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Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Vn II v c

IN PHN
I. NH NGHA S in phn l qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh xy ra ti b mt cc in cc khi c dng in mt chiu i qua dung dch cht in li hay cht in li trng thi nng chy.

Nguon ien mot chieu (Pin, Acqui)

I Catot Anot

Day dan ien

e-

e-

Bnh ien phan

in cc ni vi cc m ca my pht in (ngun in mt chiu) gi l cc m hay catot (catod). in cc ni vi cc dng ca my pht in gi l cc dng hay anot (anod). Ti b mt ca catot lun lun c qu trnh kh xy ra, l qu trnh trong cht oxi ha nhn in t to thnh cht kh tng ng. Ti b mt anot lun lun c qu trnh oxi ha xy ra, l qu trnh trong cht kh cho in t to thnh cht oxi ho tng ng. Khi c nhiu cht kh khc nhau, thng l cc ion kim loi khc nhau (ion dng) cng v catot th cht no c tnh oxi ha mnh nht s b kh trc; Khi ht cht oxi ha mnh nht m cn in phn tip tc, th cht oxi ha yu hn k tip mi b kh sau;... Th d: C cc ion kim loi Cu2+, Ag+, Fe2+ cng v catot bnh in phn.

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Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Do mnh tnh oxi ha gim dn nh sau: Ag+ > Cu2+ > Fe2+, nn qu trnh kh ln lt xy ra catot l: Ag+ + eCu2+ + 2eFe2+ + 2eAg Cu Fe (1) (2) (3)

Tng t, khi c nhiu cht kh khc nhau, thng l cc anion phi kim khc nhau, cng v anot, th cht kh no mnh nht s b oxi ha trc; Khi ht cht kh mnh nht m cn in phn tip tc th cht kh yu hn k tip mi b oxi ha sau;...

Th d: C cc anion Cl-, Br -, I- cng v anot tr. Do mnh tnh kh gim dn nh sau: I- > Br - > Cl-, nn qu trnh oxi ha ln lt xy ra anot nh sau: 2I2Br 2Cl2e2e2eI2 Br2 Cl2 (1) (2) (3)

Trong dy th in ha (dy hot ng ha hc cc kim loi, dy Beketov), ngi ta sp cc kim loi (tr H2 l phi kim) theo th t t trc ra sau c mnh tnh kh gim dn, cn cc ion kim loi tng ng (ion dng) t trc ra sau c mnh tnh oxi ha tng dn. K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Chiu tnh kh gim dn

K+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Cr3+ Fe2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+ Hg2+ Pt2+ Au3+ Chiu tnh oxi ha tng dn Th in ha chun ca cp oxi ha kh no cng ln v i s th cht oxi ha cng mnh v cht kh tng ng cng yu.
0 0 Tnh oxi ha: Ox1 > Ox2 E Ox 1 / Kh1 > E Ox 2 / Kh 2 Tnh kh: Kh1 < Kh2

Thc nghim cho bit: E0Ag+/Ag > E0Fe3+/Fe2+ > E0Cu2+/Cu > E0Fe2+/Fe Do , tnh oxi ha: Ag+ > Fe3+ > Cu2+ > Fe2+ tnh kh: Ag < Fe2+ < Cu < Fe

mnh tnh kh cc cht gim dn nh sau: (p dng trong in phn)

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Tnh kh: Kim loi (tr Pt) > S2 > I > Br > Cl > OH > H2O (Do tnh oxi ha: Cl2 > Br2 > I2 > S nn mnh tnh kh: Cl < Br < I < S2) Th d: Hy vit cc qu trnh kh ln lt xy ra catot khi in phn dung dch c cha cc cation: Fe3+, Ag+, Cu2+. Do tnh oxi ha gim dn nh sau: Ag+ > Fe3+ > Cu2+ > Fe2+ > H2O nn qu trnh kh ln lt xy ra catot l: Ag+ Fe3+ + + 2+ Cu + 2+ Fe + 2H2O + ee2e2e2eAg Fe2+ Cu Fe H2 + (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

2OH

Nu khng c Cu2+, th Fe3+ b kh to ra Fe m khng xy ra qu trnh (2) Fe3+ + 3eFe

Nu c s to ion H+ anot th H2O khng b kh (qu trnh (5) m l ion H+ b kh: 2H+ 2eH2

Do ion H+ trong nc c nng rt nh nn ion H+ ca axit d b kh hn ion H+ ca H2O, H2O tham gia in phn qu trnh (5) thc cht l H+ ca H2O b kh). II. S IN PHN CHT IN LI NNG CHY Khi un nng nhit cao th cht in li nng chy (ha lng), cc ion dng v ion m by gi linh ng hn so vi khi trng thi rn. Cc ion dng (cation) mang in tch dng nn s di chuyn v cc m (catot), ti y c qu trnh kh xy ra; Cn cc ion m (anion) mang in tch m nn s di chun v cc dng (anot), ti y c qu trnh oxi ha xy ra. Cc th d, trnh by s in phn nng chy ng vi cc trng hp (th d) sau y: Th d 1: in phn mui n nng chy. NaCl nng chy (Na+, Cl) Catot () Na+ + eCht oxi ha

Na
Cht kh

2Cl 2eCht kh

Cht oxi ha

Anot (+) Cl2

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Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

2NaCl 2Na+ + 2e2Cl 2e2NaCl

Natri clorua pnc

2Na+ + 2Cl 2Na Cl2 2Na

Natri (Catot)

Clo (Anot)

Cl2

Nh vy khi in phn mui n nng chy, ta thu c natri catot v kh clo anot. Th d 2: in phn nhm oxit nng chy. Al2O3 nng chy (2Al3+, 3O2) Catot () 2Al3+ + 6e2Al 3O2- 6eAnot (+) 3 O2 2

Al2O3 2Al3+ + 6e3O2 Al2O3

Nhm oxit

6epnc

2Al3+ + 2Al 3 O2 2 2Al

Nhm (Catot)

3O2

3 O2 2
Oxi (Anot)

in phn nng chy nhm oxit thu c kim loi nhm catot, kh oxi anot bnh in phn. Th d 3: in phn xt nng chy. NaOH nng chy (Na+, OH) Catot () Na+ + eNa 2NaOH 2Na+ + 2e2OH - 2e2NaOH 2OH- 2e2Na+ + 2OH 2Na 1 O2 + H2O 2 1 O2 + H2O 2Na + 2 Anot (+) 1 O2 + H2O 2

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Natri hiroxit Natri Oxi

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Hi nc

in phn xt nng chy, thu c natri catot, kh oxi v hi nc anot. Th d 4: in phn hn hp mui natri clorua v magie clorua nng chy. Hn hp NaCl - MgCl2 nng chy (Na+, Mg2+, Cl-) Catot () (Tnh kh: Na > Mg nn tnh oxi ha: Na+ < Mg2+) Mg2+ + 2eMg (1) Na+ + eNa (2) Anot (+)

2Cl - 2e-

Cl2

Nh vy coi nh MgCl2 tham gia in phn trc; Sau khi ht MgCl2, NaCl mi tham gia in phn. MgCl2 Mg2+ + 2Cl2+ + Mg + 2e Mg 2Cl 2e Cl2
Magie clorua

MgCl2

pnc

Magie

Mg + Cl2
Oxi

(I)

Sau khi ht MgCl2, n NaCl tham gia in phn + 2NaCl 2Na+ + 2e2Cl 2e2NaCl
Natri clorua pnc

2Na+ + 2Na Cl2 2Na

Natri

2Cl-

Kh clo

Cl2

(II)

Nh vy khi in phn hn hp mui NaCl - MgCl2 th thu c Mg, Na catot, kh clo anot.
III. S IN PHN DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

Khi in phn dung dch cht in li th ty trng hp, dung mi nc ca dung dch c th tham gia in phn catot hay anot. Nu nc tham gia in phn th: catot: Do catot c qu trnh kh xy ra nn H2O s ng vai tr cht oxi ha, n b kh to kh hiro (H2) thot ra, ng thi phng thch ion OH- ra dung dch.

2H2O 2H+ + 2e-

2H+ + H2

2OH

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Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

2H2O -

+ 2e-

H2 + 2OH

anot: Do anot c qu trnh oxi ha xy ra nn nc s ng vai tr cht kh, n b oxi ha to kh oxi (O2) thot ra, ng thi phng thch ion H+ ra dung dch.

2H2O 2OH- 2e-

H2O 2eIII.1. catot

2H+ + 2OH1 O 2 + H2O 2 1 O2 + 2H+ 2

Thc nghim cho thy khi in phn dung dch cha cc ion kim loi ng sau nhm (Al) trong dy th in ha th cc ion kim loi ny b kh to thnh kim loi bm vo in cc catot. Ion no cng ng sau th c tnh oxi ha cng mnh nn cng b kh trc catot. (Hiu l kim loi ng sau nhm c tnh kh yu, do ion cc kim loi ny (ion dng) c tnh oxi ha mnh. Chng c tnh oxi ha mnh hn nc nn cc ion dng ny b kh trc nc. K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Mn+
Ion kim loi

ne-

M
(Kim loi ng sau Al)

Th d: Ion Cu2+ v catot bnh in phn khi in phn dung dch c cha ion Cu2+ th ion ny b kh catot: Cu2+ + 2eCu

Cn khi in phn dung dch cha ion kim loi t nhm tr v trc (ion kim loi Al3+, Mg2+, ion kim loi kim th, ion kim loi kim) th cc ion kim loi ny khng b kh catot m l H2O ca dung dch b kh to H2 bay ra v phng thch ion OH- trong dung dch (ion OH- kt hp ion kim loi to hiroxit kim loi tng ng). C th hiu l cc kim loi t Al tr v trc c tnh kh mnh rt mnh, nn cc ion kim loi ny c tnh oxi ha rt yu, yu hn H2O. Do H2O b kh trc catot. V mt khi nc b kh catot th y cng l giai on cht catot, v khi ht nc th cng khng cn dung dch na, nn s in phn s ngng. Cc ion kim loi t Al tr v trc ch b kh to kim loi tng ng khi in phn nng chy cht in c cha cc ion ny. 2H2O + 2eIII.2. Anot

H2 + 2OH-

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Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Qu trnh oxi ha anot ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht lm in cc anot v bn cht ca anion i v pha anot. Nu anot tan (khng tr, khng bn): Anot c lm bng cc kim loi thng thng (tr Pt) (nh Ag, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn, Al...) th kim loi dng lm anot oxi ha (b ha tan) cn cc anion i v anot khng b oxi ha. C th hiu mt cch gn ng l kim loi c dng lm kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn cc cht kh khc i v anot trong dung dch, nn kim loi c dng lm in cc anot b oxi ha trc. V mt khi in cc anot b oxi ha (b n mn) th y cng l giai on cui anot. Bi v khi ht in cc anot, th s c s cch in v s in phn s dng.

Th d: Anot c lm bng kim loi ng (Cu) Cu(anot) + 2eCu2+

Nu anot khng tan (tr, bn): anot c lm bng bch kim (Platin, Pt) hay than ch (Cacbon graphit). + Nu anion i v anot l cc anion khng cha O nh Cl-, Br-, I-, S2-... th cc anion ny b oxi ha anot. Th d: Anion Cl- i v anot tr, th ion Cl- b oxi ha anot 2Cl- - 2eCl2

+ Nu anion i v anot l anion c cha O nh NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, CO32-... th cc anion ny khng b oxi ha anot m l H2O ca dung dch b oxi ha to O2 thot ra, ng thi phng thch ion H+ ra dung dch (ion H+ kt hp vi anion to thnh axit tng ng). V mt khi nc b oxi ha anot th y cng l giai on cht anot. V khi ht nc mi n cc cht kh khc b oxi ha, lc ny khng cn l dung dch na, nn s in phn dng. Th d: anion NO3- i v anot tr trong dung dch, th anion ny khng b oxi ha m l nc ca dung dch b oxi ha. H2O - 2e1 O2 + 2H+ 2 (H+ + NO3-

HNO3)

Lu L.1 Khi u bi cho in phn m khng cho bit dng in cc g th hiu l in cc khng tan (tr, bn).

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Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

L.2

Cc ion OH- (hiroxit), RCOO- (cacboxilat) tuy l cc anion c cha O, nhng chng vn b oxi ha anot khi in phn dung dch cha cc anion ny vi in cc tr.
-2 0

2OH- - 2e(Cht kh)

1 O2 + H2O 2
(Cht oxi ha)
+4

2RCOOIon cacboxilat (Cht kh)

+3

2e-

R-R
Hirocacbon

Kh cacbonic (Cht oxi ha)

2CO2

Th d: Khi in phn dung dch cha ion axetat (CH3COO-) dng in cc tr, th ion axetat b oxi ha anot. 2CH3COO- - 2eIon axetat

CH3-CH3
Etan

Kh cacbonic

2CO2

L.3. Th t cc cht b oxi ha anot tr: S2- > I- > Br- > Cl- > RCOO- > OH- > H2O L.4. Nu bnh in phn khng c vch ngn xp gia catot vi anot th c th xy ra phn ng ph gia cc cht va to ra hai bn in cc catot, anot.

Th d: in phn dung dch NaCl bng in cc tr m khng c vch ngn, th Cl2 to anot s tc dng vi dung dch NaOH catot to nc Javel.
Clo

Cl2

2NaOH
Xt

NaCl
Natri clorua

NaClO
Nc Javel

Natri hipoclorit

H2O

Nc

III.3. Cc th d Th d 1: in phn dung dch NaCl, dng in cc tr.

Catot (-) 2H2O + 2e-

dd NaCl (Na+, Cl-, H2O) H2 + 2OH

-

2Cl

- 2e

Anot (+) (tr) Cl2 (1) (2)

2OH- - 2e2NaCl 2H2O + 2e2Cl- - 2e2NaCl + 2H2O

p

1 O2 + H2O 2

2Na+ + 2ClH2 + 2OHCl2 H2 + 2NaOH + Cl2 (I)

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Natri clorua Nc Hiro Xt (Catot)

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Clo (Anot)

Nu khng c mng ngn xp gia catot vi anot th c phn ng ph: 2NaOH + Cl2 NaCl + NaClO + H2O
Nc Javel

Nu bnh in phn c vch ngn, sau khi in phn ht NaCl, thu c dung dch gm: NaOH, H2O. Nu tip tc in phn, tc in phn dung dch NaOH. + 2NaOH 2H2O + 2e2OH- - 2eH2 O
Nc p

2Na+ + 2OHH2 + 2OH1 O2 + H2O 2 1 H2 O2 2

Hiro Oxi

(II)

Nh vy khi in phn dung dch mui n, in cc tr, c vch ngn xp gia catot vi anot, th giai on u, NaCl b in phn trc, thu c kh hiro catot, kh clo anot, dung dch xt bn ngn catot. Sau khi ht mui n, n in phn dung dch xt, thc cht l nc ca dung dch b in phn, to kh hiro catot, kh oxi anot, th tch H2 gp i th tch kh O2. Cn NaOH cn nguyn trong dung dch, c lng khng i, nhng nng ngy cng tng dn (l do dung mi nc ngy cng mt i). Th d 2: in phn dung dch CuSO4, in cc khng tan. dd CuSO4 (Cu , SO42-, H2O)
2+

Catot (-) Cu2+ + 2e2H+ + 2eCu H2 + (1) (2) CuSO4 Cu2+ + 2eH2O - 2eCuSO4 + H2O
ng (II) sunfat

H2O - 2e-

Anot (+) (Tr) 1 O2 + 2H+ 2

Cu2+ + SO42Cu 1 O2 + 2H+ 2 1 p Cu + O2 + H2SO4 2

ng (Catot) Oxi Axit sunfuric (Anot)

(I)

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Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Sau khi in phn ht CuSO4, thu c dung dch gm: H2SO4 , H2O. Nu tip tc in phn, tc in phn dung dch H2SO4. H2SO4 2H+ + H 2O H2O
Nc

2e

- 2ep

2H+ + SO42H2 1 O2 + 2H+ 2 1 H2 + O2 2

Hiro (Catot) Oxi (Anot)

(II)

Khi in phn dung dch ng (II) sunfat, in cc tr, thu c ng kim loi catot, kh oxi anot, dung dch H2SO4 bn ngn anot. Sau khi in phn ht CuSO4, thu c dung dch gm H2SO4 v H2O. Nu tip tc in phn, tc in phn dung dch H2SO4, thc cht l H2O ca dung dch b in phn, thu c kh hiro (H2) catot, kh oxi (O2) anot, th tch kh hiro gp i th tch kh oxi. Cn H2SO4 lun lun nm trong dung dch, c lng khng i, nhng nng cng lc cng cao (l do dung mi nc cng lc cng mt i). Tuy nhin nu khng c hin din H2SO4 hay NaOH, ngha l ch c nc nguyn cht th nc khng tham gia in phn. Bi v nng ion H+, ion OHca nc qu nh nn khng dn in nn s in phn khng xy ra. Th d 3: in phn dung dch AgNO3, in cc bng bc (Ag). dd AgNO3 (Ag+, NO3-, H2O) Catot (-) Ag+ + eAg(bm vo catot) AgNO3 + Ag+ + eAg (anot) - eAg (anot)
p

Ag(anot)

Anot (+) (Ag) - eAg+

Ag+ + NO3Ag (bm vo catot) Ag+ Ag (bm vo catot)

Nh vy khi in phn dung dch bc nitrat, in cc anot bng bc, thc cht l anot bng bc b oxi ha (b n mn). Lng bc b ha tan anot c em cho bm vo catot. Cn AgNO3 trong dung dch khng i. Ngi ta thng p dng hin tng ny m kim loi, cng nh tinh ch kim loi. Trong cc phng php tinh ch kim loi th phng php in phn l phng php to kim loi tinh khit nht. Th d 4: in phn dung dch hn hp mui ZnCl2 v CuCl2. Dng in cc tr.

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dd hh: ZnCl2 - CuCl2 (Zn2+, Cu2+, Cl-, H2O)

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Catot (-) Cu2+ + 2eZn2+ + 2eCu Zn (1) (2)

Anot (+) (Tr) 2Cl- - 2eCl2

Coi nh CuCl2 tham gia in phn trc (V Cu2+ b kh trc catot, Cl- b oxi ha trc anot). + CuCl2 Cu2+ + 2e2Cl- - 2eng (II) clorua

Cu2+ Cu Cl2
p
ng (Catot)

2Cl-

CuCl2

Cu +

Clo (Anot)

Cl2

(I)

Sau khi in phn ht CuCl2, n ZnCl2 in phn. ZnCl2 + Zn2+ + 2e2Cl- - 2eKm clorua

Zn2+ + 2ClZn Cl2

Km

ZnCl2

Zn + Cl2
Clo

(II)

Th d 5: in phn dung dch hn hp NaCl, CuSO4. in cc tr. C vch ngn. dd hh NaCl - CuSO4 (Na+, Cl-, Cu2+, SO42-, H2O) Catot (-) Cu2+ + 2e2H2O + 2eHoc: 2H+ + 2eCu (1) (2) (2) 2Cl- - 2eH2O - 2eHay: 2OH- - 2eAnot (+) (Tr) Cl2 1 O2 + 2H+ 2 1 O2 + H2O 2 (1)

H2 + 2OHH2

(2)
(2)

Coi nh c CuSO4 ln NaCl u tham gia in phn ng thi (Do Cu2+ b kh trc catot, cn ion Cl- b oxi ha trc anot). CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42-

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2NaCl Cu2+ + 2e2Cl- - 2eCuSO4 + 2NaCl
Natri clorua

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

2Na+ + 2ClCu Cl2 Cu +

ng (Catot) Natri sunfat

ng (II) sunfat

Na2SO4

+ Cl2

(I)

Clo (Anot)

Sau mt gian in phn, mt trong ba trng hp sau y c th xy ra: Trung hp 1: C CuSO4 ln NaCl in phn ht cng lc.

Khi va ht CuSO4 ln NaCl thu c dung dch gm: Na2SO4 ; H2O. Nu tip tc in phn, tc in phn dung dch Na2SO4, thc cht l in phn H2O ca dung dch, thu c H2 catot, O2 anot, th tch kh hiro gp i th tch kh oxi. Cn Na2SO4 lun lun hin din trong dung dch, c lng khng i, nhng nng cng lc cng tng (do dung mi H2O ngy cng gim). H 2O
p (Catot)

H2

1/2 O2
(Anot)

(II)

Trng hp 2: CuSO4 in phn ht trc. NaCl cha in phn ht.

Khi in phn va ht CuSO4, thu c dung dch gm: NaCl cn d; Na2SO4; H2O. Nu tip tc in phn, tc in phn dung dch ny. NaCl cn d tip tc: + 2NaCl 2H2O + 2Cl2NaCl + 2e2e2H2O
p

2Na+ H2 Cl2

+ +

2Cl2OH2NaOH + Cl2 (II)

H2 +

(Catot)

(Anot)

Khi in phn va ht NaCl, thu c dung dch gm: Na2SO4; NaOH; H2O. Nu tip tc in phn, tc in phn dung dch ny. Thc cht l H2O ca dung dch b in phn, thu c kh H2 catot, kh O2 anot, th tch kh hiro gp i th tch kh oxi. Cn Na2SO4 v NaOH lun lun nm trong dung dch nhng c nng cng lc cng tng (l do dung mi nc cng lc cng mt i). Trn nguyn tc, cui cng thu c Na2SO4 v NaOH khan. H 2O
p

H2
(Catot)

1 O2 2
(Anot)

(III)

Trng hp 3: NaCl in phn ht trc CuSO4. CuSO4 cha in phn ht.

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Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Sau khi in phn va ht NaCl, thu c dung dch gm: CuSO4 cn d; Na2SO4; H2O Nu tip tc in phn, tc in phn dung dch ny. CuSO4 tip tc b in phn: + CuSO4 Cu + 2e2+

H2O - 2eCuSO4 + H 2O

Cu2+ + SO42Cu 1 O2 + 2H+ 2 1 p Cu + O2 + 2

(Catot)

H2SO4

(II)

(Anot)

Sau khi in phn va ht CuSO4, thu c dung dch gm: Na2SO4; H2SO4; H2O. Nu tip tc in phn, tc in phn dung dch trn, thc cht l H2O ca dung dch b in phn. Thu c H2 catot, O2 anot, th tch H2 gp i O2. Cn Na2SO4 v H2SO4 lun lun nm trong dung dch, c lng khng i, nhng nng cng lc cng tng (do dung mi nc cng lc cng mt i). Trn nguyn tc, cui cng thu c Na2SO4 v H2SO4 khan. 1 p H2 + (III) H 2O O2 2 Th d 6: in phn dung dch hn hp gm: Cu(NO3)2, AgNO3, Fe(NO3)3. in cc tr. dd hh: Cu(NO3)2 - AgNO3 - Fe(NO3)3 (Cu2+, Ag+, Fe3+, NO3-, H2O) Catot (-) Ag+ + eAg (1 ) H2O - 2eAnot (+) (Tr) 1 O2 + 2H+ 2

Fe3+ Cu2+ Fe2+ 2H+

+ + + +

e2e2e2e-

Fe2+ Cu Fe H2

(2) (3) (4) (5)

Coi nh AgNO3 tham gia in phn trc. + 2AgNO3 2Ag+ + 2eH2O - 2e2AgNO3 + H2O
p

2Ag+ + 2NO32Ag 1 O2 + 2H+ 2 1 2Ag + O2 + 2HNO3 (I) 2

Bc Oxi Axit nitric

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(Catot)

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

(Anot)

Sau khi in phn ht AgNO3, n Fe(NO3)3 tham gia in phn. 2 + 2 Fe(NO3)3 Fe3+ + eH2O - 2e2Fe(NO3)3 + H2O
p

Fe3+ + 3NO3Fe2+ 1 O2 + 2H+ 2 2Fe(NO3)2 + 1 O2 + 2HNO3 2 (II)

Sau khi in phn ht Fe(NO3)3, n Cu(NO3)2 tham gia in phn. + Cu(NO3)2 Cu2+ + 2eH2O - 2eCu(NO3)2 + H2O
p

Cu2+ Cu 1 O2 + 2H+ 2 1 Cu + O2 + 2HNO3 2

(III)

Sau khi in phn ht Cu(NO3)2, n Fe(NO3)2 tham gia in phn. Fe(NO3)2 + Fe2+ + 2eH2O - 2eFe(NO3)2 + H2O
p

Fe2+ + 2NO3Fe 1/2O2 + 2H+ 1 Fe + O2 + 2HNO3 2

(IV)

Sau khi in phn ht Fe(NO3)2, thu c dung dch gm: HNO3, H2O. Nu tip tc in phn dung dch HNO3, thc cht l nc ca dung dch tham gia in phn, to kh hiro catot, kh oxi anot, th tch H2 gp i th tch O2. Cn HNO3 lun lun nm trong dung dch c lng khng i, nhng nng cng lc cng tng, do dung mi nc cng lc cng mt i. H 2O
p

H2

1 O2 2
Oxi (Anot)

(V)

Hiro (Catot)

Th d 7: in phn dung dch NaCl, in cc bng ng (Cu). dd NaCl http://vietsciences.free.fr http://vietsciences.org V Hng Thi

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(Na+, Cl-, H2O)

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Catot (-) 2H2O + 2e-

H2 + 2OH

Anot (+) (Cu) Cu(anot) - 2eCu2+ 2Na+ + 2ClH2 + 2OHCu2+

p Hiro (Catot)

2NaCl 2H2O + 2eCu(anot) - 2eCu(anot) + 2H2O

H2

+ Cu(OH)2

ng (II) hiroxit

Khi in phn dung dch mui n, in cc bng ng th thc cht l anot ng b ha tan (b oxi ha), nc ca dung dch tham gia in phn, c hiro thot ra catot, c to ng (II) hiroxit khng tan lng xung y bnh in phn, cn NaCl coi nh vn nm trong dung dch, c lng khng i.

IV. nh lut Faraday Khi lng ca cht to ra in cc bnh in phn t l vi ng lng ca cht , vi cng dng in v thi gian in phn (hay khi lng ca cht to ra in cc t l vi ng lng ca cht v in lng qua bnh in phn).
mA = M 1 A I t 96500 n A

mA: Khi lng ca cht A to in cc (catot hoc anot), tnh bng gam. MA: Khi lng phn t (nguyn t, ion) ca A Nu cht A to in cc l phn t th MA l khi lng phn t ca A; nu cht A to in cc l nguyn t th MA l khi lng nguyn t ca A; cn nu cht A to in cc l ion th MA l khi lng ion ca ion (ion lng, ion khi). nA: Ha tr ca A (cht to in cc). C th nA bng s in t trao i in cc to ra 1 phn t A (hoc 1 nguyn t A hoc 1 ion A). MA l ng lng ca cht A (cht to in cc). nA I: Cng dng in tnh bng Ampe (Ampre). t: Thi gian in phn, tnh bng giy. I x t = q: in lng qua bnh in phn, tnh bng Coulomb.
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Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Cng thc Faraday cn vit di dng s mol ca A thu c in cc (Trong tnh ton ha hc thng dng s mol d lin h hn)
' nA =

mA 1 1 = I t M A 96500 n A

nA: S mol ca cht A to in cc bnh in phn. nA: Ha tr ca A, n bng s in t trao i in cc to ra 1 phn t (1 nguyn t, 1 ion) A. I: Cng dng in, tnh bng Ampre. t: Thi gian in phn, tnh bng giy. Th d: Vi qu trnh kh in cc catot l Fe2+ + 2eFe

M 1 1 56 Fe It = It 96500 n Fe 96500 2 1 1 1 1 It = It S mol st thu c catot: n' Fe = 96500 n Fe 96500 2 S gam kim loi st thu c catot: m Fe =

Vi qu trnh kh catot: Fe3+ + 3e-

Fe M 1 1 56 Fe It = It 96500 n Fe 96500 3

Khi lng st (gam) thu c catot l: m Fe =

S mol st thu c catot l: n' Fe =

1 1 1 1 It = It 96500 n Fe 96500 3 Fe2+

Vi qu trnh kh catot: Fe3+ + e-

Khi lng (g) ion Fe2+ thu c catot: m Fe 2 + =

M 2+ 1 1 56 Fe It = It 96500 n Fe 2 + 96500 1

S mol ion Fe2+ thu c catot: n' Fe 2 + =

M 2+ 1 1 1 Fe It = It 96500 n Fe 2 + 96500 1

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Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Vi qu trnh oxi ha anot: 2Cl- - 2eCl- - e-

Cl2 1 Cl2 2

Khi lng (g) Cl2 thu c anot: mCl2 =

M Cl2 1 1 71 It = It 96500 nCl2 96500 2

S mol Cl2 thu c anot: n' Cl2 =

1 1 1 1 It = It 96500 nCl2 96500 2 M 1 1 35,5 Cl It = It 96500 nCl 96500 1

Khi lng (g) Cl thu c anot: mCl =

S mol Cl thu c anot: n' Cl =

1 1 1 1 It = It 96500 nCl 96500 1 O2 1 O2 2 1 O2 + H2O 2 O2 + 2H2O 1 O2 + 2H+ 2 O2 + 4H+

Vi qu trnh oxi ha to kh oxi anot: 2O2- - 4eO2- - 2e2OH- - 2e4OH- - 4eH2O - 2e2H2O - 4e-

Khi lng O2 (g) thu c anot: mO2 = Khi lng O (g) thu c anot: mO = S mol O2 thu c anot: n' O2 = S mol O thu c anot: n' O = -

1 32 It 96500 4

1 16 It 96500 2

1 1 It 96500 4

1 1 It 96500 2 2H+ + 2e2H2O + 2eH2 H2 + 2OH-

Vi qu trnh kh to kh hiro catot:

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Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Khi lng H2 (gam) thu c catot: m H 2 = Khi lng H (gam) thu c catot: m H =

1 2 It 96500 2

1 1 It 96500 1

S mol H2 thu c catot: n' H 2 = S mol H thu c catot: n' H =

1 1 It 96500 2

1 1 It 96500 1

Bi tp 69 Ha tan hn hp hai mui rn gm 4 gam Fe2(SO4)3 v 1,56 gam Ag2SO4 vo nc thu c 500 ml dung dch D cha hai cht tan trn. in phn 500 ml dung dch D vi in cc tr, cng dng in 0,5 Ampre trong thi gian 2 gi 8 40. a. Tnh khi lng kim loi thu c catot. b. Tnh th tch kh thu c anot (ktc). c. Tnh nng mol cc cht tan trong dung dch sau in phn. Coi th tch dung dch sau in phn vn l 500 ml. d. Nu in phn 500 ml D trn vi in cc ng cho n khi va ht ion Ag+ th khi lng mi in cc tng hay gim bao nhiu gam? Cho bit anot bng ng c qu trnh: Cu - 2eCu2+ Hiu sut s in phn 100%.

(Fe = 56; S = 32; O = 16; Ag = 108; Cu = 64) S: a. 1,08g Ag; 0,56g Fe b. 0,224 lt O2 c. Fe2(SO4)3 0,01M; H2SO4 0,04M d. Catot tng 1,08g; Anot gim 0,32g
Bi tp 69 Ly 1,6 gam CuSO4 v 4 gam Fe2(SO4)3 ha tan vo nc thu c 1 lt dung dch D. em in phn lng dung dch D trn trong thi gian 3 gi 13 pht, cng dng in 0,5 A, in cc tr. a. Tnh khi lng kim loi bm vo catot. b. Tnh th tch kh thu c anot trong iu kin tiu chun. c. Tnh nng mol ca mi cht tan thu c trong dung dch sau in phn. Coi th tch dung dch khng i trong qu trnh in phn. d. Nu em in phn 1 lt dung dch D trn vi in cc bng st cho n khi dung dch va ht Cu2+ th khi lng mi in cc tng hay gim bao nhiu gam? Cho Fe2+. bit qu trnh oxi ha anot l: Fe - 2eQu trnh in phn c hiu sut 100%. (Fe = 56; Cu = 64; S = 32; O = 16; H = 1) S: a. 0,64g Cu; 0,56g Fe b. 0,336 lt O2 c. FeSO4 0,01M; H2SO4 0,03M d. Catot tng 0,64g; Anot gim 1,12g

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Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Bi tp 70 Tin hnh in phn (vi in cc tr, mng ngn xp) mt dung dch cha m gam hn hp CuSO4 v NaCl cho n khi H2O bt u b in phn c hai in cc th dng li. anot thu c 6,72 lt kh (ktc). Dung dch sau in phn c th ha tan ti a 20,4 gam Al2O3. - Tnh m. - Tnh tng khi lng ca catot. - Tnh gim khi lng ca dung dch sau in phn. Coi nc bay hi khng ng k. (Na = 23; Al = 27; O = 16; S = 32; Cl = 35,5; Cu = 64) S: m = 51,1g; Catot tng 6,4g; Dung dch gim 28,1g Bi tp 70 (B TSH mn ha) Tin hnh in phn (in cc tr, mng ngn xp) mt dung dch cha m gam hn hp gm CuSO4 v NaCl cho n khi nc bt u b in phn c hai in cc th ngng. anot thu c 0,448 lt kh (ktc). Dung dch sau in phn c th ha tan ti a 0,68 gam Al2O3. - Tnh m. - Tnh tng khi lng ca catot sau khi in phn. - Tnh gim khi lng ca dung dch sau in phn.

Coi nc bay hi khng ng k trong qu trnh in phn. (Na = 23; Al = 27; O = 16; S = 32; Cl = 35,5; Cu = 64) S: m = 4,473g; Catot tng 0,853g; Dung dch gim 2,286g m = 5,97g; Catot tng 1,92g; Dung dch gim 2,95g
Bi tp 71 (B TSH mn Ha, 2) Ha tan 150 gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O vo 600 ml dung dch HCl 0,6 mol/l ta thu c dung dch A (gm hai cht tan CuSO4 v HCl, coi nh khng c phn ng gia CuSO4 vi HCl to Cu(HSO4)2). Chia dung dch A thnh ba phn bng nhau: 1. Tin hnh in phn phn 1 vi dng in cng 1,34 ampe trong vng 4 gi. Tnh khi lng kim loi thot ra catot v th tch kh ( ktc) thot ra anot, bit hiu sut in phn l 100%. 2. Cho 5,4 gam nhm kim loi vo phn 2. Sau mt thi gian ta thu c 1,344 lt kh ( ktc), dung dch B v cht rn C. Cho dung dch B tc dng vi xt d ri ly kt ta nung nhit cao cho n khi lng khng i th thu c 4 gam cht rn. Tnh khi lng cht rn C. 3. Cho 13,7 gam bari kim loi vo phn th 3. Sau khi kt thc tt c cc phn ng, lc ly kt ta, ra sch v em nung nhit cao cho n khi lng khng i th thu c bao nhiu gam cht rn? Bit rng khi tc dng vi baz, Cu2+ ch to thnh Cu(OH)2. (H = 1; O = 16; Al = 27; S = 32; Cu = 64; Ba = 137) S: 1. 6,4g Cu; 1,344 lt Cl2; 0,448 lt O2 2. 11,22g (Cu, Al) 3. 26,5g (BaSO4, CuO) Bi tp 72 (B TSH mn ha, 5)

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Ha tan 10,65 gam hn hp A gm mt oxit kim loi kim v mt oxit kim loi kim th bng dung dch HCl ta thu c dung dch B. C cn dung dch B v in phn nng chy hon ton hn hp mui th thu c anot 3,696 lt kh C ( 27,30C v 1atm) v hn hp kim loi D catot. 1. Tnh khi lng ca D. 2. Ly m gam D cho tc dng ht vi nc ta thu c dung dch E v V lt kh ( ktc). Cho t t Al vo dung dch E cho n ngng thot kh, thy ht p gam Al v c V1 lt kh thot ra (ktc). a. So snh V1 v V. b. Tnh p theo m. 3. Nu ly lng hn hp kim loi D ( cu 1) ri luyn thm 1,37 gam Ba th thu c mt hp kim trong Ba chim 23,077% v s mol. Hi hn hp u l oxit ca cc kim loi kim, kim th no? (O = 16; Li = 7; Na = 23; K = 39; Rb = 85,5; Al = 27; Ca = 40; Sr = 87,6; Ba = 137) 27m S: 1. 8,25g 2. V1 = 3V; p = 3. Li2O; BaO 27,5
Bi tp 73 (B TSH mn ho) 1. Nu s khc nhau v qu trnh cho - nhn electron trong phn ng in phn v trong phn ng oxi ha kh? 2. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng in phn xy ra khi in phn (vi in cc tr, mng ngn xp) dung dch cha a mol CuSO4 v b mol NaCl trong ba trng hp: b = 2a; b < 2a v b > 2a. Bi tp 74 (B TSH mn ha, 24) in phn nng chy hon ton a gam mui A c to bi kim loi M v halogen X ta thu c 0,96 gam kim loi M catot v 0,896 lt kh ( ktc) anot. Mt khc ha tan a gam mui A vo nc, sau cho tc dng vi AgNO3 d th thu c 11,48 gam kt ta. 1. Hi X l halogen no? 2. Trn 0,96 gam kim loi M vi 2,242 gam kim loi M c cng ha tr duy nht, ri t ht hn hp bng oxi th thu c 4,162 gam hn hp hai oxit. ha tan hon ton hn hp oxit ny cn 500 ml dung dch H2SO4 nng c mol/l. a. Tnh % s mol ca cc oxit trong hn hp ca chng. b. Tnh t l khi lng nguyn t ca M v M. c. Tnh c (nng dung dch H2SO4). (F = 19; Cl = 35,5; Br = 80; I = 127; Ag = 108; O = 16) S: 1. Cl 2. a. 66,67% oxit M; 33,33% oxit M b. M : M = 12 : 56,05 c. 0,12 mol/l Bi tp 75 (B TSH mn ha) Vit phng trnh phn ng c th xy ra khi in phn dung dch hn hp gm HCl, CuCl2, NaCl vi in cc tr, c mng ngn. Bi tp 76 (B TSH mn ha, 35) Ha tan 1,12 gam hn hp Ag v Cu trong 19,6 gam dung dch H2SO4 c, nng (dung dch A) thu c SO2 v dung dch B. Cho SO2 thot ra hp th ht vo nc Br2, sau

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Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

thm Ba(NO3)2 d th thu c 1,864 gam kt ta. C cn dung dch B, ly mui khan ha tan thnh 500 ml dung dch, sau in phn 100 ml trong thi gian 7 pht 43 giy vi in cc tr v cng dng in I = 0,5A. 1. Tnh khi lng Ag v Cu trong hn hp u. 2. a. Tnh nng % ca axit H2SO4 trong A, bit rng ch c 10% H2SO4 phn ng vi Ag v Cu. 1 b. Nu ly dung dch A pha long c pH = 2 th th tch dung dch sau khi pha 2 long l bao nhiu? (Coi axit H2SO4 in li hon ton to 2H+, SO42- trong dung dch) 3. a. Tnh khi lng kim loi thot ra catot. b. Nu in phn vi anot bng Cu cho n khi trong dung dch khng cn ion Ag+ th khi lng catot tng bao nhiu gam v khi lng anot gim bao nhiu gam? Bit rng anot xy ra qu trnh: Cu - 2eCu2+. (Cu = 64; Ag = 108; Ba = 137; O = 16; S = 32) S: 1. 0,864g Ag; 0,0256g Cu 2. a. H2SO4 80% b. 16 lt 3. a. 0,1728g Ag; 0,256g Cu b. Catot tng 0,1728g; Anot gim 0,0512g
Bi tp 77 (B TSH mn ha) a. Hy nu bn cht ca qu trnh in phn. b. Nhng qu trnh no xy ra trn b mt ca in cc platin khi in phn dung dch AgNO3? Vit s in phn v phng trnh dng tng qut. c. Nu mi trng ca dung dch sau in phn c pH = 3, hiu sut in phn l 80% (so vi lng AgNO3 lc u), th tch dung dch c coi nh khng i (1 lt) th nng cc cht trong dung dch sau in phn l bao nhiu? Khi lng AgNO3 trong dung dch ban u l bao nhiu? (Ag = 108; N = 14; O = 16) S: HNO3 0,001M; AgNO3 0,00025M; 0,2125g AgNO3 Bi tp 78 (B TSH mn ha) in phn nng chy mui AX (A l kim loi kim, X l Cl, Br hoc I) ta thu c cht rn A v kh B. Cho A tc dng vi nc c dung dch A v kh B. Cho B tc dng vi B c kh D. Cho D tc dng vi A c dung dch E. Cho mt t qu tm vo dung dch E. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra v gii thch qu tm c mu g? Cc qu trnh in phn cng nh cc phn ng xy ra vi hiu sut 100%. Bi tp 79 (B TSH mn ha, 61) Cho 9,16 gam bt A gm Zn, Fe, Cu vo cc ng 170 ml dung dch CuSO4 1M. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, thu c dung dch B v kt ta C. Nung C trong khng kh nhit cao n khi lng khng i, c 12 gam cht rn. Chia B thnh hai phn bng nhau: - Thm dung dch NaOH d vo phn 1, lc kt ta, ra, nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i, thu c 5,2 gam cht rn D.

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- in phn phn 2 vi in cc tr trong 10 pht vi dng in cng 10 ampe. a. Tnh khi lng cc cht thot ra b mt cc in cc. b. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 5M ha tan ht hn hp A, bit rng phn ng ch to ra kh NO duy nht. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. (Zn = 65; Cu = 64; Fe = 56; O = 16) S: 1,9896g Cu; 0,4974g O2; 96 ml dd HNO3 5M

CU HI N PHN IN PHN
1. in phn l g? S in phn khc vi s in ly th no? Cho th d c th minh ha. 2. So snh s ging v khc nhau ca qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh trong phn ng oxi ha v trong s in phn. Cho th d minh ha. 3. Ti sao khi in phn nc cn dung dch axit, dung dch baz hoc dung dch mui (nh dung dch H2SO4; dung dch NaOH; dung dch KNO3)? Vit cc qu trnh xy ra ti mi in cc khi in phn cc dung dch trn (dng in cc tr). 4. Trnh by s in phn cc dung dch sau y (in cc khng tan, c vch ngn): KCl; KOH; CuCl2; FeSO4; HCl; Mg(NO3)2; AgNO3; NaBr; NiSO4; ZnCl2. 5. S in phn dung dch vi s in phn nng chy, s in phn no tn km hn? Ti sao? S in phn nng chy thng c dng lm g? Trnh by s in phn nng chy cc cht sau y: KCl; KOH; Al2O3. 6. Trong s in phn Al2O3 nng chy nhm thu c kim loi nhm (Al) catot, ngi dng thm cht criolit (Na3AlF4, AlF3.3NaF) lm g? 7. Pht biu nh lut Faraday. Vit biu thc ca nh lut Faraday v nu ngha ca tng i lng trong biu thc ny. 8. Theo di s nh phn dung dch hn hp gm HCl v NaCl, dng in cc tr, c vch ngn. pH ca dung dch thay i nh th no trong qu trnh in phn dung dch hn hp trn? 9. Ti sao khi in phn m dng in cc anot tan, th anot ch c qu trnh oxi ha in cc m khng c cc qu trnh oxi ha khc? Cho mt th d minh ho.

10. Ti sao khi in phn dung dch NaCl; dung dch K2SO4; dung dch CaCl2; dung dch Mg(NO3)2 th catot ch c qu trnh nc b kh m khng c cc qu trnh kh khc?

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Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

11. Ti sao mt khi c nc b kh catot hay nc b oxi ha anot th khng c qu trnh no khc khi in phn dung dch? 12. Cho vi git dung dch cht ch th mu phenolptalein vo dung dch KI ri em in phn dung dch ny bng in cc than ch (carbon graphit), ta thy c si bt kh mt in cc, v vng dung dch quanh in cc ny c mu tm hng, cn vng dung dch quanh in cc cn li thy c mu vng. Hy gii thch hin tng ny. Cho bit phenolptalein khng c mu trong mi trng axit v trung tnh, nhng n c mu tm hng trong mi trng kim.

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