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1. Cu to nguyn t: Quan h s p, s n, s e
Th tch v Bn knh nguyn t tnh ra
Mng tinh th (s nguyn t v cnh trong n v c s)
Ht nhn v phng x (hng s phng x, nin i vt c)
2. Cu to phn t: Khong cch ca cc nguyn t trong ng phn hnh hc
Momen lng cc
3. ng hc: Cn bng ha hc
Tc phn ng
4. Nhit ha hc:
Nhit phn ng
Chiu din bin ca phn ng
5. Dung dch in li: Nng dung dch
pH ca dung dch
6. in ha hc:
Pin
in phn
7. Lp cng thc phn t v xc nh nguyn t
8. Xc nh thnh phn % ca hn hp
XUT
1. Ti 250C, phn ng:
Ban u ngi ta trn 1,0 mol C2H5OH vi 0,6 mol CH3COOH. Tnh s mol este thu
c khi phn ng t ti trng thi cn bng.
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
CH3COOH + C2H5OH
Phn ng
x
x
[ ]
1x
0,6 x
x
x
2
[CH3COOC 2 H 5 ][ H 2O]
x
K=
=4
(1 x)(0,6 x)
[C 2 H5OH ][CH3COOH ]
2NH3 (k)
N2(k) + 3H2(k)
PN
nN
1
2
2
Theo PTHH:
=
= Theo gt: P NH + P N + P H = 10
3
2
2
PH
nH
3
2
2
P NH3 + 4P N 2 = 10
DB
V Ta c: Kp =
(PNH )2
3
(PN )(PH )
2
2
(PNH3 )2
3
(PN2 )(3PN2 )
= 1,64 104
PNH
(PN )
= 6,65102.
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2
Sn + 2HCl SnCl2 + H2
0
t
2MgO
2Mg + O2
0
t
4Al + 3O2
2Al2O3
0
t
Sn + 2O2
SnO2
S mol H2 = 0,035
H pt: 24x + 27y + 119z = 0,75 (x, y, z l s mol tng kim loi)
3
x + y + z = 0,035
2
y
40x + 102 + 183z = 1,31
2
Gii h pt cho: x = 0,02 ; y = 0,01 ; z = 0
0,02 24
Vy, hn hp khng c Sn v % Mg =
100% = 64% ; %Al = 36%
0,75
3. Mt mu than ly t hang ng ca ngi Plinxian c ti Ha Oai c tc l 13,6 phn
hy 14C trong 1 giy tnh vi 1,0 gam cacbon. Bit trong 1,0 gam cacbon ang tn ti c
15,3 phn hy 14C trong 1 giy v chu k bn hy ca 14C l 5730 nm . Hy cho bit nin
i ca mu than ?
0,693
ln 2
Hng s phng x: k =
=
5730
t1
DB
2
Nin i ca mu than t =
1 N 0 5730 15,3
ln
=
ln
= 973,88 (nm)
k N t 0,693 13,6
1 N 0 5730 15,3
ln
=
ln
= 3989,32 (nm) 4000 (nm)
k N t 0,693 9, 4
Ngi Vit c i to ra mu than cch y khong 4000 nm
Nin i ca mu than t =
nx
= 1,3692 nX = 74 AX = pX + nX = 53 + 74 = 127
px
nx
= 3,7 nY = 20
ny
X +
Y XY
4,29
18,26
DB
Y
X+Y
Y
127 + Y
Y = 39
=
=
4,29 18,26
4,29 18,26
AY = pY + nY 39 = pY + 20 pY = 19 hay ZY = 19
Cu hnh electron ca Y l [ 18 Ar] 4s1
4. Mi phn t XY3 c tng cc ht proton, ntron, electron bng 196; trong , s ht mang
in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60, s ht mang in ca X t hn s ht mang
in ca Y l 76.
a) Hy xc nh k hiu ho hc ca X,Y v XY3 .
b) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X,Y.
=
=
=
196
60
76
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
CT
4 rCu
4 1,28 A
CT
= 3,63
2
2
c) Khong cch ngn nht gia 2 nguyn t l on AE:
AC a 2
AE =
= 2,55
=
2
2
d) Khi lng ring: + 1 mol Cu = 64 gam
+ Th tch ca 1 t bo c s = a3 cha 4 nguyn t Cu
+ 1 mol Cu c NA = 6,02 1023 nguyn t
m
64
Khi lng ring d =
=4
= 8,88 g/cm3
23
8 3
V
6,02 10 (3,63 10 )
6. St dng (Fe) kt tinh trong mng lp phng tm khi, nguyn t c bn knh r = 1,24
. Hy tnh:
a) Cnh a ca t bo s ng
b) T khi ca Fe theo g/cm3.
c) Khong cch ngn nht gia hai nguyn t Fe
Cho Fe = 56
a) Mng t bo c s ca Fe (hnh v)
Theo hnh v, s nguyn t Fe l
1
tm nh lp phng = 8 = 1
8
tm lp phng = 1
DB
A
E
E
a
C
D
4 1,24
= 2,85
3
3
c) Khong cch ngn nht gia 2 nguyn t l on AE:
AC a 3
2,85 3
AE =
=
= 2,468
=
2
2
2
d) Khi lng ring: + 1 mol Fe = 56 gam
+ Th tch ca 1 t bo c s = a3 cha 2 nguyn t Fe
+ 1 mol Fe c NA = 6,02 1023 nguyn t
m
56
Khi lng ring d =
=2
= 7,95 g/cm3
23
8 3
V
6,02 10 (2,85 10 )
mt khc, ta thy AC = 4r = a 3 nn a =
7. Cho rng ht nhn nguyn t v chnh nguyn t H c dng hnh cu. Ht nhn nguyn t
hiro c bn knh gn ng bng 1015 m, bn knh nguyn t hiro bng 0,53 1010 m.
Hy xc nh khi lng ring ca ht nhn v nguyn t hiro.
(cho khi lng proton = khi lng ntron 1,672 1027 kg
khi lng electron = 9,109 1031 kg)
Khi lng ht nhn nguyn t hiro chnh l khi lng ca proton = 1,672 1027 kg
+ Th tch ht nhn nguyn t hiro bng
4
4
V = r 3 = 3,14 (1015)3 = 4,19 1045 (m3)
3
3
Khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t hiro bng:
1,672 1027
D=
= 3,99 108 (tn/m3)
4,19 1045
+ Th tch gn ng ca nguyn t hiro l:
4 3,14 (0,53 1010 )3
= 0,63 1030 (m3)
3
+ Khi lng ca nguyn t hiro (tnh c khi lng ca electron) = 1,673 1027 kg
Khi lng ring ca nguyn t hiro bng
1,673 1027
= 2,66 103 (kg/m3) = 2,66 103 (g/cm3)
0,63 1030
7. Tnh bn knh nguyn t gn ng ca Ca 200C, bit ti nhit khi lng ring ca Ca
bng 1,55 g/cm3. Gi thit trong tinh th cc nguyn t Ca c hnh cu, c c kht l 74%.
Cho nguyn t khi ca Ca = 40,08
40,08
= 25,858 cm3, mt mol Ca cha NA = 6,02 1023 nguyn t Ca
1,55
25,858 0,74
Theo c kht, th tch ca 1 nguyn t Fe =
= 3,18 1023 cm3
6,02 1023
CT
4
T V = r 3
3
Th tch ca 1 mol Ca =
Bn knh nguyn t Ca = r =
3V
=
4
3 3,18 1023
= 1,965 108 cm
4 3,14
7. Tnh bn knh nguyn t gn ng ca Fe 200C, bit ti nhit khi lng ring ca Fe bng
7,87 g/cm3. Gi thit trong tinh th cc nguyn t Fe c hnh cu, c c kht l 68%.
Cho nguyn t khi ca 55,85 = 40
55,85
= 7,097 cm3. mt mol Fe cha NA = 6,02 1023 nguyn t Fe
7,87
7,097 0,68
Theo c kht, th tch ca 1 nguyn t Fe =
= 0,8 1023 cm3
23
6,02 10
4
T V = r 3
3
Th tch ca 1 mol Fe =
Bn knh nguyn t Fe = r =
3V
=
4
3 0,8 1023
= 1,24 108 cm
4 3,14
ortho
= 3
para
meta
=0
Cng vect s dng h thc lng trong tam gic a = b + c 2bc cos A
2
Dn xut ortho: o =
Dn xut meta: m =
Dn xut para: p = 1 1 = 0
b) Theo u bi =1,53D = 1 l dn xut meta -diclobenzen
8. Clobenzen c momen lng cc 1 = 1,53 D (1 hng t nhn ra ngoi); anilin c momen lng
cc 2 = 1,60D (2 hng t ngoi vo nhn benzen). Hy tnh ca ortho cloanilin; meta
cloanilin v para cloanilin.
clo c m in ln, 1 hng t nhn ra ngoi nhm NH2 c cp e t do lin hp vi h e
ca vng benzen hai momen lng cc cng chiu
DB
DB
para
meta
ortho
Cng vect s dng h thc lng trong tam gic a = b + c2 2bc cos A
Dn xut ortho: 2O = 12 + 22 212 cos 600 = 12 + 22 12 = 2,45
2
o =
Dn xut meta:
2m
2, 45 = 1,65D
m =
Dn xut para:
2p
7,35 = 2,71D
9. Tnh pH ca dung dch benzoatnatri C6H5COONa nng 2,0 105 M. Bit hng s axit
ca axit benzoic bng 6,29 105.
C6H5COONa Na+ + C6H5COO
C6H5COOH
C6H5COO + H+
Ka1
H+ + OH
H2O
Kw
C6H5COOH + OH
C6H5COO + H2O
Ktp
Kw
1014
=
= 1,59 1010
5
Ka
6,29 10
C6H5COOH + OH
C6H5COO + H2O
Ktp (1)
Ktp =
H+ + OH
H2O
Kw
+
Theo nh lut bo ton in tch: [OH ] = [C6H5COOH] + [H ]
hay
(2)
1014
OH
1014
OH
OH
OH
[C 6 H 5COOH ] OH
K=
=
= 1,59 1010
C 6 H 5COO
C 6 H 5COO
2
CT
OH 1014
2 10 OH
Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c. Bit hng s axit ca HIO = 2,0 1011
0,016
Nng u ca OH =
= 4,0 104 mol/lt
40
Phn ng
2OH + I2 I + IO + H2O
[ ]
4,0 104
2,0 104
HIO + OH
IO + H2O
2,0 104 x
x
x
[HIO] = [OH]
H+ + IO Ka = 2,0 1011
HIO
IO H +
IO H +
11
Ta c: Ka =
= 2,0 10
= 2,0 1011
OH
[ HIO]
1014
4
(2,0 10 + ) H +
4
+
H
(2,0 10 OH ) H
=
= 2,0 1011
14
10
OH
H +
2,0 1014[H+]2 1,0 1014[H+] 2,0 1025 = 0 [H+] = 6,53 1011
pH = lg[H+] = lg(6,53 1011) = 10,185
10. Hn hp A gm 3 este n chc, mch thng, to thnh t cng mt ru B vi 3 axit
hu c, trong c hai axit no l ng ng k tip nhau v mt axit khng no cha mt
lin kt i. X phng ho hon ton 14,7 gam A bng dung dch NaOH, thu c hn
hp mui v p gam ru B. Cho p gam ru B vo bnh ng natri d, sau phn ng
c 2,24 lt kh thot ra v khi lng bnh ng natri tng 6,2 gam. Mt khc t chy
hon ton 14,7 gam A, thu c 13,44 lt CO2 v 9,9 gam H2O. Xc nh cng thc cu
to ca tng este trong A. (Cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu chun).
Xc nh ru B: v este n chc nn ru B n chc
CT
1
R OH + Na R ONa + H2
2
0,2
0,1 mol
tng KL = KL (R O) = 6,2 g
6,2
KL mol (R O) =
= 31 R + 16 = 31 R = 15 l CH3 Ru B: CH3OH
0,2
3n + 4
O2 ( n + 2) CO2 + ( n + 2) H2O
2
( n + 2) x
( n + 2) x
CmH2m1COOCH3 +
3m + 3
O2 (m + 2) CO2 + (m + 1) H2O
2
(m + 2) y
ta c h pt: x + y = 0,2
(1)
( n + 2) x + (m + 2) y = 0,6
(2)
( n + 2) x + (m + 1) y = 0,55 (3)
y
(m + 1) y
Nitrosyl clorua
Nit monoxit
Cl2
51,71
264
90,25
211
?
223
2NO + Cl2.
a) 2NOCl
CT
+ lnKp(298)
R T1 T2
Kp (T1 )
8,314 298 475
ln Kp (475) = 5,545
Kp = 4,32. 10 3 atm hay Kp = 437Pa