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TI LIU LUYN THI I HC

K64, H2/11 - L NH L - NNG D: 0906.22.2526-www.toantrunghoc.edu.vn - 18- Ths. Nguyn Vn By


CHUYN 5: H PHN H PHN H PHN H PHNG TRNH G TRNH G TRNH G TRNH

1 1 1 1 H PHNG TRNH MU MC H PHNG TRNH MU MC H PHNG TRNH MU MC H PHNG TRNH MU MC

A. TOM TT PHNG A. TOM TT PHNG A. TOM TT PHNG A. TOM TT PHNG PHAP & PHAP & PHAP & PHAP & BAI TP MU BAI TP MU BAI TP MU BAI TP MU: :: :

I. H gm mt phng trnh bc nht va mt phng trnh bc hai:
Phng phap:
+ T h phng trnh bc nht tnh n nay theo n kia.
+ Th vao phng trnh bc hai giai.
II. H phng trnh i xng loai I
1. Dang:

=
=
0 ) , (
0 ) , (
y x g
y x f
(I)
2. Nhn dang: Mi phng trnh cua h, khi thay x bi y va thay y bi x phng
trnh khng thay i.
3. Phng phap:
+ Bin i HPT lam xut hin cac tng x + y va cac tch xy.
+ t S = x + y va P = xy a h (I) v hpt

=
=
0 ) , (
0 ) , (
P S G
P S F
(II)
+ Giai htp (II) tm c S, P. Khi o x, y la nghim cua phng trnh:
X
2
SX + P = 0.
4. Chu y:
+ iu kin hpt(I) co nghim la hpt (II) co nghim thoa S
2
4P.
+ V (x, y) la nghim cua h (I) th (y,x) cung la nghim cua h (I) nn h
phng trnh (I) co duy nht nghim th x = y.

III. H phng trnh i xng loai II:

1. Dang:

=
=
0 ) , (
0 ) , (
y x g
y x f

2. Nhn dang: Mi phng trnh cua h, khi thay x bi y va y bi x phng trnh
tr thanh phng trnh kia.

3. Phng phap:
+ Tr v theo v hai phng trnh, bin i v dang:
TI LIU LUYN THI I HC
K64, H2/11 - L NH L - NNG D: 0906.22.2526-www.toantrunghoc.edu.vn - 19- Ths. Nguyn Vn By
(x y)h(x,y) = 0

=
=
0 ) , (
0
y x h
y x

+ Mi phng trnh trn cung vi mt trong hai phng trnh cua h (I) ta
c hai h phng trnh, giai cac h nay ta tm c nghim cua h (I).

4. Chu y: V (x, y) la nghim cua h (I) th (y, x) cung la nghim cua h (I) nn
hpt (I) co duy nht nghim th x = y.
IV. H phng trnh ng cp bc hai:
1. Dang:

= + +
= + +
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
d y c xy b x a
d y c xy b x a

2. Phng phap:
Cach 1: + Kh s hang t do a v phng trnh hai n x va y
+ t x = ky th vao pt giai phng trnh theo n y va k, sau o tm
nghim cua h phng trnh u.
Cach 2: Kh x
2
(hoc y
2
) sau o biu din y theo x( hoc x theo y) th vao
phng trnh con lai a v phng trnh trung phng giai.
B. BAI TP VN DUNG: B. BAI TP VN DUNG: B. BAI TP VN DUNG: B. BAI TP VN DUNG:
Bai 1. Giai h phng trnh:
a)

= +
= +
0 1 2
0 ) ( 9 ) ( 8
3 3
xy
y x y x
b)
x 1 y 1 4
x y xy 9

+ + + =

+ + =


e)
1
2 8
1
3 3
x y
y
x x y
y

+ + =

+ + + =

f)
2 2
2x y x xy 2y 3
x 2y x y 2

+ + + =

+ + =


Bai 2. Giai h phng trnh:
a)

+ =
+ =
x y y
y x x
2
2
3
3
b)

= +
= +
5 3
5 3
x y
y x

c)

= +
= +
1 2 3
1 2 3
x y
y x
d)

= + +
=
15 ) )( (
3 ) )( (
2 2
2 2
y x y x
y x y x

Bai 3. Cho h phng trnh:

= + +
= + + +
m y x xy
y x y x
) 1 )( 1 (
8
2 2

a) Giai h phng trnh khi m = 12
TI LIU LUYN THI I HC
K64, H2/11 - L NH L - NNG D: 0906.22.2526-www.toantrunghoc.edu.vn - 20- Ths. Nguyn Vn By
b) nh m h phng trnh co nghim.

Xac nh a h phng trnh co nghim.
Bai 4. Cho h phng trnh:

= + + +
= + +
1 ) 1 )( 1 (
2 1 1
a y x y x
y x

Xac nh a h phng trnh co nghim.
Bai 5. Cho h phng trnh:

= + + +
+ = +
0 1 2
1 2 1 1
m y x
m y x

Xac nh m h phng trnh co nghim.
Bai 6. ( thi ai hoc khi B nm 2003)
Giai h phng trnh:

+
=
+
=
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
y
x
x
x
y
y

Bai 7. ( thi ai hoc khi B nm 2002)
Giai h phng trnh:

=
+ + = +
y x y x
y x y x
3
2

Bai 8. ( thi ai hoc khi D nm 2004)
Tm m h phng trnh sau co nghim:

= +
= +
1
3 1
y x
m y y x x

TI LIU LUYN THI I HC
K64, H2/11 - L NH L - NNG D: 0906.22.2526-www.toantrunghoc.edu.vn - 21- Ths. Nguyn Vn By
2 2 2 2 H PHNG TRNH KHNG MU MC H PHNG TRNH KHNG MU MC H PHNG TRNH KHNG MU MC H PHNG TRNH KHNG MU MC

A. TOM TT A. TOM TT A. TOM TT A. TOM TT PHNG PHNG PHNG PHNG PHAP PHAP PHAP PHAP & & & & BAI TP BAI TP BAI TP BAI TP MU MU MU MU: :: :
i vi h dng ny thng thng ta bin i v h n gin bng cch
bin i cc phng trnh trong h thnh tch hoc t n ph a v h n
gin.
1. a v h n gin bng cch bin i mt phng trnh ca h thnh
tch:

V d 1: Gii h phng trnh:

=
+
+
= +
x
y x
y x
y xy x
2
1
0 12
2 2
2 2

Gii:
K: x y 1
H phng trnh tng ng:

=
=

=
=

=
=

+ =
=

+ = +
=

+ = +
=

=
+
+
= +
23
8
23
32
3
9
8 40 17
4
6 12 10
3
) 1 ( 2
4
) 1 ( 2
3
2
1
0 ) 3 )( 4 (
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
y
x
y
x
y y y
x x
y y y
y x
y x x y x
y x
y x x y x
y x
x
y x
y x
y x y x

Vy h c nghim l (9; 3) v (
23
8
;
23
32

).

V d 2: Gii h phng trnh
2 2
xy x y x 2y
(x, y )
x 2y y x 1 2x 2y
+ + =



Gii:
iu kin
y 0
x 1


2 2
xy x y x 2y (1)
(*)
x 2y y x 1 2x 2y
+ + =


Pt (1) xy + x + y + y
2
= x
2
y
2

x(y + 1) + y(y + 1) = (x y)(x + y)
(x + y)(2y x + 1) = 0 2y x + 1 = 0 ( do x 1 v y 0)
TI LIU LUYN THI I HC
K64, H2/11 - L NH L - NNG D: 0906.22.2526-www.toantrunghoc.edu.vn - 22- Ths. Nguyn Vn By
H pt
2y x 1 0
x 2y y x 1 2(x y)
+ =


x 2y 1
(2y 1) 2y y 2y 2(y 1)
= +

+ = +



x 2y 1
y 2y 2y 2(y 1) 0
= +

+ + =


x 2y 1
(y 1)( 2y 2) 0
= +

+ =


x 5
y 2
=




V d 3: Giai h phng trnh:

= +
+ = + + +
0 1 2 2
1 1
2 3
2
x y x
x x y y

Gii:

Ta c:
1 1
2
+ = + + + x x y y
y
2
+ y = x
2
+ x ( x 1)
(x y)(x + y + 1) = 0 x = y hoc x = y 1.
+Vi x = y thay vo (2) ta c: x
3
+ 2x
2
2x 1 = 0 (x 1)(x
2
+ 3x + 1) = 0
x = 1, x =
2
5 3
, x =
2
5 3 +
. Kt hp iu kin ta c: x = 1 v x =
2
5 3 +
.
Do h c nghim l (1; 1) v (
2
5 3 +
;
2
5 3 +
)
+ Vi y = x 1 thay vo (2) ta c: x
3
+ 2x
2
+ 2x + 1 = 0 (x + 1)(x
2
+ x + 1) =
0 x = 1
Do h c nghim l ( 1; 0).
Vy h c 3 nghim: (1; 1), (
2
5 3 +
;
2
5 3 +
) v ( 1; 0).

2. a v h n gin bng cch cng hoc tr v theo v hai phng trnh
ca h:

V d: Gii phng h trnh:

+ =
= + +
) 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( ) 3 (
) 1 ( 2 2 2
2
y x y y
xy y y x y x

Gii:
K: x + 2y 0
H tng ng vi :

+ = +
= + +
) 2 ( 1 3
) 1 ( 2 2 2
2
2
xy x y y
xy y y x y x

Ly (1) tr (2) v theo v ta c:
1 2 0 ) 1 2 ( 1 2 2 2
2
= + = + = + + y x y x y x y x


TI LIU LUYN THI I HC
K64, H2/11 - L NH L - NNG D: 0906.22.2526-www.toantrunghoc.edu.vn - 23- Ths. Nguyn Vn By
Vy h phng trnh cho tng ng vi h:

=
=

=
=

=
= +

+ = +
= +

+ = +
= +
2
3
0
1
0 6 3
1 2
1 ) 2 1 ( 2 1 3
1 2
1 3
1 2
2
2 2
y
x
y
x
y y
y x
y y y y y
y x
xy x y y
y x

Vy h cho c hai nghim l (1; 0) v (3; 2).

3. Dng phng php t n ph:
V d 1: Gii h phng trnh:

2
2
x(x y 1) 3 0
5
(x, y )
(x y) 1 0
x
+ + =

+ + =


Gii
iu kin xc nh ca h phng trnh l : x 0
H phng trnh tng ng vi h:
2 2 2 2
2
x(x y 1) 3
x(x y) x 3
5
x (x y) x 5 (x y) 1
x
+ + =

+ + =



+ + = + + =


t t = x(x + y). H tr thnh:
2 2 2
t x 3 t x 3 t x 3 t 1 x 1
t x 5 (t x) 2tx 5 tx 2 x 2 t 2


+ = + = + = = =




+ = + = = = =




3
x(x y) 1 x(x y) 2 y 1 y
2
x 2 x 1 x 1
x 2

+ = + = = =



= = =


Vy h cho c hai nghim l (1; 1),
3
; 2
2
| |

|
\
.


V d 2: Gii h phng trnh :

+ = +
= +
2 2
2
2 2
16
51
4
7
y x y x
x
y
x xy y x
(x, y R)
Gii:
K: x 0
TI LIU LUYN THI I HC
K64, H2/11 - L NH L - NNG D: 0906.22.2526-www.toantrunghoc.edu.vn - 24- Ths. Nguyn Vn By

+
= +
+
=
+

+
= +
=
+

+ = +
= +
x
y x
y
x
y x
y
x
y x
x
y x
y
x
y
y
x
y x
y x y x
x
y
x xy y x
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
16
35
4
7
16
51
4
7
16
51
4
7

t:

=
+
=
y v
x
y x
u
2 2

Ta c h phng trnh:

=
=

+ = +
+ =

= +
=
3
4
5
)
4
7
(
16
35
4
7
16
35
4
7
2 2
v
u
u u u
u v
uv u
v u

Do :

=
=

=
=
+
3
4
3
4
5
2 2
y
x
y
x
y x

Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim l: (4; 3).


4. Dng tnh n iu ca hm s:

V d : Gii h phng trnh :

= + +
+ + = + +
) 2 ( 0 6 2 2 2
) 1 ( 2 5 2 2 5 2
3
3 3 3
y x xy y x
x y y y x x

Gii :
Pt(1)
y y y x x x 2 5 2 2 5 2
3
3 3 3
+ + + = + + +
(1)
K: x 0 v y

0
t f(t) = x t t 2 5 2
3 3
+ + + , t

0 ta c :
f(t) =
0 , 0 2
) 5 2 ( 3
2 2
3
2
2
> +
+ +
+
t
t t
t

Do f(t) ng bin trn [0; +).
+ Nu x < y th f(x) < f(x) (1) khng xy ra.
+ Nu x > y th f(x) > f(y) (1) khng xy ra.
V vy, (1) x = y. Do h phng trnh u tng ng :

=
=

= +
=

= + +
=
4
4
0 6 0 6 2 2 2
y
x
x x
y x
y x xy y x
y x

TI LIU LUYN THI I HC
K64, H2/11 - L NH L - NNG D: 0906.22.2526-www.toantrunghoc.edu.vn - 25- Ths. Nguyn Vn By
Tm li, h phng trnh c duy nht mt nghim l (4 ; 4).

B. B. B. B. BAI TP VN DUNG: BAI TP VN DUNG: BAI TP VN DUNG: BAI TP VN DUNG:
Bai 1. Giai cac h phng trnh:
a)

+ = +
= +
y x y x
y xy x
2 2
2 2
0 2
b)
2
2 2
( 1) (1 2 )
2 x
x y y y x
y

+ + + =


c)
3 2 2 3
2 2 0
1 3 1
2
x x y xy y
x
x y
+ =

+ = +

c)
3 3 2 2
2 1 3 3 1
3 2 3 2 4 4 0
x y x y
x y x y xy x y

+ + + =

+ + =


Bai 2. Giai cac h phng trnh:
a)
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
(2 ) 9
( ) 2 9
x y x y y
x y x y y
=

+ =

b)
3 2
3 2 2
2 3 2
8 2(3 ) 0
x y xy x
x y xy x x
+ =

+ + =


c)
3 3
2 2 3
0
2 2 0
x y x
x y y x y x
+ =

+ + =

d)
2
2
2 1 0
5 6 0
x x y y
x y

+ =


Bai 3. Giai cac h phng trnh:
a)
2
2 4
( 2)(3 2 ) 5
x x y
x x x y
+ + =

+ =

b)

= + +
= + + +
y x y x
y y x y x
) 2 )( 1 (
4 ) ( 1
2
2

c)

= + +
= +
2 2 2
2 2
) ( 7
) ( 3
y x y xy x
y x y xy x
d)
1 ( 2)
( 2) 1
x x y y xy
x y x xy

+ + =

+ + =


e)
( 1)( 1) 2
2
x y x y
x y

+ + =

+ =

f)
2
2
( 2 1) 2
3
( 2 ) 12
x x y
x y
x
+ =

+ + =


Bai 4. Giai h phng trnh:
a)
4 2 2 3 4
2 2
2 7
1
x x y x y y
x y xy
+ = +

+ = +

b)

+ =
+ =
) 1 ( 3 3
2 8
2 2
3 3
y x
y y x x

c)
2 2
2 4
1
x x y x y
x y x

+ =

+ = +

d)
2 2
3 2 3 2
1
2 ( 1)
x y
x xy y x y
+ =

+ + = +


Bi 5: ( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A 2008)
Gii h phng trnh:

= + + +
= + + + +
4
5
) 2 1 (
4
5
2 4
2 3 2
x xy y x
xy xy y x y x

TI LIU LUYN THI I HC
K64, H2/11 - L NH L - NNG D: 0906.22.2526-www.toantrunghoc.edu.vn - 26- Ths. Nguyn Vn By
Bi 6: ( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B 2008)
Gii h phng trnh:

+ = +
+ = + +
6 6 2
9 2 2
2
2 2 3 4
x xy x
x y x y x x

Bi 7: ( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi D 2008)
Gii h phng trnh
2 2
xy x y x 2y
(x, y )
x 2y y x 1 2x 2y
+ + =



Bai 8. ( thi ai hoc khi B nm 2009)
Tm m h phng trnh sau co nghim:
) , (
13 1
7 1
2 2 2
R y x
y xy y x
y x xy

= + +
= + +

Bai 9. ( thi ai hoc khi D nm 2009)
Tm m h phng trnh sau co nghim:

) , (
0 1
5
) (
0 3 ) 1 (
2
2
R y x
x
y x
y x x

= + +
= + +

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