ni lc trong dm, Shortening cn phn phi li lc dc trong ct v t nh hng n phn kt cu mng. Lc dc khng cn c phn phi theo din tch nh cch thng thng, di tc dng ca chuyn v khng u, cu kin cng hn (chuyn v t hn) s phi chu mt ti trng phn phi ln hn. Tuy nhin Shortening khng din ra mt cch t nhin nh th. Ti trng bn thn ca kt cu v khi xy (chim hn 80% tng ti trng thng ng) c cht t t theo thi gian thi cng. Vic thi cng
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khc phc nhng sai st khi phn tch k cu, Etabs cung cp chc nng tnh ton ni lc ca h kt cu theo giai on thi cng (Sequential Construction Case), bn c th tm hiu ti y: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTEuKAIhp-E Tuy nhin, vic phn tch ni lc theo giai on thi cng trong Etabs chim mt lng thi gian rt ln. Mt phng php khc hn ch sai st do tnh ton ni lc trong Etabs theo cch thng thng (khng s dng chc nng phn tch theo giai on thi cng - Sequential Construction Case) l s dng ni lc ca trng hp tnh ti ca cc tng di. Do cc tng di chu nh hng t ca Shortening, chng ta c th ly ni lc trong trng hp tnh ti ca cc tng di tnh ton din tch ct thp cho cc tng pha trn. Tuy nhin phng php ny ch t c hiu qu hn ch, m khng a c kt qu chnh xc nh phn tch kt cu theo giai on thi cng.
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Trong giai on lm vic bnh thng, nhng vt nt nm trong gii hn v khng nhn thy c, tuy nhin cc nghin cu cho thy rng chng nh hng mt cch r rt ti cng ca cu kin BTCT. S suy gim cng ca cc cu kin BTCT s dn ti s thay i tnh cht ng hc ca h kt cu trong c chu k giao ng ring ca kt cu BTCT, v do tc ng ca gi v ng t ln cng trnh cng thay i so vi h kt cu khi cha xt n iu ny. Cc ti liu di y s khi qut vn ny: Download Lun vn thc s ca H Vit Hng v vn ny: Download
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Tiu chun Vit Nam o TCXDVN 356-2005: Khng quy nh v gi tr hm lng ti a ca ct thp cho cu kin chu un. Gio trnh BTCT c da trn gi tr gii hn ca vng nn a ra hm lng ti a ca ct thp trong iu kin t ct thp n da trn gi tr gii hn ca vng nn, tuy nhin gi tr ny khng p dng c cho trng hp t ct thp kp o TCXDVN 375-2006: C quy nh hm lng ti a ca ct thp cho cu kin chu un trong chng 5, ph thuc vo cp do ca cng trnh Tiu chun nc ngoi o BS 8110-97: Quy nh hm lng ti a ca ct thp (chu ko hoc chu nn) cho cu kin chu un l 4% o EuroCode 2: Quy nh hm lng ti a ca ct thp (chu ko hoc chu nn) cho cu kin chu un l 4% o ACI 318-08: Khng quy nh v gi tr hm lng ti a ca ct thp cho cu kin chu un. o Phn mm Etabs thit k ct thp theo BS 8110-97: Tnh ton cu kin vi hm lng ti a ca ct thp chu ko (k c trng hp t ct kp) l 4%
Mc d TCXDVN cha quy nh c th v hm lng ct thp ti a, nhng qua tham kho cc tiu chun nc ngoi, chng ta thy hm lng ti a ca ct thp chu ko hoc chu nn trong cu kin chu un c th ln ti 4%
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13.6. S dng m hnh phn tch kt cu c k n s lm vic ng thi gia phn mng v phn thn
Vic s dng m hnh lm vic ng thi gia phn mng v phn thn s tn dng c kh nng lm vic ca h ging mng, ng thi cng pht huy c s lm vic theo nhm ca h cc, trong , s phn phi li ti trng gia cc cc s lm gim ti trng tc dng ln u cc chu lc ln nht.
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14.1. Xc nh cc thng s c bn
1. Xc nh nh gia tc nn tham chiu: agR, tra bng ph lc I. Ch rng bng tra ny c quy i theo gia tc trng trng g, agR bng gi tr tra bng nhn vi g, v d i vi a im thnh ph H Ch Minh - qun 4, c nh gia tc nn tham chiu l 0,0847*g. 2. Xc nh h s tm quan trng, I, tra bng ph lc F v G. V d vi nh cao t 20 tng n 60 tng c mc quan trng l I, h s tm quan trng l I = 1,25 3. Xc nh gia tc nn thit k, ag = agR*I; theo mc 3.2.1 ca tiu chun: nu ag < 0,08*g trng hp ng t yu - th c th s dng cc quy trnh thit k chu ng t c gim nh hoc n gin ha cho mt s loi, dng kt cu; nu ag < 0,04*g - trng hp ng t rt yu - th khng cn phi tun theo nhng iu khon ca tiu chun. Theo [2] th vic thit k khng chn cho cc cng trnh xy dng theo cc quy nh cp ti trong ni dung ca tiu chun ch thc hin ch yu cho cc cng trnh xy dng trong cc vng ng t mnh c gia tc nn ag > 0,08*g. 4. Xc nh loi kt cu, i vi kt cu b tng ct thp xc nh theo mc 5.1.2. Loi kt cu ca cng trnh c nh hng n vic xc nh h s ng x s c cp mc 5. Mt s trng hp cn xc nh bng cch so snh lc ct (phn lc ngang ti lin kt vi mng) m cc cu kin (cc ct v cc vch) s gnh khi chu lc ngang gi thit. 5. Xc nh h s ng x q, i vi kt cu b tng ct thp xc nh theo mc 5.2.2.2, v d h khung, nhiu tng, nhiu nhp, cp do trung bnh (DCM) c: q = 3,0*1,3 = 3,9. H s ng x q c th khc nhau theo hai phng chnh ty thuc h kt cu. 6. Xc nh loi nn t, theo mc 3.2.1, c th s dng gi tr trung bnh ca ch s SPT ca cc lp t trong chiu su 30m. Loi nn t c vai tr xc nh cc tham s m t ph phn ng gia tc s c nu mc 7. 7. Xc nh cc tham s m t ph phn ng gia tc S, TB, TC, TD, theo bng 3.2 - mc 3.2.2.2.
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14.5. Xc nh ti trng ng t
Khi cng trnh tha mn cc iu kin cho trong mc 4.3.3.2.1.(2), c th s dng phng php phn tch tnh lc ngang tng ng, trong mi trng hp c th s dng phng php phn tch ph phn ng dng dao ng. Nguyn tc chung xc nh ti trng ng t l xc nh lc ct y Fb ng vi mi dng dao ng v phn phi ln cc tng di dng ti trng ngang da vo dng ca cc dng dao ng: F i = Fb*(mi.yi)/(mj.yj), trong mi v yi ln lt l khi lng v tung ca dng dao ng ca tng th i.
14.6. Phng php phn tch tnh lc ngang tng ng (mc 4.3.3.2)
iu kin p dng phng php tnh lc ngang tng ng: 1. Chu k dao ng c bn T1 theo hai hng chnh nh hn cc gi tr sau: 4.TC v 2 giy; vi TC l thng s xc nh dng ca ph phn ng gia tc 2. Tha mn tnh u n theo mt ng Lc ct y c xc nh theo cng thc: Fb = Sd(T1).m. Trong : m l tng khi lng ca cng trnh; l h s iu chnh, xt n khi lng hu hiu ca dng dao ng c bn u tin, khi T1 < 2TC v nh c trn 2 tng th = 0,85; cc trng hp khc = 1.
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14.9. T hp tc ng ng t vi cc tc ng khc
T hp ni lc c ti trng ng t i vi trng hp khng c ng sut trc c xc nh theo cng thc: TH = TT + k.HT + Trong k l h s t hp ca hot ti, xc nh theo bng 3.4 ca tiu chun, v d i vi hot ti khu vc vn phng th k = 0,3; hot ti ca khu vc hi hp l k = 0,6.
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Hnh 1: S sn thng gp trong thc t Thng thng, chiu dy sn s c xc nh s b da vo nhp ngn hn ca sn. V d nu tnh ton theo s nh th chiu dy s b ca sn xc nh da vo khong cch AE, nu tnh ton theo s ln th chiu dy s b c xc nh da vo khong cch AB. Tuy nhin trong bi ton ny, chiu dy s b ca sn cn xc nh da vo khong cch AH l khong cch trung gian gia chiu AB v AE, c th ly AH l trung bnh gia AB v AE.
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Hnh 2: Quy nh v trc ta a phng v m men un. V mu sc, trc 1 th hin bng mu , trc 2 th hin bng mu trng, v trc 3 th hin bng mu xanh. i vi phn t nm ngang, theo mc nh trc 1 hng theo trc X v trc 2 hng theo trc Y. M11 l m men un tc dng ln b mt vung gc vi trc 1, v quay quanh trc 2. M22 l m men un tc dng ln b mt vung gc vi trc 2, v quay quanh trc 1. M11 v M22 l 2 gi tr c s dng tnh ton ct thp cho sn.
Hnh 3: S ni lc theo kt qu phn tch ca Etabs. Cc vng m hn th hin cc v tr c ni lc ln. V d trong s M11, cc vng c ni lc ln c nh s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Ta cng thy dm ph c vai tr trong vic chia nh sn, th hin phn ni lc khc bit gia vng 5-7 v vng 6-8. Tuy nhin ni lc ti vng ny b hn nhiu so vi ni lc ti cc vng bin 1-2 v 3-4, cho thy rng dm ph khng m bo c iu kin bin l lin kt gi ta c nh. Khi tnh ton din tch ct thp s t theo phng trc X, chng ta s dng biu M11. tnh ton cho ct thp t ti gi (lp trn), ta so snh ly ra gi tr ln nht trong cc gi tr c ti cc im 1, 2, 3, 4. tnh ton cho ct thp ti nhp (lp di), ta so snh ly ra gi tr ln nht trong cc gi tr c ti cc im 5, 6, 7, 8.
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16. MNG MM
Mng mm l loi mng m trong tnh ton c xt n bin dng ca mng. Thng thng mng vn c gi thit l tuyt i cng, v cc bi ton v kim tra ng sut, tnh ton ct thp vn da vo gi thit ny. Tuy nhin mt s trng hp, gi thit ny khng cn ph hp, gy lng ph ct thp cng nh mt an ton cho mng do khng xt n s phn b li ng sut di nn t theo bin dng ca mng. Mng c coi l mm khi bin dng ca n nu c xt n s dn ti s phn b li ng sut mt cch ng k so vi m hnh mng tuyt i cng Do c cng hu hn, mng s b vng ngc di tc dng ca phn lc nn t. Bin dng ca mng dn ti s ln khng u ca nn t v dn ti p lc ca nn t ln mng khng u. Ni lc trong mng c xu hng b hn so vi m hnh tuyt i cng, tuy nhin ng sut nn t di cc v tr tp trung ti trng (chn ct, chn vch) li ln hn khi tnh ton mng theo m hnh tuyt i cng. Thng thng, khi mng c mt kch thc khc bit so vi cc kch thc cn li (v d chiu di so vi tit din i vi mng bng, hoc chiu dy so vi mt bng i vi mng b), cn tnh ton mng theo s c xt n bin dng (mng mm) a n kt qu tit kim hn v ct thp v an ton hn v iu kin ng sut ca nn t
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Hnh 1: So snh m hnh tnh ton mng tuyt i cng v m hnh tnh ton mng mm
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Hnh 1: Ni lc v din tch ct thp theo tnh ton ca Etabs C th thy din tch ct thp mi ln hn cc tng pha di, v m men ca ct tng mi cng ln hn cc tng pha di. Nguyn nhn khin m men ca ct tng mi ln hn ct cc tng pha di l do nt khung tng mi ch c 2 cu kin l 1 ct v 1 dm trong khi nt khung tng di c 2 ct v 1 dm. Bn cnh , do ct tng mi c cng kh ln, nn nt khung ng x nh mt nt cng c cng chng xoay ln, do m men t dm phn phi vo nt khung l tng i ln (xp x vi cc nt khung pha di). Do phn m men phn phi vo ct tng mi s ln hn m men phn phi vo ct tng di. Nh cp trn, cn xt ti lc dc v m men khi tnh ton din tch ct thp cho ct. Hnh 2 l v d v biu tng tc ca ct.
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Hnh 2: Biu tng tc ca ct v cc im biu din ni lc Trn biu , ng cong v vng gii hn trong n biu th kh nng chu lc ca ct mt hm lng ct thp nht nh. Gi thit l hm lng m bo kh nng chu lc ca ct tha mn ni lc ca ct tng di. Tuy nhin khi xt ni lc ca ct tng mi, do c lc dc b hn nhng m men ln hn nn im biu din ni lc ca ct li nm ngoi biu . Nh vy, ct tng mi cn mt hm lng ct thp ln hn ct tng di mi m bo kh nng chu lc. Hnh 2 l hnh nh r rng v mi quan h gia lc dc v m men trong nh gi kh nng chu lc ca ct v l gii c nguyn nhn khin kt qu tnh ton din tch ct thp ct tng mi ln hn cc tng pha di.
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Hnh 1: Biu tng tc Biu tng tc th hin kh nng chu lc trong trng hp tng qut ca tit din. im A ca biu chnh l kh nng chu lc trong trng hp cu kin chu un thun ty (lc dc bng 0). T im A, c 2 xu hng c th din ra: Cu kin chu thm lc ko, im biu din ni lc i xung theo mi tn mu Cu kin chu thm lc nn, im biu din ni lc i ln theo mi tn mu xanh
C th kt lun ngay rng: khi b tr ct thp theo m men un, nu cu kin chu thm lc ko th cu kin s khng m bo kh nng chu lc. im biu din ni lc lc ny nm ngoi gii hn ca biu tng tc. Khi cu kin chu thm lc nn, im biu din ni lc ln theo ng mu xanh, n vn nm trong gii hn ca biu tng tc, v cu kin s vn m bo kh nng chu lc cho n khi n vt ra ngoi gii hn ca biu tng tc (pha trn ca biu ). Nh vy, c th ni rng lc dc khi trong gii hn cho php s lm tng kh nng chu m men un ca tit din. Do lc dc lm tng kh nng chu m men un ca tit din, nn vic ch tnh ton cho tit din chu mt mnh m men un s l lng ph. Bn cnh , khi tip tc tng lc dc, tit din c th khng m bo kh nng chu lc khi im biu din ni lc vt qua gii hn ca biu . T cc nhn xt trn, c th kt lun rng khi lc nn nm trong gii hn quy c th ch cn tnh ton cu kin chu m men un (cu kin c coi l Dm), v khi lc nn vt qu gii hn quy c th phi tnh ton cu kin chu nn un ng thi, iu ny lm cho kt qu tnh ton tit kim hn v an ton khi cn thit. V gi tr gii hn quy c m mt s ti liu a ra chnh l t s nn bng 0,1
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Hnh 1: Biu tng tc Biu tng tc th hin mi quan h gia lc dc v m men trong nh gi kh nng chu lc ca tit din, lc dc thay i th kh nng chu m men thay i v ngc li. Hnh 1(a) l biu tng tc dng ba chiu, l tp hp cc im th hin kh nng chu lc trn cc phng nm trong gc 1/4 ca tit din. Hnh 1(b) l biu tng tc phng hay cn gi l mt ct ng ca biu tn g tc, l tp hp cc gi tr th hin kh nng chu lc ca tit din theo phng un c th. Biu tng tc l cng c nh gi kh nng chu lc mt cch tng qut, c th dng tnh ton c trng hp chu un thun ty (dm) hoc chu nn - un (ct). Biu tng tc cng l mt cng c trc quan nh gi xu hng lm vic ca tit din.
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20.3. Tc dng ca biu tng tc 20.4. S dng biu tng tc kim tra kh nng chu lc ca tit din
Cng dng u tin ca biu tng tc l kim tra kh nng chu lc ca tit din. Sau khi xy dng xong c biu tng tc, tin hnh kim tra cc im th hin ni lc. Nu im th hin ni lc nm trong gii hn ca biu th tit din m bo kh nng chu lc. H s kh nng chu lc (kh nng vt qu yu cu cn thit) c th c nh gi qua t s ca m men th hin kh nng v m men ni lc, hoc t s ca chiu di cc tia t im gc ta 0 ti im th hin kh nng chu lc v t im 0 ti im th hin ni lc
21. PHNG PHP XY DNG BIU TNG TC CHO CT TIT DIN CH NHT
Bi vit ny trnh by phng php xy dng biu tng tc cho Ct tit din ch nht
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dng c biu tng tc, ta ln lt cho bi chy t b1 n b2, qu trnh ny cho ta cc cp (Ni, Mxi, Myi). Tp hp tt c cc gi tr (Ni, Mxi, Myi) to thnh mt cu biu din kh nng chu lc ca tit din. Tp hp tt c cc im (Ni, Mxi, Myi) tha mn Mxi v Myi hp thnh 1 gc cho trc chnh l kh nng chu lc ca tit din theo mt phng cho trc. Ni cc im ny li ta c biu tng tc biu din kh nng chu lc ca tit din theo mt phng un no . Nh vy, qu trnh kim tra kh nng chu lc ca tit din khi chu ngoi lc (N, Mx, My) nh sau: Xc nh phng ca im t lc Ln lt gi thit cc ng gii hn vng nn (phng theo h s a, b tr theo h s b), xc nh c cc cp (Ni, Mxi, Myi) Tp hp cc im (Ni, Mxi, Myi) tha mn Mxi/Myi = Mx/My, to thnh mt ct ng ca biu tng tc theo phng un ang xt Xc nh h s an ton
Khi chia nh tit din, mi phn t b tng c ta trng tm (Xi,Yi) bit trc, trng thi ng sut c xc nh da vo v tr ca n so vi ng gii hn vng nn (ch : ng sut ca mi phn t b tng ch c th l mt trong hai gi tr: Rb hoc bng 0) T ta xc nh c phn lc dc v m men ng gp ca mi phn t b tng (Nbi,Mbi), tng hp tt c cc phn t chng ta s c (Nb,Mb) Ti liu mi nht ca H Vit Hng v vn ny: download
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B tng B25
Ct thp AIII
b (cm)
h (cm)
a (cm)
CiR
M (Tm)
Ci
As (cm2) 63.63
50
50
0.703
67
0.787
Cc tiu chun BS 8110-97 v EC2 u a ra cc gi tr gii hn cho vic tnh ton ct thp n v ct thp kp, nhng khng my lin quan n gi tr ca h s gii hn vng nn. C th l quy nh v gii hn ca h s K ( ngha tng ng vi h s Anfa theo TCVN), BS 8110 -97 quy nh tnh ton ct thp kp khi K > 0.156 (tng ng h s Anfa = 0.35, v hm lng ct thp gn bng 1.8%). So snh mt v d tnh ton din tch ct thp theo TCVN 356-2005 v theo Etabs (s dng tiu chun BS 8110-97 vi vt liu c quy i ph hp vi TCVN), kt qu nh sau: B tng B25 B25 Ct thp AIII AIII b (cm) 50 50 h (cm) 50 50 a (cm) 6 6 M (Tm) 67 67 As (cm2) 63.63 52.83 As' (cm2) 2.16 14.13
Tiu chun
CiR
Ci
TCXDVN 356-2005
0.703
0.787
BS 8110-97 (
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Ti trng thi m hm lng ct thp tng i ln, th s phn bit gi tr din tch ct thp gia 63.63 v 52.83 rt c ngha trong vic b tr ct thp. iu khin chng ta cn nhc li vic tnh ton din tch ct thp cho dm trong trng hp tnh ct thp kp. Xem xt li quy trnh tnh ton ct thp theo BS 8110-97, ta thy gi tr gii hn Ko = 0.156 c mt ngha hp l nht nh khi so snh vi TCVN v thc t thit k. Gi tr Ko = 0.156 tng ng vi gi tr Anfa = 0.35, v hm lng ct thp tng ng l 1.8% - hm lng m vic b tr ct thp trong dm vn mc "thoi mi" - d b tr. Mt khc cng thc tng qut trong tiu chun TCXDVN 356 -2005 c c thnh phn As'. Ngha l v mt tiu chun tnh ton, vic khng ch mt gi tr Anfa_h tng ng vi mt gi tr Cih < CiR lm ranh gii cho vic tnh ton ct kp cho dm l hon ton hp l, v mang li hiu qu trong cng tc thit k cc dm chu m men ln. Qua nghin cu tiu chun BS 8110-97 v sch Tnh ton thc hnh Cu kin BTCT theo tiu chun TCXDVN 356-2005 (GS. Nguyn nh Cng), tc gi xut quy trnh tnh ton ct kp cho dm nh sau: Chn gii hn gi tr Anfa_h = 0.35 (tng ng hm lng ct thp 1.8%) Xc nh gi tr h s gii hn Cih = 0.5*(1-(1-Anfa_h)2) Xc nh gi tr m men gii hn Mgh = Anfa_h * Rb * b * ho2 Khi M < Mgh: Tnh ton ct n Khi M > Mgh: Tnh ton ct kp. Gi tr As v As' c xc nh nh sau:
Kt qu tnh ton cho v d cp trn nh sau: B tng Ct thp b (cm) h (cm) a (cm) M (Tm) As (cm2) As' (cm2)
Tiu chun
CiR
Ci
TCXDVN 356-2005 (thng thng) BS 8110-97 ( quy i vt liu) TCXDVN 356-2005 (Anfa_h = 0.357)
B25
AIII
50
50
0.703
67
0.787
63.63
2.16
B25
AIII
50
50
67
52.83
14.13
B25
AIII
50
50
0.703
67
0.787
52.84
12.18
63
ng ng ng ng
lin nt l quan im tnh ton truyn thng, Ah = Ar = 0.456 (ng vi CiR = 0.703) t nt l quan im tnh ton s dng Ah = 0.35 trc thng ng l gii hn ca m men theo quan im A <= 0.5 trc nm ngang l gii hn ca hm lng ct thp theo quan im muy <= 4%
T biu ta thy, nu tha nhn Mgh vi A = 0.5, th kh nng chu lc ti a ca tit din l 85Tm, vi quan im tnh ton thng thng (Ar = 0.456) th As = 65cm2, vi quan im tnh ton theo gii hn Ah = 0.35 th As = 54cm2. Din tch ct thp ti th ko gim mt lng ng k. y khng xt n tng lng ct thp theo tnh ton, bi v trn thc t ct thp vn c b tr trong vng nn theo cu to vi mt lng tng i ln. Theo quan im tha nhn gii hn ca hm lng ct thp l 4%, th kh nng chu lc ti a ca dm c tnh theo Ar s l 122 Tm, trong khi kh nng chu lc ti a ca dm tnh theo Ah s l 142 Tm.
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23.2. DM CHUYN Dm chuyn (Transfer Beam) l cu kin dm c tc dng phn phi li ti trng thng ng. Do c im v ti trng nn hu ht dm chuyn u thuc dng dm cao. Trn thc t dm chuyn c s dng tng i linh hot. Trong mt s cng trnh hn hp, do yu cu v khng gian tng pha di (khi thng mi) nn h ct cc tng di c khong cch tng i ln, trong khi khi cn h pha trn yu cu kch thc cu kin thng ng phi mng do h vch pha trn mng v di. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, dm chuyn c chc nng phn phi ti trng t cc vch v tp trung ti cc nh ct (Hnh 2).
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Trong mt s cng trnh khc, ngi ta cng b tr dm chuyn dn u ti trng xung mng (Hnh 3). Vi h kt cu ny, do ti trng c dn u xung cc ct ph hp vi sc chu ti ca cc, do di mi chn ct ch cn b tr mt cc. Hiu qu ca cch thc ny l trong i cc khng pht sinh lc chc thng v m men un, dn ti s tit kim c chi ph i cc v cc chi ph lin quan n cng tc thi cng i cc.
Xem xt vn qua mt v d: khc vi cc d n c qu t hn hp, d n Hyundai Hills State bao gm cc ta nh l khu chung c n thun, c sn chung rng v mt im hon ton khc bit l khu gara c t ngm di sn. Thit k ny to iu kin gii phng chc nng phn ngm ca cc ta nh chnh, do phn ngm ca cc ta nh ny
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Chc nng v (b tr) ct thp. Bao gm: b tr ct thp n, b tr ct thp theo ng dn, b tr ct thp theo ng dn vung hoc trn
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25.1. TNG
S lm vic ca nn t c nh hng nht nh ti s phn phi li ni lc trong h kt cu. V d i vi mng cc, di tc dng ca ti trng cc cc s b ln xung, ko theo chuyn v thng ng ca i cc, bn cnh di tc dng khng u ca ti trng ln cc u cc, i cc b xoay do chuyn v ca cc u cc khng ging nhau. Nh vy, trong m hnh lm vic ng thi vi nn t, gi thit lin
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25.2. CNG C
Etabs cung cp khai bo iu kin bin di dng lin kt n hi (spring). Cng c ny cho php khai bo cc lin kt chuyn v v m men di dng n hi, qua bin dng (tnh tin, xoay) ph thuc vo ngoi lc v cng ca lin kt
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26.
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MC LC
BI M U ............................................................................................................1 BI 1 V MT BNG KT CU THEO BN V S 1 ......................................2 1. CC QUY NH CHUNG .............................................................................2 2. NHIM V V YU CU ............................................................................2 3. BI LM.........................................................................................................2 4. Li sa .............................................................................................................3 BI 2 V MT BNG KT CU THEO BN V S 2 ......................................5 1. Nhim v ca bi tp s 2: ..............................................................................5 2. Yu cu: ...........................................................................................................5 BI 3 CHN S B TIT DIN CT DM SN ...............................................6 1. Nhim v ca bi tp s 3 ...............................................................................6 2. Cc bc thc hin ..........................................................................................6 3. Yu cu: ...........................................................................................................6 4. CU HI: ........................................................................................................9 5. TR LI ..........................................................................................................9 6. Li bi 3 .........................................................................................................10 Bi tp s 4 Thit lp cc khai bo trong Etabs .......................................................11 1. Cc bc thc hin ........................................................................................11 2. Yu cu: .........................................................................................................11 3. Cc thng s bi 4..........................................................................................14 Author: Nguyn c Ha Mobile: 0906 121 726
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Gio trnh thit k kt cu 4. Quy i n v ...............................................................................................16 5. TNH TON DIN TCH CT THP BNG ETABS - THEO TCVN ....16 BI 5 Dng m hnh kt cu sn tng 2, cao +4.200 (Ct, vch, dm, sn) .....21 1. Nhim v ca bi tp s 5: ............................................................................21 2. Cn ch khi thc hnh: ...............................................................................21 3. Yu cu: .........................................................................................................21 4. Cu hi bi 5 ..................................................................................................21 BI 6 Xc nh v khai bo ti trng tnh (Tnh ti, hot ti).................................23 1. Nhim v ca bi tp s 6: ............................................................................23 2. Cn lu khi thc hnh: ...............................................................................23 3. Yu cu: .........................................................................................................23 CC BI VIT .......................................................................................................26 1. BI 1 T hp ti trng v t hp ni lc ......................................................26 2. BI 2 Nhng mu thun khi phn tch kt cu lm vic ng thi vi nn t s dng phng php m hnh cc bng lin kt n hi ...........................26 3. BI 3 H BIN DNG NG IU .........................................................29 4. BI 4 TM CNG, TM KHI LNG, TM HNH HC ..................30 5. BI 5 HN CH CHUYN V NGANG CHO NH CAO TNG BNG CCH S DNG OUTTRIGGER (DM GNH) .........................................31 6. H S NG X ...........................................................................................35 7. GI THIT TIT DIN PHNG ................................................................37 8. PHNG PHP THIT K THEO TRNG THI GII HN ................39 9. CC C TRNG CNG CA B TNG ....................................40 10. Shortening - Nguyn nhn, mu thun v phng php hn ch sai st ....43 11. S SUY GIM CNG CA KT CU B TNG CT THP ......45 12. HM LNG TI A CA CT THP DM ......................................46 13. VN TI U TRONG THIT K MNG CC ...............................47 14. TNH TON TI TRNG NG T THEO TCXDVN 375:2006 .....49 15. Tnh ton din tch ct thp cho Sn BTCT da vo ni lc t Etabs ........51 16. MNG MM...............................................................................................54 17. NGUYN L TNH TON GING MNG ............................................55
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Gio trnh thit k kt cu 18. TI SAO DIN TCH CT THP CT TNG MI LI LN HN CC TNG KHC ? ........................................................................................55 19. KHI NO TH CU KIN C COI L DM ? .................................57 20. BIU TNG TC .............................................................................59 21. PHNG PHP XY DNG BIU TNG TC CHO CT TIT DIN CH NHT ............................................................................................60 22. TNH TON CT THP KP THEO GII HN NH TRC - GII PHP CHO DM CHU M MEN LN ........................................................62 23. DM CAO V DM CHUYN (DEEP BEAM AND TRANSFER BEAM)...............................................................................................................65 24. ETABS - HNG DN THIT K VCH .............................................67 25. ETABS - PHN TCH KT CU THEO M HNH LM VIC NG THI VI NN T .......................................................................................69 26. ......................................................................................................................71
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