Chế tạo máy lắc máu

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau
Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007 Chng 1
GII THIEU Hang gi tren the gii xay ra khong t nhng tai nan vi mc o nguy hiem khac nhau nhng eu oi hoi phai co nhng s cap cu kp thi cua cac bac s va viec cung cap mau cho benh nhan ong gop mot phan khong nho vao viec cu ngi khan cap. e co c lng mau kp thi cung cap cho benh nhan chung ta can phai co mau d tr. Mau co the lay t nhng chng trnh hien mau nhan ao (mot chng trnh ang c thc hien trong pham vi rong khap ca nc va c cong ong ung ho rat manh me, a va ang co c nhng ket qua het sc tot ep), mua ban mau Ngoai vai tro khong the thieu cua cac bac s thc hien viec lay mau t nhng ngi hien mau, ban mau th van e at ra tiep theo la lam sao chung ta co the lay c va u lng mau ap ng cho viec cu ngi e tranh lang ph, bao quan tot mau trong thi gian dai trong khi hien tng ong mau luon xuat hien khi mau tiep xuc vi moi trng ngoai. S xuat hien cua may lac mau ong gop mot phan het sc thiet thc trong qua trnh lay va lu tr mau, gop phan giam bt cong viec vat va nhng rat cao ca cua ca bac s lan ngi hien mau. Cung vi s phat trien cua khoa hoc ky thuat th may lac mau cung a trai qua qua trnh phat trien t tho s en hien ai. Ngay nay, vi nhu cau s dung ngay cang nhieu th yeu cau at ra cho may lac mau ngay cang cao hn, thiet b phai co s tng tac tot oi vi ngi s dung: thao tac n gian, chnh xac, ben, gon nhe de di chuyen, kha nang t ong hoa cao ve phng dien quan ly lan ky thuat. Hien nay, hau het cac c s y te t trung ng en a phng, nhu cau s dung may lac mau la rat ln nhng hau het cac may eu co nguon goc t cac nc khac nh Nhat Ban, ai Loan, My Chung ta khong the phu nhan la cac thiet b cua cac nc nay eu ap ng rat tot cong viec c giao nhng mot thc te la gia thanh cua ho thng rat cao so vi cac chc nang ma ho em lai cho chung ta khi s dung
SV : Nguyen Trung Tn
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GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan
Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007
thiet b cua ho. Muc tieu cua toi khi thc hien e tai nay la thc hien mot may lac mau co the ap ng tot cong viec lay mau thc te vi gia thanh re hn nhieu so vi viec nhap thiet b t mot nc th hai, that s mong muon gop mot phan nho cong sc cua mnh o la sc tre, sc cong hien va tr tue vao nen y te nc nha nh muc tieu cung nh hoai bao cua cac quy thay co khi thanh lap khoa Khoa Hoc ng Dung chuyen nganh Vat Ly Y Sinh tai ai Hoc Bach Khoa TP.HCM . Qua o the hien trach nhiem, y thc cong ong cua quy thay co va sinh vien khoa Khoa Hoc ng Dung oi vi cong ong khong phai qua nhng cong trnh cao sieu ma qua nhng e tai het sc thc te nay.
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TONG QUAN
2.1 Tong quan k thuat 2.1.1 C cau lac : Nhn chung, cac may lac mau tren th trng rat a dang ve chung loai va mau ma. Nhng phng phap lac chu yeu la s dung c cau lech tam. u iem cua phng phap nay la may hoat ong em, t tieng on (chu yeu la tieng motor quay pha trong cua may). Nhc iem cua may la tuoi tho cua motor la khong cao, goi ta vao mam lac se b bao mon sau mot thi gian s dung. 2.1.2 C cau kep-han ong : C cau kep - han ong : pho bien nhat la dung lo xo. Phng phap han ong : a dang, thng dung la phng phap han nhiet ien tr, cao cap hn mot so may hien ai la s dung laser 2.1.3 Phng phap o khoi lng mau : Phng phap quang hoc : dung opto quang, u iem chnh xac, nhc iem ln nhat la ch s dung c ni co u anh sang (khoang 30 lux). Phng phap s dung micro switch. Phng phap o ien dung.
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 2.2 2.2.1 ai cng ve mau Chc nang chung cua mau:
Mau la mot chat long lu thong trong he tuan hoan, am bao moi lien he gia cac c quan, bo phan trong c the. Mau ong vai tro rat quan trong nh nhng chc nang ac trng sau: Chc nang ho hap: Huyet cau to (Hemoglobin Hb) cua hong cau va cac chat kiem cua huyet tng chuyen ch O2 va CO2 trao oi gia phe nang va cac to chc te bao. Chc nang dinh dng: Mau van chuyen cac chat nh : glucose, cac acid amin, cac acid beo, cac vitamin en cung cap cho cac to chc te bao. Chc nang ao thai: Mau lu thong khap c the lay nhng chat can ba cua chuyen hoa te bao mang en cac c quan bai xuat nh than, phoi, ruot, tuyen mo hoi Chc nang bao ve c the: Cac loai bach cau cua mau co kha nang thc bao tieu diet vi trung. Trong mau co cac khang the tham gia vao cac c che bao ve c the. Khi chc nang cua bach cau khong bnh thng nh trong cac benh bach cau, hay khi bach cau giam so lng nh trong benh suy tuy th c the rat de nhiem khuan.
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Chc nang thong nhat va ieu hoa hoat ong c the: Mau mang cac hormone, cac enzyme e ieu hoa hoat ong cua nhom te bao, cac c quan khac nhau trong c the nham bao am s hoat ong ong bo cua cac c quan trong c the. Mau con co kha nang ieu hoa nhiet o c the mot cach nhanh chong lam cho cac phan khac nhau trong c the luon co cung nhiet o. Mot so tnh chat ly hoa cua mau: Bnh thng mau la mot dch quanh ,khoi lng khoang 1/13 trong lng c the, trung bnh ngi trng thanh co khoang 65-75 ml mau tren 1kg the trong. - Ty trong mau toan phan 1050-1080. - Mau la mo lien ket ac biet gom 2 thanh phan: huyet tng 54% khoi lng mau, ty trong vao khoang 1030; huyet cau 46%, t trong vao khoang 1100. Mau ong mach co mau o ti (giau O2), mau tnh mach co mau o sam (giau CO2). Rieng trong ong mach phoi mau co mau o sam va trong tnh mach phoi co mau o ti. - Huyet cau bao gom: hong cau, bach cau va tieu cau. - Huyet tng bao gom: huyet thanh, fibrinogen va cac yeu to ong mau. Neu fibrinogen trong huyet tng chuyen thanh fibrin, fibrin se lien ket vi hong cau bien thanh cuc mau ong va huyet thanh. - o nht cua mau so vi nc khoang 4,5/1 , o nht huyet tng so vi nc 1,7/1.
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- Ap suat tham thau khoang 7.5at, phan ln c quyet nh bi thanh phan muoi khoang trong mau, phan nho la do cac thanh phan protein hoa tan. Ap suat tham thau nay quyet nh s phan phoi nc trong c the. - pH cua mau luon on nh 7,35-7,45. 2.2.1.1 Huyet tng: Huyet tng la phan long cua mau, la dch hon hp phc tap gom cac chat protid, acid amin, glucid, chat beo, muoi, hormone, cac chat men, cac chat khang the va cac kh hoa tan. Huyet tng tham gia vao nhieu chc nang quan trong cua mau do thanh phan cau tao cua no. 2.2.1.1.1 Cac chat ien giai (khoang cua huyet tng): Tong lng cac chat ien giai chiem 0.75% tong lng huyet tng, chung ton tai di dang cac ion gom Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl, HCO3, H2PO4, HPO, SO42. Moi chat ien giai trong huyet tng du t du nhieu eu gi nhng vai tro quan trong. Na+, Cl- co tac dung tao ap suat tham thau, quyet nh s phan phoi nc gia trong va ngoai te bao cua c the. Nong o cac chat nay thay oi dan en nhng roi loan phan bo nc trong c the. K+ co tac dung ln trong qua trnh hng phan than kinh, co bop cua c, ac biet la c tim. Ca2+ rat can cho cau tao xng, rang, cho qua trnh ong mau, cho qua trnh hng phan c than kinh.
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P co tac dung quan trong trong viec gi can bang ien giai trong hong cau va ieu hoa can bang acid - kiem. pH cua mau phu thuoc vao nong o cac chat ien giai cua huyet tng, do o khi co s thay oi nong o cac chat khoang eu co the gay ra roi loan ieu hoa pH cua mau va se dan en s roi loan chuyen hoa te bao, dan en t vong. Cac chat khoang cua huyet tng cung cap nguyen lieu can thiet cho hoat ong te bao, cac men tham gia cac phan ng hoa hoc khac nhau trong c the nh: Zn can cho Insulin, Cl can cho amylaza, Fe can e tao hong cau, I can e tao hormone tuyet giap Vi cac chc nang tren, ta thay cac chat ien giai trong huyet tng anh hng ln en moi hoat ong cung nh s song con cua c the v vay cac thanh phan va so lng cua chung phai luon ieu hoa chat che. in gii bnh thng ca ngi Vit Nam trng thnh c ghi nhn nh sau: Na+ K+ Ca2+ P2Cl142.5 4.37 5.1 40 107 9.67 mEq/l 0.37 mEq/l 0.56 mEq/l 7 mg/l 4.37 mg/l.
ien giai o nay se thay oi trong cac trng hp soc, non oi nhieu, tieu chay
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 2.2.1.1.2 Cac chat hu c cua huyet tng: 2.2.1.1.2.1 Protit huyet tng:
Protit huyet tng chiem 7 8% gom co albumin (4.5%) va globulin (2.5 3%). 2.2.1.1.2.1.1 Chc nang tao ap suat keo cua mau: Albumin co chc phan chnh la tao ap suat tham thau mang mao quan (goi la ap suat keo). Trong 7.5 atm ap suat cua huyet tng ch co 1/30 atm la do protein (chu yeu la albumin). Tuy ap suat keo nho nhng rat quan trong v no anh hng ln ti s trao oi nc gia 2 ben thanh mao mach, gi can bang nc gia mau va dch ke te bao. Albumin c gan tong hp t cac axit amin t do do mau mang ti. V vay trong cac benh lam giam chc nang gan, trong benh suy dinh dng nang, albumin trong mau lam ap suat keo giam lam nc trong mach thoat ra ong trong cac khoang gian bao phu. 2.2.1.1.2.1.2 Chc nang van chuyen:
Nhieu loai protein cua huyet tng la nhng chat chuyen ch cac chat khac trong he tuan hoan, phan ng nh mot c chat e tac dung vi cac chat khac: Albumin chuyen ch cac axit beo t do, Cholesteron, Ca, Mg Nhieu loai protein thuoc cac phan suat globulin , chuyen ch triglycerid, photpholipid, cac hormone steroid cua cac tuyen sinh duc va thng than. Xeruloplasmin (phan suat globulin) chuyen ch Cu. -8GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan
- Transferin, mot loai protein khac thuoc phan suat globulin, chuyen ch Fe. 2.2.1.1.2.1.3 Chc nang bao ve c the: Cac globulin co vai tro quan trong trong chc nang t bao ve c the, no la nhng khang the co tac dung trung hoa cac khang nguyen, tao kha nang mien dch cho c the. o la nhng globulin mien dch Ig (immunoglobulin) gom 5 loai: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE. Nong o Ig trong huyet tng tang chng to c the ang phan ng lai cac khang nguyen va giam trong cac benh ma chc nang cua cac limpho giam sut (v Ig do cac limpho san xuat) nh trong cac benh bach cau dong hach, benh thieu limpho bam sinh 2.2.1.1.2.1.4 Chc nang gay ong mau:
Cac yeu to gay ong mau : I, II, V, VII, IX, X cua huyet tng eu la protein va tat ca nhng yeu to o eu thuoc globulin va do gan san xuat. 2.2.1.1.2.1.5 Cac protein huyet tng khac: Trong huyet tng con co mot so chat khac co ban chat protein. Cac axit amin t do la nhng nguyen lieu can thiet cho cac hoat ong tao hnh va sinh nang lng cua te bao. Ure, creatin, creatimin la nhng san pham bai tiet cua cac te bao. Mot so enzim co ban chat protein nh GOT, GPTla nhng thanh phan noi bao cung co nong o nhat nh trong huyet tng va se tang trong nhng benh co huy hoai te bao nh trong benh viem gan do virus, tac ong mach vanh
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Vi nhng chc nang quan trong tren, so lng moi loai protein cua huyet tng eu c ieu hoa rat chat che lam cho ham lng protein toan phan cua huyet tng cung nh ty le gia cac loai protein huyet tng la mot hang so, moi khi co s thay oi ty le tren eu phan anh nhng roi loan benh ly hoac la nguyen nhan cua nhng roi loan benh ly. V vay, nh lng protein toan phan cua huyet tng va phan tch cac thanh phan cua protein huyet tng va phan tch cac thanh phan cua protein huyet tng la nhng xet nghiem thng c dung trong lam sang. ngi Viet Nam trng thanh bnh thng, protein toan phan cua huyet tng bang 8.3g/100ml trong o albumin chiem khoang 57%, globulin chiem 12%, globulin chiem 12% va globulin chiem 19%. 2.2.1.1.2.2 Lipid huyet tng: Lipid huyet tng khong co dang t do, ngoai mot lng nho axit beo t do, di-triglycerid, cholesterol th lipid cua huyet tng ket hp vi cac protein thanh hp chat hoa tan lipoprotein. Cac lipid cua huyet tng tham gia vao nhng chc nang quan trong sau: 2.2.1.1.2.2.1 Chc nang van chuyen:
- Chylomicron la phan suat nang nhat trong cac lipoprotein huyet tng, trong lng phan t len ti 5 trieu, ng knh khoang 0.1micron, thanh phan chu yeu la triglycerid trong o thanh phan axit beo giong nh trong thc an, c tao thanh te bao niem mac ruot, van chuyen lipid cua thc an vao c the. - -lipoprotein la phan suat nhe nhat, co ng knh nho nhat trong cac lipoprotein huyet tng thanh phan chu yeu la protein cha ng hau nh toan bo photpholipid cua huyet tng, van chuyen lipid t cac to chc ve gan.
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- Tien -lipoprotein la phan suat nang th nh va co ng knh th nh trong cac lipoprotein huyet tng, thanh phan chu yeu la triglycerid c tao thanh t gan va ruot va van chuyen acid ti cac mo. - -lipoprotein la phan suat c chu y nhieu v lien quan en nhieu benh tim mach, no la phng tien van chuyen chu yeu cholesterol huyet tng va co the van chuyen caroten. 2.2.1.1.2.2.2 Chc nang dinh dng: Axit beo t do trong huyet tng la nguyen lieu e tong hp lipid cac loai. The xeten la nguon nang lng cho tat ca cac loai te bao (tr te bao than kinh) vao luc ngoai hap thu hay nhn oi. Cholesterol huyet tng la nguyen lieu e tong hp nhieu chat quan trong nh hormone cua cac tuyen thng than va sinh duc. V co nhng chc nang quan trong tren nen ham lng lipid toan phan cua huyet tng cung nh ty le gia cac thanh phan c ieu hoa chat che. Trong mau ngoai vi cua ngi Viet Nam trng thanh bnh thng, lipid toan phan co ham lng bang 776 45mg/100ml. Ham lng nay thay oi theo tuoi, gii tnh, che o dinh dng , kh hau, no tang len sau ba an nhieu lipid, trong giai oan au nhn oi va khi co thai. 2.2.1.1.2.2.3 Glucid huyet tng: Hau nh glucid huyet tng di dang glucoza t do, hoac nhng chat chuyen hoa cua no (lactoza) va mot so protein cha ng ng. o la nguon nang
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lng va nguyen lieu e tong hp nhieu chat quan trong cua cac te bao, ac biet la cac te bao nao va tim. Do o, tac dung chu yeu cua glucid huyet tng la dinh dng. ieu hoa nong o glucoza trong huyet tng la mot trong nhng ien hnh ve c the ieu hoa e gi tnh hang nh noi moi. Nong o glucoza trong mau ngi Viet trng thanh bnh thng , o vao buoi sang sm, cha an, ngh ngi bang 90 13mg/100ml, khi an nhieu ng th nong o nay ch tang trong khoang 1 2 gi roi sau o tr lai bnh thng , con khi nao nhn an th no giam sut khong ang ke nh nhng c che ieu hoa. Ngoai ra, trong mau con co axit lactic co nong o t 0.1- 0.2 gr/l luc ngh ngi. Luc van c manh lng axit lactic co the tang rat cao ti 10-20 lan so vi luc bnh thng. 2.2.1.2 Sinh l hng cu: 2.2.1.2.1 Hnh the va thanh phan cau tao: Hong cau la nhng te bao hnh a, lom 2 mat, c thanh lap trong tuy xng cac loai ong vat co vu, chung mat nhan trc khi vao he thong tuan hoan i song hong cau cua ngi vao khoang 120 ngay. ng knh hong cau trung bnh bang 88.5m neu la hong cau ang lu ong trong mach mau hoac t 7.2 - 7.7m neu phet len knh. o day la 1.4 trung tam va 2m vong ngoai. Thanh phan hong cau: H2O Hb Lipid SV : Nguyen Trung Tn : : : 63.5% 32-34% 1%m - 12 GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan
LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau Protein, ng, vitamin va acid folic Mang gom 3 lp:
- Ngoai la protein, co nhieu lo nho (100.000 lo nho, ng knh 3-6A. Trong trng hp so lo tang (hong cau li liem) trao oi chat tang can nhieu nang
lng, do o hong cau de b be. Mang hong cau a ra ngoai cac phan t acid folic tch ien am ( cac hong cau khong dnh vao nhau va gi toc o lang mau khong thay oi , mot so benh hong cau ket cum toc o lang mau tang). - Lp lipid gom: Cholesterol Glycolipid 28% 10%
Phosphatidylcholine + Phosphatidyl ethanolamin 65% Gi nguyen hnh dang hong cau. - Lp trong cung la protein gan vi Hb. Hong cau co the chun gian, co kha nang t keo dai e van chuyen trong cac mao quan nho. Mang hong cau la mot mang ban tham, sc ben cua mang hong cau toi thieu nong o 3.5% NaCl , toi a nong o 6.5% NaCl, khong cho chat keo tham qua (protid, lipid). oi vi cac ion muoi khoang tnh tham cua mang cung khong ong eu : cac ion H+, OH, HCO3 va mot so acid hu c tham qua de dang. Cac ion K+, Na+, Ca2+ th tham qua rat t va cham hoac khong qua c (Ca2+, Mg2+).
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 2.2.1.2.2 S sn xut hng cu: 2.2.1.2.2.1 S sinh san hong cau:
S sinh san hong cau chu mot s kiem soat hoi dng : no b c che bi s tang mc te bao hong cau trong he tuan hoan vt qua tr so trung bnh va c kch thch khi c the b thieu mau bi mot kch thch to co trong he tuan hoan la erythropoietin. Erythropoietin la mot glucoprotein c thanh lap do mot yeu to than tac dung len mot globulin trong huyet tng. S bai tiet erythropoietin tang len khi oxy trong mau giam i nh sau : chay mau cap tnh, song lau ni co phan giap oxy trong kh quyen thap ngc lai khi oxy trong mau tang nh khi lam viec trong buong co ap suat khong kh cao, khi th oxy nguyen chat th s bai tiet erythropoietin giam. Hong cau c sinh san ngay t trong bao thai nhng t luc con trong bao thai cho ti luc trng thanh, hong cau co the c san xuat nhieu c quan khac nhau : Trong phoi, thang au la trung phoi sinh ra nhng hong cau to goi la nguyen
hong cau. T thang th hai tr i gan va la lach san sinh ra hong cau co nhan. T thang th nam tr i cho ti khi thai lot long ln len, trng thanh tuy
xng la ni duy nhat san sinh ra hong cau (xng, xng c, xng song, xng sn). Tuoi cang cao s san xuat hong cau cua tuy xng giam dan ( tuoi gia thng co hien tng thieu mau nhe.
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 2.2.1.2.2.2 So lng hong cau:
Tong so lng hong cau trong he tuan hoan luon luon c ieu hoa mot cach thch ng e cung cap ay u lng oxy cho mo. Trung bnh ngi ln khoe manh , co so lng hong cau trong 1 mm mau la : Nam N : : 4.200.000 3.800.000 210.000 160.000
So lng hong cau phu thuoc vao lng oxy : bat k l do nao gay ra s giam lng oxy chuyen ch en mo eu lam tang ty le san xuat hong cau. Nh vay, khi c the b mat mau (xuat huyet hoac do mot nguyen nhan nao khac) lap tc tuy xng tang san xuat hong cau. Nhng ngi song lau ma phan ap oxy trong khong kh thap ( nui cao) th so lng hong cau tang len e tang dien tch tiep xuc oxy bao am ho hap trong ieu kien thieu oxy. So lng hong cau phu thuoc vao mc o hoat ong sinh l cua moi ngi. So lng ha thap khi ngu va tang len khi lam viec nhieu. Mot lc s hoac mot ngi lao ong chan tay nang co the co so lng hong cau len en 6.500.000/ mm. Con ngi suy nhc, t hoat ong so lng hong cau trung bnh co the la 3.000.000/ mm. So lng hong cau tuy thuoc vao la tuoi, hong cau tre s sinh nhieu hn ngi ln (5-7 trieu) nhng trong vong 10 ngay au sau khi sanh, mot so hong cau b tieu huy gay ra chng vang da huyet tan sinh l va sau vai thang th so lng hong cau xap x ngi ln.
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So lng hong cau phu thuoc vao s bai tiet erythropoietin; erythropoietin tac ong len tuy xng lam tuy xng tang san xuat hong cau. Trong nhieu benh khac nhau cua he tuan hoan gay nen, lu lng mau en cac mach mau ngoai bien giam, gay thieu oxy mo do o se tang s san xuat hong cau e bao am ho hap. 2.2.1.2.2.3 Cac chat can thiet cho s thanh lap hong cau: Vitamin B12: B12 can thiet cho hau het cac te bao cua c the. Khi thieu B12, s tang trng cua cac mo se b c che bi v B12 can thiet e bien oi riboses nucleotides thanh deoxyribose nucleotides, mot trong nhng giai oan quan trong trong s tao thanh DNA. Do o, thieu B12 se ngan chan s phan chia te bao va s trng thanh cua nhan. oi vi s san xuat hong cau, thieu B12 se gay c che s san xuat hong cau mot cach manh me. Cac te bao hong cau (erythroblastie) cua tuy xng tr nen ln hn bnh thng va c goi la hong cau non ln (megaloblast) va hong cau trng thanh co kch thc ln c at ten la ai hong cau (macrocyte) : hnh trng, ln khong eu. Cac te bao ai hong cau nay sau khi vao trong mau co kha nang chuyen ch oxy nhng chung co i song ngan hn te bao hong cau bnh thng do o gay thieu mau. Trong benh thieu mau ac tnh khong phai do thieu B12 trong thc an ma do c the khong hap thu c B12 v bao t thieu s bai tiet yeu to noi tai (la chat nucus tiet ra t phan ay va than cua bao t, ban chat la monopolysaccharide (hoac mucopolypeptice). Yeu to noi tai (intrinsic Factor) se ket hp vi B12 e tao ra mot hp chat thch ng trong c che hap thu ruot. C che c thc hien nh sau: SV : Nguyen Trung Tn - 16 GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan
au tien yeu to noi tai ket hp mot cach chat che vi B12. Trong s lien ket nay B12 se c bao ve mot cach k lng khoi s pha huy cua cac chat men ruot. Tiep en, cung trong trang thai ket hp nay, B12 va yeu to noi tai tr nen dnh vao mang cua te bao niem mac ruot. Cuoi cung B12 va yeu to noi tai c chuyen vao trong te bao trong cac tui n bao va khoang 4 gi sau o, cac B12 t do c phong thch vao mau. Sau khi B12 c hap thu t bo may tieu hoa, no se c d tr trong gan va chung se c phong thch ra t t khi tuy xng hoac cac mo khac can B12. Lng B12 can thiet moi ngay e duy tr s trng thanh cua hong cau nho hn 1g, trong khi o gan co kha nang d tr so lng B12 khoang 1000 lan nhieu hn. Chnh v vay khi thieu hap thu B12 trong nhieu thang mi co the gay tnh trang thieu mau ai bao nay. Acid Folic: Mot so trng hp ngi ta thay rang benh nhan thieu mau B12 co the ap ng tot khi cho thay B12 mot sinh to khac nh acid folic. Nh vay, acid folic cung lien he en s trng thanh cua cac hong cau. Acid folic giong nh B12, no can thiet cho s thanh lap DNA nhng theo hng khac : no gia tang s methyl hoa (methylation) cua deoxyuridilat e thanh lap deoxythymidylat, mot trong nhng nucleotide can thiet cho s tong hp DNA. Chat sat Fe: Sat la mot trong nhng chat quan trong cua s thanh lap Hb, myglobin va nhieu chat khac nh cytochrom, cytochrom oxidaz, peroxidaz catalaz. Sat c hap thu hau nh phan tren cua bo may tieu hoa chu yeu la oan ta trang. No c hap thu bang c che chu ong, sat c hap thu di dang Ferrous (Fe2+)hn la di dang Ferric (Fe3+). Do o, e tr cho nhng benh nhan thieu mau v thieu sat ngi ta thng cho uong thuoc vien di dang ferrous.
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S chuyen ch va d tr sat trong c the theo c che sau: khi chat Fe c hap thu t ruot, no nhanh chong ket hp vi globulin e tao thanh transferrin. Di dang nay, no c chuyen ch trong huyet tng. Chat Fe di dang ket hp nay, ket hp mot cach long leo vi phan t globulin va ket qua la no de dang c phong thch khi cac mo cua c the can. Chat Fe d tha trong mau se c d tr trong hau het cac te bao trong c the ac biet la te bao gan. Vi so lng khoang 60% so Fe d se c d tr gan, tai ay no se ket hp vi apoferritin e tao thanh ferritin. Khi so lng Fe trong huyet tng giam xuong thap, sat t ferritin c chuyen ch en nhng phan c the can Fe. Khi hong cau b pha huy, chat Hb c phong thch ra se b cac te bao thuoc he thong vong noi bao RES bat gi, tieu hoa va phong thch chat Fe. Chat Fe nay se c gi lai di dang d tr hoac c dung tr lai e thanh lap Hemoglobin. Ngoai ra, cac te bao thc bao an chat sat trong thanh ruot va b thai ra ngoai cung vi cac te bao thng b. 2.2.1.2.3 Chc nang hong cau: 2.2.1.2.3.1 Chc nang ho hap: la chc nang chnh yeu cua hong cau. Chc nang nay c thc hien nh huyet cau to (hemoglobin) cha trong hong cau. 2.2.1.2.3.1.1 So lng Hb trong hong cau:
Nong o Hb bnh thng trung bnh t 14-16gr/100ml mau toan phan (14.6gr 0.6gr nam va 13.2gr 0.55gr n). Moi hong cau co khoang 34.6-35g Hb. Hemoglobin c bao ve nh mang hong cau v mang hong cau kha ben vng, no b tan v trong dung dch NaCl . Hemoglobin c bao ve nh mang hong cau v mang hong cau kha ben vng, no b tan v trong dung dch NaCl 4.4 0.4p 1000. Trong nhng trng hp benh l (noc oc ran, benh bam sinh) sc ben vng cua hong cau giam i, hong cau b be trong mach mau, Hb b giai phong vao huyet tng khong am bao c chc nang van chuyen chat kh. SV : Nguyen Trung Tn - 18 GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan
LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 2.2.1.2.3.1.2 S thanh lap Hemoglobin:
Hemoglobin c tong hp chnh t acid acetic va glycerin. Acid acetic c bien oi trong chu trnh Krebs thanh keto-glutaric acid va roi 2 phan t cua chat nay se ket hp vi mot phan t glycine e thanh lap mot hp chat la pyrrol. Sau o, t 4 phan t pyrrol se ket hp lai e thanh lap mot protopoiphyrin compound. Mot trong nhng hp chat protopoiphyrin c at ten la protopoiphyrin III c ket hp vi Fe e tao thanh Heme. Cuoi cung 4 phan t Heme ket hp vi mot phan t globin e tao thanh Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin la mot protein mau, co trong lng phan t la 68.000 co kha nang chuyen ch chat kh (O2, CO2). S thanh lap Hemoglobin ngoai cac chat can thiet trc tiep nh acid amin, Fe, con co mot so chat phu khac cung can thiet nh Cu, pyridoxine(B6) hoac Cobalt, Nickel lam vai tro xuc tac. Phan ng ket hp cua Hemoglobin: S ket hp cua Hb vi O2: hemoglobin gan vi O2 e tao thanh Oxyhemoglobin, oxy c gan vi Fe2+ trong phan heme Hb + O2 HbO2
Chc nang quan trong nhat cua Hb la kha nang ket hp long leo vi O2. Khi hong cau c en phoi, O2 t phoi se di chuyen vao va ket hp vi Hb. Khi en cac mo, ni ma nong o O2 thap hn phoi, O2 se ri khoi Hb vao mo. Oxy trong s ket hp long leo vi Hb nen no de dang tach ri va s ket hp nay O2 van dang phan t, do o khi en mo no se c phong thch ra di dang Oxy phan t mo de hap thu.
Moi phan t hemoglobin cha ng 4 phan t heme. Do o, mot phan t hemoglobin cha ng 4 nguyen t Fe va co the chuyen ch 4 phan t Oxy en cung cap cho mo.
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Trong nhng trng hp mat mau c tiep xuc vi nhieu loai thuoc khac nhau va nhieu tac nhan oxit khac nhau, ion Fe2+ tr thanh Fe3+ tao thanh methemoglobin (metHb). MetHb co mau sam va khi chat nay co nhieu trong he tuan hoan gay ra trieu chng xanh tm (cyanisic). V du trong trng hp ngo oc do chat acid cyanhydric trong khoai m, hemoglobin ket hp vi CO (oxit carbon hay carbon monoside) va CO2. Hemoglobin co phan ng ket hp vi CO tao thanh carboxy. CO la mot chat ket hp ben vng lam mat kha nang ho hap cua hemoglobin ben trong. Hemoglobin con co kha nang van chuyen CO2 trong ho hap. CO2 khong ket hp vi Hb qua cac nguyen t Fe ma ket hp qua cac nhom amin (-NH2) cua hemoglobin . ay la phan ng thuan nghch con goi la phan ng carbamin. R-NH2 + CO2 R-COOH gay ngat
S thoai bien Hb: cac te bao hong cau trong mau tuan hoan khong co nhan nhng co cha nhng chat men can thiet cho s bien dng glucose, nhng chat khac va s s dung oxy. He thong bien dng nay cang ngay cang tr nen t hoat ong hn. Mang hong cau khi gia tr nen cng, don, de b be va se b ao thai khoi he tuan hoan. Khi cac hong cau b pha v trong he thong vong mach noi mo (reticuloendothelial system) phan globin cua phan t hemoglobin tach ri ra va phan heme tiep tuc bien oi. 2.2.1.2.3.2 Chc nang mien dch hong cau: Thanh phan glycolipid cua mang hong cau gay tnh chat khang nguyen cua mang nay. Ngoai glycolipid con co glycoprotein va acid neurominic cung gay tnh chat mien dch. Hong cau co c chc nang mien dch nh mang hong cau co nhng ac iem sau:
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau Enzyme cua mang hong cau co 2 loai: +
Cac enzyme chnh cua mang la acetylcholinesterase ATPaz, cac enzyme
hoat ong can co lipid lam yeu to ong hoat ong (cofactors). + Cac enzyme ngoai vi la glycerandehit-3-phosphat-dehydrogenar,
proteinkinas (tuy thuoc AMP vong). Hong cau co the sinh khang the ac hieu v mang hong co nhng chat khang nguyen ac trng cua cac nhom mau. Tren mang hong cau mot loat cac chat khang nguyen ban chat la glycoprotein. 2.2.1.3 Sinh l bch cu: Bach cau la nhng te bao co nhan c thanh lap trong tuy xng va cac hach bach huyet. Sau khi c thanh lap, bach cau c lu ong trong mau tuan hoan e tham gia am nhiem chc nang chnh la bao ve c the. 2.2.1.3.1 So lng va cong thc bach cau: 2.2.1.3.1.1 So lng: So lng bach cau ngi trng thanh bnh thng khoang : nam: 7.000-9.000, n: 6.000-8.000/ mm, tre con va phu n co thai so lng bach cau cao hn. 2.2.1.3.1.2 Cong thc bach cau: Bang t so phan tram cac loai bach cau so vi tong so bach cau trong mau hay t so nhng thanh phan bach cau khac nhau trong so 100 bach cau em c goi la cong thc bach cau. SV : Nguyen Trung Tn - 21 GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan
Co nhieu cong thc khac nhau tuy theo muc ch tham do nghien cu ma ngi ta dung nhng tieu chuan khac nhau e phan loai cong thc bach cau. ay, chung toi neu 2 cong thc bach cau thng s dung: 1. Cong thc bach cau thong thng:
Cong thc nay giup ngi ta tm hng xac nh nguyen nhan benh. ngi Viet Nam trng thanh bnh thng co cong thc bach cau thong thng nh sau: Bach cau a nhan trung tnh (neutrophil) : Bach cau a nhan a acid (eosinophil) Bach cau a nhan a kiem (basophil) Bach huyet bao (lymphocyte) Bach cau n nhan (monocyte) : : : : 65-70%. 9-11%. 0-0,5%. 20-25%. 2-4%.
S thay oi cong thc bach cau cho ta nhieu y ngha quan trong: * Bach cau a nhan trung tnh : Tang trong trng hp nhiem trung cap, nhiem nam, nhiem sieu vi,
nhiem k sinh trung, viem (viem tnh mach, thap khp cap), xuat huyet cap, tan mau, ngo oc, thuoc digital, corticoid, noc ran, roi loan bien dng (tieu ng, ure cao), cac chan thng tam l Giam trong benh nhiem oc kim loai nang nh Pb, Hs, suy tuy nhiem virus
(quai b, cum, si) * Bach cau a nhan a acid :
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Tang trong trng hp d ng, benh k sinh trung, cac benh ngoai da Giam trong nhng trng hp b kch ong, chan thng tam l, dung thuoc
ACTH, cortisol * thanh * lao, si * Giam : thng han nang, sot phat ban Bach cau n nhan: Giam do d ng cap, dung ACTH, thyroxin, epirephrin. Bach huyet bao: Tang trong ung th mau, nhiem trung kinh nien, nhiem sieu vi cap, ho ga, Bach cau a nhan a kiem : Tang trong benh bach cau thuy, d ng, phong xa, truyen nhieu huyet
tang trong cac benh co ton thng he thong vong noi mac, benh mo lien ket (lupus), viem a khp, nhiem k sinh trung (sot ret). Ngoai s thay oi t le cac loai bach cau, ngi ta con nhan thay co s thay oi ve hnh thai cua bach cau ( xuat hien cac te bao bat thng) ; bat thng ve v tr, hnh dang nh trong benh nhiem khuan co bach cau n nhan hnh dang bat thng 2. Cong thc Arneth:
Arneth nghien cu bach cau hat nhan trung tnh nhan thay rang: bach cau cang gia th nhan cang chia nhieu mui. V vay, cong thc nay giup ta tham do toc o sinh
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san va pha huy bach cau. ngi Viet Nam trng thanh bnh thng, cong thc Arneth la : Nhan co 1 mui : Nhan co 1 mui : Nhan co 1 mui : Nhan co 1 mui : 3,2 41,3 23,8 6,2 1,4% 5% 2,6% 3,9%.
2.2.1.3.1.3 Chc nang cua bach cau: 2.2.1.3.1.3.1 Chc nang cua bach cau trong qua trnh viem: Trong mot vai gi sau khi mo b ton thng th cac neutrophil di chuyen ve vung b thng. Mot globulin c goi la yeu to gia tang bach cau c phong thch t cac mo b ton thng. Yeu to nay khuyech tan nhanh chong va en tuy xng, tai tuy xng no phat huy lai tac dung : th nhat lam tuy xng phong thch cac te bao a nhan ra khoi ni d tr trong tuy xng vao mau va ac biet la neutrophil; th hai la no lam tang toc cac bach cau a nhan tuy xng . Mot so lng ln cac ai thc bao c phat sinh t 3 nguon goc khac nhau: histocyte trong mo, cac lymphocyte va cac monocyte trong mau c huy ong tap trung ti vung b ton thng bang c ong amip e chong vi trung : au tien cac mo bao (histocyte) chuyen thanh cac ai thc bao trong vong vai phut va i ti mo viem. Nhng te bao nay la hang rao chong au tien cua c the trong vong gi au nhng vi so lng khong nhieu. Trong vong vai gi sau, neutrophil gi vai tro chnh t 6-12 gi. ong thi trong giai oan nay, mot lng ln monocyte t mau vao mo va thay oi ac tnh cua chung,trong vong mot vai gi au chung bat au phnh to, gia tang chuyen ong amip va di chuyen ve hng mo b ton thng. Cuoi cung, mot nguon ln ai thc bao t
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lymphocytes xam nhap vao vung mo b ton thng vao gi th 10 12 . Nh vay, giai oan sau cua hien tng viem cac neutrophilis khong con hieu qua thc bao nh cac ai thc bao na. 2.2.1.4 Sinh l tieu cau: 2.2.1.4.1 Hnh dang va so lng tieu cau: Tieu cau la nhng manh te bao nho co hnh dang khong nhat nh (tron, bau duc, hnh sao ) co ng knh vao khoang 2 5 m, la nhng te bao khong co nhan, bao tng co actomyosin nen co kha nang co rut. So lng tieu cau ngi Viet Nam trng thanh bnh thng t 150.000 300.000/mm3 mau. Tieu cau co 2/3 trong tuan hoan va 1/3 lach. 2.2.1.4.2 Chc nang cua tieu cau:
Tieu cau co ac tnh ngng ket thanh cuc moi khi gap mot dien tch tho rap va vat la, do o tieu cau co the lam cho vet thng khep lai nhanh chong, co tac dung cam mau. Khi co vet thng gay chay mau, tieu cau tu lai mep vet thng, ket dnh vao nhau va giai phong nhng chat hoa hoc nh ADP, histamine, serotonin gay co mach va ong cac vet thng e cam mau. Cac photpholipid cua tieu cau thromprolastin do tieu cau phong thch gi vai tro quan trong trong qua trnh ong mau. Ngoai ra con co chc nang thc bao, an cac vi the, phan t latex, virus
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau Bao ve cac te bao noi mach.
Phc he men tieu cau co cha protein hay yeu to tieu cau, yeu to hoat ong chong heparin. Tham gia co cuc mau. Vai tro chong viem. Tieu cau tiet nhng hat khi co mat vi khuan, virus phc hp khang nguyen khang the tieu cau phong thch mien dch tao thanh tnh tham mao mach va hiep lc phan ng viem va thc bao. i song tieu cau keo dai t 3 4 ngay, bnh thng moi ngay co khoang 75.000 tieu cau c tao mi nh vay tieu cau trong mau se c oi mi hoan toan trong vong 4 ngay. 2.2.1.5 Qua trnh cam mau: Qua trnh cam mau la qua trnh gom nhieu phan ng sinh l co y ngha t ve giup cho mau ngng chay sau khi co ton thng thanh mach. Qua trnh cam mau co the chia thanh 2 giai oan chnh: + giai oan cam mau tc thi (giai oan thanh mach, tieu cau). + giai oan cam mau duy tr (giai oan ong mau huyet tng). 2.2.1.5.1 C che cam mau: 2.2.1.5.1.1 Giai oan cam mau tc thi: thanh mach va tieu cau. 2.2.1.5.1.1.1 S co that mach mau:
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Ngay sau khi mach mau b ton thng th thanh mach mau lap tc co lai. S co nay keo dai va manh nhat cac ong mach ln va tnh mach ln. Chnh s co that manh nay se giam bt lng mau b mat i khi qua mach mau ton thng. S co that mach mau do ket qua cua phan xa than kinh ong thi do s co that c tai cho. Phan xa than kinh phat ra do nhng luong xung ong than kinh bat nguon t cac mach mau hoac cac mo lan can. Nhng luong xung ong than kinh nay au tien i vao tuy song, sau o i ngc lai qua day than kinh giao cam e gay nen s co that cua mach mau tai cho b ton thng. Phan xa than kinh ch co the lam cho mach mau co that trong khoang thi gian ngan ( mot vai phut). Sau o la s co that mach mau tai cho do khi mach mau b ton thng tai o gay ra s truyen ien the hoat ong doc theo cac thanh mach mau lam mach mau co that. Cang nhieu mach mau b ton thng th mc o co that cang ln, ieu nay co ngha khi mach mau b cat t, s chay mau thng nhieu hn khi mach mau b v do e nghien. S co that mach mau tai cho keo dai t 20-30 phut. Trong khoang thi gian nay, cac tieu cau ket dnh lai va s cam mau co the xay ra cac mach mau nho. ong thi chnh nh s co that mach mau lam cho 2 mat mo oi dien dnh lai e chong c cac ap suat cao se xay ra khi mach mau giam bt co that. 2.2.1.5.1.1.2 S thanh lap nut chan tieu cau: Khi mach mau b ton thng th noi mo b rach e lo mot lp mo lien ket pha di co nhieu phan t collagen, tieu cau se dnh chat vao lp collagen, no se bien dang va phong thch nhng hat nho bai tiet nhieu chat ma ac biet la ADP (Adenosin Diphotphat). Chnh ADP gia tang tnh dnh bam cua cac tieu cau, lam cho nhieu tieu cau khac i ngang qua ni mach mau b ton thng dnh chum, tao thanh mot nut chan
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tieu cau, qua mot c che t duy tr. Hien tng tao thanh nut chan tieu cau la mot trong nhng hien tng chu yeu va cac chat do tieu cau bai tiet lai co tac dung gay co mach va gay ong mau. C che nay quan trong trong viec ong kn cho b thng mach mau nho ma hang ngay co the xay ra rat nhieu lan. Do o neu so lng tieu cau giam hay chat lng tieu cau kem se gay co nhieu not xuat huyet tren c the (niem mac, noi tang).
Tn thng mch mu
Co mch
Mt ni m b tn thng
Tiu cu dnh chm
Cc mt i din dnh li
Gii phng cc ht nh
Nt chn tiu cu
ADP
Serotoni n
Adrenalin
Yu t 3 tiu cu Yu t 4 tiu cu
S qu trnh cm mu bc u ong mau la hien tng thay oi l tnh cua mau t trang thai long sang trang thai gel bieu hien bang s tao thanh cuc mau. S chuyen trang thai nay xay ra lien he ca mot qua trnh bien oi cac protein trong mau. Trong c the khong the tach ri qua trnh ong mau va cam mau.
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 2.2.1.5.1.2 Giai oan ong mau huyet tng: 2.2.1.5.1.2.1 Cac yeu to gay ong mau:
Ngi ta tm c gan 30 yeu to khac nhau co anh hng en s ong mau. Nhng chat nay tm thay trong mau hoac trong cac mo lien he. Co mot so chat lam tang nhanh s ong mau goi la cac chat gay ong, mot so chat khac th c che s ong mau goi la cac chat chong ong. Mau co the ong c hay khong la tuy thuoc vao s can bang cua 2 nhom chat nay : bnh thng nh chat chong ong manh hn nen mau the long nhng khi mau b ton thng th tao ieu kien cho cac chat gay ong hoat ong manh hn. Do o, cuc mau ong c hnh thanh. ay, chung ta co the neu nhng yeu to chnh tham gia vao qua trnh ong mau nh sau: 1. Yeu to I : Fibrinogen Fibrinogen la mot protein huyet tng co phan t lng ln (340.000) hoa tan c co mat trong huyet tng vi so lng t 100-700mg/100ml, hau het fibrinogen c thanh lap gan, do o trong nhng trng hp b benh gan se lam giam so lng fibrinogen trong mau tuan hoan, anh hng en s ong mau. 2. Yeu to II : Prothrombin
Protrombin la mot protein trong huyet tng la mot -2 globulin co phan t lng 68.700 co mat trong huyet tng vi nong o 15mg/100ml, la mot protein khong ben vng co the phan tch thanh nhng hp chat co phan t lng nho hn, mot trong nhng hp chat o la thrombin (phan t lng 33.700). Prothrombin c gan san xuat mot cach lien tuc, trong trng hp gan b suy yeu th s san xuat prothrombin giam xuong anh hng en s ong mau. Vitamin can cho s tong hp
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prothrombin gan, do o trong trng hp thieu vitamin K cung ngan chan s san xuat prothrombin. Muon hap thu vitamin can co muoi mat ma vitamin K la ong yeu to (cofactor) quan trong e gan tong hp prothrombin va cac yeu to huyet tng. Cho nen benh nhan au gan hoac b roi loan hap thu thng gap nguy hiem khi b chay mau. Gan tong hp - Muoi mat - Cac yeu to ong mau
----- ong yeu to (Ca,..)--- hap thu Vitamin ruot
- Prothrombin - Fibrinogen
3.
Yeu to III : Thromboplastin
Thromboplastin cua mo, cac mo co cha thromboplastin mo, chat nay co the thay phospholipids tieu cau va nhieu yeu to huyet tng tham gia vao c che ong mau ngoai sinh. No co vai tro trong s chong nhiem khuan. 4. ong mau. Yeu to IV : Ca2+ la mot loai ion khong the thieu c trong qua trnh
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 5. Yeu to V : Proaccelerin, Accelerin
Yeu to nay mat hoat tnh neu thieu Ca2+. Ngi ta li dung tnh chat nay e ieu che huyet tng, khong co yeu to V bang cach e lau huyet tng lay t mau chong ong vi Oxalat. 6. Yeu to VI : Proconvertin, convertin
Co trong lng phan t 60.000. Hoat tnh yeu to VI trong huyet tng b gi lai tren mang loc amian. 7. Yeu to VIII : yeu to chong huyet hu A (hemophilie A). Yeu to nay c tong hp chu yeu gan, lach va trong he thong lien vong noi mac. S tong hp yeu to nay phu thuoc vao rat nhieu gene trong cac nhiem sac the khac nhau, yeu to VIII mat hoat tnh neu thieu Ca2+. 8. 9. Yeu to IX : yeu to chong huyet hu B (hemophilie B). Yeu to X : Stuart. Yeu to nay co trong huyet thanh vi t le gan giong nh t le trong huyet tng va di dang khong hoat ong. Nh vay chng to rang yeu to X c s dung trong qua trnh ong mau noi sinh (trong ong nghiem). Trai lai, yeu to X se khong con khi cho thromboplastin cua mo vao trong qua trnh ong mau ngoai sinh. 10. Yeu to XI : PTA(Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedant). La mot yeu to khong the thieu c e khi phat qua trnh ong mau noi sinh, c coi la mot yeu to tiep xuc.
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 11. Yeu to XII : Hegeman
S tiep xuc gia yeu to XII vi mat trong mach mau ton thng la nguyen ong lc tao thanh ca loat phan ng a en ong mau, nhng can phai co mat cua phosphorlipid cua tieu cau. Ngoai chc nang hoat hoa he ong mau, yeu to XII con hoat hoa he Kinin, hoat hoa he bo the va hoat hoa he chong ong. 12. Yeu to XIII : FSF(Fibrin Stabilizing Factor) La yeu to lam vng fibrin, hoat hoa rat ben vng trong huyet tng, khong co trong huyet thanh (ch dang vet). Yeu to Flecher (Prekallicerin). Yeu to Flaugeae (Kininogene).
2.2.1.5.1.2.2 Qua trnh ong mau co 3 giai oan lien tiep nhau: Giai oan 1 : thanh lap thromboplastin Khi mau cham vao thanh mach tho rap cho ton thng se lam hoat hoa yeu to VII, yeu to VII hoat hoa se gay hoat hoa yeu to VI. Khi 2 yeu to nay hoat hoa se lam hoat hoa yeu to IX, tiep en yeu to IX hoat hoa se gay hoat hoa yeu to VIII, roi yeu to VIII hoat hoa se gay hoat hoa yeu to X. Hai yeu to IX va VIII hoat hoa cung vi Ca2+ se tao thanh thromboplastin huyet tng. ong thi thanh mach va cac to chc (ac biet la nao, phoi, nhau thai) co cha thromboplastin (lipoprotein) co kha nang hoat hoa yeu to VII nh s co mat cua Ca2+. Hai loai thromboplastin cua huyet tng va cua to chc gap cac phospholipids cua tieu cau, s co mat cua Ca2+ va yeu to X hoat hoa se tao thanh thromboplastin hoat hoa.
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau Giai oan 2 : thanh lap thrombin
Khi yeu to X c hoat hoa no se gay hoat hoa yeu to V. Cac yeu to V, VII, X hoat hoa cung vi thromboplastin hoat hoa va Ca2+ se tac ong len yeu to II e bien thanh prothrombin thanh thrombin. Thrombin se gay hoat hoa yeu to XIII. Giai oan 3 : thanh lap fibrin Thrombin thuy phan phan t fibrinogen e tao thanh cac monomer cua fibrin va cac firinopeptid (A va B). Cac monomer cua fibrin t trung hp tao thanh nhng phan t fibrin S (fibrin hoa tan = khong ben vng) cuoi cung yeu to XIII hoat hoa lam cho mang li polimer cua fibrin c cung co bang cach chuyen fibrin S thanh fibrin I (isolube = khong hoa tan = ben vng). Tom lai, qua trnh ong mau co the bieu dien tren s o trang ben.
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ng mu ni sinh
ng mu ngoi sinh Thromboplastin ca m
B mt ni m bt thng do b tn thng Yu t Flecher
Ca2++ XII XII hot ha XI hot ha IX hot ha VIII hot Ca2++ X X hot Ca2++ Phospholipid tiu cu V II V hot ha Phospholipid XII XII hot ha XII
XI IX VIII
Thrombin (II hot ha)
II II hot ha Phospholipid tiu cu
II
Phospholipid tiu cu
S o ong mau 2.2.1.5.1.2.3 Mot so xet nghiem ve ong mau va cam mau : 2.2.1.5.1.2.3.1 Thi gian mau chay : Dung kim chch mau (loai chung au) am vao trai tai gay mot vet thng chuan hoa, mau se chay ra. Dung giay tham e tham mau, tnh thi gian mau chay ke t luc tao ra vet thng en khi mau ngng chay. Bnh thng thi gian mau chay t 2-4 phut.
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 2.2.1.5.1.2.3.2 em tieu cau :
Cho mau vao trong dung dch piost lam tan bach cau, hong cau sau o em so lng tieu cau. 2.2.1.5.1.2.3.3 Thi gian Quick : La thi gian ong mau sau khi cho Ca2+ tr lai va cho them thromboplastin cua to chc (lay t oc tho). Thi gian quick tham do qua trnh ong mau ngoai sinh. Bnh thng thi gian quick la 12-15 giay tng ng vi 100% so vi mau chung. 2.2.1.5.1.2.3.4 Thi gian Cophalin-Kaolin : Lay huyet tng ngheo tieu cau c chong ong bang citrate sau o cho Ca2+ va cephalin-kaolin tnh thi gian ong. Bnh thng thi gian cophalin-kaolin la 45-70 giay. Thi gian nay coi nh keo dai neu tang hn 8-10 giay so vi chung. Thi gian cophalin-kaolin tham do toan bo cac yeu to cua qua trnh ong mau noi sinh. 2.2.1.5.1.2.3.5 Thi gian Thrombin : o la thi gian ong cua huyet tng a c chong ong bang citrat hoac oxalate khi cho Ca2+ lai va cho them mot so lng thrombin. Thi gian nay phan anh toc o tao thanh fibrin. Thi gian nay phu thuoc vao t le fibrinogen va s co mat trong huyet tng cac chat c che qua trnh tao fibrin. Bnh thng thi gian thrombin la 15-18 giay.
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 2.2.1.5.1.2.3.4 Hau k cua ong mau : 2.2.1.5.1.2.3.4.1 Giai oan co cuc mau :
Sau khi mau ong, the tch cuc mau giam dan do tac dung cua men retractozyme lam cac si huyet co lai, huyet thanh thoat ra. Nh vay, huyet thanh chnh la huyet tng a lay mat fibrinogen va hau het cac yeu to ong mau khac, cho nen huyet thanh khong ong c. Khi cuc mau co lai, cac b cua thanh mach b ton thng c keo sat lai vi nhau, ngan chan s chay mau. So lng va chat lng tieu cau, lng fibrinogen anh hng en toc o va kha nang co cuc mau, chnh do cac tieu cau ma cac cuc mau ong co them v trong khi mau ong, nhieu si fibrin chang cht xung quanh cac tieu cau, khoi tieu cau ket dnh phong ra, nhng gia tuc bam vao cac si fibrin, cac gia tuc nay co rut lai ep manh vao cac si fibrin. Ngi ta thay rang trong cac tieu cau co mot protein giong nh actomyosin va khi cuc mau ong co th protein nay phan chia ATP. 2.2.1.5.1.2.3.4.2 Giai oan tan cuc mau ong : Sau khi co mot thi gian (3-6 ngay) cuc mau se tan dan, o la hien tng phan ly fibrin di tac dung cua gen fibrinogen-lizokinaza. Men nay sau khi c hoat hoa se chuyen profibrinolysin hoat ong va co tac dung lam tieu fibrin cua cuc mau. Sau khi si huyet tieu hoan toan th thanh mach tr lai trang thai lanh manh , mau lu thong bnh thng.
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 2.2.1.5.2 ieu hoa qua trnh ong mau : 2.2.1.5.2.1 Cac chat chong ong :
Antithrombin : la mot chat co san trong mau, co tac dung chong thrombin, ngan can qua trnh bien fibrinogen thanh fibrin. Heparin : la mot chat do cac te bao gan, phoi, cac loai te bao lien ket cua c the ac biet la cac ph ai bao (mast cell) cua bach cau a acid, cac bach cau a kiem. Nong o cua heparin trong mau bnh thng khoang 0,01%/100ml mau, nong o nay t hn 10-100 lan nong o c dung trong lam sang e ngan chan cuc mau ong, v vay ch can mot lng nho heparin u can thiet e ngan chan s ong mau, heparin ngan can prothrombin bien thanh thrombin va ngan can tac dung cua thrombin len fibrinogen khong tao thanh fibrin c. Antithrombinplastin : chat nay co san trong mau ngi bnh thng nhng no co nhieu trong mau nhng ngi mac benh huyet hu (hemophilie) Ngoai ra con mot so chat co tac dung chong ong, c dung e gi mau khoi ong: 1. Natricitrate : hoa tan trong mau, no ket hp vi Ca2+ thanh phc hp khong phan ly, do o ngan can hoat ong cua Ca2+ trong day truyen phan ng gay ong mau. 2. Natrioxalat : cung co tac dung khi kh Ca2+ nhng oc oi vi c the do o mau chong ong bang natrioxalat ch dung e th nghiem. 3. Dicoumarol : co cong thc hoa hoc tng t vitamin K, do o no canh tranh vi vitamin K va ngan can viec tong hp nhng yeu to gay ong mau (II, V, VII, IX,X). Dicoumarol ch co co tac dung trong c the va tac dung tch luy o no canh
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tranh vi vitamin K va ngan can viec tong hp nhng yeu to gay ong mau (II, V, VII, IX,X). Dicoumarol ch co co tac dung trong c the va tac dung tch luy. 4. Cac dung dch muoi co nong o cao : NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4 hoac chat
Hirudine (tinh chat au con a). 2.2.1.5.2.2 Mot so phng phap lam mau mau ong :
Thng dung e chuan b nhng trng hp phau thuat ln hoac cho nhng ngi mac benh mau kho ong. Vitamin K: ieu tr benh huyet hu (hemophilie) Dung cac yeu to trong day truyen ong mau. Huyet thanh ti : co cha thrombin dung e ieu tr nhng trng hp
chay mau cap. Mat cat cua mo ti gay hoat hoa yeu to VII va cung cap yeu to III dung e
cam mau trong mo so, nho rang Acid gammacaproic: co tac dung chong lai cac yeu to lam tan fibrin. Protamin sunfat: c che he thong heparin.
2.2.1.5.3 S ong mau qua o : Khi mach mau b ton thng, cuc mau ong c hnh thanh o la hien tng sinh l, nhng co nhng trng hp mach mau nguyen ven ma xuat hien cuc mau ong th o la trng hp benh l. Cuc mau ong bat thng o xuat hien c giai thch bang nhieu c che vi s o sau:
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Mu ng(do ng lu,van tim hot ng km, suy tim).
Mch b vim ( do vi khun, d ng hoc do cht c).
S cng thnh mch (lipid v m lin kt lng ng nhiu trong thnh mch).
Thiu oxy Tn thng ni mc NG MU
2.2.1.6 ong mau : Tnh khang nguyen va cac phan ng mien dch cua mau: khi co mot lng mau trong c the mat i do bat k mot nguyen nhan nao th can phai co mot lng mau khac thay vao e am bao ho hap va can bang cac chat ien giai, can bang kiem toan cho c the. Nhng trong nhieu trng hp truyen mau, ngi ta thay co hien tng ngng ket xay ra ngay lap tc hoac sau khi truyen mau va co hien tng tieu huyet, co the gay ra cai chet. Mau moi ngi khac nhau, thng co khang nguyen khac nhau va tnh mien dch, do o khang the trong huyet tng phan ng vi khang nguyen trong te bao ngi khac. Khang nguyen va khang the gan nh khong bao gi giong nhau hoan toan gia ngi nay va ngi khac. Tuy nhien, hien nay ngi ta co the xac nh trc cac khang nguyen va khang the tng ng trong mau ngi cho va ngi nhan hay khong the tranh tai bien trong truyen mau. Ngi ta xac nh c t nhat co 30 khang nguyen pho thong, moi loai co the gay nen phan ng khang nguyen-khang the, ac biet la cac khang nguyen mang hong cau. Ngoai ra co tren 100 loai khac t quan trong hn va ch co mot so gia nh rieng re. SV : Nguyen Trung Tn - 39 GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan
Trong so cac khang nguyen tm thay, co nhng khang nguyen co tnh sinh khang nguyen cao, thng gay phan ng truyen mau va co nhng khang nguyen co tnh sinh khang nguyen thap, chu yeu do di truyen gen bnh thng khong gay phan ng tram trong nhng lai tao phan ng trong ghep mo va c quan. Co 2 nhom khang nguyen ac biet, thng gay cac phan ng truyen mau nhat la he thong ABO va he thong Rh-Hr. Mau c phan thanh nhieu nhom khac nhau va cac loai tuy theo khang nguyen hien dien trong te bao. Trong so cac khang nguyen tm thay, co nhng khang nguyen co tnh sinh khang nguyen cao, thng gay phan ng truyen mau va co nhng khang nguyen co tnh sinh khang nguyen thap, chu yeu do di truyen gen bnh thng khong gay phan ng tram trong nhng lai tao phan ng trong ghep mo va c quan. Co 2 nhom khang nguyen ac biet, thng gay cac phan ng truyen mau nhat la he thong ABO va he thong Rh-Hr. Mau c phan thanh nhieu nhom khac nhau va cac loai tuy theo khang nguyen hien dien trong te bao. 2.2.1.6.1 Phan loai :
2.2.1.6.1.1 He thong ABO : Huyet tng ngi cha mot so khang the t nhien co san ma khong do khang nguyen gay ra la anti A, anti B, con mang hong cau cha mot so khang nguyen thuoc loai polysaccharide la A, B, C. Da vao o, ngi ta phan loai 4 nhom mau A, B, AB va O do s co mat cua khang nguyen tren mang hong cau. Ngoai ra khang nguyen ABO cung co nhieu trong cac mo khac nhau nh tuyen nc bot, tuy, than, gan, phoi, tinh dch, nc oi.
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Bon nhom mau chnh cua he ABO vi genotype va thanh phan ngng ket nguyen, ngng ket to nh sau:
Nhm mu A B AB O
Ngng kt nguyn A B A, B Khng c
Ngng kt t Anti B () Anti A () Khng Anti AB
Genotype OA hay AA OB hay BB AB OO
2.2.1.6.1.1.2 -
T le cac nhom mau : ngi da trang : nhom O nhom A nhom B nhom AB 47% 4% 9% 3% 47.3% 19.8% 28.6% 2%
ngi Viet Nam
nhom O nhom A nhom B nhom AB
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 2.1.6.1.1.3 nh nhom mau :
Trc khi cho truyen mau, can phai xac nh nhom mau ngi nhan va ngi cho e c mau tng ng, tranh tai bien. Phng phap nh nhom mau: Lay mau cua ngi can xac nh pha loang 10 lan vi Saline (dd sinh l) e khong co hien tng ong mau, lay mot huyen troc huyet cau trong saline. Lay 2 giot hong troc hong cau nay vao 2 au cua mot lam knh (hoac 2 mieng lam knh khac nhau) roi nho mot giot anh A mot au co giot huyen troc hong cau, tron eu, ong thi nho 1 giot anh B vao giot huyen troc hong cau au con lai. Sau vai phut em quan sat di knh hien vi xem co hien tng ngng ket xay ra tc la phan ng mien dch a xay ra gia huyet thanh va hong cau. Phan ng xay ra vi moi nhom mau nh sau:
Hng cu Anti A A B AB O + + -
Huyt thanh Anti B + + -
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Nhom mau A co the chia lam 2 nhom phu la A1 va A2. Hong cau A1 phan ng manh vi ngng ket to (anti A) con hong cau A2 b ngng ket bi ngng ket to anit O. Hong cau A1 co the cha chat bien oi ac hieu nhom mau A, con hong cau A2 co the cha chat bien oi ac hieu nhom A va ca chat ac hieu nhom O. 80% nhom mau A hay AB la thuoc A1 va 20% la A2. Tuy nhien nhom A thng t can trong thc te v phan ng truyen mau cua nhng nhom phu nay t xay ra. Ngoai khang the chong A va B con co chat phan ng vi O goi la H. H chu s kiem soat a1b1 Hb c di truyen oc lap vi he ABO. Chat hoat ong H co the la tien chat di tac dung cua gen A va B chuyen thanh chat hoat ong A va B tang hien dien lng ln H ngi nhom mau O. 2.2.1.6.1.2 Yeu to Rhesus (he Rh-Hr) : Nam 1940 Lanstriner tm thay mot loai khang nguyen hong cau kh Macacus Rhesus, ong at ten la yeu to Rh. Sau o ngi ta nhan thay ngi mot so hong cau co cha ng yeu to Rh va mot so khac khong co yeu to Rh. Ngi ta qui c mau ngi nao co yeu to Rh goi la Rh+ con khong co yeu to Rh th goi la Rh-. Yeu to Rh la mot he thong gom 13 khang nguyen, trong o co yeu to D la manh nhat. ngi Viet Nam, t le Rh+ chiem a so, ch khoang 5% la Rh-, con cac nc Au My Rh+ chiem khoang 85%, khac vi he ABO la cac ngng ket to co the tao ra phan ng t phat, he Rh gan nh khong co hien tng nay. Cac ngng ket to anti H (khong co san trong mau ma no ch xuat hien thng do co tiep xuc vi khang nguyen nao o cua he thong nh do truyen mau hoac c the tao ngng ket to en mot nong o u gay ra phan ng ngng ket. V vay, ngi ta goi anti Rh la khang the mien dch.
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Ngi me mau Rh- co con au tien la Rh+ thng khong thanh lap u lng ngng ket to chong Rh e gay hai. Nhng con th hai co Rh+ thng phat hien nhanh anti Rh va a nhay cam, do o co khoang 3% a con th hai mac benh (Erythoblartosis Fetahs). T le mac benh nay se tang dan nhng a con sau. Phan ng do anti Rh nhe hn neu thi gian gia 2 thi k co thai dai hn. Co 7% Erythoblastosis Fatalin tre co me Rh+, thng do anti Rh+ cua me oi khi ch co 1 hay 2 yeu to Rh ma khong co nhng yeu to Rh khac phan ng cung tng t nh trng hp do yeu to Hr. e phan loai Rh trong mau, ngi ta lam nh sau: tron cac nhom khang huyet thanh liet ke bang tren vi huyen troc Saline-hong cau va lng nho protein huyet tng. Da vao cac phan ng ngng ket xay ra va dung bang 3 e xac nh nhom Rh. Nhng phan ng do yeu to Rh thng xay ra trong 2 trng hp: - Ngi co mau Rh- ma nhan nhieu lan lien tuc mau Rh+. - Me co mau Rh- ma mang thai nhieu lan bao thai co mau Rh+. Phan ng cheo : la mot phng phap can thiet ap dung trc khi truyen mau. Lay 1 giot hong cau hoac mau ngi cho va mot t huyet thanh cua ngi nhan tron eu vi nhau va quan sat ky xem co hien tng ngng ket xay ra hay khong, co the xem 2 mau cung nhom va truyen an toan tc la 2 loai mau tng t nhau, khong the truyen c.
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 2.2.1.6.2 Truyen mau : 2.2.1.6.2.1 Ch nh
Ngi ta tien hanh truyen mau trong nhng trng hp sau: giam the tch mau, ieu tr thieu mau, cung cap vai thanh phan cua mau ngoai hong cau, truyen huyet tng cho benh nhan hemophilie. 2.2.1.6.2.2 Nguyen tac : Cung cap ung loai mau va so lng mau benh nhan can. Bao am vo trung tuyet oi vi khau lay mau, lu tr mau, cap phat mau va truyen mau cho benh nhan. Khi lay mau tm k sinh trung sot ret, virus viem gan, vi trung giang mai. Truyen mau vi so lng va toc o thch hp cho tong trang va tnh trang tim mach cua benh nhan. Neu thieu mau do xuat huyet cap th truyen mau toan phan, neu do tan huyet th truyen hong cau lang, neu do thieu mau man th truyen hong cau Nguyen tac truyen mau toi thieu trong truyen mau: - Bao am s phu hp mau. - Hong cau ngi cho khong b ngng ket bi huyet tng ngi nhan. [1]
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Mu ngi cho
O+
B+
AB+
O-
A-
B-
AB-
Mu ngi nhn
cho O+ A+ B+ AB+ OABAB-
S cho mu (MN: mu nguyn, HC: hng cu)
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PHNG PHAP NGHIEN CU

3.1 Tnh toan ben c cau 3.1.1 Khai niem sc ben vat lieu: Sc ben vat lieu la mon k thuat c s, nghien cu tnh chat chu lc cua vat lieu e e ra cac phng phap tnh ve o ben, o cng va o on nh cua cac bo phan cong trnh hay chi tiet may goi chung la vat the chu cac tac ong khac nhau nh tai trong, s thay oi cua nhiet o va che tao khong chnh xac, nham thoa man yeu cau an toan va tiet kiem vat lieu. Muc ch cua mon hoc la xay dng cac khai niem va phng phap tnh, co kha nang d bao trc ve tnh trang chu lc cua vat the can thiet ke. Vat the thoa ieu kien ben ngha la khong b pha hoai (nt gay, sup o ). Vat the thoa ieu kien ben cng ngha la bien dang va chuyen v nam trong gii han cho phep. Vat the thoa ieu kien on nh ngha la bao toan hnh thc bien dang ban au. 3.1.1.1 Khai niem ngoai lc, lien ket va phan lc lien ket: 1. Ngoai lc: Ngoai lc la lc tac ong t moi trng hoac vat the ben ngoai len vat the ang xet. ay la loai tac ong quan trong va thng gap trong thc te. Ngoai lc c phan loai theo nhieu cach khac nhau.
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Theo tnh chat chu ong va b ong : Ngoai lc c phan ra tai trong va phan lc. Tai trong la nhng lc chu ong, ngha la co the biet trc ve v tr, phng va o ln. Tai trong la au vao cua bai toan, thng c quy nh bi cac quy pham thiet ke hoac c tnh toan theo kch thc cua vat the. Phan lc la nhng lc thu ong (phu thuoc tai trong), phat sinh tai v tr lien ket vat the ang xet vi cac vat the xung quanh no. Theo hnh thc phan bo: Ngoai lc c phan ra lc tap trung va lc phan bo. Lc tap trung: la lc tac dung tai mot iem cua vat the. Trong thc te, khi dien tch truyen lc be th ngi ta coi nh lc truyen quan mot iem e n gian hoa s phan tch. Lc phan bo : la lc tac dung tren mot dien tch, mot the tch hoac mot ng cua vat the. Lc trong trng la mot v du cua lc phan bo the tch v no tac ong len moi iem trong vat the. Theo tnh chat tac dung: Ngoai lc c phan ra lc tnh va lc ong. Lc tnh la lc bien oi cham hoac khong thay oi theo thi gian. V vay, gay ra gia toc chuyen ong rat be co the bo qua khi xet can bang. Lc ong la lc bien oi nhanh theo thi gian, gay ra chuyen ong co gia toc ln 2. Lien ket va phan lc lien ket: Mot thanh muon duy tr hnh dang, v tr ban au khi chu tac ong cua ngoai lc th no phai c lien ket vi vat the khac hoac vi at. Tuy theo tnh chat ngan
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can chuyen ong ma ngi ta a ra cac s o lien ket, thng gap la goi ta di ong , goi co nh hay ngam. Goi di ong: ch ngan can chuyen ong thang va phat sinh mot phan lc theo phng cua lien ket. Goi co nh: ngan can chuyen v thang theo phng bat k phat sinh phan lc cung theo phng o. Ngam: ngan can bat k chuyen v thang nao va chuyen v xoay. 3.1.3 Cac dang chu lc va bien dang c ban: Trong thc te, s chu lc cua mot thanh co the phan tch ra cac dang chu lc c ban gom keo (nen), xoan, cat va uon. Truc thanh khi chu keo (nen) se dan dai hoac co ngan, khi chu xoan se b cong i, khi chu xoan th truc thanh van thang nhng ng sinh tren be mat tr thanh ng xoan tru, khi chu cat, hai phan cua thanh co xu hng trt tng oi vi nhau. 3.1.3.1 Cac gia thiet: Gia thiet ve s o tnh: khi tnh toan, ngi ta thay vat the bang s o tnh. Gia thiet ve vat lieu: vat lieu c coi la lien tuc, ong nhat, ang hng va an hoi tuyen tnh. Gia thiet ve bien dang va chuyen v : khi chu tac ong ben ngoai, vat the co bien dang va chuyen v be. V vay, co the khao sat s can bang cua vat the hoac cac bo phan cua no tren mo hnh ban au. Gia thiet nay xuat phat t ieu kien cng cua vat the c s dung trong thc te k thuat. ieu kien cng oi hoi bien dang va
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chuyen v ln nhat trong vat the phai nam trong mot gii han tng oi nho. Gia thiet bien dang be va an hoi tuyen tnh thng i oi vi nhau. 3.1.4 Ly thuyet ben : o la nhng gia thuyet ve nguyen nhan c ban cua s pha hoai vat lieu, khong phu thuoc vao trang thai ng suat cua vat lieu, nh o ta co the anh gia c o ben cua vat lieu moi trang thai ng suat khi ta ch biet o ben cua vat lieu trang thai ng suat n. 3.1.4.1 Cac ly thuyet ben: 3.1.4.1.1 Thuyet ben ng suat phap ln nhat (thuyet ben th nhat):
Nguyen nhan gay ra s pha hong vat lieu la do ng suat phap ln nhat cua phan bo trang thai ng suat khoi at ti ng suat nguy hiem trang thai ng suat n. Neu k hieu : 0k hay 0n ng suat nguy hiem ve keo va nen. n he so an toan. Ta co the viet ieu kien ben nh sau: t1 = 1 0k/n = []k t1 = |3| 0n/n = []n (3.1) (3.2)
Trong o: t1 la ng suat tnh hay ng suat tng ng theo thuyet ben th nhat.
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 3.1.4.1.2
Thuyet ben bien dang dai tng oi ln nhat (thuyet ben th hai):
Nguyen nhan gay ra s pha hong vat lieu la do s bien dang dai ln nhat cua phan bo trang thai ng suat khoi at en bien dang dai trang thai nguy hiem cua phan bo trang thai ng suat n. Goi 1 la bien dang dai tng oi ln nhat cua phan bo trang thai ng suat khoi va 0k la bien dang dai tng oi trang thai nguy hiem cua phan to b keo theo 1 phng. Ta co the viet ieu kien ben nh sau: t2 = 1 ( 2 + 3 ) 0k/n = []k 3.1.4.1.3 Thuyet ben ng suat tiep cc ai (thuyet ben th (3.3) ba):
Nguyen nhan gay ra s pha hong vat lieu la do ng suat tiep ln nhat cua phan bo trang thai ng suat khoi at ti ng suat tiep nguy hiem cua phan bo trang thai ng suat n. Goi max ng suat tiep ln nhat cua phan to trang thai ng suat khoi. 0max ng suat tiep nguy hiem cua phan to b keo theo mot phng . Ta co the viet ieu kien ben nh sau: max 0/n Cong thc kiem tra o ben: t3 = 1 3 []k (3.5) (3.4)
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3.1.4.1.4 Thuyet ben the nang bien oi hnh dang cc ai (thuyet ben th t): Nguyen nhan gay ra s pha hong vat lieu la the nang bien oi hnh dang cua phan to trang thai ng suat khoi at ti the nang bien oi hnh dang trang thai nguy hiem cua phan to trang thai ng suat n. Cong thc kiem tra o ben: t4 = (12+12 + 12 1 2 1 3 2 3 )1/2 []k vi t4 la ng suat tng ng theo thuyet ben th t. 3.1.4.1.5 Thuyet ben ve xac trang thai ng suat gii han (thuyet ben th nam hay thuyet ben Mohr): Thuyet ben Mohr c xay dng tren c s thc nghiem khac vi cac thuyet ben trc ay tren c s cac gia thuyet. ieu kien ben theo thuyet Mohr : 1 3 []k (3.7) (3.6)
vi = []k / []n
Ap dung cac thuyet ben: Viec ap dung cac thuyet ben e giai quyet bai toan cu the phu thuoc vao vat lieu s dung va trang thai ng suat cua iem kiem tra. oi vi phan to trang thai ng suat n, ta dung thuyet ben th nhat e kiem tra.
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oi vi phan to trang thai ng suat khoi, neu la vat lieu gion, ngi ta thng dung thuyet ben th nam hay thuyet ben th hai. Neu la vat lieu deo th dung thuyet ben th ba hoac th t.
3.1.5
ac trng hnh hoc cua mat cat ngang:
3.1.5.1 Moment tnh, trong tam: Moment tnh cua dien tch A oi vi truc x (hay y) la:
Hnh 2.1 mat cat A
Sx =
ydA
A
, Sy =
xdA
A
(3.8)
V x, y co the am hoac dng nen moment tnh co the co tr so am hoac dng. Th nguyen cua moment tnh la [(chieu dai)3]. Truc trung tam la truc co moment tnh cua dien tch A oi vi truc o bang khong. Trong tam la giao iem cua hai truc trung tam cua mat cat. Nh vay, moment tnh oi vi mot truc i qua trong tam bang khong. T o, suy ra cach xac nh trong tam C cua dien tch A nh sau: xC =
Sy Sx ; yC = A A
(3.9)
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3.1.5.2 Moment quan tnh, he truc quan tnh chnh trung tam: 3.1.5.2.1 Moment quan tnh :
Moment quan tnh cua mat cat (hay moment quan tnh oc cc) oi vi iem O c nh ngha : Ip =
dA
(3.10)
Trong o: la khoang cach t iem M, tam cua phan bo dien tch dA en goc toa o O. Neu thay khoang cach bang khoang cach t M en mot truc nao o, ta se co moment quan tnh oi vi truc ay. Chang han, thay bang x va y ta nhan c moment quan tnh oi vi truc y va x. Iy =
x
A
dA ; Ix =
y
A
dA
(3.11)
Moment quan tnh ly tam cua mat cat oi vi he truc x, y c nh ngha : Ixy =
xy dA
A
(3.12)
T nh ngha cac moment quan tnh , ta nhan thay: - moment quan tnh co th nguyen la [(chieu dai)4].. - trong khi moment quan tnh oi vi iem , oi vi truc luon luon dng, moment quan tnh ly tam co the am hoac dng hoac bang khong.
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3.1.5.2.2 He truc quan tnh chnh trung tam (QTCTT): Mot he truc toa o co moment quan tnh ly tam oi vi he truc o bang khong c goi la he truc quan tnh chnh. He truc quan tnh chnh i qua trong tam mat cat c goi la he truc quan tnh chnh trung tam. oi vi he truc nay, ta co : Sx = 0 ; Sy = 0 ; Ixy = 0 (3.13)
Tnh chat : khi dien tch A co mot truc oi xng th bat k he truc vuong goc nao cha truc oi xng eu la he truc quan tnh chnh cua mat cat. Ta nhan thay bat k truc nao vuong goc vi truc oi xng i qua trong tam cung hp vi no thanh mot he QTCTT. 3.1.6 Uon phang thanh thang:
3.1.6.1 Cac khai niem c ban : Mot thanh lang tru co truc b uon cong khi chu tac dung cua tai trong nam trong mat phang cha truc thanh va co phng vuong goc vi truc thanh. Khi o ta noi thanh chu uon va c goi la dam. Ngoai lc gay ra uon co the la lc tap trung hay phan bo co ng tac dung vuong goc vi truc dam ngau lc nam trong mat trong cua mat phang cha truc dam. Hnh ben dien ta he tai trong lam cho dam chu uon, cac tai trong eu nam trong mot mat phang cha truc dam va ta goi o la mat phang tai trong. Giao tuyen cua mat phang tai trong vi mat cat ngang c goi la ng tai trong. hoac do nhng
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Ta ch khao sat trng hp mat cat ngang co t nhat mot truc oi xng. Mat phang oi xng nay cung chnh la mat phang quan tnh chnh trung tam va ta gia thiet rang tai trong nam trong mat phang oi xng nh hnh tren. Khi o truc dam sau khi b bien dang van nam trong mat phang nay nen s uon con c goi la uon phang. Dam co goi ta khp co nh mot au va goi ta di ong mot au kia goi la dam ta n. Dam b chen kep mot au con au kia t do goi la dam chen kep (hay dam console), ngoai ra con co nhieu kieu sap at cac goi ta khac cho dam tuy theo trng hp tac dung cua tai trong. Di tac dung cua tai trong, tren cac mat cat ngang cua dam xuat hien cac noi lc ma hp lc cua chung la lc cat hay moment uon. Ta phan biet hai loai uon phang : uon thuan tuy phang va uon ngang phang. Uon thuan tuy phang dung e ch s uon cua cac dam vi moment uon hang so, ngha la lc cat bang khong. Uon ngang phang c e cap en trong trng hp uon co s hien dien cua lc cat, ngha la moment uon thay oi doc theo truc dam. Uon thuan tuy phang : trong phan nay, ta se xac nh cac bien dang do uon va ng suat phap trong trng hp chu uon thuan tuy. Trc khi chu lc, ta ke nhng ng thang song song vi truc e bieu dien nhng th doc va nhng ng thang vuong goc e bieu dien mat cat ngang. Sau khi bien dang ta thay nhng ng thang song song vi truc hoanh bay gi tr thanh
nhng ng cong nhng van song song vi truc thanh. Nhng ng thang vuong
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goc vi truc thanh bay gi van con vuong goc vi truc. T nhan xet tren ta a ra cac gia thiet sau e lam c s tnh toan cho dam chu uon thuan tuy phang.
Hnh 3.2 thanh truc va sau khi b bien dang
Hnh 3.3 ng suat phap va moment uon tren dam chu uon Cac gia thuyet: Gia thuyet ve mat cat ngang phang: trc khi bien dang mat cat ngang cua dam la phang va vuong goc vi truc th sau khi bien dang van phang va vuong goc vi truc dam. (Gia thuyet Bernoulli). Gia thuyet ve cac th doc: trong khi bien dang, cac th doc khong nen ep len nhau va cung khong ay nhau ra. Ngoai ra, ta van coi vat lieu lam viec trong gii han an hoi.
- 57 -
Trong trng hp tong quat, hp lc cua cac ng suat phap tren toan mat cat nhien, bi v tren mat cat ngang khong ton tai lc doc nen ch co moment uon Mx ma thoi. T o, chung ta co 2 phng trnh tnh hoc : - phng trnh th nhat, dien ta hp lc theo phng z bang 0. - phng trnh th hai, dien ta hp lc cac moment quanh truc x bang moment Mx. e co the xac nh cac hp lc nay, ta hay xet dien tch vi phan dA tren mat cat ngang khoang cach y t truc trung hoa (hnh 3.3). Lc tac dung tren phan t nay th vuong goc vi mat cat ngang va co tr so zdA. Bi v khong co noi lc theo phng z nen tch phan cua zdA tren toan dien tch mat cat ngang phai triet tieu, do o :
dA =
EydA = 0
A
(3.14)
Bi v o cong va module an hoi E la hang so nen ta co the em ra ngoai dau tch phan va suy ra :
ydA = 0
A
(3.15)
vi dam chu uon thuan tuy. He thc nay dien ta rang moment tnh cua dien tch mat cat ngang oi vi truc trung hoa x triet tieu; ieu nay chng to rang truc trung hoa x i trong tam mat cat ngang dam khi vat lieu tuan theo nh luat Hooke. Tnh chat nay cho phep ta xac nh
- 58 -
truc trung hoa cua bat k mat cat ngang nao. D nhien, chung ta ch khao sat trng hp truc y la truc oi xng. Suy ra, he truc (x,y) chnh la he quan tnh chnh tam. Chung ta hay khao sat trng hp moment cua cac ng lc gay ra bi cac ng suat z tren toan mat cat ngang. o chnh la hp cua cac moment vi phan : dMx = zydA (3.16)
Do vay, tch phan cua tat ca cac moment vi phan tren toan tiet dien phai can bang vi moment Mx, ngha la : Mx = z ydA = E
A
y
A
dA = 0
(3.17)
Hay co the viet di dang n gian hn: Mx = EIx Trong o Ix = (3.18)
y
A
dA
(3.19)
la moment quan tnh cua mat cat ngang oi vi truc trung hoa x. Bieu thc (3.18) co the viet lai nh sau: = 1 =
Mx EI x
(3.20)
he thc nay chng to o cong cua truc thanh t le vi moment uon Mx va t le nghch vi ai lng EIx, goi la o cng uon cua dam.
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Suy ra bieu thc tnh ng suat phap tai mot iem tren mat cat ngang nh sau: z =
Mx y Ix
(3.21)
Bieu thc nay chng to ng suat phap t le thuan vi moment uon Mx va t le nghch vi moment quan tnh Ix cua mat cat ngang. Ngoai ra, ng suat con bien thien bac nhat theo khoang cach y t truc trung hoa. Moment uon Mx dng khi co khuynh hng lam cang th y dng. Ta co the nhan thay nhng iem cang xa truc trung hoa co tr so ng suat cang ln va nhng iem cung co khoang cach ti th trung hoa se co cung tr so ng suat phap. Moment uon dng, dam b uon cong vi mat loi hng ve pha di, cac th tren b nen (y<0),trong khi cac th di b keo. Hnh anh xay ra ngc lai neu moment
uon am. Do vay trong thc hanh, ta co the s dung cong thc k thuat e tnh ng
suat, trong o khong can e y en dau cua moment uon Mx cung nh cua y, ma ch can xet xem moment uon a cho gay ra keo hoac nen tai iem ang xet
Mx Ix
z =
(3.22)
ta se lay : dau (+) neu Mx gay keo tai iem can tnh ng suat. Dau (- ) neu gay nen ng suat phap khi keo va khi nen ln nhat tai nhng iem xa ng trung hoa nhat. Goi ykmax, ynmax lan lt la khoang cach th chu keo va th chu nen xa ng trung hoa nhat. Khi o, ng suat chu keo ln nhat max va ng suat chu nen ln nhat min se tnh bi cong thc :
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau max =

Mx Ix
k y max =
Mx Wk x
(3.23a)
min =
Mx Ix
n y min =
Mx Wnx
Ix
n y max
(3.23b)
Wkx =
Ix y
k max
; Wnx =
(3.23c)
Cac ai lng Wkx va Wnx _goi la cac ng suat tiet dien hoac moment khang uon cua mat cat ngang. Neu truc x cng la trc oi xng th :
k n y max = y max = h/2
(3.24) (3.25)
khi o
Wkx = Wnx = Wx = 2Ix/h
va ng suat nen, keo cc ai co tr so bang nhau :

Mx Ix
max = min =
(3.26)
oi vi be mat hnh ch nhat vi be rong b, chieu cao h th moment quan tnh va moment chong uon co tr so: Ix = bh3/12 ; Wx = bh2/6 (3.27)
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Hnh 3.4 Bieu o ng suat phap cho cac mat cat co 1 truc oi xng.
3.1.7
ieu kien ben: Sau ay, chung ta se viet ieu kien ben cho ng suat keo va nen. ieu kien
nay dien ta rang ng suat cc ai khong the vt qua ng suat cho phep:
max =
M max [ ] Wx
Wx
M max [ ]
(3.28)
T ieu kien nay ta suy ra rang
(3.29)
ngha la moment chong uon cua mat cat ngang xac nh t ieu kien ben phai ln hn hoac bang moment uon ln nhat chia cho ng suat cho phep. Khi s dung hai cong thc tren, ta can phai phan biet hai trng hp: - trng hp th nhat : thng gap khi uon vat lieu co o ben khi nen va keo nh nhau,trong trng hp nay ng suat cho phep khi keo va nen bang nhau : [k] =[n] = [] (3.30)
- trng hp th hai : khi dam lam bang vat lieu co sc chu keo va nen khac nhau. Trong trng hp nay chung ta can phai viet hai ieu kien ben : mot cho th chu keo va mot cho th chu nen.
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M max [ k ] W kx

M max [ n ] W nx
max = +
min =
(3.31)
Y ngha vat ly cua moment chong uon : khi moment chong uon cang ln dam cang chu lc c moment uon cang ln ma khong co nguy c b pha hoai. Moment chong uon ac trng cho hieu ng cua hnh dang va kch thc mat cat ngang en o ben cua dam khi ng suat khong vt qua gii han t le. Cac dang bai toan c ban : kiem tra ben, chon kch thc mat cat ngang va chon tai trong cho phep. 3.1.8 Chuyen v cua dam chu uon (tnh rienh cho mam pha tren noi vi truc): Khi tnh ieu kien ben, ngoai ieu kien ben ta con phai chu y en ieu kien cng. V vay, ta phai xet en bien dang cua dam. Di tac dung cua cac nguyen nhan ngoai, truc dam chu uon cong, truc cong nay c goi la ng an hoi cua dam sau khi chu lc.
hnh 3.5 chuyen v cua dam chu uon
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Xet mot iem K nao o nam tren dam trc khi b bien dang. Sau khi dam b bien dang, iem K se di chuyen en v tr mi K. Khoang cach KK c goi la chuyen v thang cua iem K. Chuyen v nay co the phan thanh hai thanh phan: - Thanh phan v vuong goc vi truc dam (song song vi truc y) goi la chuyen v ng hay o vong cua iem K. - Thanh phan u song song vi truc dam (song song vi truc x) goi la chuyen v ngang cua iem K. Ngoai ra ta con thay khi truc dam b bien dang, mat cat ngang K b xoay i mot goc , ta goi o la chuyen v goc (hay goc xoay) cua mat cat ngang iem K. Goc xoay co the lay gan ung: (3.32) 3.1.9 han: Phng trnh vi phan cua ng an hoi co dang gan ung: y= Lap phng trnh ng an hoi bang phng phap tch phan khong nh
Mx EI x Mx dz + C EI x
(3.33)
Phng trnh goc xoay: = y ' =
(3.34)
Phng trnh an hoi : y = (
Mx dz + C ) + D EI x
(3.35)
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Trong o C, D la hai hang so tch phan se c xac nh bang cac ieu kien bien. Cac ieu kien bien nay phu thuoc vao lien ket cua dam va phu thuoc vao s thay oi tai trong tren dam.
Hnh 3.6 chuyen v dam 3.1.10 Tnh lo xo hnh tru bc ngan chu lc doc truc : Lo xo la mot bo phan c dung rong rai trong nganh c kh che tao, c lap at tai nhng cho can giam chan do tai trong ong nh e mong thang may, he thong nhun Lo xo hnh tru c che tao bang cach quan mot si day thep tiet dien vuong, tron, ch nhat hoac tron quanh mot loi hnh tru ng knh trung bnh D, trong s dung, lo xo ch chu lc theo phng truc cua hnh tru nay. Dung mot mat cat cha truc tru cat qua mot si day lo xo, tach lo xo lam 2 phan, xet ieu kien can bang cua mot phan lo xo hnh 3.7 lo xo
Dg = 0 Q
=P
z
M /o = 0 M
= P.
D 2
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Nh vay, tren mat cat ang xet co tac dung cua lc cat Qy va moment xoan Mz, chung eu gay ra ng suat tiep:
= M +Q
tai mot iem bat ky tren mat cat ngang, cac thanh phan ng suat dien nh hnh ben. Bo qua o nghieng cua day lo xo, coi tiet dien ang xet la tron, co the thay rang, tai mep trong cua mat cat day lo xo, iem A tren hnh ben ng suat tiep at gia tr cc ai, du lc P tac dung keo hay nen lo xo. Mot cach gan ung, ng suat tiep tai iem nguy hiem co the tnh nh sau : Hnh 3.8 noi lc va ng suat tren mat cat day lo xo c bieu
=M
D M P +Q = + z = + 2 A W p A d 3 16 Qy P
Q
(3.36)
Thc chat
khong phan bo eu, con cong thc tnh
nh tren khong
chnh xac v tiet dien khong tron do o nghieng cua day lo xo cung nh si day lo xo khong la thanh thang, cho nen trong tnh toan thc hanh, ke en ket qua thc nghiem, ta co the lay :
max
D 8 PD =k 2 =k 3 d d 3 16 P
D + 0.25 vi k = d D 1 d
(3.37)
ieu kien ben lo xo :
max [ ]
(3.38)
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Khi che tao lo xo, mot ac trng rat quan trong la o co, dan cua lo xo khi chu lc doc truc tru. S dung nguyen ly bao toan nang lng, bo qua cac mat mat nang lng, cong ngoai lc T hoan toan bien thanh the nang bien dang an hoi U. Ta co cong cua ngoai lc P tren o co, dan cua lo xo la :
T= 1 P 2
The nang bien dang an hoi tch luy trong lo xo ( bo qua the nang do Qy ):
U=
Mz L 1 2 GI p
1 8P 2 D 3 n 1 P 2 D 2 Dn U= = 2 4 Gd 4 2 Gd 4 32
ve gia tr, T = U, ta c
Gd 4 8D 3 n
8 PD 3 n P = = C Gd 4
(3.39)
vi C =
(3.40)
trong o : C la o cng lo xo ; n- so vong chu lc cua lo xo ; d- ng knh si lo xo; D- ng knh trung bnh cua tru ; G- moun an hoi trt cua vat lieu lam lo xo.[2]
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 3.2 3.2.1 C s vat ly- ky thuat cua ien nhiet:
Khai niem ve ien nhiet va cac phng phap bien oi ien nhiet: Khai niem ien nhiet xuat hien trong nhieu qua trnh cong nghe khac nhau
cua san xuat cong nghiep. Y ngha chu yeu cua no la viec cap nhiet cho cac vat lieu va san pham khac nhau nh nang lng ien. u iem cua phng phap cap nhiet nh vao nang lng ien la : - Co kha nang thu hep pham vi s dung moi trng xung quanh trong cong tac. - Chnh nhiet o chuan xac, tao ra c dong nhiet ien tap trung vi mat o cao va tao c nhiet trng can thiet trong khong gian cap nhiet. - Co kha nang kiem tra nghiem ngat va ieu chnh chnh xac nguon nang lng tieu thu. - Co kha nang cap nhiet cho cac vat lieu va san pham nam trong cac moi trng kh co cac thanh phan hoa hoc khac nhau va trong chan khong. - Co kha nang tao ra nhiet o t ban than vat the can ot. Cac phng phap bien oi ien - nhiet nh sau: - ot nong nh ien tr : theo nh luat Joule, khi co dong ien chay qua vat dan ien, ton hao nang lng trong vat dan ien chuyen hoa di dang nhiet, toa ra moi trng xung quanh. - ot nong nh cam ng : da tren s bien oi nang lng trng ien t thanh nhiet nh viec gay ra trong vat the dong ien xoay ( Foucault) va viec nhiet sinh ra trong vat the o cung tuan thu theo nh luat Joule. - ot nong nh ien moi : khi vat the cach ien hoac ban dan c at trong ien trng tan so cao, xuat hien hien tng phan cc. Ton hao do cac dong ien dan va chuyen dch se chuyen hoa thanh nhiet.
- 68 -
- ot nong nh ho quang ien : vat the c ot nong la do ho quang ien cung nh do s trao oi ion electron cac ien cc. ot nong nh plasma : khi chat kh b ion hoa do nhiet o cua ho quang
hoac do t trng hoac ien trng tan so cao, co the nhan c plasma nhiet o thap dung trong viec cap nhiet cho cac vat chat khac nhau. - ot nong nh chum tia electron : nhiet sinh ra ay la do chum tia electron c gia toc bang ien trng va ap len be mat vat the. - ot nong nh laser : be mat vat the c ot nong khi hap thu luong anh sang n sac mat o cao, goi la laser. Tia laser do may phat laser tao ra. 3.2.2 Cac thiet b ot nong bang ien tr:
3.2.2.1 Ban chat vat ly cua ien tr: Dong ien la dong chuyen di co hng cua cac phan t mang ien di tac ong cua ien trng. Cac vat chat dan ien c la nh s chuyen ong cua cac electron c goi la cac vat chat dan ien loai 1. Theo ly thuyet th mang ion kim loai khong he can tr g oi vi dong chuyen ong electron ( dong ien ) v vay co the noi o dan ien cua kim loai la vo cung ln. Nhng tren thc te, do s tac ong cua nhieu yeu to khac nhau nh nhiet o, t trng, ien trng mang ion kim loai dao ong va gay can tr dong chuyen ong electron. ieu nay ly giai tai sao ien tr cua kim loai lai phu thuoc vao nhiet o va nhiet o rat thap co the tao ra chat sieu dan. Nhiet lng sinh ra do dong ien I chay trong vat dan ien c bieu dien: Q = I2Rt (3.41)
Vi I : dong ien (A), R: ien tr ( ), t : thi gian dong ien chay qua (s).
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 3.2.2.2 Cac thiet b han tiep xuc :
Han tiep xuc la qua trnh hnh thanh s noi cng nh vao dong ien chay qua moi noi. Khi vat lieu can han a b nong chay va khi co ap lc nen gia hai chi tiet noi, nh vao qua trnh dan nhiet trong ban than vat the, vung nong chay se b nguoi i nhanh chong va ong cng. Han tiep xuc la bien phap han pho bien trong cong nghiep, co cac u iem sau : tao moi noi tot, tin cay, co the tien hanh t ong hoa qua trnh han mot cach de dang, nang suat cao. Khi co dong ien I chay qua moi han, nhiet lng Q sinh ra co the bieu dien theo : Q = [ R t (t ) + Rct (t )]I 2 (t )dt Vi Rt(t) : ien tr tiep xuc gia 2 chi tiet han. Rct(t) : ien tr cua chi tiet han. t : thi gian dong ien chay qua moi han. e tang hieu suat han tiep xuc phai lam sao cho tong tr mach ien qua moi han cang nho cang tot. Thong thng, thiet b han tiep xuc bao gom hai phan chnh : phan ien va phan c cau truyen ong ien cc. - Phan ien bao gom may bien ap vi ket cau ac biet, he thong mach vong dan ien qua moi han va thet b ieu khien ong- cat dong ien han. - Phan c cau chuyen ong ien cc : tao ra xung lc ep cac chi tiet han vao vi nhau. (3.42)
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 3.2.2.2.1 Han noi au :
Han noi au la phng phap han tiep xuc, o cac chi tiet c noi ghep vi nhau qua mat cat tiet dien cua chung. Co hai phng phap han noi au chnh : han ien tr va han nong chay. Han iem : Khi hai chi tiet han c at chong len nhau, nam gia cac ien cc c ep chat bang lc ep va khi dong ien chay qua, cung cap cho cho tiep xuc nhiet lng can thiet lam cho nong chay vat lieu tao ra moi han. Thong thng, moi han co ng knh gan bang ng knh cua au tiep xuc cua ien cc. Thi gian can thiet cho mot moi han phu thuoc vao be day vat han, vao tnh chat vat ly cua vat lieu han, vao cong suat thiet b han, vao lc ep at len cho tiep xuc. Han lan : han lan, hai chi tiet han c at gia cac ien cc co dang hnh banh xe lan. Mot trong hai banh xe o la banh xe chu ong c noi vi c cau truyen ong quay. Ve nguyen tac, may han lan hoat ong giong may han iem.[3]
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 3.3 Solenoid :
Hnh 3.9 phan bo t trng ben trong ong solenoid Solenoid la mot dung cu c tao ra bi mot vong day dan ien quan theo hnh tru. Khi cho dong ien chay qua day th se xuat hien mot t trng eu trong ong. Cng o ien trng sinh ra trong ong phu thuoc vao cng o dong ien i qua day, so vong day tren mot n v o chieu dai cua ong day va phu thuoc vao kch thc ong. Solenoid la mot dung cu rat quan trong v co kha nang tao ra mot t trng eu kiem soat c va co the c s dung nh mot nam cham ien. Solenoid ien c la mot dung cu bao gom mot loi cam ng ien t bao xung quanh mot thanh kim loai co the dch chuyen c (loi). Loi nay co the dch chuyen vao hoac ra loi solenoid, s thay oi o cam ng dan en hnh thanh nam cham ien t. Lc t tac dung vao loi t t le vi s thay oi o cam ng cua khung day. Lc nay t le vi thay oi v tr cua loi va cng o dong ien chay trong cuon day. Lc t tac dung len loi luon theo hng lam tang o cam ng cua cuon day.
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T trng trong loi solenoid c xac nh nh sau :

B = 0 NI = 0 I (n / l )
(3.43)
vi 0 goi la hang so t 4.10-7 ; N so vong day tren mot n v chieu dai (met) ; I cng o dong ien trong loi (A) ; n so vong day ; l chieu dai cua solenoid (met). Cac ng dung pho bien cua Solenoid : Nam cham ien. Solenoid valve kh. Solenoid valve lu chat.[11]
Nhn chung, viec tnh toan lc tac dung cua vat lieu sat t nh solenoid ve mat tong the la kha phc tap, lc nay co the tnh theo phng phap phan t hu han da tren cac ng sc t va hnh dang hnh hoc cu the cua tng solenoid. Tuy nhien, ta van co the xac nh c lc tac dung cc ai trong tng trng hp cu the. Neu ien trng c tao ra trong mot moi trng co o t tham cao, v du nh trong loi sat, th lc t cc ai la :
B2 A F= 2 0
(3.44)
trong o : F lc tac dung cc ai ; B cng o t trng (tesla-T) ; A tiet dien cua loi sat ; 0 la hang so t.[12]
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KET QUA VA PHAN TCH 4.1 Tnh ben c cau: oi vi c cau c a ra, ta co mat cat ngang la mot thanh ch T. Trong trng hp nay, toi chon phng phap la tnh toan ben c cau da theo bai toan c ban 1 : kiem tra ben c cau. oi vi bai toan nay, v ta biet c tai trong tac dung, co ngha la ta co the suy ra tr so moment uon Mx, tai mot tiet dien nao o hoac moment uon cc ai tren toan dam. Biet kch thc va hnh dang cua mat cat ngang ta co the biet Wx, ong thi biet tnh chat vat lieu []. e kiem tra xem ieu kie ben co c thoa hay khong, chung ta ch can s dung cong thc (3.27) va (3.30). Trong trng hp nay, v vat lieu c chon la thep khong r nen co the coi vat lieu co o ben khi keo va nen la nh nhau, khi o ng suat cho phep khi keo va khi nen bang nhau: [k] = [n] = []
F
x
x c
80
yc
21 0
hnh 4.1 S o mat cat ngang
- 74 -
V mat cat ngang co dang thanh ch T, oi xng vi nhau qua truc y. Suy ra, ay la he quan tnh chnh trung tam. Ta co, tai trong tac dung len thanh ch T bao gom : khoi lng mau can lay, khoi lng cua hai mam tren, khoi lng bon lo xo va khoi lng cua hai Solenoid. Toan bo phan lc nay cong vi lc hut cua solenoid khi hoat ong vao khoang 50N. ng knh truc may : 1.5 cm. T o, suy ra moment uon Mx ln nhat tac dung len dam ch T tai iem xa nhat cua mam. Mx= -F.l = 50N x 10,5.10-2m = 5.25 Nm Dien tch mat cat ngang cua dam: A = 21cm x 0.2cm + 8cm x 1.5 = 16.2 cm2 Moment tnh cua dien tch A cua dam oi vi truc x0: Sx0 = 0.2cm x 21cm x 8.1 cm + 8cm x 1.5 cm x 4.2cm = 84.42 cm3 Khoang cach yC ti trong tam cua mat cat ngang : yC =
Sx 0 84.42 = = 5.21 cm A 16.2
khoang cach en truc x0 la : y = 8.2 5.21 = 2.99 cm Moment quan tnh chnh Ix cua mat cat ngang: Ix = I1x + I2x
21 0.2 3 1 .5 8 3 2 + 21 0.2 (2.99 0.1) ] + [ + 1.5 8 (4.2 2.99) 2 ] = = [ 12 12
116.66 cm4
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau Moment chong uon cc ai cua mat cat ngang: Wxmax =
Ix 116.66cm 4 = = 15.87 cm3 y max 10.5cm
ng suat tac dung len dam la:

max =
M max 525 N .cm = = 33.08 N / cm 2 3 Wx 15.87cm
V vat lieu c chon la thep khong r co gii han ben luon ln hn hoac bang
min = 32KN/cm2 (loai thep Carbon.10)[8].
Dam u ben e chu s tac ong cua ngoai lc. 4.2 Chuyen v cua dam :
hnh 4.2 Chuyen v dam Phng trnh moment uon tai mat cat co hoanh o z: Mx = P.z Thay vao (2.2.32) roi lay tch phan, ta lan lt co c: (a)
= y' =
Pz 2 +C 2 EI x
y=
Pz 3 + Cz + D 6 EI x
(b)
C, D c xac nh t cac ieu kien bien ve o vong va goc xoay tai ngam: z = L, = 0 va y = 0 thay cac ieu kien nay vao (a), (b) ta co :
PL2 PL3 C= va D = 2 EI x 3EI x
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau vay phng trnh an hoi va goc xoay la :
PL3 Pz 3 PL2 z+ y= 6 EI x 2 EI x 3EI x
Pz 2 PL2 2 EI x 2 EI x
o vong va goc xoay ln nhat au B t do cua dam, ng vi z= 0, ta co :

PL3 PL2 y max = ; max = 3EI x 2 EI x
trong o I x =
bh 3 21 0.2 3 = = 0.014cm 4 va E = 20.1010 N/m2[9]. 12 12

50 (10,5.10 2 ) 3 = 6.89.10 4 (m) 10 8 3 20.10 0.014.10
Suy ra : y max =
4.3 Xac nh o cng lo xo: e tnh o cng lo xo ta co the s dung cong thc (3.40) hoac co the tnh toan mot cach n gian da theo nh luat Hooke : F = C.x (3.43)
Trong o: C o cng lo xo, x o dch chuyen cua lo xo khi chu tac dung cualc F. Mot cach tng oi, ta co the tnh c o cng cua : Lo xo tren : C1= 1,4 KN/m Lo xo di : C2 = 2 KN/m. 4.4 Xac nh lc t tac dung cua Solenoid : Chon Solenoid co so vong day cuon la 15000 vong, chieu dai Solenoid la 3 cm, dien tch tiet dien A = 1cm x 2cm. Dong ien vao Solenoid co gia tr khoang 0,5 A. Ta co the xac nh lc t tac dung cc ai cua Solenoid nh sau : SV : Nguyen Trung Tn
- 77 -
LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau Theo cong thc (3.43) : B = 0 NI = 0 I (n / l )
Thay (3.43) vao (3.44) ta co lc t tac dung cc ai cua Solenoid :

B 2 A N 2 I 2 A 4 .10 7.20000 2.0,5 2.2.10 4 F= = = = 16 N 2 0 2l 2 2.(3.10 2 ) 2
Solenoid nay c s dung cho ca qua trnh ieu khien lac cung nh kep han ong dan mau.
- 78 -
LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 4.5 Khoi mach ieu khien: 4.5.1 Khoi mach nguon:
U17 1 D1 1 TX1
Ls 1 Lp Ls 2
VIN
LM7812/TO 2 VOUT C5 U16 100u
+12V
BRIDGE
+5V 2 + 4 3 VIN ADJ VOUT 2 R3 240 LM317/CY L 2200u 1u R1 5k 1u R2 5k C6 C3 2200u C4 1u U18 2 1 240 3 R4 -5V VOUT C8 100u 1 C5 C7 100u GND 3
XFRM_LIN/CT-SEC
C1
VIN
LM337/TO
Hnh.4.3 s o mach nguon Cac thong so mach nguon: - C1, C2: 2200uF 35V - C3, C4, C5, C7 :1uF 35V C - C6, C8 : 100uF 35V - R1, R4 : bien tr 5K - R2, R3 : 240 Ohm 1/4 W - BR1 : 2A 30V Bridge Rectifier - U1: LM317 vi mach on ap cho ien ap ngo ra dng co the ieu chnh c. - U2 : LM337 vi mach on ap cho ien ap ngo ra am co the ieu chnh c. - S1 : SPST 2, bien ap 2 ngo ra.
ADJ
- 79 -
LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau Phan tch mach : 1. Khoi mach chnh lu (BR1 Bridge Rectifier):
Chnh lu la mot qua trnh chuyen oi tn hieu xoay chieu ac (alternative current) thanh tn hieu ien 1 chieu dc (direct current). Hai khai niem thng c nhac en la chnh lu ban song (half-wave rectification) va chnh lu toan song ( fullwave rectification). Bang cach chuyen oi phan ban ky am cua mot tn hieu xoay chieu thanh ban ky dng, ta co dang chnh lu toan song. Dang mach chnh lu nay thng dung loai 2 hoac 4 diodes e thc hien viec chnh lu tn hieu xoay chieu. 2. Khoi mach loc: ien ap sau khi chnh lu co o nhap nho con rat ln va e giam o nhap nho, ngi ta dung cac mach loc thong thap e loai bo cac song hai cha trong ien ap sau khi chnh lu. Mot mach loc thong dung nhat trong cac bo bien oi AC/DC c gii thieu ay la bo loc dung tu noi song song vi tai e nan ien ap a c chnh lu tr nen phang hn. 3. Khoi mach on ap: Khoi mach on ap la khoi cuoi cung va quan trong nhat trong mach nguon. Nhiem vu cua khoi mach on ap la tao ra ien ap ra on nh trc s thay oi cua tai RL va ien ap vao Vi. Ly do can phai co mach on ap: - ien ap li luon co s thay oi phu thuoc vao so lng va cong suat cua cac thiet b ien - ien t khac ang tieu thu t ien li. Neu ch dung mach loc, khi ien ap li thay oi, ien ap ngo ra cua bien ap cach ly thay oi dan ti Vomax thay oi, tc ien ap DC ngo ra thay oi.
- 80 -
- Tai RL cua mot bo nguon thng la tai ong (RL khong co nh).Neu ch dung mach loc, khi RL thay oi th t phan 2 ta co AV thay oi dan en Vomin thay oi va VODC thay oi theo. ien ap nguon DC cung cap thay oi keo theo hoat ong cua cac mach ien t pha sau hoat ong khong tot, tham ch co the khong hoat ong. Co mot so mach on ap tuyen tnh c ban, ma tren c s o ta hoan toan co the thiet ke cac mach nguon n gian, phuc vu cho viec cung cap ien ap DC cho cac thiet b ien t pha sau no. n gian nhat la on ap s dung Zener, cac mach on ap n gian dung Zener noi chung cho o on ap khong cao cung nh cong suat ra khong ln. e at c o on ap cao hn, cong suat ngo ra ln hn ngi ta dung cac mach on ap co hoi tiep. Nguyen ly hoat ong cua cac mach on ap co hoi tiep: mot phan ien ap ra c lay mau hoi tiep ve bo so sanh e so sanh vi ien ap chuan. Ket qua so sanh c khuyech ai len va a ti phan t ieu khien. Phan t ieu khien thay oi tham so lam cho ap ra thay oi tiem can dan ti gia tr ien ap chuan mong muon. Mach on ap bang vi mach ! Cac vi mach on ap la cac mach on ap co hoi tiep c tch hp thanh mot vi mach goi la vi mach on ap. Vi mach on ap thong dung tren th trng la cac mach on ap LM78XX, LM79XX, LM317 Vi mach on ap LM78XX cho ien ap ra dng, XX la so volt ngo ra, v du LM7812 cho ien ap ra 12V. Vi mach on ap LM317 cho ien ap ra dng co the ieu chnh c Vi mach on ap LM337 cho ien ap ra am co the ieu chnh c Dong ra oi vi ho 78XX va 79XX toi a khoang 1A, dong ra toi a cua LM317 vao khoang 1,5A.[4] SV : Nguyen Trung Tn
- 81 -
LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 4.5.2 Khoi vi ieu khien 89C52 :
V3 10K 5V 10K
1k
1k
1k
A 15
B 13
C 1
D 3
E 2
F 14
G 16
A 15
B 13
C 1
D 3
E 2
F 14
G 16
A 15
B 13
C 1
D 3
E 2
F 14
G 16
4 CA
D3A LTD-482 CA
D3A CA
D3A
V2 220 Q18 Q20 220 Q21 220 Q23 220 Q23 220 Q24 220 Q16 U15 Q2SC1815 1k R24 R24 4.7K 4.7K R7 4.7K R8 4.7K R9 4.7K R11 4.7K R6 4.7K R19 4.7K 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 C3 30p C4 30p R14 8.2K 12MHz 5V 10u C5 40 19 18 31 9 NC COM NO A 220
0
U12 P0.0/AD0 P0.1/AD1 P0.2/AD2 P0.3/AD3 P0.4/AD4 P0.5/AD5 P0.6/AD6 P0.7/AD7 P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 X1 X2 EA RST VCC R15 8051 1k 0 1 U20 R23 0 2 1 U20 2 P2.0/A8 P2.1/A9 P2.2/A10 P2.3/A11 P2.4/A12 P2.5/A13 P2.6/A14 P2.7/A15 P3.0/RXD P3.1/TXD P3.2/INT0 P3.3/INT1 P3.4/T0 P3.5/T1 P3.6/WR P3.7/RD ALE PSEN 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 5V 30 29 0 1k 1 2 1
D5
D4 D1N4007 B Relay _1
R16 Q11 MMBTA14L 1k R16
Q10 1k
0
U22 2 1 U21 0 2
0 1k 1
Hnh 4.4 Mach ieu khien lac va hien th
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau Cac thong so mach vi ieu khien 89C52: - Tu 30p x2 , 10uF. - Dao ong thach anh 12 MHz. - R : 8.2K, 4.7K, 1K, 220 - D9260 : transitor co he so hfe ln (500-2000). - Relay 12V, 5 chan x2. - Q2A1015 x3 (pnp). - Q2SC1815 x7 (npn). - Led 7 segments anode chung x3. Phan tch mach: 1. Khoi mach hien th :
c ieu khien bi 3 chan p2.0, p2.1 va p2.2 kch mc cao khi khoi lng mau a c lay u. Cac chan thuoc port 1 phai c tch cc mc thap (GND). Cac transitor A1015 (pnp) dung e phan cc hoat ong cho 3 led 7 segments (bat buoc e led hoat ong). Cac transitor C1815 (npn) c phan cc e tranh anh hng ien ap ve port 1, ve lau dai co the lam h port 1 dan en hong vi ieu khien (khong bat buoc, muc ch s dung la tranh lam hong vi ieu khien). 2. Vi mach 89C52 thuoc ho vi ieu khien co cac ac trng sau: - 4KB ROM. - 128 byte RAM. - 4 port xuat nhap (I/O port) 8 bit. - 2 bo nh thi 16 bit.
- 83 -
LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau - mach giao tiep noi tiep. - khong gian nh chng trnh 64K.
- 210 v tr nh c nh a ch, moi v tr 1 bit. - nhan chia trong 4 s. Mo ta tom tat chc nang cua tng chan nh sau: Port 0 (t chan 32 en 39) co 2 cong dung. Trong cac thiet ke co toi thieu thanh phan, port 0 c s dung lam nhiem vu xuat/nhap. Trong cac thiet ke ln hn co bo nh ngoai, port 0 tr tranh bus a ch va bus d lieu a hp. Port 1 (t chan 1 en 8) ch co mot cong dung la xuat/nhap, c dung e giao tiep vi thiet b ngoai khi co yeu cau. Khong co chc nang nao khac na gan cho cac chan cua port 1 ngha la chung ch c s dung e giao tiep v i thiet b ngoai. Port 2 (t chan 21 en 28) co 2 cong dung, hoac lam nhiem vu xuat nhap hoac la byte a ch cao cua bus a ch 16 bit cho cac thiet ke co bo nh chng trnh ngoai hoac cac thiet ke co nhieu hn 256 byte bo nh d lieu ngoai. Port 3 (t chan 10 en 17) co 2 cong dung. Khi khong hoat ong xuat/nhap, cac chan cua port 3 co nhieu chc nang rieng .[7] 4.5.3 Chc nang hoat ong: Lac mau o khoi lng mau Kep - han ong mau.
4.5.3.1 ieu khien lac mau : Tan so lac mau : 30 lan/phut chu k cho moi solenoid la 2 giay.
e thc hien qua trnh lac mau oi hoi ta phai tao ra thi gian tre gia hai Solenoid, qua trnh nay c thc hien hai chan tn hieu p3.0 va p3.1 vi thi gian kch len mc cao la 250ms, thi gian mc thap la 1750ms. Chu k cua moi Solenoid la 2s.
- 84 -
Hnh 4.5 Thi gian kch trang thai 2 chan p3.0 va p3.1 May se t ong ngat bo phan ieu khien lac e chuyen sang he thong kep han ong dan mau khi lng mau a lay u. Nhan xet : Sau khi che tao mo hnh, toi a kiem tra kha nang lac mau bang s dung tiet heo, hoa chat chong ong c s dung la nc muoi sinh lcho ket qua tot, mau khong b von cuc. V thi gian va ieu kien khach quan khong cho phep nen khong the kiem chng thc te vi mau ngi va hoa chat can thiet. 4.5.3.2 ieu khien thiet b o khoi lng mau : S dung Micro-switch vi 3 ngng khoi lng mau lan lt la 150g, 250g va 350g. Cac ngng nay c noi vi vi x ly e x ly cac bc tiep theo la ngat ieu khien lac va thc hien kep han ong dan mau. 4.5.3.3 Mach kep han ong dan mau : oi vi day dan mau lam bang nha silicone th nhiet o toi a e nha khong b bien oi la 150C.[9]. Mach kep han c thc hien trong 5 giay, xuat t port 3.6. Chon thiet b han co cong suat 200W. Theo cong thc 3.41, ta co nhiet lng toa ra t au han ong la :
- 85 -

Q = I 2 Rt = P.t = 200.5 = 1000( J )
- 86 -
KET LUAN VA KIEN NGH 5.1 Ket qua at c : Ve c ban, toi a hoan thanh mot mo hnh may lac mau theo phng phap lac bang t s dung Solenoid vi nhng yeu cau toi thieu. - Hoan thanh viec ieu khien lac vi phng phap t, thi gian thc hien lac chnh xac, on nh. - o khoi lng mau thu c. - He thong ieu khien hoan toan t ong. - Han ong theo phng phap han iem nhiet ien tr. 5.2 ong gop : Toi a xay dng mot mo hnh may lac mau hoan toan khac so vi thc te ben ngoai, o la thc hien bang solenoid vi s ieu khien chnh xac t he vi x ly. Mo hnh nay cung co the c m rong ra cho cac muc ch khac nh pha tron hoa chat, thc pham Vi mo hnh nay, tuy vao ieu kien va muc ch s dung, ta co the tnh toan lai kha nang chu lc cua may, cung nh thay oi solenoid vi lc hut phu hp. 5.3 Kha nang phat trien e tai : V l do thi gian han hep nen khong the phat trien may theo hng u viet hn: o va hien th khoi lng mau thu c lien tuc theo phng phap so thong qua phng phap o ien dung bien oi lien tuc.
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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 5.3.1 Mach o khoi lng mau:
27p + 32768HZ 10M 9 10 11 12 16 74HC4060 OSC OSC CLK RST VCC Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q12 Q13 Q14
27p
7 5 4 6 14 13 15 1 2 3
V3
5V 10M TLC556 8 2 4 5 6 7 VCC TRIGGER RESET OUTPUT CONTROL THRESHOLD DISCHARGE GND 1
5V
0 Q1 BS250F/SOT
100P 1 2
3 1
2 3.9K 100K 74HC14 LT1009 220nF
1K Cx
A/D
hnh 5.1 S o mach ien o khoi lng mau Trong o viec dch chuyen cua he thong (tnh tien) cho phep ta o c ien dung bien oi t tu Cx. C s ng dung phng phap o ien dung vao qua trnh o khoi lng mau: e bao am tnh kha thi cua phng phap, ta co the xac nh phng trnh chuyen ong cua truc may va mam tren goi la vat M. Ta de dang nhan thay M se chuyen ong tnh tien.
- 88 -
27p + V3 10K 5V 10K 10M 32768HZ 12 RST 16 V3 VCC 5V 11 CLK 9 10 OSC OSC Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q12 Q13 Q14 74HC4060
27p
0 0
A A A
7 5 4 6 14 13 15 1 2 3
1k
1k
1k
10 M
V3 B C D E F G 15 13 1 3 2 14 16 B C D E F G 15 13 1 3 2 14 16 B C D E F G 15 13 1 3 2 14 16 5V V1 TLC556 8 4 CA LTD-482 3 1 3.9K 100K 2 CA D3A 4 D3A CA
32Hz
0 Q1 BS250F/SOT
D3A
100P 2
0
2 4 5 6 7 VCC TRIGGER RESET OUTPUT CONTROL THRESHOLD DISCHARGE GND
A/D
74HC14 LT1009 220nF 220 220 Q21 Q23 Q23 Q24 220 220 220 220 Q16 U15 Q2SC1815 1k R7 4.7K 4.7K R8 R9 4.7K R11 4.7K R6 4.7K R19 4.7K NC COM NO 220
1K 2n Cx 1
0
Q18 Q20
V2
S o toan bo he thong hoat ong cua may theo mo hnh phat trien m rong:
hnh 5.2 S ton b h thng iu khin my lc mu
- 89 0
U18 D7 R24 R24 4.7K 4.7K R1 3V R2 2k 5V 1k
0
U12
D5
A D4 D1N4007 B Relay _1
0
2.5V 12 16 REF+ REFCLK EOC 7 10
26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 IN0 IN1 IN2 IN3 IN4 IN5 IN6 IN7 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
17 14 15 8 18 19 20 21
39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32
P0.0/AD0 P0.1/AD1 P0.2/AD2 P0.3/AD3 P0.4/AD4 P0.5/AD5 P0.6/AD6 P0.7/AD7
P2.0/A8 P2.1/A9 P2.2/A10 P2.3/A11 P2.4/A12 P2.5/A13 P2.6/A14 P2.7/A15
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
R16 Q11 MMBTA14L 1k R16 5V Q10 C3 X1 X2 ALE PSEN 1k 19 18 30 29 relay-2
R5 10k
25 24 23 22 9 6 A0 A1 A2 ALE OE START V4 5V 11 VCC
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7
P3.0/RXD P3.1/TXD P3.2/INT0 P3.3/INT1 P3.4/T0 P3.5/T1 P3.6/WR P3.7/RD
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
C1 150p
30p C4 30p
12MHz 5V 10u C5
31 9 40
EA RST VCC
0 1k 1
2 1
0 0 0
R14 8.2K R15 8051 1k 0 1 U20 R23 0 2 1 U20 2
0
1k 0 1 U22 2 1 2 U21 0
LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 5.3.2 Khoi bien oi tng t so : 5.3.2.1 Nguyen tac hoat ong :
Bo bien oi tng t so ADC ong vai tro quan trong trong he thong x ly thong tin khi ma cac nguon tn hieu a vao he vi x ly la tn hieu dang tng t. Cac bo chuyen oi ADC thc hien hai chc nang chnh la lng t hoa va ma hoa. Lng t hoa la gan nhng gia tr cua mot tn hieu tng t vao vung cac gia tr ri rac co the xay ra trong qua trnh lng t hoa. Ma hoa la gan nhng gia tr nh phan cho tng ri rac sinh ra trong qua trnh lng t hoa. oi vi ADC ta cung dung cac loai ma so nh phan, BCD, bu hai, bu mot. Hnh ben di cho biet ac tuyen cua mot ADC 3 bit lam viec vi ma nh phan t nhien. Mot ADC n bit co 2n to hp ma ra khac nhau, nh vay ADC 3 bit co 8 ma ra khac nhau, chung c bieu dien tren truc tung cua o th thi gian.
hnh 5.2 o th bien oi cua ADC 3 bit (FS full scale)
Mot ADC n bit c xay dng theo mot trong hai phng phap la phng phap trc tiep va phng phap gian tiep. Trong phng phap trc tiep, ien ap tng t can chuyen oi c so sanh lien tuc vi ien ap ra cua mot DAC khi ma nh phan loi vao cua no lien tuc thay oi. Khi co s can bang gia ien ap nay, ma nh phan loi vao DAC bay gi chnh la ma ket qua. Trong phng phap gian tiep, ien ap can
- 90 -
chuyen oi trc het c chuyen sang mot ai lng trung gian, sau o ai lng nay mi c chuyen oi sang ma so. Phng phap nay noi chung co toc o chuyen cham hn nhieu so vi phng phap trc tiep. V vay, phng phap chuyen oi trc tiep c s dung pho bien. Co hai phng phap chuyen oi trc tiep la phng phap ADC co em (counting ADC) va phng phap ADC xap x lien tiep. Trong thc te thng x dung loai ADC xap x lien tiep. Phng phap nay co mot u iem ln la thi gian chuyen oi ch t le thuan vi so lng bit cua ma so va thi gian thiet lap cua thanh ghi xap x lien tiep ch khong phu thuoc vao o ln cua ien ap can chuyen oi. 5.3.2.2 Bo bien oi ADC 0809 : Bo bien oi ADC 0809 la ADC thong dung c s dung rat rong rai co 8 au vao tng t va au ra 8 bit, chuyen oi so theo phng phap xap x lien tiep. Cac ac trng c ban cua ADC 0809 la : - au ra co bo em 3 trang thai e ghep trc tiep vao kenh d lieu cua he vi x ly. - Dai tn hieu loi vao tng t 5V khi nguon nuoi la +5V. co the m rong thang o bang cac giai phap k thuat cho tng mach cu the. - Khong oi hoi ieu chnh 0. - Thi gian bien oi 100s Sai so tong cong 1/2 LSB.
- S dung nguon nuoi n +5V, hieu suat cao. am bao sai so tuyen tnh trong dai nhiet o t -40 en 85C.
- 91 -
hnh 5.3 s o khoi cua ADC 5.3.2.2.1 Ghep tn hieu n cc vao ADC 0809 : Trong chu ky chuyen oi dong au vao, tn hieu gi nhp 500 KHz dung cho bo ADC 0809 c tao ra ben ngoai va c a vao chan Clock (bo chuyen oi ADC 0809 s dung tan so Clock co the trong dai 200 KHz 1 MHz). S o ghep tn hieu vao:
U18 D7 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 2.5V 12 16 10 25 24 23 22 9 6 V4 5V 11 IN0 IN1 IN2 IN3 IN4 IN5 IN6 IN7 REF+ REFCLK A0 A1 A2 ALE OE START VCC D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 EOC 17 14 15 8 18 19 20 21 7
R1 5V 1k R2
3V 2k
R5 10k
C1 150p
Hnh 5.4 ghep tn hieu vao ADC
- 92 -
LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau 5.3.2.2.2 Ghep ADC 0809 vao he vi x ly:
Ghep ADC 0809 vao he vi x ly c the hien tren hnh 5.5. Cac kenh vao analog c noi vi vi cac au tng ng cua ADC. Moi kenh co a ch rieng do to hp 3 bit a ch ABC ch nh. Cac a ch nay co the s dung trc tiep cac a ch cua kenh a ch he vi x ly. Tn hieu /CS c a ti au vao mach cua OR e khi ong ADC (start) khi co tn hieu /IOWR ong thi chot a ch (ALE) cua kenh hien hanh co gia tr la gia tr 3 bit ABC. Tn hieu /CS cung c a ti au vao cua mach OR th hai e tao tn hieu OE cung vi /IORD nham chot d lieu a bien oi xong au ra. Khi bien oi xong, ADC 0809 dung tn hieu EOC e bao cho he vi x ly biet ma nh phan tng ng vi mc tn hieu au vao a c tao ra.[6]
hnh 5.5 ghep ADC vi he vi x ly
- 93 -
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1] Tran Lien Minh et al (1987). Bai giang Sinh Ly Hoc. Trng ai Hoc Y Dc TP.HCM. [2] PGS.TS o Kien Quoc et al (2004). Sc Ben Vat Lieu. NXB ai Hoc Quoc Gia TP.HCM. [3] PGS.TS Nguyen Chu Hung (2005). ien Cong Nghe. NXB ai Hoc Quoc Gia TP.HCM. [4] Th.S Tran Thanh Mai et al (2005). Hng dan th nghiem Mach ien T. NXB ai Hoc Quoc Gia TP.HCM. [5] o lng va ieu khien bang may tnh [6] PGS.TS o Xuan Tien (2006). Ky thuat vi x ly va lap trnh Assembly cho he vi x ly. NXB Khoa Hoc Ky Thuat Ha Noi. [7] Tong Van On, Hoang c Hai (2001). Ho vi ieu khien 8051. NXB Lao ong Xa Hoi [8] PGS.TS o Kien Quoc et al (2004). Sc Ben Vat Lieu- ac trng c hoc cua thep, bang 15.2 pp. 298, Tr so E cua mot so vat lieu bang 3.1 pp. 39.. NXB ai Hoc Quoc Gia TP.HCM. [9] Secondary Operations EN.qxd. DSM.com (3/1/2007). www.dsm.com [10] TS Ngo Dien Tap (2002). o lng va ieu khien. NXB Khoa Hoc va Ky Thuat. [11] Solenoid .http.www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/solenoid [12] Electromagnet. http.www.en.wikipedia/wiki/Electromagnetic
- 94 -
PHU LUC 1. Code ieu khien timer chan p3.0 va p3.1: 2. Code ieu khien hien th Led (do khoi lng mau):
- 95 -

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LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007 Chng 1

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007 Chng 2

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

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Cac enzyme chnh cua mang la acetylcholinesterase ATPaz, cac enzyme

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

(quai b, cum, si) * Bach cau a nhan a acid :

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007

GVHD: Th.S Mai Hu Xuan

LVTN Thiet ke va che tao May lac mau

Trng HBK.TPHCM - 2007