Chuong 1
KHAI NIEM VE SO PHU'C
1.1 Dinh nghia sé phirc
Tir thé ky truée do nhu cau phat trign cla toan hoc vé gidi nhing
phuong trinh dai sé ma s6 phitc d3 xuat hién. Di cé nhiéu nha todn hoc
nghién ctu vé s6 phitc va tim cach biéu din hinh hoc cho sé phifc, dim hinh
fa Gaus, Hamilton,... Can tng dung cla s6 phttc thi véi khoa hoc hién’ dai
khéng thé thiéu dugc. Muc dich cla chuong nay trinh bay khdi niém don
gian nhSt vé s6 phic ma ta sé sir dung vé sau
Cé nhigu cich tiép can sO phitc, & day ta chon cdch dinh nghia s6 phir
theo tién 42, déng thdi ciing gidi thich cdc tién dé 46 bing hinh hoc cho dé
higu. Nhu ta da biét s6 thuc duc biéu dién béi mot dudng thang cé huéng,
thurong dugc goi la truc sé. Bay giv, trong mat phing ta chon mét hé toa
6 vuéng géc, thi méi diém Z cia mat phing dugc xdc dinh theo toa dé
(4,5) 46i v6i h8 toa 6 da cho. Thudng ngudi ta ky higu cap s6 thuc (a,b)
ting voi mot diém Z trén mat phing. Nhu vay véi mat hé toa 6 cho truéc
thi tp hop nhiing diém trén mat phang va tap hop cdc cap 6 (a,b) [a mat
quan hé mét- MGi diém trén mat phang tuong ting voi mot cp sd thuc
va dura vao dé ta sé xy dung mét tap hep nhiing s6 phitc voi diém trén mat
phing. Voi muc dich ta dua vao dinh nghia cdc phép todn trén cdc cap sé
thuc sao cho cc dinh luat cla dai sO van con ating nhu trong trudng hop6 Phuong phap sé phirc va hinh hoc phdng_
sé thyc. Ching ta chon ba tién dé sau:
1. Hai c&p $6 21 = (a1,b1) va 22 = (az,b2) bang nhau néu ay = a2 va
dy = Dy
2. Néu cho hai cSp 56 21 = (a,b1) va 22 = (m2,by), thi tong cia ching
> 21-4 ap IB mét cp sO = = (a,b), md a= ay + ay va.b= by + be.
3. Néu cho hai cp s6 2) = (a1,by) va
= (a2,ba), thi tich ca ching
2 > 2y2y goi IA mt cp s6 z= (a,b), Ma a = ajay — byby va
b- ayby + aghy
Tir nhitng dinh nghia trén ta cé thé kiém tra tt cd dinh luat cua dai sé
van cdn diing nhu: tinh bac cdu cia ding thtfc, tinh 46i ximg va tinh phan
phdi cia céc phép céng va phép nhan 6 trén. Va ciing dura vao phép trir hodc
chia cdc cSp s6 (tdt nhién khdng chia cho sé 0 = (0,0), cdc ban tu kiém tra
cdc tinh chdt nhu mét bai tap)
Tp hgp tat ca nhimng c3p s6 thc véi cdc phép tinh quan hé bing nhau,
phép cOng va phép nhan nhu 6 trén goi la tap hop cdc sé phitc.
Nhu vay, cho mét hé toa d6 vuéng géc trong mat phdng thi tap hop cdc
$6 phirc c6 thé déng nhdt voi nhitng diém trén mat phang nay.
Bay gid, ta xét trudng hop dic biét [a nhitng diém nim trén truc hoanh
cia hé toa dé, hay la nhiing diém cé dang (,0) véi a 1a sé thuc bat ky. Do
(4.0) + (az.0) = (ay 42.0) va (a1.0)(a2.0) ~ (aya2,0) nhur la phép cong
va phép nhan nhimg toa dé 6 truc hoanh déi vai cdc diém nay. Vi thé ta co
thé déng nhdt cdc diém trén truc hoanh voi sé thuc, dang lé phai viét (a,0)
ta chi viét a.( vi du: (0.0) = 0, (1,0) = 1...)
Ta xét mét s6 phitc dic biét dang (0, 1). Tinh (0, 1)(0,1) = (1,0) =
—1. Nhu vay tén tai mét sé phir binh phuong bing mét sé thuc. Theo
truyén thdng ta ky hiéu i ~ (0,1).Chuong 1. Khai niem ve so phite 7
1.2 Biéu dién dai sé cla sé phirc
Ta da thay ring su déng nh&t cia sé thuc véi tap hop con cia sé phirc
dang (a,0) = a véi a 1a mot sé thuc. Mét sé phirc dc biét i = (0,1) va
theo truyén théng ngurdi ta goi [a don vi do.
Ta xét tich cia mét sé thc b = (b,0) véi don vi do bi = (b,0)(0, 1) =
(0b). Day la mét diém nim trén truc tung vai tung dé b. Thé con mét
diém bat ky thi sao ? Do dinh nghia phép céng nén cé thé biéu dién
: = (a,0) + (0.6). Suy raz
atid.
Mét s6 phic viét dui dang z = a + ib goi la dang dai sd cla sé
phitc. $6 thuc a goi [a phan thue ctia 2 va duoc ky higu Ia (2), cdn sé
1b goi la phan do cla = va dugc ky hiu la S(z). Mat phing chiza toan b6
sé phitc goi |8 mat phAng phitc. *
Truc hoanh ciia hé toa 46 vudng géc trong mat phing phirc goi la true
thu (chita toan bd s6 thuc). Truc tung goi [a truc do (chita toan bé sé
do)
Cac phép tinh céng, trir, nh&n, chia nhimng sé phitc viét dudi dang biéu
dién dai s6 nhu sau
(a + ib) + (c + id) = (a +e) + i(b +d),
(a + ib) — (¢ + id) = (a—c) + i(b— a),
(a + ib)(¢ + id) = (ac — bd) + i(ad + be),
(a+ib) ac+ bd a be — ad
(c+id) 240 OTE
Ba céng thirc dau ta dé dang chirng minh ducc tir su biéu dign dai sé
cia sé phitc. Céng thir cuéi cling hoi khé mét chiit bing céch tién hanh
dua vao ba céng thie trén:
(a+ ib) — (a + ib)(c— id)
(e4 id) ~ (4 id)(e— id)
_ (act bd) + ilde=ad) _actbd | ,bo—ad
+d? 2 + de>