Cc Nguyn t nhm VIIA : Flo,Clo,Brom,Iot ,Atatin.

(X2) I) Tnh cht vt l v ng dng ca cc halogen 1) tnh cht vt l: +) Flo: iu kin thng l cht kh mu vng nht,c mi kh chu,rt c,k xc nh c tan ca flo v flo u oxi ha cc dung mi +) Clo : iu kin thng l cht kh my vng lc,c mi xc, c.l cht khng phn cc nn tan rt t trong nc + Brom: l cht lng k thng,c mu nu thm,d to ra hi mu nu khi b un nng,brom l cht khng phn cc nn tan t trong nc. +) Iot : l cht rn c v sng kim loi,mu tm en,tan t trong nc, k thng cng c kh nng bay hi,hi iot c mu tm v ha rn khi lm lnh. (y l ang xt tnh cht vt l,nn tnh tan k xt n cc halogen p vs nc tan vo trong nc ) +) Cc phn t halogen lin kt vi nhau bng 1 lin kt xch ma,Cc phn t Cl2, Br2, I2, cn cha mt phn lin kt pi do s hnh thnh lin kt cho nhn ( pi p ---> d ).flo th khng c.do bn lin kt ca cc phn t X2 xp theo th t Cl>Br>F>I 2) ng dng + Flo: Flo t do t c s dng,c dng sn xut 1 s loi polime nh teflon(chu nhit cao,bn vs ha cht),sn xut cc loi du bi trn,cht lm lnh,NaF NaF c trong thnh phn ca kem nh rng +Clo: l nguyn t c dng nhiu nht trong thc t: s dng trong cng nghip ty trng,dng sn xut nc Gianven( dung dch NaCl+ NaClO),clorua vi(dung dch CaOCl2 hay c th c vit l CaCl2 + Ca(ClO)2 ),,dng sn xut axit Chl,tng hp cc cht hu c nh CH2=CH-Cl, PVC... + Brom : dng trong cng nghip nhum,cng nghip dc phm,dng sn xu AgBr trong cng nghip ch to phim nh + Iot : dng ch cn iot lm thuc st trng vt thng,dng iu ch mt s dc phm khc. II) Tnh cht ha hc +) cu hnh e lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t l ns2np5 nn cc halogen l nhng nguyn + 1e ns 2 np 6 ),tnh oxi ha gim dn t F2 I 2 .Ngoi kh t c tnh oxi ha mnh(ns2np5 nng oxi ha cc halogen cn th hin tnh kh ( F2 khng th hin tnh kh, tt c cc hp cht ca Flo,Flo u c s oxi ha m,ngay c hp cht vs Oxi ( OF2,O2F2...) ... ) 1)Tnh cht ha hc ca Flo,Clo,Brom,Iot a)tnh cht ha hc ca Flo: +)Phn ng vs hidro ngy trong iu kin bng ti,nhit -252 C F2 + H2 2 HF +) Phn ng vi hu ht cc phi kim,to ra hp cht cng ha tr ng vi bc oxi ha cao nht ca nguyn t phi kim .(tr N,He,Ne,Ar ) +) phn ng vi cc kim loi: - Kim loi kim v kim th phn ng mnh lit ngay iu kin thng 2Na + F2 2NaF - Cc kim loi : Al,Zn,Cr,Ni,Ag,Pb phn ng vi Flo khi un nng - Cc kim loi Cu,Au,Pt phn ng vi Flo khi nung nng +) phn ng ha v : Flo c kh nng y Cl trong KCl rn nhit thp to ra KF + Cl2 F2 + 2KClrn 2KF + Cl2 +)phn ng vi NH3 : 3F2 + 6NH3 N2 + NF3 + 9HF

+)phn ng vi nc: - phn ng rt mnh vi nc,trong khng kh m to ra F2 + O2 2 F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2 - phn ng vi nc lng to ra hn hp gm H2O2,O3, O2 3F2 + 3H2O 6HF + O3 3F2 + 3H2O 2HF + H2O2 +) phn ng vi dung dch kim: - khi phn ng vi dung dch kim long (v d NaOH 2% ) to ra oxi diflorua v florua: 2F2 + 2NaOH OF2 + 2NaF + H2O - Khi phn ng vi dung dch kim c to ra O2 4F2 + 4NaOH O2 + 4NaF + 2H2O b)tnh cht ha hc ca Cl2, Br2 , I2( kh nng p gim dn t Cl2 I2) +) phn ng vi hidro: H2 + Cl2 nhsng 2HCl ( Cl2 ha hp mnh gy hin tng n ) 200 300 C 2HBr H2 + Br2 400 C , Pt 2HI H2 + I2 +) phn ng vi phi kim khc ( c 3 nguyn t Clo,Brom,iot u khng phn ng trc tip vi C,N2,O2 ) Iot khng phn ng vi S + ) phn ng vi kim loi :phn ng hu ht vi tt c cc kim loi,u a kim loi nn s oxi ha cao nht tr Iot ( Fe + I2 ---> FeI2 ) +) phn ng hon v : Cht c kh nng phn ng cao hn y cht c kh nng phn ng thp hn c trong mui : Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2 +) Phn ng vi nc : Cl2 + H2O HClO + HCl Br2 + H2O HBrO + HBr I2 + H2O HIO + HI T Cl2 I2 cc cn bng trn chuyn dch dn sang tri,kh nng tc dng vi nc gim dn + ) Phn ng vi NH3 : ( do chng trnh c bn nn ch xt trng hp cho NH3 c vo X2 ch khng xt ngc li ) NH3 + X2 N2 + HX NH3 + HX NH4X ( sau khi phn ng trn xy ra,nu NH3 cn d th tip tc c phn ng ny) y cng l phng kh c Cl2 +) Phn ng vi H2S : Cl2(kh) + H2S(kh) 2HCl + S Cl2 + H2 S + H2O HCl + H2SO4 ( vi Br2 cng tng t ) +) phn ng mnh lit vi cc hidrua ion ca kim loi kim : KH + Cl2 KCl + HCl +) Phn ng vi dung dch kim : - Kim long lnh X2 + 2NaOH NaX + NaXO + H2O - Kim c nng 3X2 +6 NaOH 5NaX + NaXO3 + 3H2O Cl2 + Fe(OH)2 + NaOH NaCl + Fe(OH)3 +) phn ng vi chp cht ca kim loi : nc clo v nc brom oxi ha mui Fe(II) thnh mui Fe(III): 2Fe 2 + + Cl2 2Fe 3+ + 2Cl .S +4 S +6 ( Na2SO3 + Cl2 + H2O Na2SO4 + 2HCl) +) Tnh kh ca Cl2 ,Br2,I2: 5Cl2 + Br2 + 6H2O 2HBrO3 + 10HCl, AgNO3 + I2 AgI +INO3 ... c)Hidro halogenua: + cc hidro halogenua u l cht kh iu kin thng khng mu,c c tnh cao. bn ca cc hidrohalogenua gim dn HF HI.Nhit si, nhit nng chy gim dn t HF HCl,sau tng dn t HCl HI ( c hin tng l do HF trng hp (HF)n vi n 2-6 ) + l cc hp cht c cc nn tan mnh trong nc,HF tan v hn trong nc,HCl HI tan trong nc vi t l khong 500:1 ( iu kin O o C)
0 0

+ trong dung dch nc cc hidro halogenua u c tnh axit nn c gi l axit halogenhidric.tnh axit tng HF HI (tr HF cc axit khc phn ly ha ton,khi Hf p vs kim cho cc mui axit, HF ha tan c SiO2 ) +) Cc halogen u th hin tnh kh tr HF,tnh kh tng dn t HCl HI 16HCl(c) + 2KMnO4 5KCl + 2MnCl2 + 2Cl2 + 2H2O ( HCl long khng phn ng ) HCl,HBr,HI u phn ng vi O2 to H2O + X2 theo th t kh nng phn ng tng dn...... + hn hp HCl + HNO3( t l 3:1 ) gi l nc cng thy ( cng toan ) c kh nng ha tan c Au : 3HCl + HNO3 + Au AuCl3 + NO + H2O d)cc oxit ca halogen: mi halogen u to c mt s oxi,oxit khng bn,c tnh oxi ha mnh lit,phi iu ch gin tip.( do trong phn thi i hc khng thy khai thc mng ny nn k cn ch nhiu ) e)cc oxiaxit ca halogen: 1) axit hipocloro (HClO): + axit hipocloro l mt axit yu,yu hn nc 1 ca H 2CO3 v mnh hn nc 2 ca H2CO3 nn c phn ng CO2 + H2O + NaClO NaHCO3 + HclO + c tnh oxi ha mnh lit nh nc clo: HClO + CuS CuSO4 + HCl + Mui hipoclorit bn hn axit HClO,c tnh oxi ha nh nc Clo,b thy phn,d b nhit phn hy 3NaClO t 2NaCl + NaClO3 2)axit Cloro (HClO2 ) :+ l axit mnh hn axit HClO,c tnh oxi ha
o

+ mui clorit cng c tnh oxi ha v b thy phn, b nht phn hy 3NaClO2 t 2NaClO3 + NaCl 3) axit cloric HClO3 :+l axit mnh nh HNO3,HCl.c tnh oxi ha +mui Clorat bn hn axit HClO3 b nhit phn hy,k b thy phn 4NaClO3 t 3NaClO4 + NaCl
o o

NaClO4 t NaCl + 2O2

o

+ mui clorat dng lm thuc n,dim,iu ch O2,cht oxi ha,cht dit c.

4)

Axit pecloric : +l mt axit mnh nht trong tt c cc axit ,c tnh oxi ha,d b nhit

phn HClO4 t H2O + Cl2O7

o

+ Mui peclorat bn hn axit HClO4,c tnh oxi ha ,khng b thy phn,b nhit phn hy NaClO4 t NaCl + 2O2
o

Tnh tng tnh axit v tnh bn

)Note :

HClO

HClO2

HClO3

HClO4

Chiu tng tnh oxi ha

e) iu ch halogen,v hidrogalogenua
1)

iu ch halogen:+) in phn dung dch mui halogen ca kim loi kim

H2 + 2NaOH + Cl2 (CN ) 2NaCl + 2H2O pddcmn

+)T axit 16HCl(c) + 2KMnO4

2)

5KCl + 2MnCl2 + 2Cl2 + 2H2O (PTN )

iu ch hidrohalogenua : + phng php tng hp : X2 + H2 ny p dng hiu qu vi HF v HCl ) 2HF

2HX ( phng php

250 C + )phng php sunfat c in : CaF2(khan) + H2SO4(c) ~ CaSO4 +

C 500 C 2NaCl(khan) + H2SO4(c) 450 Na2SO4 + 2HCl

0 0

250 C NaCl(khan) + H2SO4(c) ~ NaHSO4 + HCl

+)Note: phng php ch p dng cho HF v HCl khng dng iu ch HBr v HI vi HBr v HI to ra s b oxi ha thnh halogen + SO2 + H2O +) phng php thy phn halogenua photpho : PX3 + H2O H3PO3 ( phng php ny thch hp cho iu ch HBr v HI ) +)Note : tnh tan ca mui halogen ( tt c cc mui ca halogen ( Cl,Br,I ) u tan tr AgCl,PbCl2,..),tt c cc mui ca Flo u khng tan hoc tan t tr mui ca kim loi kim v Ag,Hg Bi tp l thuyt p dng

3HX +