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CHNG 1. S IN LI
BI 1. S IN LI
I. Cht in li- s in li v phng trnh in li
- Cht in li l nhng cht tan trong nc to thnh dung dch c tnh dn in.
- S in li l s phn li thnh ion dng v ion m ca phn t cht n li khi tan trong nc.
- Cht khng in li khi tan trong nc to thnh dung dch khng dn in.
- S in li c th minh ha thnh mt phng trnh phn ng gi l phng trnh in li hay
phng trnh ion ha.
NaCl
Na+ + Cl-
Cn bng in li:
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tt nhin cc phng trnh phn ng thun nghch nh trn l mt h cn bng v c gi l cn
bng in li.
- Cn bng in li cng thuc loi cn bng ng nn theo Le Chatelier, cn bng s chuyn di theo
chiu
chng
li
cc
nguyn
nhn
lm
thay
i
cn
bng.
- S phn li cng hon ton khi cn bng cng chuyn di theo chiu thun, v s dch chuyn cn
bng ph thuc vo nhit , nng mol/lt ca cht tan.
- Khi nhit cng tng hay dung dch cng long th s phn li cng hon ton, cn bng cng
chuyn di theo chiu thun. V th ta phi so snh mnh ca cc cht in li cng mt iu
kin nhit v nng .
cng mt nhit v cng mt nng mol/ lt cht in li cng mnh th s phn li cng hon
ton tc l cn bng cng chuyn di theo chiu thun v ngc li cht in li cng yu th s phn
li cng khng hon ton, cn bng cng chuyn di theo chiu nghch.
III. in li
1. nh lng sc mnh ca cht in li: in li
Khi nim: in li l t s gia s mol phn t b phn li thnh ion trn tng s mol phn t tan
trong dung dch.
Ta c 0 1 Hay
0% 100%
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ch quan trng: A c th l phn t hay ion v dung dch cha A c th cha thm nhiu cht
khc na.
Ta c th biu th nh ngha nng mol/lt bng h thc:
Phn bi tp p dng:
V d 1: Tnh nng mol/lt ca cc ion trong dung dch cha ng thi hai axit H 2SO4 0,25M v
HCl 0,75M.
V d 2: Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch cha ng thi hai mui Al 2(SO4)3 0,2 M v
Al(NO3)3 0,5M.
BI 2 :
BI TP S IN LI
Bi tp 1
Cu 1. Vit phng trnh in li ca cc cht sau:
a. Cht in li mnh: Ba(NO3)2 0,1M, HNO3 0,02M, KOH 0,01M. Tnh nng mol ca tng ion trong
dung dch.
b. Cht in li yu: HClO, HNO2
Bi tp 2Cu 2. Chn cu tr li ng: Dung dch cht in li dn in c l do
A. s chuyn dch ca cc electron.
C. s chuyn dch ca cc phn t ha tan.
Bi tp 4
Cu 4. Cc dung dch sau y c cng nng 0,10mol/l, dung dch no dn in km nht.
A. HCl.
B. HF.
C. HI.
D. HBr.
Bi tp 5Cu 5. Gii thch ti sao kh nng dn in ca nc vi trong khng kh gim dn theo thi gian.
Lm gim [Ca(OH)2] tc l gim s ht mang in Ca2+ v OH- t do.
D. Mt p s khc.
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------m cation Na+ xui chiu in trng chy v catot, aninon Cl- ngc chiu in trng chy v anot.
Ti catot, cation Na+ s b catot kh theo bn phn ng kh:
Na+ + e Na
Ti anot, anion Cl- b anot oxi ha theo bn phn ng oxi ha:
Cl-
Cl2
Bi tp 8Cu 8. S in li l
A. mt qu trnh phn tch.
B. mt qu trnh bin i ha hc.
C. mt qu trnh in ha.
D.Tt c u ng.
Cho cc cht sau: a. NaCl, b. KOH, c. Ru etilic. d. ng glucose, e. Kh hydro clorua, f. Kh NH3. g. Kh
C2H2
Hy tr li hai cu hi 9 v 10 sau:
Bi tp 9Cu 9. Cc cht in li l:
A. a, b, e.
C. a, b, e, f.
B. a, b, e, f.
D.Tt c u sai.
B. c, d, g.
D. Tt c u ng.
Bi tp 13
Cu 13. Cho dung dch HCN c h cn bng:
Hy chn cu ng :
A. Nh vo dung dch vi git HCl th cn bng chuyn di theo chiu thun.
B. Nh vo dung dch vi git dd H2SO4 long th cn bng chuyn di theo chiu nghch.
C. Nh vo dung dch vi git NaOH th cn bng chuyn i theo chiu thun.
D. C B v C u ng.
Bi tp 14Cu 14. t0C dung dch HCOOH 0,20M c in li = 2% th [HCOOH] khi cn bng l
A. 0,18M.
B. 0,16M.
C. 0,2M.
D. Tt c u sai.
Bi tp 15
Cu 15. 250C phng trnh in li ca nc ct l h cn bng:
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Th [H+] bng:
A. 0,001M.
B. 0,01M.
C. 0,002M.
D. 0,003M.
Bi tp 17Cu 17. Cho 1 lt dung dch cha ng thi 0,2 mol NaCl , 0,1 mol Na2SO4 v 0,3 mol CuSO4 th
nng mol/ lt ca cc ion Na+, SO42-, Cl- v Cu2+ theo th t l
A. 0,4M, 0,1M, 0,2M v 0,3M.
B. 0,4M, 0,4M, 0,2M v 0,3M.
C. 0,3M, 0,1M, 0,2M v 0,3M.
D. 0,2M, 0,4M, 0,2M v 0,3M.
Bi tp 18Cu 18. C ngi so snh trc quan nh sau: Dng in tng t nh dng nc, nc chy
th bo tri, dng in y ion dng tri t cc dng sang cc m ca bnh in phn. Hy chn cu tr li
ng:
A. S so snh nh trn l ng v rt trc quan sinh ng.
B. S so snh nh trn l sai, khng ng vi hin tng.
C. S so snh nh trn l sai vi nh ngha ca dng in v hon ton mu thun vi bn cht v hin tng.
D. S so snh nh trn l ng gip ta hiu r bn cht ca dng in.
Bi tp 19Cu 19. Ta cn ch thy c c im quan trng no sau y:
A. Khi in li th c s xut hin ca ion dng v ion m.
B. Trong mi qu trnh in li thnh ion ta u thy tng in tch dng ca cc cation lun bng tng in tch
m ca cc anion, tc l tng s du cng bng tng s du tr.
C. Khi b in li th cc ion chuyn ng hn lon.
D. Tt c u ng nhng cu B ng ch nht.
Bi tp 20Cu 20. Cho 200 ml dung dch cha ng thi hai cht NaCl 0,2M v Na2SO4 0,3M th s mol Na+
trong dung dch l
A. 0,2 mol.
B. 0,18 mol.
C. 0,16 mol.
D. 0,1 mol.
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. nh ngha
a. Axit l nhng cht khi tan trong nc s b in ly v gii phng cation H+.
b. Baz l nhng cht khi tan trong nc s b in ly v gii phng anion OH-
Nhng dung dch c cha ion OH- thng c gi chung l dung dch kim.
2. u im ca nh ngha axit, baz theo quan im Ahrrnius
a. u im ca nh ngha axit theo quan im Ahrrnius
Mi dung dch axit u cha ion H+ t do nn mi dung dch axit u c nhng tnh cht c trng
ging nhau do ion H+ gy ra, gi chung l tnh axit.
V d:
(H+ + Cl-) + (Na++ OH-) (Na++ Cl- ) +H2O
Trong phn ng trn:hai ion Na + v Cl-, sau phn ng vn cn tn ti trng thi t do trong dung
dch, chng l nhng phn t th ng khng trc tip tham gia phn ng, khng cn phi vit ra, m
ch cn vit cc phn t gy ra phn ng, l ion H + c trng cho tnh axit v ion OH- c trng
cho tnh baz, chng trit tiu tnh cht ca nhau to ra mt cht trung ha l H 2O, m H2O l
mt cht in li yu, nn phn ng trn cn c gi l phn ng trung ha hay phn ng to ra cht
in li yu.
H+ +
(1) c gi l phng trnh ion thu gn ca mi dung dch axit tc dng vi mi dung dch kim.
Phng trnh (1) tuy rt n gin nhng lm bc l bn cht su sc ca mi phn ng trung ho.
N s gip ta gii quyt nhanh chng, chnh xc v n gin rt nhiu bi ton ho phc tp.
V d: Cho dung dch A cha ng thi 2 axit H2SO4 1,5M v HCl 2M. Dung dch B cha NaOH 1,8M
v KOH 1,2M. Tnh
a. nng mol/lt ca ion H+ trong dung dch A v nng mol/lt ca ion OH- trong dung dch B.
b. Tnh th tch dung dch A cn thit trung ha ht 200 ml dung dch B.
Phng trnh ion thu gn: Cu(OH)2 + 2H+
Cu2+
+ 2H2O
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V d: ho tan hon ton 0,58 gam hydroxit kim loi ta phi dng 20 ml dung dch HCl 0,4M v
H2SO4 0,3M. Hy xc nh cng thc ca hydroxit kim loi.
2Mn+ + nH2O
V d:
MgO + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2O
Al2O3 + 6H+ 2Al3+ + 3H2O
Tuy nhin: Fe3O4 + 8H+ Fe2+ + 2Fe3+ + 4H2O
v: Fe3O4 = FeO.Fe2O3
Bi tp 1: Tnh th tch dung dch cha HCl 0,5M v H2SO4 0,75M cn thit ho tan hon ton 2,32
gam Fe3O4
Bi tp 2: Cho 4,64 gam hn hp A gm FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 trong s mol FeO = s mol Fe2O3, tan
han tan trong V lt dung dch H2SO4 0,2M v HCl 0,6 M ly d 20% so vi lng cn thit. Hy
tnh V.
Tc dng vi mui carbonat th gii phng kh CO2
V d:
2(H+ + Cl-) + (2Na+ + CO32-) 2(Na+ + Cl-) +H2O + CO2
Thu gn: 2H+ + CO32- H2O + CO2
b. u im ca nh ngha baz theo quan im Ahrrnius
Mi dung dch baz u c cha ion OH- t do nn chng u c nhng tnh cht c trng ging nhau do ion
OH- gy ra, gi l tnh kim hay tnh baz:
Mi dung dch OH- u n da, c mi hng, v nht, lm giy qu tm ho xanh, lm cho phenolphtalin khng
mu ho thnh mu hng.
Tc dng vi dung dch axit th to mui v nc:
H+ + OH- H2O
Tc dng vi cc oxit axit (anhydric axit) nh CO2, SO2, SO3, NO2, P2O5..th to ra mui v nc. ( bn cht
vn l: H+ + OH- H2O)
Ion OH- ca dung dch kim c th phn hu NH4+ khi un nng; kt ta mi cation kim loi, ngoi tr cc
cation kim loi kim (Li+, Na+, K+...) v 3 cation kim loi kim th (Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+)
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V d:
Vy mt cht hay ion c th c mt trong 4 tnh cht:
- Tnh axit (cho H+).
- Tnh baz (nhn H+).
- Lng tnh (va cho H+, va nhn H+).
- Trung tnh (khng cho v khng nhn H+):Na+, K+, NO3-, Cl-..
2. Axit nhiu nc v baz nhiu nc (monoaxit, poliaxit, monobaz, polibaz)
a. Axit nhiu nc
Axit mt nc hay monoaxit l nhng axit m trong phn t ch cha 1 ion H+.
Th d: HCl, HNO3, CH3COOHl nhng axit mt nc.
Axit nhiu nc hay poliaxit l nhng axit m trong phn t cha t 2 ion H+ tr ln.
+ Axit hai nc, khi 1 mol axit tan trong nc chng b in li theo hai nc gii phng t 1 n 2 mol
H+, nc mt d xy ra hn nc hai.
Th d: H2SO4, H2CO3, H2SO3
H+ + HSO4-: s in li hon ton.
Nc 1:
H2SO4
Nc 2:
HSO4-
+ Axit 3 nc hay triaxit, mi phn t axit c cha 3 ion H + nh axit photphoric: H3PO4
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Axit photphoric l mt axit yu nn khi gp dung dch OH- th tu theo s mol OH- m x mol H3PO4 c
th gii phng mt s mol H+ x n 2x v 3x mol H+ theo s in li 3 nc nh sau:
b. Baz nhiu nc
- Baz mt nc l nhng baz m trong phn t ch c mt anion OH -.
Th d: NaOH, KOH l nhng baz mnh, trong dch long chng in li hon ton:
NaOH Na+ + OHKOH K+
+ OH-
- Polibaz hay baz nhiu nc l nhng baz m trong phn t c t 2 anion OH - tr ln.
Th d: Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 l nhng baz hai nc, phng trnh in li nh sau:
Ca(OH)2
B. MUI
1. nh ngha
Mui l hp cht to bi cation kim loi Mn+ hay cation NH4+kt hp vi anion gc axit Am-.
Nh th cng thc phn t tng qut ca mui c dng:
MmAn
2. Phng trnh in li ca mui
Khi mui tan c trong nc hay trng thi nng chy chng u b in li theo phng trnh:
MmAn
mMn+ + nAm-
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mui phc: [Ag(NH3)2]Cl, [Cu(NH3)4]SO4
Phng trnh in li khi mui phc tan trong nc:
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl-
Hai phng trnh trn cho thy: Khi ta sc kh NH 3 vo kt ta AgCl trong nc th kt ta tan v to
thnh mui phc tan, nhng nu ta un nng ta li c kt ta AgCl.
(a)
(b)
(c)
T mi phng trnh ion thu gn trn hy vit ra t nht 5 phng trnh phn t khc nhau.
Bi tp 2Cu 2. trung ha hon ton v va V ml dung dch cha ng thi NaOH 0,1 M v Ba(OH)2
0,05M. ta phi dng 100 ml dung dch cha ng thi H2SO4 0,1 M v HCl 0,2M th gi tr ca V l
A. 200 ml.
B. 100ml.
C. 300ml.
D. Mt p s khc.
Bi tp 3Cu 3. Cho 18,56 gam hn hp A cha FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 trong s mol FeO = s mol Fe2O3
ho tan va trong V ml dung dch cha ng thi H2SO4 0,5M v HCl 1M.
a. Hy tnh V.
b. Tnh khi lng hn hp mui khan khi ta c cn dung dch sau phn ng.
Bi tp 4Cu 4. Tnh th tch dung dch H2SO4 2M ly d 25% so vi lng cn thit ho tan hon ton
0,02 mol hn hp Al(OH)3 v Fe(OH)3
Bi tp 5
Cu 5. Cho m gam hn hp A cha FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 trong s mol Fe2O3 = s mol FeO, ho
tan va vi dung dch 200 ml dung dch axit c [H+] = 0,8M. Hy tnh m.
Bi tp 6
Cu 6. Tnh th tch dung dch cha NaOH 0,05M v Ca(OH) 2 0,025M ly d 20% so vi lng cn thit
kt ta ht cc ion Fe2+ v Cu2+ trong 200ml dung dch cha Cu(NO3)2 0,1M v FeCl2 0,4M.
Bi tp 7
Cu 7. Hai hp cht A, B khi ha tan trong nc mi cht in li ra hai loi ion vi nng mol nh sau :[Li+]
= 0,10 mol/l; [Na+] = 0,01 mol/l; [ClO3-] = 0,10 mol/l v [MnO4-] = 0,01 mol/l. Vit cng thc phn t ca A,B
v phng trnh in li ca chng.
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi tp 8
Cu 8. Trong dung dch X cha a mol Cu 2+, b mol Na+, c mol NO3- v d mol SO42-. Hy lp h thc gia a, b, c,
v d.
Bi tp 9
Cu 9. Phi ha tan bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl 1,6M vi 20 ml dung dch HCl 0,5 M c dung dch HCl
0,6M.
Bi tp 10Cu 10. C V1 lt dung dch HCl cha 9,125 gam HCl (ddA) v V2 lt dung dch HCl cha 5,475 gam
HCl (ddB). Trn dung dch A vi dung dch B ta c 2 lt dung dch C. Th tch dung dch C bng tng th tch
dung dch A v dung dch B.
a. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch C
b. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc dung dch A v B bit hiu s nng mol/l gia dung dch A v dung dch B l 0,4
mol /l (H A1/81)
Bi tp 11
Cu 11. Xc nh khi lng bc nitrat kt ta c khi lm lnh 2500 gam dung dch bc nitrat bo ha
600C xung cn 100C, cho bit tan ca AgNO3 600C v 100C ln lt bng 525 gam v 170 gam.
Bi 5
Nng pH - S in li ca nc - Cht ch th axit baz
I. Nng pH
Khi nim v nh ngha
Trong thc t ta thng tip xc vi cc dung dch axit hay baz t long n rt long vi: [H+] < <
1 M v [OH-] << 1M.
Khi [H+] v [OH-] c vit di dng hm m m c s 10:
[H+] = a.10-nM, [OH-] = b.10-nM.
Dng hm ny rt kh so snh, kh hnh dung nng ca dung dch, do ngi ta phi chuyn
hm m m ra hm logarit c s 10 xc nh bi:
Nh vy, thay v ni dung dch axit c nng [H+] = 10-3,2 M ta ni dung dch axit c nng
pH = -log10-3,2 = 3,2.
Nu: [H+] = 10-3 M
pH = 3
[H+] = 2.10-3,8M
pH = -log2.10-3,8 = 3,5
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ OH-] = 3.10-4,9 M
Kw = [H+][OH-] = 10-14
pH + pOH = 14 (*)
3. Thang o pH
pH = 7
Mi trng axit
pH < 7
Mi trng kim
pH > 7
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------III. Cht ch th mu ca axit v baz - Cch o pH
Cht ch th mu axit-baz l nhng cht c mu xc nh cho bit mi trng l axit hay baz.
- Vi giy qu th:
+ Mi trng axit c mu
+ Mi trng trung tnh c mu tm
+ Mi trng kim c mu xanh.
- Vi phenolphtalein:
Khng c mu trong mi trng trung tnh v mi trng axit v c mu hng trong mi trng kim.
mu xanh th pH > 7....ni chung giy c th ho thnh 14 mu khc nhau ng vi 14 gi tr ca hm pH.
Mun o pH tht chnh xc ta c th dng my o pH.
IV. Bi tp p dng
Cu 1. Trn V lt dung dch HCl 0,01M vi 4V lt dung dch NaOH 0,02M . Ta c 5V lt dung dch mi c pH
bng
A.2,25.
B. 12,15.
C. 1,95.
D. Tt c u sai
Cu 2. pH ca dd A v B theo th t l
A.2 v 1,22.
B. 1,22 v 12,6.
B. 0,5 lt.
C. 0,2 lt.
D. 0,4 lt.
BI 6 : BI TP V NNG pH
Bi tp 1Cu 1. Mt dung dch c [OH-] = 2,5.10-10M th mi trng ca dung dch l
A. Axit.
B. Kim.
C. Trung tnh.
D. Khng xc nh c.
Bi tp 2
Cu
2. Dung
A. 4,3.
dch
B. 2.
[OH-]
2.10-11M
C. 3,3.
th
pH
ca
dung
dch
D. Tt c u sai.
Bi tp 3
Cu 3. Trong ho hc, mi i lng X bin thin theo hm m m c s 10 u chuyn thnh hm
s
logarit
A. pH, = -log[H+]
10
dng
B. pKa = -logKa.
Nhng
C. pKb = -logKb.
hm
D. Tt c u
ng.
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B.12.
C. 1,7.
D. Tt c u sai.
Bi tp 9Cu 9. Cn bao nhiu gam NaOH pha ch c 300ml dung dch c pH = 10.
Bi tp 10Cu 10.
a. Tnh pH ca dung dch cha 1,46 gam HCl trong 400 ml.
b. Tnh pH ca dung dch to thnh sau khi trn 100 ml dung dch HCl 1,000M vi 400 ml dung dch
NaOH 0,375M.
c.* Tnh pH ca dung dch pyridine C5H5N 0,010M bit hng s Kb ca pyridin = 1,7.10-9
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. nh ngha: Phn ng trao i ion l phn ng xy ra khi cc cht tham gia phn ng trao i ion
vi nhau.
II. Cc dng (nu c) ca phn ng trao i ion
Mui
Axit
Mui mi
Axit mi
Mui
Baz
Mui mi
+ Baz mi
Mui
Mui
Mui mi
+ Mui mi
Hidroxit khng tan + dung dch H+ dung dch mui + H 2O (cht in li yu)
Dung dch axit + dung dch baz
1.
(Ag+
+
NO3-)
+
(H+
+
Cl-)
Phng trnh ion thu gn: Ag+ + Cl- AgCl
2.
(2Na+ +
S2- )
+
2(H+
+
+
Phng trnh ion thu gn: 2H + S2- H2S
Cl-)
AgCl
(H+
NO3-)
2(Na+
Cl-)
H2S
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hai ion ngc du nhng khng i khng th khi gp nhau s khng c phn ng v chng c th
ng thi tn ti trong cng mt dung dch.
V d: Anion NO3- khng i khng vi mi cation.
Cc cation kim loi kim th khng i khng vi mi anion.
Nhng hai ion i khng th khi gp nhau nht nh phi xy ra phn ng d rng mt trong hai
ion i khng ang trng thi hp cht rn khng tan trong nc hay trng thi ion a nguyn
t.
V d: CaCO3 + 2H+ Ca2+ + H2O + CO2
Cu(OH)2+ 2H+ Cu2+ + 2H2O
HCO3- + H+
H2O + CO2
HCO3- + OH- H2O + CO32Ch quan trng: in tch lun lun xut hin hoc mt i tng cp c gi tr bng nhau
nhng ngc du.
Xut hin: NaCl Na+ + Cl- : 1+ cng xut hin vi 1CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42-: 2+ cng xut hin vi 2Mt i:
Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3: 3+ cng mt vi 3Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4: 2+ cng mt vi 2Ag+ + Cl-
AgCl: 1+ cng mt vi 1-
Trong dung dch cc cht in ly hay cht in ly nng chy th tng s n v in tch
dng ca cc cation bng tng s n v in tch m ca cc anion.
- Thut ng ion i khng l thut ng y khoa v phng th nghim ha phn tch dng ch hai
ion i du v c gy phn ng vi nhau.
V. S thy phn ca mui trung ho
Nc nguyn cht l mi trng trung tnh c pH = 7, nhng khi ta ho tan mui trung ho vo nc
th mt lng nh anion hay cation ca mui trung ho c th phn ng vi nc gii phng thm
H+hay OH- lm cho pH thay i. Ta phn bit 4 trng hp sau:
1. Mui trung ho to bi axit v baz u mnh th khng b thy phn, dung dch trung tnh; c pH =
7.
V d: Mui NaCl, Na2SO4, KNO3, KCl...
Gii thch: Na+, K+ l hai cation ca baz mnh, Cl-, NO3-, SO42- l ba anion ca ba axit mnh.
Tt c u l nhng anion, cation trung tnh nn khng c phn ng vi H 2O tc l khng b thu
phn: pH = 7
2. Mui trung ho to bi baz mnh v axit yu th b thy phn mt phn to ra dung dch c tnh
baz: pH > 7.
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*Khi hm xng, nu cho go lc, nu bnh chng, bnh tro... ta thng trn vo np hay thm vo nc
mt t mui NaHCO3 (x-a n) hay nc tro (K 2CO3) khi ta thy phn protit ca xng, hay thy phn
tinh bt trong mi trng kim (OH-).
3. Mui trung ho to bi axit mnh v baz yu b thy phn mt phn to ra dung dch c tnh axit
pH < 7.
4. Mui to bi axit yu v baz yu th khi tan trong nc lun b thu phn:
2. Anion Cl-, Br- th khng i khng vi hu ht cation, ngoi tr cation Ag+, Pb2+
Ag+ + Cl-
AgCl
+ SO42- PbSO4
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. Cc anion CO32-, SO32-, S2-, PO43- th i khng vi hu ht cation, ngoi tr cc cation kim
loi kim ( Li+, Na+, K+) v NH4+
5. Anion OH- th i khng vi hu ht cation ngoi tr cc cation kim loi kim v 3 cation
kim loi kim th l Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+
Tm li cc cation kim loi kim nh Na+, K+ th khng i khng vi mi anion
Ta nn lu : H+ + OH- H2O (c phn ng nhng khng c hiu)
cc cation kim loi kim th khng c anion i khng, cn anion NO 3- th khng c cation i
khng do mun nhn bit cc cation kim loi kim ta phi xem quang ph pht x ca chng.
Th d: - Quang ph pht x ca nguyn t Natri c mu vng.
- Quang ph pht x ca nguyn t Kali c mu tm.
- Mun nhn bit anion NO3- th dng dung dch H2SO4 v Cu.
Bi tp 1Cu 1. Tp hp cc ion no sau y c th ng thi tn ti trong cng mt dung dch:
A. [Na+, NO3-, Ca2+, SO32-].
B. [ Cl-, SO42-, NH4+, Mg2+].
+
2C.[ HCO3 , OH , Na , CO3 ].
D. [Ag+, Cu2+, Br-, NO3-].
Bi tp 2
Cu 2. Dung dch mui no c pH < 7:
A. Na2SO4.
B. Al2(SO4)3.
C. ZnCl2.
D. C B v C.
Bi tp 3
Cu 3. Dung dch mui no c pH >7:
A. Na2CO3.
B. CH3COONa.
C. K2SO3.
D. C A, B, C.
A. KNO3.
B. Na2CO3.
C. CuSO4.
D. ZnCl2.
Bi tp 8Cu 8. Trn V lt dung dch X cha H2SO4 0,2M v HCl 0,3M vi V lt dung dch HNO3 0,7M ta
thu c dung dch Y c nng H+ l
A. 0,7M.
B. 0,35M.
C. 1,4 M.
D. Khng xc nh c.
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Tiu lun
Chuyn : Cc dng bi tp dung dch in li
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi tp 9
Cu 9. trung ha han tan 200 ml dung dch X cha ng thi H 2SO4 0,3M v HCl 0,4M ta phi
dng 400 ml dung dch NaOH th nng mol/lt ca dung dch NaOH bng
A. 1M.
B. 0,5M.
C. 0,25M.
D. Mt kt qu khc.
Bi tp 10Cu 10. Cho 200ml dung dch H3PO4 0,5M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch KOH 2M , sau phn
ng un khan dung dch ta thu c mt lng mui khan c khi lng bng
A. 17,4 gam.
B. 15,6 gam.
C. 17,8 gam. D. Tt c u sai.
Bi tp 11Cu 11. Bnh nhn let d dy do dch d dy c pH < 1 ( bao t b chua), ta phi trung ha bt ion
H+ bng cch cho bnh nhn ung thuc c cc thnh phn:
A. NaHCO3, Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3.
B. Cu(OH)2, NaHCO3, Zn(OH)2.
C. NaHCO3 v than hot tnh.
D. A hay C.
Bi tp 12Cu 12. Cc phn ng no sau y cho thy hai ion i khng khi gp nhau th c
phn ng ngay c khi mt trong hai ion ang dng hp cht rn khng tan trong nc:
A. CaCO3 + 2HCl.
C. MgSO3 + HNO3
B. Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4
D. C ba phn ng trn.
Bi tp 13Cu 13. Cho 200 ml dung dch H3PO4 1M tc dng vi 250 ml dung dch NaOH
1,2M. Nng mol / lt ca dung dch sau phn ng bng:
A. [NaH2PO4] = 0,22M v [Na2HPO4] = 0,44M.
B. [NaH2PO4] = [Na2HPO4] = 0,22M.
C. [NaH2PO4] = [Na2HPO4] = 0,44M.
D. Tt c u sai.
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