Tai Lieu On Thi Toan DH 301 57048142

NGUYN C TUN
T N LUYN THI

MN TON MN TON MN TON MN TON

H ni, 1 - 2005
T n luyn thi i hc mn ton
Nguyn c Tun lp 44C1 i hc Thy li H ni 1
Chng 1: Phng trnh v bt phng trnh
Bi 1: PHNG TRNH BC NHT V BC HAI

I. Cch gii
1) Phng trnh bc nht: ax + b = 0, a,b IR.
Nu a 0 th phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = -
a
b
.
Nu a = 0, b 0 th phng trnh v nghim.
Nu a = b = 0 th phng trnh nghim ng vi mi x IR.
2) Phng trnh bc hai: ax
2
+ bx + c = 0, a 0.
Nu = b
2
4ac < 0 phng trnh v nghim.
Nu = 0 phng trnh c nghim kp = =
2 1
x x -
a 2
b
.
Nu > 0 phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit =
2 , 1
x
a 2
b
.
II. nh l Vit v h qu v du cc nghim
1) nh l Vit : Nu phng trnh ax
2
+ bx + c = 0, a 0 c hai nghim
2 1
x , x th
S = = +
2 1
x x -
a
b
v P = =
2 1
x . x
a
c
.
2) H qu: Phng trnh bc hai ax
2
+ bx + c = 0, a 0 c hai nghim:
Tri du 0
a
c
< Cng du
>

0
a
c
0

Cng dng
>
>

0
a
b
0
a
c
0
Cng m
<
>

0
a
b
0
a
c
0

III. nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai
Cho tam thc bc hai f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c, a 0 ta c
1. nh l thun:
Nu = b
2
4ac < 0 th a.f(x) > 0 vi x.
Nu = 0 th a.f(x) > 0 vi x -
a 2
b
.
Nu > 0 khi f(x) c hai nghim phn bit x
1
< x
2
v
a.f(x) > 0 vi x ngoi ] x ; x [
2 1
.
a.f(x) < 0 vi
2 1
x x x < < .
2. nh l o: Nu tn ti s sao cho a.f( ) < 0 th tam thc c hai nghim phn bit
v s nm trong khong hai nghim :
2 1
x x < < .

IV. ng dng
1. iu kin f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c khng i du vi mi x
f(x) > 0 vi x
<
>
>
= =
0
0 a
0 c
0 b a
f(x) 0 vi x

>
= =
0
0 a
0 c
0 b a

f(x) < 0 vi x
<
<
<
= =
0
0 a
0 c
0 b a
f(x) 0 vi x

<
= =
0
0 a
0 c
0 b a

2. So snh nghim tam thc bc hai vi s thc
iu kin f(x) c hai nghim phn bit v
2 1
x x < < l: a.f( ) < 0.
iu kin f(x) c hai nghim phn bit v nm ngoi khong hai
nghim:
>
>
0 ) ( f . a
0

- Nu nm bn phi hai nghim: < <
2 1
x x
< =
>
>
a
a 2
b
2
S
0 ) ( f . a
0

- Nu nm bn tri hai nghim:
2 1
x x < <

> =
>
>
a
a 2
b
2
S
0 ) ( f . a
0

iu kin f(x) c hai nghim phn bit v mt nghim nm trong, mt nghim
nm ngoi on [ ; ] l: f( ).f( ) < 0.

3. iu kin f(x) c nghim tha mn x > :
Trng hp 1: f(x) c nghim
2 1
x x < < a.f( ) < 0.
2 1
x x < <
<
>

2
S
0 ) ( f . a
0

2 1
x x < =
<
=
2
S
0 ) ( f

( Lm tng t vi trng hp x < v khi xy ra du bng)
Ngoi ra ta ch thm nh l sau: Gi s hm s y = f(x) lin tc. Khi iu kin
phng trnh f(x) = m c nghim l minf(x) mmaxf(x).

Bng tm tt nh l thun v du ca tam thc bc hai

Nu 0 <

Nu 0 =

Nu 0 >

a.f(x) > 0 vi x

a.f(x) > 0 vi x -
a 2
b

a.f(x) > 0 vi x ngoi ] x ; x [
2 1

a.f(x) < 0 vi
2 1
x x x < <

Bng tm tt so snh nghim tam thc bc hai vi s thc

iu kin f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c c hai nghim phn bit v

nm gia khong hai nghim
2 1
x x < <
nm ngoi khong hai nghim

>
>
0 ) ( f . a
0

< <
2 1
x x < <
2 1
x x
a.f( ) < 0

< =
>
>
a
a 2
b
2
S
0 ) ( f . a
0

> =
>
>
a
a 2
b
2
S
0 ) ( f . a
0

V d 1. Tm m phng trnh 0 8 m x ) 4 m ( 2 x
2 2
= + + + c 2 nghim dng.
V d 2. Xc nh a biu thc 3 a 3 x ) 1 a ( 2 x ) 1 a (
2
+ + lun dng
V d 3. Tm m bt phng trnh m 2 x x
2
+ nghim ng vi mi x.
V d 4. Tm m phng trnh m 2 mx x
2
+ + = 0 c hai nghim
2 1
x , x tha mn
-1<
2 1
x x <
V d 5. Tm m phng trnh 0 1 m 2 mx 2 x
2 2
= + c nghim tha mn
4 x x 2
2 1

V d 6. Cho phng trnh 2 m 3 x ) 2 m ( x
2
+ + + =0
Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit nh hn 2
V d 7. Tm m phng trnh 0 2 m mx 2 x
2
= + + c nghim ln hn 1
V d 8. Tm m phng trnh 0 2 m 2 m 9 mx 6 x
2 2
= + + c nghim 3 x x
2 1

Bi 2: PHNG TRNH TRNG PHNG V
PHNG TRNH CHA GI TR TUYT I
I. Phng trnh trng phng 0 a , 0 c bx ax
2 4
= + + (1)
t t =
2
x 0 phng trnh (1) tr thnh: at
2
+ bt + c = 0 (2)
PT (1) c nghim khi v ch khi (2) c t nht mt nghim khng m.
PT (1) c ng hai nghim phn bit khi v ch khi (2) c ng mt nghim dng.
PT (1) c ng 3 nghim phn bit khi v ch khi (2) c mt nghim bng 0 v mt
nghim dng.
PT (1) c ng 4 nghim phn bit khi v ch khi (2) c hai nghim dng phn
bit.

V d 1. Cho phng trnh: x
4
+ (1-2m)x
2
+ m
2
1 = 0.
a)Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh v nghim.
b)Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trrnh c 4 nghim phn bit.
V d 2. Tm m sao cho th hm s y = x
4
-2(m+4)x
2
+ m
2
+ 8
ct trc honh ln lt ti 4 im phn bit A, B, C, D vi AB = BC = CD.
II. Phng trnh cha gi tr tuyt i
1) Cc dng c bn:
| a | = b
b a
0 b
| a | = | b | b a =
| a | b
2 2
b a
0 b
| a | b
<
2 2
b a
0 b
0 b

| a | | b |
2 2
b a

V d 1. Gii phng trnh | x
2
3x + 2 | - 2x = 1.
V d 2. Gii bt phng trnh x
2
- | 4x 5 | < 0.
V d 3. Gii v bin lun phng trnh | 2x m | = x.
V d 4. Gii phng trnh 4|sinx| + 2cos2x = 3.
V d 5. Gii v bin lun bt phng trnh | 3x
2
-3x m | | x
2
4x + m |.

2)Phng php th:
a) Cch v th hm s y = | f(x) | khi bit th hm s y = f(x).
- Chia th hm s f(x) ra 2 phn: phn th nm pha trn trc honh (1) v
phn th nm pha di trc honh (2).
- V phn th i xng vi phn th (2) qua trc honh c phn th
(3).
- th hm s y = | f(x) | l th gm phn th (1) v phn th (3) va
v.
b) nh l: S nghim ca phng trnh g(x) = h(m) l s giao im ca ng thng
nm ngang y = h(m) vi th hm s y = g(x). Khi gp phng trnh c tham s ta tch ring
chng v mt v ca phng trnh ri v th hm s y = g(x) v ng thng y = h(m) ri p
dng nh l trn bin lun.

V d 6. Tm m phng trnh | x
2
1 | = m
4
m
2
+1 c 4 nghim phn bit.
V d 7. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh | x 1 | + | x + 2 | = m.

Bi 3: PHNG TRNH V BT PHNG TRNH V T
I.Cc dng c bn
Dng 1: ) x ( ) x ( f
1 n 2
=
+
, n N
*
f(x) = [ ) x ( ]
2n+1

Dng 2: ) x ( ) x ( f
n 2
= , n N
*

=

n 2
)] x ( [ ) x ( f
0 ) x (

Dng 3:
<
>
<
2
)] x ( [ ) x ( f
0 ) x (
0 ) x ( f
) x ( ) x ( f ,

2
)] x ( [ ) x ( f
0 ) x (
0 ) x ( f
) x ( ) x ( f
Dng 4:
>

<
>
2
)] x ( [ ) x ( f
0 ) x (
0 ) x (
0 ) x ( f
) x ( ) x ( f ,

<

2
)] x ( [ ) x ( f
0 ) x (
0 ) x (
0 ) x ( f
) x ( ) x ( f
V d 1. Gii phng trnh 1 x 2 3 x 2 x
2
+ = +
V d 2. Gii bt phng trnh x 12 x x
2
<
V d 3. Gii bt phng trnh x 2 6 x 5 x 2
2
> +
V d 4. Tm m phng trnh c nghim 3 mx x 2 m x
2
+ =
II. Cc phng php gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh v t khng c bn
1) Phng php ly tha hai v:
- t iu kin trc khi bin i
- Ch c bnh phng hai v ca mt phng trnh c phng trnh tng ng
(hay bnh phng hai v ca mt bt phng trnh v gi nguyn chiu) nu hai v ca chng
khng m.
- Ch cc php bin i cn thc A A
2
= .
V d 5. Gii phng trnh 4 x 3 1 x + = +
V d 6. Gii bt phng trnh x 7 8 x 2 3 x + +
V d 7. Gii bt phng trnh 1 5 x 5 x 3 > +
V d 8. Gii bt phng trnh x 1 x 2 x + +
V d 9.Gii phng trnh 2 x 2 1 x 6 x 8 x 2
2 2
+ = + + +
V d 10.Gii bt phng trnh 1 x 1 x 3 x 2 3 x 4 x
2 2
+ +
2)Phng php t n ph:
- Nhng bi ton c tham s khi t n ph phi tm tp xc nh ca n mi.
- Ch cc hng ng thc
2 2 2
b ab 2 a ) b a ( + = , ) b a )( b a ( b a
2 2
+ = ,
V d 11.Gii bt phng trnh x 2 x 7 1 x 10 x 5
2 2
+ +
V d 12.ii phng trnh 4 7 x 1 x 7 x 2 8 x = + + + + + +
V d 13.Gii phng trnh 4 x 4 15 x 4 2 x 2 x
2
+ = + +
V d 14.Gii phng trnh
x
2 x 2 x 3
x
4
x 9
2
2
2
+
= +
V d 15.Gii bt phng trnh 4
x 2
1
x 2
x 2
5
x 5 + + < +
Bi 4: H PHNG TRNH I XNG

I. H phng trnh i xng loi 1
1)Khi nim: L h m mi phng trnh khng i khi ta thay x bi y v thay y bi x.
2)Tnh cht: Nu (x
o
, y
o
) l mt nghim ca h th (y
o,
x
o
) cng l nghim ca h.
3)Cch gii:
Bin i h phng trnh v dng: H cho
=
= +
P y . x
S y x
(1)
Khi x, y l nghim ca phng trnh: 0 P St t
2
= + (2)
Nu = S
2
4P > 0 th phng trnh (2) c hai nghim t
1
t
2
nn h phng trnh (1) c hai
nghim phn bit (t
1,
t
2
), (t
2
, t
1
).
Nu = 0 th phng trnh (2) c nghim kp t
1
= t
2
nn h (1) c nghim duy nht (t
1,
t
2
).
iu kin h (1) c t nht mt cp nghim (x, y) tha mn x 0, y 0
=
0 P
0 S
0 P 4 S
2

V d 1.Gii h phng trnh
= +
= +
26 y x
2 y x
3 3

= +
= +
35 y y x x
30 x y y x

= + +
=
1 xy y x
3 xy y x
2 2

V d 2.Tm m h sau c nghim
+ = +
= + +
6 m 4 m y x
m 1 y 1 x
2

= + + +
= + +
m 2 ) y x ( 2 y x
6 m 5 ) 2 y )( 2 x ( xy
2 2

II. H phng trnh i xng loi 2
1)Khi nim: L h phng trnh m trong h phng trnh ta i vai tr x, y cho nhau
th phng trnh n tr thnh phng trnh kia.
2)Tnh cht: Nu (x
o
, y
o
) l mt nghim ca h th (y
o,
x
o
) cng l nghim ca h.
3)Cch gii:
Tr v vi v hai phng trnh ca h ta c phng trnh c dng:
(x y).f(x,y) = 0 x y = 0 hoc f(x,y) = 0.
V d 3.Gii cc h phng trnh
= +
= +
x 40 y x y
y 40 xy x
2 3
2 3

=
=
2 2
2 2
x 4 xy
y 4 y x

+ =
+ =
x
1
x y 2
y
1
y x 2
2
2

V d 4.Tm m h sau c nghim:
= +
= +
m 1 x y 2
m 1 y x 2

+ =
+ =
m x x y
m y y x
2
2

Bi 5: MT S H PHNG TRNH DNG KHC

I. H v t

V d 1. Gii h phng trnh
= +
= + +
4 y x
2 8 xy 2 y x
2 2

V d 2. Gii v bin lun
=
= + +
a y x
a xy y x

= +
= + +
1 x y x y
2 y x y x

= +
=
2 y x 2
2 y 2 x

V d 5. Tm m h c nghim
= + +
= + +
1 x 1 y
m y 1 x

II. H hu t
= + +
= +
+
22
y
x 4
y x
1
x
y 2
1 y x
3
2 2
2 2

=
=
2 ) y x ( xy
7 y x
3 3

+ = +
+ = +
) x 1 ( 5 y 1
x 16 y y 4 x
2 2
3 3

V d 9. Tm a h c nghim
= + + +
+ =
0 2 y x xy
) xy 1 ( a y x

= +
=
y 10 ) y x ( x
x 3 ) y x ( y 2
2 2
2 2

V d 11.Tm m h c hai nghim phn bit:
= +
= +
2 x 2 y x
m y x
2 2

=
=
180 xy ) y x (
11 y xy x
2 2
2 2

+ = +
=
) y x ( 7 y x
) y x ( 19 y x
3 3
3 3

==========================================================

Chng 2: Phng trnh lng gic, m, logarit

Bi 1: PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
I. Phng trnh lng gic c bn
Khi gii cc phng trnh lng gic cui cng dn n php gii cc phng trnh
lng gic c bn. Ta cn ghi nh bng sau y:

Phng trnh iu kin c nghim a v dng Nghim
sinx = m 1 m 1 sinx = sin
+ =
+ =
2 k x
2 k x

cosx = m 1 m 1 cosx = cos + k2
tgx = m mi m tgx = tg + k
cotgx = m mi m cotgx = cotg + k

bng trn k nhn mi gi tr nguyn ( Z k ) . n v gc thng dng l radian.
thun li cho vic chn ta cn nh gi tr ca hm lng gic ti cc gc c bit. ng
trn lng gic s gip ta nh mt cch r rng hn.

V d 1. Gii phng trnh:
a) sin3x =
2
2
; b) sin(2x -
5
) = 1; c) sin( x ) = 0.
a) cos2x = cos
5
; b) cos(3x -
3
) = cos(x +
2
); c) cosx = sin(2x +
4
).
V d 3. Gii phng trnh: 0 )
3
8
x cos
3
( cos
2
=
.
V d 4. Gii phng trnh: ) x sin 3 cos( ) x sin cos( =
V d 5. Gii phng trnh: 1 ) x 2 ( sin x cos
2 2
=

II. Phng trnh bc nht i vi sinx v cosx: asinx + bcosx = c (1) , 0 b a
2 2
+
Chia hai v ca phng trnh (1) cho
2 2
b a + , ta c:
(1)
2 2 2 2 2 2
b a
c
x cos
b a
b
x sin
b a
a
+
=
+
+
+
(2)
t
2 2
b a
a
+
= sin ;
2 2
b a
b
+
= cos .
Khi phng trnh lng gic c dng: cos(x - ) =
2 2
b a
c
+
(3)
Phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi:
2 2 2
2 2
c b a 1
b a
c
+
+

Khi tn ti [ ] ; 0 sao cho
2 2
b a
c
cos
+
= nn ta c:
(1) = cos ) x cos( + = 2 k x ; Z k

V d 6. Gii phng trnh: 2sin4x + 3 sinx = cosx.
V d 7. Cho phng trnh: sinx + mcosx = 1
a) Gii phng trnh vi m = - 3 .
b) Tm m phng trnh v nghim.
V d 8. Gii phng trnh: 1 x sin 3 x cos x sin 3 2 x cos
2 2
= + +
V d 9. Tm phng trnh sau c nghim x IR:
2 ) x sin( x cos 3 = + +
V d 10. Gii phng trnh: ). x 8 cos x 6 (sin 3 x 6 cos x 8 sin + =
V d 11. Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim
(
2
; 0 x :
cos2x msin2x = 2m 1
V d 12. Gii phng trnh: sin8x cos6x = 3 (sin6x + cos8x).
V d 13. Gii phng trnh: 0
4
1
x sin x 4 cos . x cos x 4 cos
2 2
= +

III. Phng trnh ng cp, phng trnh i xng i vi sinx v cosx

1) Phng trnh ng cp bc cao i vi sinx v cosx:

Khi nim: Mt phng trnh sau khi bin i v cosx, sinx m tt c cc s
hng c tng s m ca cosx v ca sinx hoc u l s t nhin chn hoc u l s t
nhin l th phng trnh c gi l ng cp i vi cosx v sinx. Gi k l s ln
nht trong cc tng s m ni trn c gi l bc ca phng trnh.
Cch gii: - Xt trng hp cosx = 0 th vo phng trnh
- Khi 0 x cos chia hai v phng trnh cho cos
k
x sau t
n ph t = tgx.

V d 14. Gii phng trnh: 2sin
3
x = cosx
V d 15. Gii phng trnh: x sin 2 )
4
x ( sin
3
=
+
V d 16. Tm m phng trnh c nghim:
msin2x + cos2x + sin
2
x +m = 0.
V d 17: Tm m phng trnh sau c ng hai nghim x nm trong khong |
\
|
2
;
2
:
3sin
4
x 2(m+2)sin
2
x.cos
2
x + (1 m
2
)cos4x = 0.

2) Phng trnh i xng sinx v cosx:

Khi nim: Mt phng trnh sau khi bin i v cosx, sinx m cc s hng c
cha tng (cosx sinx ) hoc cha tch cosx.sinx c gi l phng trnh i xng i
vi cosx v sinx. V d phng trnh: 0 c x sin . x cos b ) x sin x (cos a = + + .
Cch gii: t t = sinx + cosx, ta c 2 t . Khi : sinx.cosx =
2
1 t
2

Nu t t = sinx - cosx, ta c 2 t . Khi : sinx.cosx =
2
t 1
2

V d 18. Cho phng trnh: sinx.cosx = 6 ( sinx + cosx + m).
a) Gii h phng trnh vi m = - 1.
b) Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
V d 19. Gii phng trnh: x 2 sin
2
3
x cos x sin 1
3 3
= + +
V d 20. Gii phng trnh: x 4 sin
2
3
x 2 cos x 2 sin 1
3 3
= + +
V d 21. Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim
(
4
3
,
4
x :
. m x sin x cos
3 3
= +

IV. Phng trnh a v dng tch
Cc phng trnh lng gic khng c dng nh nhng phng trnh trnh by cc
mc trc, ngi ta thng ngh ti phn tch chng thnh nhng phng trnh c bn.
Vic phn tch thnh tch thc cht l i tm tha s chung ca cc s hng c trong
phng trnh. lm c iu , chng ta cn phi thnh tho cc cng thc lng gic, cc
hng ng thc i s ng nh v cng cn phi c kinh nghim nhn nhn mi quan h gia
cc s hng c trong phng trnh.
Th cc nghim c bit nh 1 x sin = ,
2
1
x sin = , 1 x cos = ,
2
1
x cos =
v phng trnh c cha tha s (cosx sinx). S dng ng thc sin
2
x + cos
2
x
= 1.
Dng cc cng thc bin i nh h bc, bin i tng thnh tch , bin i tch
thnh tng, hm s lng gic ca hai gc c lin quan c bit. Ch thm mt
s bin i sau y:
x 2 sin
2
tgx gx cot = + , x 2 g cot 2 tgx gx cot = ,
x 2 sin
1
x 2 g cot gx cot =
t cc nhn t chung (nhn t chung suy ra t nghim th c).
Tham kho thm bng h cc biu thc c nhn t chung.

f(x) Biu thc cha tha s f(x)
sinx sin2x, tgx, tg2x, ...
cosx sin2x, tg2x, cotgx, ...
1+cosx
2
x
cos
2
,
2
x
g cot
2
, sin
2
x, tg
2
x
1-cosx
2
x
sin
2
,
2
x
tg
2
, sin
2
x, tg
2
x
1+sinx
cos
2
x, cotg
2
x, )
2
x
4
( cos
2
, )
2
x
4
( sin
2
+

1-sinx
cos
2
x, cotg
2
x, )
2
x
4
( cos
2
+
, )
2
x
4
( sin
2

sinx+cosx cos2x, cotg2x, 1+ sin2x, 1+ tgx, 1+ cotgx, tgx - cotgx
sinx-cosx cos2x, cotg2x, 1 - sin2x, 1 - tgx, 1 - cotgx, tgx - cotgx

V d 1.Gii phng trnh: cos3x 2cos2x + cosx = 0 .
V d 2.Gii phng trnh: sin
2
x + sin
2
2x + sin
2
3x =
2
3

V d 3.Gii phng trnh: cos3x.cos4x + sin2x.sin5x =
2
1
( cos2x + cos4x).
V d 4.Gii phng trnh: 2sin
3
x + cos2x + cosx = 0
V d 5.Gii phng trnh: sin4x cos4x = 1 + 4(sinx cosx)
V d 6.Gii phng trnh: x 2 sin 1
tgx 1
tgx 1
+ =
+

V d 7.Gii phng trnh |
\
|

=
2
x
4
sin 4 x 2 sin x 4 cos . x sin
2 2
.

Bi 2: PHNG TRNH, H PHNG TRNH M, LOGARIT

I. Cc kt qu c bn
1) Hm s m: y = a
x
, . 1 a 0 <
Tp xc nh: IR.
Tp gi tr: IR
+
. ( th lun nm pha trn trc honh)
Khi a > 1 hm s ng bin.
Khi 0 < a < 1 hm s nghch bin.
Dng th:

2) Hm s logarit: y = log
a
x , . 1 a 0 <
a) Cc tnh cht:
Tp xc nh: IR
*
(x > 0 ).
Tp gi tr: IR
Khi a > 1 hm s ng bin.
Khi 0 < a < 1 hm s nghch bin.
Dng th:

Ch : Trong cc bt phng trnh m, logarit, c s a ln hn hay b
hn 1 quyt nh chiu ca bt phng trnh. V vy phi ch n chiu ca bt phng trnh
trong qu trnh bin i.

b)Cc cng thc ch :
b log
a
c ngha
<
>
1 a 0
0 b

a log
b log
b log
c
c
a
= ( Cng thc i c s vi 0 b > , 1 a 0 < , 1 c 0 < ).
b log
n
m
b log
a
m
a
n
= ( Vi b > 0 v 1 a 0 < )
| b | log . k 2 b log
a
k 2
a
= vi Z k .
II. Cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh c dng c bn
1) Phng trnh m:
Cho . 1 a 0 <
Dng 1:
=
>
=
b log ) x ( f
0 b
b a
a
) x ( f

Dng 2: b a
) x ( f
< (vi b > 0)
>
< <
<
>
b log ) x ( f
1 a 0
b log ) x ( f
1 a
a
a

Dng 3: b a
) x ( f
>
- Nu 0 b bt phng trnh nghim ng vi mi x thuc tp xc nh
ca bt phng trnh.
- Nu b > 0, khi bt phng trnh tng ng vi:
<
< <
>
>
b log ) x ( f
1 a 0
b log ) x ( f
1 a
a
a

Dng 4:
>
< <
<
>
<
) x ( g ) x ( f
1 a 0
) x ( g ) x ( f
1 a
a a
) x ( g ) x ( f

2)Phng trnh logarit
Dng 1:
b
a
a ) x ( f b ) x ( f log = = .
Dng 2:
>
< <
< <
>
<
b
b
a
a ) x ( f
1 a 0
a ) x ( f 0
1 a
b ) x ( f log
Dng 3:
< <
< <
>
>
>
b
b
a
a ) x ( f 0
1 a 0
a ) x ( f
1 a
b ) x ( f log
Dng 4:
< <
< <
< <
>
<
) x ( f ) x ( g 0
1 a 0
) x ( g ) x ( f 0
1 a
) x ( g log ) x ( f log
a a

V d 1. Cho phng trnh: 1 m m
5
1
2 4
3 x 4 x
2
+ = |
\
|
+

a)Gii phng trnh khi m = 1.
b)Tm m phng trnh c 4 nghim phn bit.
V d 2. Gii bt phng trnh: 2 ) 3 x 8 x 5 ( log
2
x
> +
V d 3. Tm m phng trnh sau c hai nghim phn bit: x ) m 9 9 ( log
3 x
2
= +
0 ) x 2 cos x (cos log ) x sin x (cos log
x
1 x
= + +
V d 5. Gii bt phng trnh: [ ] 1 ) 72 9 ( log log
x
3 x

V d 6. Gii bt phng trnh: ) x 3 ( log ) x 5 ( log
3
1
3
1
<

III. Cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh khng c bn
Phi t iu kin.
Nhng bi ton c tham s, t n ph phi tm tp xc nh ca n mi.
Nhng bi ton phng trnh, bt phng trnh m, logarit m n x va s
m ca ly tha, va h s, thng chuyn v vic phn tch thnh tha s,
nhm nghim v chng minh nghim duy nht i vi phng trnh; xt du
ca tch i vi bt phng trnh.
Khi bi ton phc tp, c nhng phn t ging nhau hay nhn t ging nhau
ta c th t n ph a bi ton tr ln n gin hn.
1 x 1 x 2 x x
9
4
1
4 . 6 9
3
1
4 . 3
+ + +
= +
x x x
6 24 2 . 3 3 . 8 + = +
V d 9. Gii bt phng trnh: 3
) x 5 ( log
) x 35 ( log
a
3
a
>
(vi 1 a 0 < ).
2
9
3
3 2
27
) 3 x ( log
2
1 x
log ) 6 x 5 x ( log + |
\
|
= +
V d 11. Gii phng trnh: 0 ) 2 x lg(lg ) x lg(lg
3
= +
x 2 x ) 3 x 2 x 5 ( log . x 3 x 2 x 5 log . x
2 2
6
1
2
6
2
+ =
V d 13. Gii bt phng trnh: ) 3 x ( log
2
1
2 x log 6 x 5 x log
3
1
3
1
2
3
+ > + +
V d 14. Gii phng trnh: 1 ) x 7 ( log ) 1 x ( log ) 1 x ( log
2
1
2
1
2
1
= + +
V d 15. Gii phng trnh: 25 ) 1 x ( lg ) 1 x ( lg
3 2 2 4
= +
V d 16. Gii phng trnh: 4 ) 21 x 23 x 6 ( log ) x 4 x 12 9 ( log
2
3 x 2
2
7 x 3
= + + + + +
+ +

V d 17. Tm m phng trnh sau y c hai nghim tri du:
0 1 m 4 ) 4 m 2 ( 16 ) 3 m (
x x
= + + + +

Chng 3: Kho st hm s v cc bi ton lin quan
Bi 1: KHO ST HM S
S kho st hm s
1) Tm tp xc nh ca hm s (Xt tnh chn l, tnh tun hon (nu c)).
2) Kho st s bin thin hm s
a) Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s
Tnh o hm
Tm cc im ti hn
(im ti hn thuc TX v ti ) x ( f khng xc nh hoc bng 0)
Xt du ca o hm trong cc khong xc nh bi cc im ti hn.
(Gia hai im ti hn k nhau th ) x ( f gi nguyn mt du)
Suy ra chiu bin thin hm s trong mi khong
(ng bin nu ) x ( f >0, nghch bin nu ) x ( f <0).
b) Tnh cc cc tr (suy ra ngay t phn xt chiu bin thin)
c) Tm cc gii hn ca hm s
Khi x dn ti v cc ( + x v x )
Khi x dn ti bn tri v bn phi, cc gi tr ca x ti hm s khng
xc nh (
o
x x + ,
o
x x )
Tm tim cn (nu l hm s phn thc)
- Nu
x
lim = ) x ( f th x = x
o
l mt tim cn ng ca hm s
- Tim cn xin: y = ax + b . Trong
x
) x ( f
lim a
x
= ; ] ax ) x ( f [ lim b
x
=

(khi + x ( x ),
o
x x + (
o
x x ) th l tim cn bn phi (tri))
d) Xt tnh li, lm v tm im un ca th hm s (nu l hm s a thc)
Tnh o hm cp 2
Xt du ca o hm cp 2
Suy ra tnh li, lm v im un ca th (lp bng li lm)
( nu 0 ) x ( f < vi ) b ; a ( x th th hm s li trn khong )
e) Lp bng bin thin (ghi tt c cc kt qu tm c vo bng bin thin)
3)V th
Chnh xc ha th (tm giao im ca th vi cc trc ta v nn
ly thm mt s im ca th, nn v tip tuyn mt s im c bit)
V th (c li cc v d mu SGK t trang 80 n trang 97).
BI 2: CC BI TON LIN QUAN N KHO ST HM S
I. Tm giao im ca hai ng
Gi s hm s ) x ( f y = c th l (C) v hm s ) x ( g y = c th l ) C (
1
. R rng
) y ; x ( M
o o o
l giao im ca (C) v ) C (
1
khi v ch khi ) y ; x (
o o
l nghim ca h phng trnh

=
=
x ( g y
) x ( f y

Do tm honh cc giao im ca (C) v ) C (
1
ta gii phng trnh: ) x ( g ) x ( f = (1)
S nghim ca phng trnh chnh l s giao im ca hai th (C) v ) C (
1
.
Nu ,... x , x
1 o
l cc nghim ca (1) th cc im ))... x ( f ; x ( M )), x ( f ; x ( M
1 1 1 o o o
l cc
giao im ca (C) v ) C (
1
.
Bi ton: Tm m th hm s ct ng thng ti mt s im tha mn yu cu bi ton.
V d 1. Bin lun theo m s giao im ca th cc hm s

2 x
3 x 6 x
y
2
+
+
= v m x y =
V d 2. Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh m 2 x 3 x
2 3
= +
V d 3. Vi gi tr no ca k th ng thng 2 k kx y + = ct th hm s
1 x
1 x x
y
2
+
=
ti hai im phn bit.
V d 4. Tm k ng thng y = kx + 1 ct th
2 x
3 x 4 x
y
2
+
+ +
= ti hai im phn bit
V d 5. Tm m ng thng m x y + = ct th
1 x
1 x x
y
2
+
= ti hai im phn bit
V d 6. Tm m th hm s
1 x
m x mx
y
2
+ +
= ct trc honh ti 2 im phn bit c honh
dng.
V d 7. Tm m ng thng y = m ct th hm s
) 1 x ( 2
3 x 3 x
y
2
+
= ti hai im A v B
sao cho di on AB = 1.
V d 8. Tm m th 1 mx x 3 x y
2 3
+ + + = ct ng thng y = 1 ti 3 im phn bit.
V d 9 . Tm m th
3
2
m x mx x
3
1
y
2 3
+ + = ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit.
V d 10. Tm a ng thng 1 ) 1 x ( a y + + = ct th hm s
2 x
1
1 x y
+
+ + = ti hai im
c honh tri du.
II. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn
Cho hm s y = f(x) c th (C)
a) Phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng cong (C) ti im )) x ( f ; x ( M
o o o

) x x )( x ( f y y
o o o
=
b) Phng trnh ng thng i qua im ) y ; x ( M
1 1 1
v tip xc vi (C)
ng thng d i qua ) y ; x ( M
1 1 1
c dng ) x x ( k y y
1 1
=
1 1
y ) x x ( k y + =
cho ng thng d tip xc vi (C), h phng trnh sau phi c nghim:

=
+ =
k ) x ( f
y ) x x ( k y
1 1

H phng trnh ny cho php xc nh honh
o
x ca tip im v h s gc ) x ( f k =
Ch : Hai th hm s ) x ( f y = v ) x ( g y = tip xc vi nhau nu v ch nu h
phng trnh sau y c nghim:

=
=
) x ( g ) x ( f
) x ( g ) x ( f

c) Phng trnh ng thng c h s gc k v tip xc (C).
Phng trnh ng thng c h s gc k c dng b kx y + = tip xc vi th (C), ta gii
phng trnh k ) x ( f = tm c honh cc tip im ,... x , x , x
2 1 o
T suy ra phng
trnh cc tip tuyn phi tm:
) x x ( k y y
i i
= ( i = 0, 1, ...)
Bi ton : Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca hm s khi bit phng ca tip tuyn hoc i qua
mt im cho trc no .

V d 1. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) ca hm s
2 2
) x 2 ( y = bit tip
tuyn i qua im A(0 ; 4)
V d 2. Vit phng trnh cc ng thng vung gc vi ng thng 3 x
4
1
y + = v tip xc
vi th hm s 2 x 4 x 3 x ) x ( f y
2 3
+ + = =
V d 3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) ca hm s 1 x 3 x y
3
+ + = bit tip tuyn
song song vi ng thng 1 x 9 y + =
V d 4. T gc ta c th k c bao nhiu tip tuyn ca th hm s
1 x 3 x y
2 3
+ + = Vit phng trnh cc tip tuyn .

V d 5. Cho hm s
2
3
x 3 x
2
1
y
2 4
+ = c th l (C)
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) ti cc im un.
b) Tm tip tuyn ca (C) i qua im )
2
3
; 0 ( A
V d 6. Cho hm s
2 x
2 x 3
y
+
+
= c th l (C).
Chng minh rng, khng c tip tuyn no ca th (C) i qua giao im ca hai tim cn ca
th .
V d 7. Cho hm s
1 x
1
x y
+
= c th l (C)
Chng minh rng trn (C) tn ti nhng cp im m tip tuyn ti song song vi nhau.
V d 8. Cho hm s
2 x
4 m 2 mx x
y
2
+
+
= c th (C)
Gi s tip tuyn ti ) C ( M ct hai tim cn ti P v Q. Chng minh rng MP=MQ
V d 9. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th hm s
2 x
5 x 4 x
y
2
+
= bit rng tip tuyn i
qua im A(1;1).
V d 10. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th
1 x
1 x x
y
2
+

= bit tip tuyn song song vi
ng thng y = x .
V d 11. Cho hm s
1 x
1 x x
y
2
+

= c th l (C)
Tm tt c cc im trn trc tung m t c th k c 2 tip tuyn vi th (C)
V d 12. Tm a th
1 x
a x 3 x
y
2
+
+ +
= c tip tuyn vng gc vi ng thng y = x.
V d 13. Tm m th
2 2 2 3
m 4 x ) 1 m 4 ( mx 2 y + + = tip xc vi trc honh.
V d 14. Tm m th
2 x
1 m 2 mx 3 mx
y
2
+
+ + +
= tip xc vi ng thng y = m.
V d 15. Tm a tim cn xin ca th

a x
3 x ) 1 a ( x 2
y
2
+
+ +
=
tip xc vi parabn 5 x y
2
+ = .
III. S ng bin, nghch bin ca hm s
Cho hm s y = f(x) c o hm trn khong (a;b)
a) Hm s f(x) ng bin trn (a;b) 0 ) x ( f vi ) b ; a ( x
b) Hm s f(x) nghch bin trn (a;b) 0 ) x ( f vi ) b ; a ( x

Bi ton : Yu cu tm m cho hm s ng bin, nghch bin trong mt khong no
Ch : Cn nm vng cc nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai

V d 1. Cho hm s 1 x ) 1 m 2 ( 3 mx 3 x y
2 3
+ + =
Xc nh m sao cho hm s ng bin trn tp xc nh.
V d 2. Cho hm s 1 m mx 2 x 2 y
2
+ + =
Xc nh m sao cho hm s ng bin trong khong ) ; 1 ( +
V d 3. Cho hm s m 4 x ) 1 m ( x 3 x y
2 3
+ + + + =
Tm m hm s nghch bin trn (-1,1)
V d 4. Cho hm s
1 x
2 x ) 1 m ( 2 x
y
2
+
+ + +
=
Tm m hm s ng bin trong khong ) ; 0 ( +
V d 5. Cho hm s 2 m x ) 1 m 2 ( mx x
3
1
y
2 3
+ + =
Tm m hm s nghch bin trn (-2;0).
V d 6. Cho hm s
1 x
m x 3 x 2
y
2
+
=
Tm m hm s ng bin trn ) , 3 ( +
V d 7. Cho hm s 1 x ) 2 m ( m 3 x ) 1 m ( 3 x y
2 3
+ + =
Tm m hm s ng bin trn tp hp cc gi tr ca x sao cho 2 x 1

IV.Cc i v cc tiu
Cho hm s y = f(x) , x
o
thuc tp xc nh ca hm s. Nu khi x i qua x
o
o hm i
du th x
o
l mt im cc tr ca hm s.
o Nu i du t + sang th x
o
l im cc i ca hm s.
o Nu i du t - sang + th x
o
l im cc tiu ca hm s.
tm cc im cc tr ca hm s ta c hai quy tc:
o Tm cc im ti hn sau xt du ca o hm ) x ( f
o Gii phng trnh ) x ( f = 0. Gi
i
x l cc nghim. Xt du ca ) x ( f
Bi ton : Tm m hm s y = f(x) c cc tr v cc im cc tr tha mn iu kin no .
- Tm iu kin m cho o hm ca hm s c i du (s ln i du bng s cc tr)
- Tm ta ca cc im cc tr ri t tip iu kin ca m tha mn iu kin m
bi ton yu cu.

V d 1. Tm m hm s
m x
1 mx x
y
2
+
+ +
= t cc i ti x = 2.
V d 2. Cho hm s m mx x 3 x ) 2 m ( y
2 3
+ + + + =
Vi gi tr no ca m, hm s c cc i v cc tiu.
V d 3. Chng minh rng hm s
2 x
m x 2 x
y
2
2
+
+ +
= lun c mt cc i v mt cc tiu.
V d 4. Cho hm s 1 x ) 1 m 2 ( 3 mx 3 x y
2 3
+ + =
Xc nh m sao cho hm s c mt cc i v mt cc tiu. Tnh ta ca im cc
tiu.
V d 5. Cho hm s 1 m 2 mx 2 x y
2 4
+ + =
Bin lun theo m s cc tr ca hm s.
V d 6. Cho hm s
1 mx
1 m 2 mx x
y
2
+
+ + +
=
Xc nh m sao cho hm s c cc tr v tim cn xin ca th i qua gc ta .
V d 7. Cho hm s
2 x
4 m 2 mx x
y
2
+
+
=
Xc nh m hm s c hai cc tr.
V d 8. Tm a v b cc cc tr ca hm s
b x 9 ax 2 x a
3
5
y
2 3 2
+ + =
u l nhng s dng v
9
5
x
o
= l im cc i.
V d 9. Cho hm s 1 m mx 2 x 2 y
2
+ + =
Xc nh m sao cho hm s c cc tr trong khong ) , 1 ( +
V d 10. Xc nh m sao cho hm s

1 x
1 m 4 x ) m 4 2 ( mx
y
2
+ +
=
C cc tr trong min x > 0.
V d 11. Cho hm s
m x
m x mx
y
2
+
+ +
= .
Tm m hm s khng c cc tr.
V d 12. Cho hm s 4 x ) 3 m 2 m ( mx 3 x y
2 2 3
+ + + = .
Tm m th hm s c cc i, cc tiu nm hai pha trc tung.
V d 13. Cho hm s
1 x
m x x
y
2
+
+ +
= .
Tm m th hm s c cc i, cc tiu nm hai pha trc tung
V d 14. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m hm s
m x
m 4 m x ) 3 m 2 ( x
y
2 2
+
+ + + +
= c hai
cc tr v gi tr ca im cc tr tng ng tri du nhau.
V d 15. Cho hm s
m x
1 m x ) 1 m ( x
y
2
+ + +
= c hai cc tr v gi tr ca im cc tr tng
ng cng du nhau.


Tai Lieu On Thi Toan DH 301 57048142

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tai Lieu On Thi Toan DH 301 57048142

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NGUYN C TUN

You might also like