Bin son: Phm Hong Linh

TI LIU TP HUN AN TON IN

(DNH CHO TH IN, )
Y L NI DUNG VN TT DNG LM SN TP HUN TH IN MI/ N LUYN NH K 1 NM MT LN CHO CC TH IN, CC CHI TIT V NNG CAO S NM TRONG CC BUI THO LUN V PHN TCH THC T. NI DUNG TI LIU V CHNG TRNH NY CH TP TRUNG VO PHN TCH V P DUNG, KHNG I VO VN TNH TON, DO MI TNH TON CN TM HIU K CC TI LIU V THAM KHO KHC. NI DUNG Phn I: Cc khi nim c bn v an ton in. Phn II: Cc bin php bo v an ton Phn III: An ton trong trng cao tn, tnh in v bo v chng st. Phn phc lc: Cc tiu ch la chn mng ni t (TT/TN/IT) (Phn An ton trong trng cao p/ cao th: khng nm trong ni dung ny)
Ti liu tham kho: 1. Gio trnh: An ton in (Phan Th Thu Vn, NXB HQG.Tp.HCM, 2004) 2. TCVN 3256:1979, TCVN 4086:1985, TCVN 3146:1986, TCVN 5556:1991, TCVN 4163:1985, TCVN 2572:1978, 3. DOE Hand book of electrical safety (American Department of Energy, 2004) 4. Electrical installation guide, IEC Standard (Schneider Electric, 2009) 5. IEC standards 6. OSHAS 2003

Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn I: Cc khi nim c bn (tm tt)

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Bin son: Phm Hong Linh

Phn I CC KHI NIM C BN V AN TON IN

I. KHI NIM CHUNG
1. B in git (electrical shock): l tnh trng xut hin dng in chy qua ngi. N s gy nn nhng hu qu sinh hc lm nh hng n cc chc nng thn kinh, tun hon, h hp hoc gy bng cho ngi b nn. 2. Chm trc tip: xy ra khi ngi tip xc trc tip vi dy dn trn mang in trong nhng tnh trng bnh thng. 3. Chm gin tip: Xy ra khi ngi tip xc vi phn mang in m lc bnh thng khng c in, nhng do mt l do no tr nn mang in. (VD: chm vo v ng c in, t in b hng cch in, chm v, m khng c bin php bo v)

II.

PHN TCH THNG K NGUYN NHN Bng Thng K Mt S Trng Hp B in Git

Cc yu t lin quan
T l b in git (%) 76,4 23,6 42,2 57,8 55,9 6,7 25,6 23,6 22,8 22,2 0,6 20,1 1,2 ( Bng 2.1)

* Theo cp in p: U 1000V U > 1000V * Theo trnh v in: - Nan nhn thuc v ngh in - Nan nhn khng c chuyn mn v in * Cc dng b in git: 1. Chm trc tip vo in - Do v tnh, khng phi do cng vic yu cu tip xc - Do cng vic yu cu tip xc vi dy dn - ng in nhm lc ang tin hnh sa cha, kim tra 2. Chm gin tip vo b phn kim loi ca thit b b chm v - Lc thit b khng c ni t - Lc thit b c ni t 3. Chm vo vt khng phi bng kim loi c mang in p nh cc tng, cc vt cch in, nn nh, 4. B chn thng do h quang sinh ra lc thao tc cc thit b ng ct

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Bin son: Phm Hong Linh

Nguyn nhn: - Trnh t chc, qun l cng tc lp t, xy dng, sa cha cng trnh in cha tt. - Vi phm quy trnh k thut an ton, ng in khi c ngi ang sa cha, thao tc vn hnh thit b khng ng quy trnh - Xem thng s nguy him ca in khi thao tc, vn hnh h thng in cp in p h th ( 1000V) 220/380V. cp in p ny ngi vn hnh tip xc nhiu nht. -

III.

CC BC CN TIN HNH KHI XY RA TAI NN IN:

U 1000V 1 2 3 4 Cch ly ngi b nn khi ngun in: Ct cu dao, CB hoc dng vt cch in ly dy in ra khi nn nhn Nu nn nhn b ngt, cn cp cu ti ch sau 1-2 pht bng cc bin php h hp nhn to. (cho ti khi bit nn nhn khng cn kh nng sng), Quan st hin trng xc nh nguyn nhn Tm bin php khc phc nguyn nhn gy tai nn, trnh pht sinh li, lp h s bo co mt cch trung thc.

U > 1000V

Cn khn cp bo cho ngi c trch nhim v chuyn mn ct ngun in lin quan. (Bng 3.1)

?!?
-

Cu hi tho lun:
Ai s l ngi chi trch nhim bo co? Ngi c trch nhim v chuyn mn ct ngun in >1000V l ai? Nu nn nhn cha b ngt th ta phi lm g? Khi ng/ct thit b ng ct, th lc no d pht sinh h quang nht? H quang ch sinh ra khi ng ct cc thit b ng ngt thi hay cn trong tnh hung no na khng? Khi tip xc vi vt mang in, ta c b in git hay khng? Khi no ta b in git, cn khi no khng?

Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn I: Cc khi nim c bn (tm tt)

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Bin son: Phm Hong Linh

IV.

CC YU T NH HNG N TNH TRNG B IN GIT

Din tch tip xc

Tng tr ngi

Bin dng in (1)

in p tip xc

Mi trng lm vic (5) Tnh trng b in git

Thi gian tip xc (2)

Tn s dng in (4)

ng i ca dng in (3)

Cc yu t nh hng n tnh trng b in git

Tho Lun: - Yu t no l quan trng nht ?

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Edited by Foxit Reader Bin so n: Phm Hong Linh Copyright(C) by Foxit Software Company,2005-2008 For Evaluation Only.
4.1 Bin dng in i qua ngi.

Ing (mA) 0,6 - 1,5 2-3 5-7 8 - 10 20 - 25 50 - 80 90 - 100 Bt u thy t T tng mnh Bp tht bt u co Tay kh ri vt mang in

Tc hi i Vi Ngi ( Thng k theo IEC 479-1)

in AC 50-60Hz in DC Cha c cm gic Cha c cm gic au nh kim chm Nng tng dn Bp tht co v rung Tay kh ri vt c in v kh th H hp t lit (Bng 4.1.1)

Tay khng ri vt mang in, bt u kh th T lit h hp, tim bt u p mnh Nu ko di vi t 3s, tim ngng p

Cu hi: 1. in xoay chiu nguy him hn hay in 1 chiu nguy him hn?

Tr li:
2. Gii hn dng in nguy him theo IEC-479-1 : IDC IAC (50-60Hz) Cc yu t nh hng n bin dng in i qua ngi: 1. Tng tr ngi (Zng) - in tr lp da - in tr thn ngi - Trng thi sc khe v sinh hc ca ngi 2. in p tip xc Gii hn dng in nguy him cho con ngi cn c vo dng in nguy him, trong nhiu trng hp khng xc nh c v ph thuc rt nhiu vo yu t bn ngoi. Mt khc, gi tr in tr ngi lun thay i trong cc iu kin khc nhau. Do , gii hn mc an ton, trong tnh ton, thit k, ngi ta thng s dng i lng in p cho php. (Ucp) Gi tr in p cho php ty thuc vo tng tiu chun quc gia.

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in p ti a cho php (Ucp) Theo tiu chun Ba Lan, Thy S, c, IEC H Lan, Thy in Vit Nam Theo tn s AC DC AC DC AC DC (bng 4.1.2) Ni kh ro 50 V 120 V 24 V 50 V 50 V 80 V Ni m t 25 V 60 V 12 V 25 V 25 V 50 V

3. Din tch tip xc: Din tch tip xc cng ln, cng nguy him

4.2 Thi gian tip xc Thi gian tip xc cng lu, in tr thn ngi cng b gim thp hn do qu trnh phn hy lp da v hin tng in phn pht trin.

Uac (V) 50 75 90 110 150 220 280

Udc (V) 120 140 160 175 200 250 310

Thi gian tip xc ti a cho php (theo IEC 634-4-4.1) 5s 1s 0,5s 0,2s 0,1s 0,05 0,03s

(Bng 4.2.1)

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4.3 ng i ca dng in qua ngi Cc th nghim trn ng vt xc nh lng dng in i qua tim nh sau: ng i ca Ing Tay- Thn - Chn Tay phi - Thn - Chn Tay tri - Thn - Chn Chn - Thn - Chn (Bng 4.3.1) Kt lun: trnh trng nguy him nht xy ra khi b in git l 4.4 Tn s dng in T l Ing i qua tim 3,3 % 6,7 % 3,7 % 0,4 %

Tn S - F (Hz) 0 10 20 50 60 70 100 500 1000

Gii hn dng in nguy him I_limit (mA) 50 20 12 10 12 14 20 50 80 (Bng 4.4.1)

4.5 Mi trng lm vic Ht phn I Ghi ch c nhn:

Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn I: Cc khi nim c bn (tm tt)

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Phn II CC BIN PHP BO V AN TON

T chc

Con ngi

AN TON

Thit b

K thut

SELV, PELV, cch ly

Bo h/ dng c c nhn

Ni t

RCD, MCCB, ...

Cc bin php khc

A. BIN PHP T CHC 1. Yu cu i vi nhn vin lm vic trc tip vi cc thit b in: Tui: 18 tui Sc khe: phi qua kim tra sc khe, khng b tim, mt nhn r. Chuyn mn: phi c kin thc, hiu bit chuyn mn v in, hiu r cc s in v c kh nng ng dng cc quy phm v k thut an ton in, bit cp cu ngi khi b in git. ( Xem thm quy phm, TCVN) 2. T chc lm vic a) Phiu giao vic/phiu cng tc: Phi c phiu giao nhim v, giao vic ghi r: o o o o o Ni dung cng vic a im Thi gian Yu cu bc th S ngi cng lm vic
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Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn II: Cc bin php bo v an ton (tm tt) By.P.H.Linh

o o o

Mi trng lm vic (nng/ma; trong nh/ngoi tri; cao p/ thp p; trn b/ngoi bin; <) Trang b bo h/dng c ti thiu bt buc (ng, gng tay, so cch in, ni t, <) <

Ty theo mc nguy him ca cng vic m s c cc phiu giao vic khc nhau vi ni dung v yu cu khc nhau. Tt c phi c k giao-nhn. Phiu giao vic/ phiu cng tc phi c t nht 2 bn: - Mt bn phng qun l giao vic (VD: phng ca gim st/ xng trng) - Mt bn giao cho nhn vin thi hnh. Cc phiu cng tc phi c nhn vin chuyn mn kim tra. Khi tin hnh cng tc, ch c ngi ch huy mi c quyn ra lnh lm vic. Trc khi lm vic, ngi ch huy phi hng dn trc tip ti ch v ni lm vic, ni dung cng vic, nhng ch c in nguy him, nhng quy nh v an ton, ch cn ni t, cn che chn, b) Kim tra trong thi gian giao vic Tt c cc cng vic cn tip xc vi mng in, cn tro cao, lm vic trong phng kn phi c t nht 2 ngi. Ngi lnh o l th bc cao ch huy, theo di v kim tra cng vic. Tuy nhin, khi cng vic qu phc tp, cn th bc cao tin hnh th nhn vin/ k s gim st phi theo di. Trong thi gian tin hnh cng vic, ngi theo di khng phi lm bt c cng vic g m ch chuyn trch v cc nguyn tc k thut v an ton cho t. (xem thm: Quy phm/TCVN)

B. CC BIN PHP K THUT

1. TRANG B BO H V DNG C C NHN

Trang b bo h c nhn bo v cho ngi vn hnh, s dng thit b in v c bit l nhng ngi lp t, sa cha in trc tip. i vi nhn vin lp t, sa cha in, ngoi nhng trang b bo h lao ng thng thng, cn c trang b cc thit b bo h c chng khc nh gng tay cch in, giy/ng cch in, vng eo ngn mch, nht l khi lm vic vi in trung v cao th. Dng c/ ngh dnh cho ngnh in cng c nhng c im ring nh: cn/ tay cm phi c bc cch in (hoc c lm bng vt liu cch in) khng thm nc, khng trn trt. VD: tua-n-vt, ba, km (km): cn u c bc cao su, c gai cao su v c ming chn/ g chn chng trt tray vo b phn kim loi u. Ty theo tiu chun/ quy chun ca tng quc gia m yu cu v trang b v yu cu v tiu chun/ cht lng cc trang thit b l khc nhau. (Phn ny s tm hiu su hn trong phn an ton in khi lm vic vi li in cao v trung th)

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2. TRANG B CC THIT B BO V
Cc bin php ngn chn chm in trc tip i khi vn cha m bo an ton nn vn c th xy ra tai nn chm in do sai st, nhm ln nh h hng cch in, thao tc u ni nhm ln, Nn ngi ta trang b thm cc thit b bo v c th ty theo tng mc an ton v quy chun trong dn dng hay cng nghip. - RCD (Residual Current Device): Thit b bo v dng r RCD l thit b bo v c nhy cao, tc ng theo dng r vi dng tc ng ct (I_cut) vi mA (5, 10, 20, 30 mA, ) Dng r trong RCD c hiu ng ngha l dng khng cn bng (imballanced current) c sinh ra khi dng in trong cc dy chy qua n khng bng nhau. M hnh nguyn l RCD 1 pha. 1. B khuch i so lnh v c cu tc ng c-in 2. Cc vng dy (th cp) 3. Li t 4. Tip im thng m, to dng r gi to (test).

Nguyn l: Bnh thng, dng in trong dy L v dy N l bng nhau tng t thng mc vng ln qun dy (2) l bng khng sc in ng cm ng/ dng in sinh ra trong cun dy (2) l bng khng. Do mt nguyn nhn no , VD: do chm v kim loi ca thit b thit b ang tn ti mt in p nguy him. Nu thit b c trang b ni t hay khi c ngi chm vo thit b th mt phn dng in qua dy L s chy qua v thit b qua dy ni t ( hoc thn ngi) chcy xung t khp kn mch m khng i qua dy N tr ngc v ngun Dng in trong dy L v N khng bng nhau na (mt cn bng) tn ti sut in ng cm ng (nh) trong qun dy (2). S cm ng ny t l thun vi gi tr dng r. Khuch i so snh (1) s khuch i tn hiu in p ny v so snh gi tr vi mt ngng t trc no . Nu gi tr dng r (dng in chy ra v, qua ngi, <) ln hn ngng t, c cu tc ng c-in s tc ng, xut tn hiu ngt ngun in (VD: ngt CB)

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(M hnh nguyn l RCD 3 pha) Nu s dng RCD c dng tc ng ct (Icut) 30mA s m bo ct nhanh ngun in, khng gy nguy him cht ngi. - Tiu chun IEC 364-4-471 khuyn co s dng RCD c nhy cao trong cc trng hp sau: + Cc cm ngoi tri c dng nh mc 32A cc v tr c bit nguy him + Cc cm ni m t vi bt k dng nh mc no. + Mch cp in cho cc cng trng, xe cm tri, du thuyn, hi ch du lch. Bo v ny c th p dng cho mng c lp hoc tng nhm. + Cc cm ngoi tri c dng nh mc 20A cp cho cc thit b cm tay. - RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker): l loi CB cng nghip c trang b bo b dng r. Trong cng nghip dng loi theo tiu chun IEC 947-2, trong dn dng dng loi theo tiu chun IEC 755, 1008 v 1009 (hoc c th l cc tiu chun tng ng khc nh BS ca Anh, CFR/NEC ca USA, <) - RCBO (Residual Current Breaker with Over-current protection) : l RCCB kt hp thit b bo v qu dng. - FGI (Ground Fault Interrupter) : thut ng ny thng dng USA v Canada, hot ng tng t RCCB FGI thng l 1 module cm-cng tc c trang b RCD. - FGCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) : thut ng ny thng dng USA v Canada, hot ng tng t RCBO - FGCI thng l 1 module cm-cng tc c trang b RCD vi chc nng bo v qu dng. - EFR (Earth Fault Relay), ELR (Earth Leakage Relay), ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker): Nguyn l tng t RCD/RCCB nhng thng c hiu theo ngha chc nng l Thit b bo v chm mt. ELR/ELCB khng c chc nng bo v dng r (dng in nguy him i qua ngi ,) Cc thit b ny c gn u ngun cung cp (bng in chnh, bng in phn phi) bo v: ngt in ton b thit b ng sau n (tc ng ngt CB tng) khi c hin tng mt dy pha no r/ chm xung mt/dy mt. nhy v thi gian tc ng ca thit b ny thng chnh nh c. (Khc vi chc nng bo v qu dng ca CB, MCCB, thit b ny c th d v tc ng bo v c dng chm mt nh - di mc m cc CB/MCCB u ngun c th tc ng ct c (ngt mch). -

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3. TRANG B H THNG NI T
Tiu chun quc t IEC 60364 quy nh 3 h thng ni t (ni mt), nh sau: 3.1. Mng TN Trong mng TN, ngun c ni t, v cc thit b c ni t thng qua dy ni t. C cc loi mng ni t TN sau: 3.1.1. Mng TN-S : (S - separate, ring bit) 3 pha 5 dy Dy trung tnh (N) v dy ni t thit b (PE Protective Earth) l tch bit nhau. V cc thit b c ni t an ton thng qua dy PE .

(H3.1.1 : s ni t TN-S)

3.1.2. Mng TN-C (C Common, chung) 3 pha 4 dy Dy PE v dy trung tnh (N) l mt, gi tt l dy (PEN). Ni mt bo v ca thit b c ni vo dy PEN ny.

(H3.3.2: s ni t TN-C)

3.1.3. Mng TN-C-S L dng phc hp gia mng TN-C v TN-S. Ti u ngun hay u ng dy truyn ti, phn phi in, ni cha phi ni t cho thit b, ngi ta dng dy trung tnh v dy ni t chung lm mt cho tit kim, on u l s TN-C. Khi n cc trm phn phi c th (nh ti trm pp ca ta nh, vn phng, nh xng), ngi ta tch ring dy trung tnh h thng v dy ni mt ring ra. (thnh dy N v dy PE).

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(H3.1.3: s ni t TN-C-S) an ton, khi s dng s ny, IEC quy nh s TN-C khng c nm sau s TN-S. 3.2. MngTT

(H 3.2.1: s ni t TT) Phng php ni t: im ni sao-trung tnh cun s sp MBA phn phi hay my pht s c ni trc tip vi t. Cc b phn ni t v vt dn t nhin s c ni chung n cc ni t ring bit ca li. in cc ny c th c lp hoc c lin h v in vi in cc ca ngun, hai vng nh hng ca hai in cc ny c th bao trm ln nhau m khng lin quan n tc ng ca cc thit b bo v. B tr dy PE : dy PE c b tr ring bit vi dy trung tnh v c xc nh theo dng s c ln nht c th xy ra. B tr bo v chng chm in gin tip: dng in sinh ra do hin tng chm t/ chm v thit b c th s khng ln cc thit b bo v qu dng tc ng. Do , bo v an ton, nta dng RCD bo v khi c hin tng chm v, dng r,

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3.3. Mng IT (trung tnh cch ly, bo v ni t)

(H3.3.1: s ni t IT) S ny, trung tnh ngun s c cch l vi t (khng c ni t), hoc c ni t thng qua mt in tr v b hn ch qu p. V cc thit b v cc vt dn t nhin c ni t ti in cc ni t ring. Xt v kh nng cung cp in lin tc, s ny l tt nht so vi TN, TT. Do , nhng cng trnh, khu vc no cn kh nng cung cp in mt cch lin tc, ngi ta dng s ni t IT. H thng in ng lc (thng l h 380V-50Hz, 440V-60Hz) trn cc loi tu bin, gin khoan, cng trnh bin, rt thng dng s IT ny. L do: Kt cu ca ca tu, gin khoan, a phn l kim loi nn in tr l rt nh. Nu s dng s TN hay TT th khi c s c mt pha no chm t, hay chm v thit b, v tnh s tr thnh s c ngn mch (ging nh chm dy pha v dy trung tnh). Dng in s c s rt ln lm thit b bo v ngn mch/ qu dng tc ng bo v v in b ngt ngay lp tc. Hoc kh nng gy ha hon l rt cao do dng ngn mch s c ny rt ln. Nu ta p dng s IT, trung tnh cch ly, th khi xy ra s c chm mt ch mt pha no th dng ngn mch s c l rt nh, hoc bng khng (nu cch cch in ca MF, MBA, dy cp, .. l tng bng v cng, th dng ngn mch ny bng khng). Dng ngn mch s c c gi tr nh ny khng lm cc thit b bo v qu dng tc ng bo v h thng in vn hot ng, vn cung cp in cho thit b. Cc thit b bo v ngn mch/ qu dng ch tc ng bo v khi c s c chm mt trn mt pha tip theo. V c th ny nn trong mng IT, ngi ta trang b cc thit b bo ng v kim tra chm t bo ng ngay khi c s c chm t pha th I ta kp thi x l. Mt trong nhng thit b n gin hay c dng l s n kim tra chm mt sau:
L1 L2 L3 N D3 D2 D1

ET
Mass

Hnh KTCM1 : s kim tra chm mass trong mng IT

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Cc n D1, D2, D3 l cc n ging nhau trng thi bnh thng th c 3 n u sng nh nhau. Nu khng nhn nt ET m n no sng hn, m hn so vi cc n cn li th do in p gia cc pha khng cn bng, hay cc bng n c vn no . Khi xy ra s c chm t (hoc cch in ca 1 pha no xung thp) VD: pha L1, th khi nhn nt th ET, n D1 s b m i v cc n D2, D3 s sng hn. Nh vy, bng cch quan st trng thi ca cc n ny, ta c th xc nh c pha no b chm mt c bin php x l kp thi. Mt trong nhng nhc im ca mng IT l vn qu p sy ra khi c s c chm v mt pha no . VD, mng 380V, lc bnh thng, in p chi ng ca cch in PhaV ca thit b s l tng ng 220V, nhng khi mt pha no b chm v, th in p cch in ca 2 pha cn li vi v s tng ln 380V. Chnh v vn ny m ta cn phi tnh ton trc kh nng cch in ca cp in, cc cun dy ca ng c, ca thit b so vi v trnh hin tng ph hng cch in do qu p t giai don thit k, la chn thit b ph hp lc mua sm. Cc loi thit b x l thng tin cng s dng s IT cp ngun (theo IEC 60950). Cc thit b ny thng c bin p cch ly v ni t theo chun IT. Xt v kh nng chng in git: Nu cch in ca cc pha (k c dy trung tnh (N)) ca mng IT l tt, th kh nng b in git khi chm trc tip l rt nh (v l thuyt l khng xy ra), V lc ch tn ti in p tip xc nhng dng in i qua c th l rt b, vi mA. (v l thuyt l bng khng khng c dng in chy qua c th). Lu vn kim tra c in (Energy checking): Trong thc t, khi s dng bt th in kim tra c in trong mng IT, th dy no ca mng cng u c in, k c dy trung tnh. Nu d u bt th in vo bt k ch no ca mng in IT, bt th in u sng, bo c in. 4. S DNG MNG IN CCH LY, MNG THP P 4.1. Mng SELV (Safety ly Extra Low Voltage) Mng m bo an ton bng in p cc thp (SELV) c s dng nhng ni c nhiu mi nguy him khi vn hnh trang b in nh cc b bi, cng vin gii tr, hm m, sa cha tu bin (khi lm vic trong cc khoang, hm ). Mng SELV c cung cp vi mc in p cc thp t th cp ca MBA theo tiu chun IEC 742, vi mc in p u ra lun 50V. Mc cch in xung gia cun s v th cp ca MBA mng ny rt cao, i khi nta cn trang b mng kim loi c ni t t gia hai cun ny. Ba iu kin p dng m bo an ton trong mng ny l: Khng c bt k dy no ca mng SELV c ni xung t. Tt c cc phn v kim loi ca thit b c cp t mng SELV khng c ni t vi cc v kim loi ca thit b mng khc hoc vt dn t nhin. Tt c cc dy ca mng in SELV v cc phn ca mng c p cao hn phi c cch ly tt vi Rcd t nht ng ng Rcd gia cun s cp v th cp ca MBA cp ngun cho mng SELV.

Cc mch SELV phi c t trong ng cch in ch to c bit cho mng ny. Cp c cch in theo in p ln nht ca cc mng khc c th dng cho mng ny.

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Cc cm ngoi ca mng SELV khng c c u cm vi dy t. cm v u cm ca mng SELV phi c ch to c bit trnh cm nhm vo cc mng khc. Ch : trong iu kin bnh thng, khi mng SELV c U 25V, khng yu cu bo v chng chm in trc tip. 4.2. Mng PELV (Protection by Extra Low Voltage) Quan im thit k ging mng SELV, nhng khc ch mch pha th cp c ni t ti mt im. Tiu chun IEC 364-4-41 nh ngha mt cch r rng v y cc tnh cht quan trng ca mng PELV. Bo v chng chm in trc tip cn phi c lp t (tr khi thit b c t vng c ni ng th, hoc mc in p U 25V v ni kh ro, khng c kh nng tip xc vi con ngi trn phm vi rng hoc khi in p U 6V. (Urms rms: root mean square Voltage in p hiu dng) 4.3. H thng FELV (Functioncal Extra Low Voltage) V cc l do vn hnh, in p 50V hoc thp hn c s dng nhng khng phi tt c cc yu cu nu trong SELV v PELV c p dng ht. VD nh cc mch iu khin, mch cp in cho remote ca cn cu, nh di ng, C th ngun in p thp ny c cp bng mt bin p cch l, hoc c th khng, ty theo mc lin quan v in cn thit cho chc nng ca h thng .

4.4.Mch in cch ly
Mch in cch ly thng l mng 1 pha, m bo an ton da trn nhng c dim sau: - Hai dy dn c ly t cun th cp mt pha ca MBA cch ly c cch in so vi t. - Nu xy ra tip xc in trc tip vi 1 dy, dng in i qua ngi s ch t tr s rt b (vi mA), do cch in rt ln gia dy-ngi-t; dng in hay in p sinh ra thng l do tc dng ca in dung pha-t. Khi chiu di cp tng ln, dng in qua ngi khi chm t trc tip s tng ln ti mc c th gy in git i vi ngi. V vy, cp s dng trong mng cch ly phi c chiu di ngn v cch in cao. - Mi thit b thng c 1 MBA cch ly ring cp in. Trong trng hp c nhiu thit b c ni chung vo 1 MBA th v ca cc thit b phi c ni vi nhau bng 1 dy bo v c cch in v khng c ni xung t (dy PE c v cch in). Cc cm phi c chn ni t, chn ny c ni vo dy ng th ca cc thit b v dy ny khng dc ni xung t (chnh l dy PE c v cch in).

5. CC BIN PHP K THUT KHC

Ngoi nhng bin php trn, ngi ta cn p dng nhiu bin php khc bo v an ton nh.

Trang b cch in cp II
Nhng thit b ny cng c xem nh c hai ln cch in v cc thit b ny c thm 1 lp cch in c thm vo lp cch in chnh, khng cn ni phn dn in no ca thit b vi dy bo v.

K hi?u t.b? cch di?n c?p II

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Hu ht cc thit b cm tay hoc bn c nh, cc thit b in t, radio, TV, b ngun Laptop, c thit k vi mc cch in cp II (cch in i). iu quan trng l phi bo tr cn thn i vi thit b loi ny v c kim tra nh k trnh trng hp h hng cch in. Tiu chun IEC 364-4-41 hoc vi tiu chun quc gia khc m t chi tit v vic thc hin cch in ph trong ton mng in. VD: vic i cp c bc cch in trong ng PVC; mt s loi cp cng c xem nh c cch in cp II (VD, cp nhiu li c bc thm lp cch in bn ngoi-v) ty theo tiu chun ca quc gia.

t thit b trn sn cch in

Thc t, bin php ny ch p dng c ni kh ro v phi m bo cc iu kin sau: - Sn v tng ca gian phng phi lm bng vt liu khng dn in (tng tr i vi t bt k im no cng phi 50k (U500V) v 100k (500V U 1000V) - Cc li vo phng t thit b in ang xt phi c sp xp sao chi ngi t ngoi bc vo khng b nguy him. VD: mt ngi ng mt sn dn in bn ngoi phng khng th chm vo phn v kim loi ca bt k thit b no t trong phng ny nh cc cng tc n nm trong hp kn bng v kim loi.

Phng ng th cch ly vi t
Phng ny c p dng vi mng in c bit (vd: phng th nghim,) . Cc phn dn in trong phng ny, bao gm c sn c ni ng th vi nhau bng mt dy PE c tit din ph hp to thnh mt ci lng ng th. Khi c s c chm in, ton b cc thit b v c sn nh u c in, nhng lc din p tip xc s bng khng v tt c cc phn dn in u c mt in th nh nhau (ng th). Ch : - Cn phi c thit b c bit kim tra cch in do khi c h hng v cch in th khng c dng s c xut hin trong mng ny. - Cc phn ni t t nhin i vo hoc i ra phng ng th (VD: ng dn nc, ) phi c bao bc bi vt liu cch in thch hp v khng c ni vo phng ng th do nhng phn ny thng c ni vo dy bo v (dy t) khc trong mng in chung.

Cc bin php khc

Trang b cc thm cch in. VD; khu vc sau bng in chnh trn tu, gin khoan thng c lt thm cch in. Ni t hay ni chp cc u dy in khi khi tin hnh sa cha, bo tr thit b in, ng dy in. Nht l trong h thng in cao v trung th, khi ct in ri, nhng do tnh cht cao p ca h thng, c th xy ra hin tng phng in in dung gia cc phn ang c in v ngt in vi nhau; hay do tnh cht t in ca dng dy cao p, mc d ngt in ri, nhng thc t vn tn ti mt din p tch t rt ln trn ng dy, in p cao c th rt nguy him n ngi sa cha nu ng phi, nn phi ni t an ton x in. (chi tit s cp trong phn an ton in cao v trung th). Thit lp cc bin bo ph hp nh cc bin: cm ng in, c th in ang sa cha, nguy him c in,

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Trang b cc loi kha, cht kha, chuyn dng/ t ch kha cc CB, MCCB, phng nhng ngi khng bnh thng, khng nhn thy bin cm ng in, do c tnh hay v tnh ng in. (VD: 1 anh th in ngt CB sa cha ng dy, thit b in. Nhng t ngun nm xa- khut tm mt. Ngi th gn bin cm ng nhng t in khng kha li hay CB ngt, nhng khng c kha hay khng c bin php no ngn kh nng ng. Mt ngi no , c th l th inng nghip ca anh ta c th khng nhn thy tm bin , hay v mt l do no ng CB cp in cho thit b, dng dy ang sa cha th cc k nguy him cho ngi ang sa cha - kh c th din t c hu qu ca vic lm ny, c th ngi th sa cha ang cm, cn dy in, . do , khuyn co dnh ring cho th in lc sa cha thit b in, ng dy in l tun theo quy trnh sau:

Quy trnh an ton trong sa cha:

1. Ngt in (ngt CB, MCCB, , ngt lun cu ch nu c) 2. Treo bin bo cm ng in hay mt loi bin tng t. 3. Nu bng cp in nm xa tm mt so vi im sa cha th phi c mt ngi li bng in cn chng. Nu khng c ngi th tm bin php no kha CB, MCCB ngt in . (dng cht, kha, bng keo, giy dn, ) hay kha lun c t in li. 4. De-energy : x in thit b in/ ng dy in cn sa cha . (v c th ng dy c cc t in, hay tn ti in dung tch in do dng dy di. ) 5. Cch ly ngun vo : nu thit b c jack ngun d tho, th tt nht nn tho jack ngun ra. Nu khng c jack ngun, hay phi sa cha ng dy th phi tm bin php u chp cc u dy dn in cp cho thit b/ ng dy cn sa cha , u chp mt cch chc chn tt c cc dy li vi nhau , k c dy trung tnh, dy PE bng cc on dy dn c tit din ln (tit din ca dy u chp thng bng tit din ca dy cp ngun cho thit b/ bng tit din ca ng dy). V tr u chp phi nm trc im sa cha tnh t t cp ngun. (ngay u cc domino cp in cho thit b, ng c, t, ) Sau khi tin hnh xong cc thao tc trn ta mi chnh thc tin hnh sa cha.

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De-energy (x in): + Rt nhiu cc thit b in c t in, trc khi tin hnh sa cha, cn x in cc t in ny. + Cc ng dy dn in di, c th tn ti in dung tch in, cng cn x in trc khi sa cha- nht l ng dy cao th. + Cc my bin dng (bin dng), khng c h mnh u ra ( pha th cp) ca bin dng lp t. Nu tho cc u dy ca ng h o dng in trn bng in ang c in, phi tin hnh u chp cc u dy li trc khi tho ri khi domino ca ng h o. (v thng cc ng h o dng ny c ni vo bin dng). Nu khng c ch ni chp cc u dy li, th phi ct in tm thi tho v u chp cc u trc khi tho ra. Cc phng, bung ac-quy : cn phi tm bin php thng gi cho cc bung ny trc khi vo trong sa cha. Trong lc sc c quy, cng phi thng gi v tm cch cc c quy c thng thong. Trong lc tho lp c quy, phi cn trng trnh chm chp cc u cc; c-l, kha nn c bc cch in phn cn v chiu di ca c-l, kha phi nh hn chiu di gia hai cc ca ac-quy. Ht phn II

Ch tho lun: Tho lun v phn tch an ton mng in h th ti nh my/c quan

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Phn III. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. An to|n trong trng in t tn s cao phng tnh in Chng st

3.1.

AN TON TRONG TNG IN T TN S CAO

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3.1.1.

Trng in t tn s cao v nh hng ca n n con ngi. Hin nay trong nhiu ngnh kinh t, quc phng, tu thy, gin khoan, trong cc phng nghin cu, chng ta s dng nhiu thit b m{y mc lin quan n in trng tn s cao nh raa, thit b VHF, nhiu ngnh cng nghip nng lng, dng in tn s cao c dng t nng kim loi nh khi c, rn nhit luyn, tn ni v| cng dng sy, dn, thiu kt cc cht phi kim loi. Trng in t tn s cao thng l| trng in t ca cc thit b cng nghip c tn s trong khong t 3.104 n 3.106Hz. (30kHz 3gHz). Ta nhn thy rng xung quanh dng in xut hin ng thi in trng v t trng. Khi dng in l dng xoay chiu th in trng v t trng lin h vi nhau coi chung thnh mt trng in t thng nht. Trng in t tn s cao c kh nng lan truyn trong khng gian vi vn tc gn bng vn tc nh sng, v khi lan truyn n mang theo nng lng. Trng in t c tc dng bt li n c th con ngi v| {ng ngi l| c th con ngi khng c cm gic khi c tc dng ca trng in t. Tc hi ca trng in t n c th con ngi: Gn ngun cao tn hnh thnh hai vng cm ng v bc x. Cch ngun vi khong cch bng 1/6 bc sng l vng cm ng chim u th. Ngoi vng ny l vng bc x. Nu trong vng cm ng con ngi s chu tc dng ca trng t v| trng in theo chu k, cn vng bc x th con ngi chu tc dng mt in t trng vi cc thnh phn in, t bng nhau ng thi thay i. Cng in t trng ni l|m vic c th thay i ph thuc vo cng sut my pht sng, khong cch ti ngun v s phn x cc b mt bao quanh. Mc tc dng ca in t trng ln c th con ngi ph thuc v|o di bc sng, ch lm vic ca ngun (xung hay lin tc), cng bc x, thi gian tc dng, khong cch t ngun n c th v s cm th ring ca tng ngi. Tn s c|ng cao (ngha l| bc sng cng ngn), nng lng in t m| c th hp th c|ng tng: - Tn s cao 20% - Tn s siu cao 25% - Tn s cc cao 50%

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Song tc hi ca sng in t khng ch ph thuc v|o nng lng bc x b hp th, m cn ph thuc v|o thm su ca sng bc x v|o c th. thm su cng cao th tc hi cng nhiu. thm su cho trong bng di }y v| nng lng hp th nu trn c th lm r c{c c tnh sau }y ca sng in t: sng cimet gy bin i ln nht i vi c th so vi sng centimet v sng met. Sng milimet gy tc dng bnh l rt t so vi sng centimet v| cimet. Bc sng Loi milimet Loi centimet Loi cimet Loi met thm su B mt lp da Da v| c{c t chc di da Vo su trong c{c t chc khong 10-15cm V|o s}u hn 15cm

Di tc dng ca trng in t tn s cao, cc ion ca cc t chc c th s chuyn ng, trong cc t chc ny s xut hin mt dng in cao tn do mt phn nng lng ca trng b thm ht. Tr s truyn dn ca t chc c th t l vi thnh phn cht lng c trong t chc. truyn dn mnh nht l mu v cc bp tht, cn yu nht l trong cc m m. Do , chiu dy lp m ni b bc x c nh hng n mc phn x sng bc x ra ngo|i c th. i no, tu xng sng c lp m mng, cn mt th hon ton khng c nn cc b phn ny chu tc dng nhiu hn c. Chu tc dng ca trng in t c tn s kh{c nhau v| cng ln hn cng gii hn cho php mt cch c h thng v ko di s dn n s thay i mt s chc nng ca c th, trc ht l h thng thn kinh trung ng, m| ch yu l lm ri lon h thn kinh thc vt v ri lon h thng tim mch. S thay i c th lm nhc u, d mt mi, kh ng hoc bun ng nhiu, suy yu ton thn, sinh ra nng ny v hng lot triu chng khc. Ngoi ra n c th lm chm mch, gim p lc m{u, au tim, kh th, lm bin i gan v l lch. Tc dng ca nng lng in t trng tn s siu cao c th lm bin i mu, gim s thnh mi, bin i nhn mt. Sng v tuyn cn c th gy ri lon kinh nguyt ca ph n. Ni chung ph n chu tc hi ca sng in t nhiu hn nam gii. (mc d m m nhiu hn) Cn c {nh gi{ t{c hi ca trng in t c th l| cng tc dng ca trng, biu th bng vn/met. Tr s gii hn cho php ch lm vic l 5V/m cn i vi cc l cm ng ti, c kim loi cho php n 10V/m (do iu kin khng bao che c thit b). Ngo|i ra ngi ta cn dng mt dng cng sut c x{c nh bng nng lng truyn qua din tch 1cm2 vung gc vi phng truyn sng trong mt giy. n v tnh l W/cm2, mW/cm2 , W/cm2. Tr s cng bc x gii hn cho php ca trng in t tn s cao ti ch lm vic c x{c nh nh sau: - Khi chu tc dng c ngy lm vic th cng bc x khng ln hn 10W/cm2, - Khi chu tc dng khng qu 2h trong mt ngy th khng ln hn 100W/cm2, - Khi chu tc dng khng qu 15-20 pht trong mt ngy th khng ln hn 1mW/cm2 v| khi nht thit phi eo knh bo v mt. 3.1.2. Cc bin php phng chng Cc cun cm ng l ngun in t trng cao (cao tn). Trng bn trong ng nguy him hn trng bn ngoi ng dy cm ng. i vi t in to ngun cao tn, nung nng cc cht c{ch in th trng gia hai tm ca t in ln hn trng pha ngoi. Ngun trng cn c th l cc phn t ring ca my pht cc cun dy, t in cc dy dn.... tu iu kin cng ngh c th t trong gian nh sn xut chung nhng cn che ph kn lung cng ngh ca n; tt nht l| t chng trong cc phng ring bit. Trong khi s dng cc thit b cao tn cn ch phng in git, tun th cc quy tc an ton. Phn kim loi ca thit b phi c ni t. Cc dy ni t phi ngn v khng cun trn thnh ngun cm ng.

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Cc thit b cao tn cn c ro chn, bao bc trnh tip xc phi nhng phn c in th, cn c cc panel v cc bng iu khin, khi cn phi iu khin t xa. Nc lm ngui thit b cng c in p cn phi tm cch ni t. bao v}y vng c in t trng, ngi ta dng cc mn chn bng nhng kim loi c dn in cao, v m{y cng cn ni t. Din tch lm vic cho mi cng nhn lm vic phi rng. Trong phng t cc thit b cao tn khng nn c nhng dng c bng kim loi nu khng cn thit, v s to ra ngun bc x in t th cp. Vn thng gi cn c t ra theo yu cu v thng gi, ch l chp ht t trn ming l khng c lm bng kim loi v s b cm ng. 3.1.3. nh hng trng in t tn s cng nghip in trng ca ng dy v trm in cao th (tn s 50Hz) c bit l cc ng dy v trm 220kV n 500kV thng c tr s kh cao. Khi lm vic, sng rt gn c{c ng dy, thit b ca trm th cng in trng rt ln v gy nguy him cho ngi. Khi thit k, xy lp ngi ta tnh n mc an to|n cho d}n c nhng nu vi phm quy nh v khong cch an ton th s b nh hng nguy him. Tiu chun hin hnh ca ng|nh in lc quy nh: - Khu d}n c, khu vc c ngi lm vic thng xuyn cng in trng phi di 5kV/m (di 5kV/m l gii hn an ton). - Cm ngi i v|o trong vng in trng c cng trn 20kV/m - Khi cng nhn lm vic trong vng c cng in trng ln hn 5kV/m th phi c bin php bo v hay phi gim thi gian lm vic trong trng. hn ch tc hi ca in trng ngi ta phi p dng cc bin php: mc qun o chn c bit, dng c{c li chn, lng chn ... gim cng in trng tc dng ln ngi. Ngoi ra cc cng trnh khc gn c{c ng dy cao th 220kV-500kV th cc b phn kim loi ca cng trnh cn c ni t.

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V d v khong tn s - bc sng radar, (ngun: wikipedia.org)

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3.2. PHNG TNH IN

3.2.1. Hin tng tnh in Trong qu trnh sn xut, mt s dy chuyn cng ngh chng ta thng gp hin tng tch v phng in tnh in nh: dt vi, len, cun si vi, giy, si PVC, cn cao su, ph sn trn vi hay giy, rt v vn chuyn du... l| hin tng tch in mt s loi nguyn vt liu c tnh c{ch in, mt s cht lng khi chng chuyn ng v c xt. Khi c tch in n in th cao, in tch ln th s xy ra hin tng phng in. in th tnh in c tr s thay i ph thuc vo loi vt liu, iu kin mi trng, ma st, vn tc chuyn ng v c th t v|i KV n vi chc KV hoc cao hn. Khi ngi cng nhn chm vo si, v|o bng cao su, giy, vi ang cun thng b in git, c th nguy him cho ngi hoc gy cm gic kh chu. Trong mt s mi trng n cn gy nn chy n (khi c xng du, kh d chy, vt liu n). 3.2.2. Cc bin php phng trnh nh hng ca tnh in phng trnh nguy him ca phng in do tnh in ngi ta p dng nhiu bin php khc nhau hoc khng xut hin s tch in, hoc trung ho| in tch, hoc dn in tch xung t. C th dn ra cc bin ph{p c bn sau: - L|m tng m ca nguyn vt liu v| mi trng (thng th nu m nguyn vt liu cao tc l m trn 85% th kh nng tch in s gim c bn) - L|m tng in dn ca nguyn vt liu (phi phun hay bi mt s cht tng dn in ca nguyn vt liu) - Dn in tch xung t: nh dng lc hay bn chi bng kim loi c ni t (rng lc, bn chi chm vo si vi, len, bng cao su) - Trung ho| in tch dng thit b ph{t ra c{c ion trung ho| in tch trn nguyn vt liu (dng tia cc tm, tia rghen, phng x, in trng) - Ni t cc rul, trc kim loi trn dy chuyn hay cc thng, b xitc, ng, rt xng du. -

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3.3: BO V CHNG ST

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Thu st Truyn nng lng st xung t Tn nng lng st v|o trong t Ni cht c{c im t li vi nhau Bo v t ngun cp in AC vo. Bo v cc mch in t v vin thng.

3.3.1. Hin tng st: Bn cht : Phng in trong khng kh do tnh in . iu kin : + Cc bn cc tch in tri du + , + Cng trng E Egh (20 30kV / cm) Qu trnh hnh thnh : + My ging + Ist=v|i trm kA + Nhit vi chc ng|n . 3.2.2 Hu qu ca st St nh trc tip : Ngi t vong . Cc cng trnh: chy,nt, gy . St nh gin tip : G}y in {p bc rt nguy him St cm ng lm cc trm pht sng, cc mng my tnh b cht hng lot 3.3.3. Bin php bo v A. Nguyn tc bo v Nguyn tc trng im. + Ch bo v cc v tr cao , st nhn + t cc kim thu st ngn 200-300 mm cch nhau 5-6m Nguyn tc ton b : ton b cng trnh nm trong phm vi bo v Bo v chng st c in Nguyn l thc hin : to vt sc nhn, cao hn vt cn bo v n tt dng st Ct thu st c in: Phm vi bo v: dch chuyn vt trong phm vi a v thay i cao ca vt khc nhau.

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Bo v bng 1 kim chng st Theo cc tnh ton ny, ta cn 1 ct thu st cao 10,5m gn gia nh. (iu ny kho nn gn nhiu kim thu st nh, ri ti cc v tr gc) Bo v bng 2 kim chng st , nhiu kim chng st, li chng st, dy chng st,

Bo v bng u thu ESE (ESE: Early Streamer Emission rod : u thu Tia tin o sm )

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Cu to u thu ESE: - u thu: c h thng thng gi nhm to dng lu chuyn khng kh gia nh v| th}n ESE. u thu cn lm nhim v bo v thn kim. - Thn kim: ng lm bng vt liu c bit ty theo cng ngh ca hng ch to c th l| ng x l, inox, hp kim nhm, , pha trn c 1 hoc nhiu u nhn lm nhim v pht x ion. C{c u ny c lun trong ng c{ch in v ni vi in ca ca b kch thch. Th}n kim lun c ni vi in cc ni t chng st. - b kch thch {p in: c lm bng s {p in (piezoelectric ceramic) t pha di thn kim, trong mt ngn c{ch in, ni vi c{c nh nhn pht x ion nu trn bng c{p c{ch in cao p. Cc s {p in ny to ra in p rt cao, ln n 20kV ti 25kV trn nhiu on ni tip nhau. Mc in p rt cao n|y m bo to ra c{i ion nh mong mun. Nguyn l hot ng: ESE hot ng da trn nguyn l l|m thay i trng in t chung quanh cu trc cn c bo v thng qua vic s dng vt liu {p in nu trn (theo thit k ca Franklin France). Cu trc c bit ca ESE to ra s gia tng cng in trng ti ch, to thi im kch hot sm, tng kh nng ph{t x ion, nh to iu kin l tng cho iu kin phng in st. Khi xut hin {m m}y dng mang in tch, in trng kh quyn trng th{i tnh, kt hp vi hin tng cng hng xy ra trong bn thn kim ESE, do p lc c to trc, trong b kch thch s sinh ra nhng p lc bin i ngc nhau. Kt qu l ti c{c u nhn pht x ion s to ra in th rt cao, do , ti }y sinh ra mt lng ln ion (7,65.1010 mc in {p n 6,5kV). Nhng ion ny ion ha dng kh xung quanh v| lu chuyn ln pha trn nh dng khi lu chuyn. iu ny gip gim in {p ngng phng in, ng thi gia tng vn tc phng in corona. im thu sm nht: Kh nng gia tng s kch thch trng tnh in thp (kh nng ph{t x sm) l|m tng cng kh nng thu ca kim thu st. Nh , n tr th|nh im thu sm nht so vi c{c kim thu st thng thng hay cng trnh gn n. Cc kim thu ESE ny hot ng ngay c vi dng st c cng thp (2kA n 5 kA, ng vi cc khong cch kch hot D nh, D = 10.I2/3 , I: cng dng st, kA). Vng bo v: Vng bo v ca ESE l mt hnh nn, c nh l| u kim thu st, bn knh bo v Rp(m)=f(khong cch knh hot sm trung bnh L(m) ca kim thu st, khong cch kch hot D(m) ty theo mc bo v.

3.3.4. Bo v chng st cm ng v lan truyn: Bo v chng st cm ng: chng cm ng tnh in, tt c cc b phn kt cu kim loi v cc my mc ln c trong cng trnh phi ni vi mt b phn ni t chng cm ng st hay ni vi b phn ni t bo v thit b in. B phn ni t chng cm ng st phi c tr s in tr 10 v| phi t cch xa b phn chng st {nh thng mt khonh cch c tnh ton.

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chng cm ng in t, phi ni tt c cc ng ng kim, kt cu kim loi d|i, ai v| v ca cc loi cp ti nhng ch chng i gn nhau nht trong phm vi 100, (im 4). Nu chng song song vi nhau, dc theo chiu di, c 15 n 20m, phi ni lin h vi nhau. C{c ng dy dn v|o cng trnh c in {p di 1000V (ngo|i ra, c{c ng dy khc khng c dn vo), nht thit phi t ngm sut t trm bin p cung cp ti cng trnh, ng thi, phi p dng thm cc bin php sau; - Ti trm BA cung cp in, pha in p thp v ti hp u cp ca cng trnh, trn cc li cp phi t b chng st h {p. (i vi cao {p, th t cao p). - V hp u c{p, ai v| v kim loi ca cp u vo cng trnh phi ni vi b phn ni t ca cc b chng st h p. Thit b bo v chng st lan truyn (SRF Surge Reduction Filter) SRF l thit b kt hp hai chc nng gm mch kp nng lng cao v mch lc c bit. SRF c mc ni tip trn mch ng lc, thng l u pha ngun vo. Chc nng bo v c thc hin thng qua 3 tng mch sau: - Mch kp in {p qu{ : kp, chn in {p qu{ u vo v tr nng lng ny v ngun hoc tiu tn xung t. Phn t ch yu, c bn ca mch n|y l| in tr phi tuyn loi oxide kim loi (Movtec), ty theo cng gh nh ch to. - Mch lc tn s cao: nhm loi b nng lng qu{ , m bo gi li dng sng sin ca ngun. (phn t thng l LC mch lc L-C cun dy v t in ) - Mch lc th cp: bo v tnh trng qu{ gy ra bi hin tng cm ng c{p u ra ca b SRF hoc do ti.

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Mt s minh ha vic la chn, s dng v lp t SRF (ngun: ERICO) Khi no th dng SRF ?

Ch dng SRF bo v chng st cm ng lan truyn trn ng dy. Hng dn c{ch u ni SRF trong h thng TN-C

Trong mng TN-C, tt c cc phn dn in l ra ngoi u c ni vo dy PEN ca mng nh hnh v trn.

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Hng dn c{ch u ni SRF trong mng TN-S

Trong mng TN-S, tt c phn mang in l ra ngoi u c ni vo dy PE. Hng dn c{ch u ni SRF trong mng TN-CS

Trong mng TN-CS, tt c phn mang in l ra ngoi u c ni vo dy CNE.

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Hng dn c{ch u ni SRF trong mng TT

Mng TT: in cc ni t ca ngun v tt c phn mang in l ra ngoi c ni vo in cc ni t ring bit, c lp nhau. Hng dn c{ch u ni SRF trong mng IT

Mng IT: Trung tnh ngun khng c ni t trc tip nhng cc phn dn in l ra ngoi c ni ti in cc ni t ring bit v SRF thng khng c dng bo v chng st lan truyn trong mng ny. Nu c trang b SRF, th cn phi nghin cu k lng (ngoi phm vi ca chuyn ny)
Kt thc phn h th ca chuyn AT,tin hnh n tp v kim tra cui chuyn . Phn trung v cao th (>1000V) s c tch ring, kim tra ring.

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Bin son: Phm Hong Linh Ti liu tham kho: 1. Gio trnh: An to|n in (Phan Th Thu V}n, NXB HQG.Tp.HCM, 2004) 2. TCVN 3256:1979, TCVN 4086:1985, TCVN 3146:1986, TCVN 5556:1991, TCVN 4163:1985, TCVN 2572:1978, 3. DOE Hand book of electrical safety (American Department of Energy, 2004) 4. Electrical installation guide, IEC Standard (Schneider Electric, 2009) 5. IEC standards 6. OSHAS 2003 7. Ngoi ra, c th tm hiu thm cc ti liu kh{c c chia s trn cc website chia s trc tuyn nh: - http://www.4shared.com (t kha: antoandien, an toan dien, electrical safety, electricalsafety, )

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Ph Lc 1.

CP CU NGI B IN GIT
Nguyn nhn chnh lm cht ngi v in git l do hin tng kch thch ch khng do b chn thng. Khi c ngi b tan nn in, vic tin hnh s cu nhanh chng, kp thi v ng phng php l cc yu t quyt nh cu sng nn nhn. Cc th nghim v thc t cho thy rng t lc b in git n mt pht sau c cu cha th 90% trng hp cu sng, 6 pht sau mi cu ch c th cu sng 10%, nu t 10 pht mi cp cu th rt t trng hp cu sng c. Vic s cu phi thc hin ng phng php mi c hiu qu v tc dng cao. Khi s cu ngi b tai nn cn thc hin hai bc c bn sau: - Tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in. - Lm h hp nhn to v xoa bp tim ngoi lng ngc. 1. Tch nn nhan ra khi ngun in * Nu nn nhn chm vo in h p cn: Nhanh chng ct ngun in (cu dao, aptomat, cu ch....); nu khng th ct nhanh ngun in th phi dng cc vt cch in kh nh so, gy tre, g kh gt dy in ra khi nn nhn, nu nn nhn nm cht vo dy in cn phi ng trn cc vt cch in kh (b g) ko nn nhn ra hoc i ng hay dng gng tay cch in g nn nhn ra; cng c th dng dao, ru vi cn g kh, km cch in cht hoc ct t dy in. * Nu nn nhn b chm hoc b phng in t thit b c in p cao Khng th n cu ngay trc tip m cn phi i ng, dng gy, so cch in tch nn nhn ra khi phm vi c in. ng thi bo cho ngi qun l n ct in trn ng dy. Nu ngi b nn ang lm vic ng dy trn cao dng dy ni t lm ngn mch ng dy. Khi lm ngn mch v ni t cn phi tin hnh ni t trc, sau nm dy ln lm ngn mch ng dy. Dng cc bin php chng ri, ng nu ngi b nn trn cao. 2. Lm h hp nhn to Thc hin ngay sau khi tch ngi b nn ra khi b phn mang in. t nn nhn ch thong kh, ci cc phn qun o b thn (cc c, tht lng ...), lau sch mu, nc bt v cc cht bn. Thao tc theo trnh t: - t nn nhn nm nga, k gy bng vt mm u nga v pha sau. Kim tra kh qun c thng sut khng v ly cc di vt ra. Nu hm b co cng phi m ming bnh cch tay vo pha di ca gc hm di, t ngn tay ci vo mp hm y hm di ra. - Ko nga mt nn nhn v pha sau sao cho cm v c trn mt ng thng m bo cho khng kh vo d dng. y hm di v pha trc phng li ri xung ng thanh qun. - M ming v bt mi nn nhn. Ngi cp cu ht hi v th mnh vo ming nn nhn (t khu trang hoc khn sch ln ming nn nhn). Nu khng th thi vo ming c th c th bt kt ming nn nhn v thi vo mi. - Lp li cc thao tc trn nhiu ln. Vic thi kh cn lm nhp nhng v lin tc 10-12 ln trong 1 pht vi ngi ln, 20 ln trong 1 pht vi tr em. 3. Xoa bp tim ngoi lng ngc Nu c hai ngi cp cu th mt ngi thi ngt cn mt ngi xoa bp tim. Ngi xoa bp tim t hai tay chng ln nhau v t 1/3 phn di xng c ca nn nhn, n khong 4-6 ln th dng li 2 giy ngi th nht thi khng kh vo phi nn nhn. Khi p mnh lng ngc xung khong 4-6cm, sau gi tay li khong 1/3s ri mi ri tay khi lng ngc cho tr v v tr c. Nu c mt ngi cp cu th c sau hai ba ln thi ngt n vo lng ngc nn nhn nh trn t 4-6 ln. Cc thao tc phi c lm lin tc cho n khi nn nhn xut hin du hiu sng tr li, h h hp c th t hot ng n nh. kim tra nhip tim nn ngng xoa bp khong 2-3s. Sau khi thy kh sc mt tr li hng ho, ng t co dn, tim phi bt u hot ng nh... cn tip tc cp cu khong 5-10 pht na tip sc thm cho nn nhn. Sau kp thi chuyn nn nhn n bnh vin. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn vn phi tip tc tin hnh cng vic cp cu lin tc.

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Ph lc 2.

LA CHN S NI T
(TT / TN-C / TN-S hay IT ) Vic la chn kiu mng ni t khng ph thuc vo tiu ch an ton. Tt c cc h thng u c tc dng bo v cho ngi nh nhau nu vic lp t v vn hnh c tun th ng quy cch. Tiu ch cho vic la chn h thng tt nht ph thuc vo quy phm (ca tng quc gia), yu cu ca vic cung cp in, tnh lin tc trong vn hnh kiu mng in v ph ti. Nu xt v mc bo v an ton cho con ngi, th c 3 h thng ni t l nh nhau nu vic lp t v vn hnh ng quy cch. Do , vic la chn khng ph thuc vo tiu ch an ton. Vic kt hp cc yu t nh yu cu ca quy phm, cng tc cp in, tnh lin tc trong cp in, loi mng in v ph ti s l yu t c th la chn ra c h thng tt u. (Xem bng E16) Chn la c da trn cc yu t sau: 1. Trn tt c, l quy phm c p dng .Trong mt s trng hp quy phm s quy nh vic s dng loi ni t c th. (VD: theo NEC-USA, quy nh buc s dng mng TN-S cho cc h tiu th in, dn dng) 2. Th n l quyt nh ca ch s hu, nu ngun cp c cp qua 1 bin p trung th/ h th (trm phn phi trung th), hoc ch s hu c mt ngun cp ring bit (hoc bin p cch ly). c c 1 quyt nh la chn hiu qu, th ch s hu tho lun vi b phn thit k mng in (nh thu, phng thit k, ). Tho lun phi bao trm cc vn : - u tin l cc yu cu v hot ng (yu cu v mc lin tc ca vic cp in) v cc iu kin hot ng (bo dng bi th in hay khng, trong hay ngoi, nhn lc nh my hay huy ng thu ngoi, ) - Th n l cc c trng ring bit ca mng in v h thng ph ti (xem bng E17) TT TN-S TN-C Cc c tnh in Dng s c in p s c --+ + -Ch h thng IT l gn nh khng xy ra dng s c khi x ra chm mt im th nht. Trong h thng IT, in p tip xc l rt thp khi sy ra s c th nht, nhng s l ng k khi s c th 2 xy ra. Trong h thng TT, in p tip xc rt thp nu h thng l ng th, cc trng hp khc l cao Tt c cc h thng ni t l tng ng, nu tun th ng quy cch. Cc h thng dc bo v bi cc RCD th khng nhy vi cc thay i ni khng ca ngun RCD c s dng trong cc h thng l tng tng, nhng h TN-C th khng s dng RCD v l do v hon hon. Qu p 1 pha vi t s duy tr lin tc trong h thng IT nu c s c v cch in th nht. (chm v lu u qu p cch in pha-t) Cc h thng vi dng s c cao c th gy qu p tm thi (qu p giai on qu ) Trong h thng TT, c 1 in p khng cn bng IT1 IT2 ch gii

in p tip xc S bo v Bo v ngi khi cc tip xc gin tip Bo v ngi vi cc my pht s c Chng chy n (vi RCD) Qu p Qu p lin tc

+/- - -

+ + +

+ +

+ Khng cho php +

+ + +

+ +

Qu p tm thi, qu .

+ +

Qu p nu my bin p -

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hng(nh thng) Tng hp in t Chng st gn. + + + +

gia cc in cc t . Cc h thng khc c lin h vi nhau ti 1 in cc t. Trong h thng TT, c th c s mt cn bng in p gia cc in cc t, c 1 dng qun ng k trong 2 c t tch bit . Tt c cc h thng ni t l tng ng khi 1 ng dy trung th chu st trc tip. Dy PEN l mt dy dn in m dy PEN c bt vo cc kt cu kim loi ca cng trnh khin cng s pht ra trng in t (lm gia tng trng in t trong mng TNC.) Dy PE khng cn ng th na nu c dng s c ln. Ch h thng IT ngn c s nhy mch do s c cch in im th nht gy ra. Cc h thng TN-S, TNC v IT (vi s c th 2) sinh ra s c dng cao c th gy nn cc in p pha nhng (in p pha nhng: l hin tng dy PE nhim in ging dy pha, do in p ri trn dy PE sinh ra khi dng chy trong dy ny rt ln) H thng TT yu cu s dng cc RCD. H thng IT yu cu s dng cc IMD H thng TT yu cu 2 in cc ni t ring bit. H thng IT khuyn ngh chn la gia 1 hoc 2 in cc ni t. Ch h thng TN-C a ra, trong nhng trng hp nht nh, mi c gim s si cp. Chi ph sa cha da trn mc thit hi gy bi bin dng in s c. Cc h thng gy nn s c qu dng yu cu kim tra lp t sau khi gii tr s c.

Chng st trn ng dy trung th (st lan truyn) S pht ra lin tc ca trng in t.

Dy PE mt ng th tm thi, qu .

Tnh lin tc ca vic cp in Ngt in bi s c th nht. in p nhng trong + khi xy ra h hng cch in. + + + -

Lp t Cc thit b chuyn dng S cc in cc t + + + + -/+ -/+

S si cp Bo dng Chi ph sa cha H hi khi lp t

--

--

++

--

Bng. E16: So snh gia cc mng ni t. (Ngun: electrical-installation.org)

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Loi mng in Mng in rt rng, cc phn dn in l thin (v my, v t, ..) c ni vi cc ni y c cht lng tt. (cc ni t c in tr < 10 ) Mng in rt rng, cc phn dn in l thin (v my, v t, ..) c ni vi cc ni y c cht lng thp. (cc ni t c in tr > 30 ) Khu vc nhiu lon ( dng bo, hay gn cc tram pht sng v tuyn) Cc mng vi dng d cao (>500mA) Mng vi dy dn ngoi tri trn khng. Cc my pht d phng. Loi ph ti Cc ph ti nhy vi dng s c (nh cc ng c) Ph ti vi mc cch in thp( l in, cc my hn, cc thnh phn t nng, sai-so ngm, thit b trong cc nh bp quy m ln. Nhiu ph ti 1 pha, pha- trung tnh(di ng, bn c nh, xch tay ) Cc ph ti vi mc nguy him kh ln (cn trc, bng ti ) Cc thit b ph tr s lng ln (nh cc my cng c ) Hn hp Ngun cp thng qua my bin p u sao/sao (13) Khu vc d chy n Mc m rng ca trm phn phi h th cao, yu cu 1 trm ph ring Thng xuyn thay i lp t. Lp t ni m s lin tc ca mch ni t l khng chc chn (nh khu vc thi cng xy dng, hay trn cc lp t c) Cc thit b in t (my tnh, PLC) Mng iu khin - gim st my mc, cm bin PLC, c cu chp hnh

Khuyn khch

C th Cc mng TT, TN, IT hay kt hp

Khng khuyn khch

TN

TN-S

IT (1) TN-C

TN TN (4) TT (5) IT

TT IT (4) TT (3) (4) TN (5) (6) TT

IT (2)

IT(6) TN (7)

IT TN (9)

TT TT (9)

TN (8) IT

TT(10) TN-S TN (11) TN-S TT (11) TN-C IT (12 bis) IT khngdy trung tnh TN-S (15) TT (15)

IT (10) TN-C (10) IT (11) TT (12)

TT

IT (13) c dy trung tnh TN-C (14)

IT (15) TT (16) TT (17) TT (19)

TN (18) IT(18) TN-S TN-C IT (19)

TN-S IT
(20)

TT TN-S, TT

TN-C

Bng. E17: nh hng ca ph ti n vic chn la cc h thng ni t. (Ngun: electrical-installation.org)

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Bin son: Phm Hong Linh

(1) Khi cc h thng ni t khng c quy nh trong cc quy phm, th c chn da theo mc hot ng c trng (nh yu cu v tnh lin tc ca mng in m bo an ton cho qu trnh hot ng VD l tu thy, gin khoan; theo mc lin tc m bo rng s t khi b mt in lm gin on cc dy chuyn my mc lm h hi sn phn ang trn dy chuyn , ) Khi ch dng duy nht mt h thng ni t, kh nng sy ra s c s tng t l theo chiu di ca mng in. Do , 1 tng tt c th l ta phn tch mng in thnh nhiu khu vc khc nhau, s dng kiu ni t ph hp. Tuy nhin, ta cn xem xt k la chn kiu ni t no ph hp cho vng no v tc ng tng h gia cc kiu ni t . (2) Khi chng st kim tc ng, hay thit b chng st kim b h hi th lc dy trung tnh s coi nh c ni vi t, do vic c trang b SRF hay chng st van (chng st kim) hay khng cn c tnh k. S c ny s tng ln nu mng in nm khu vc c nhiu sm st hay mang in c nhiu dy dn l thin trn cao. Nu nh mng IT c chn nhm mc nh m bo tnh lin tc ca vic cp in th ngi thit k phi tnh ton trc kh nng ngt mch h thng khi c s c chm t ti pha th hai. (3) Nguy him cho RCD (4) Bt c h thng ni t no, gii php l tng l cch ly phn nh hng nu c th d dng xc nh c n. (5) S c chm pha- t nh hng n ng th. (6) Cch ly khng chc chn do m t v bi bn. (in tr cch in kh xch nh, ko chc chn do m t v bi bn) (7) H thng TN khng c khuyn khch do nguy him tn hi n my pht trong trng hp c 1 s c bn trong. Quan trng hn na l khi my pht cp in cho cc thit b an ton th h thng khng c ngt mch khi xy ra s c ln th nht (chm mt pha th nht). (8) Dng s c pha- t c th cao gp vi ln dng In, iu ny gy nguy him hay lm gim tui th cc cun dy ca ng c, hay ph hu phn mch t. [khi dng s c ln, qua cc cun dy, n s sinh ra t trng rt ln tc dng ln li thp ca ng c (mch t), t trng c gi tr ln ny c th ph v cu trc t tnh t nhin ca li thp lm li thp b nhim t vnh vin, hay pha v t tnh nh hnh trc trong cc my pht, lm li thp ca my pht khng cn t tnh v do my pht s khng t kch c.] (9) h thng in hot ng an ton v tng kh nng cung cp lin tc, t gin on th khuyn co rng, cho d l h thng ni t no th cng cn thit phn on tch ly ph ti thng qua cc bin p cch ly vi dy trung tnh ring cho tng phn on. (10) Khi in tr cch in ca cc thit b ph ti suy gim mnh th rt d gy ra s c nu nh vic thit k khng a cht lng ph ti vo tnh ton. Vic trang b cc RCD trong mng TT c ngha tt nht trnh nhng s c do vn trn. (11) Tnh di ng ca loi ti ny gy ra cc s c thng xuyn. (cc tip im trt lin kt vi cc phn dn in trn-ray in, ). V nh vy, vi loi ti ny, ngi ta khuyn co rng nn s dng cc my bin p cch ly, c dy trung tnh ring cp in. (12) Yu cu s dng my bin p vi cc h thng TN cc b l trnh s c v trc trc ngt mch khi xy ra s c ln th nht (vi mng TT), hay khi xy ra s c kp (vi mng IT). (12 bis) Vi ngt mch kp trong mch iu khin. (13) Gii hn vt qu ca dng pha- t do gi tr cao ca tr khng pha- 0 (t nht 4 n 5 ln tr khng trc tip). H thng ny phi c thay th bng MBA u Y- (14) Dng ngn mch s c c gi tr cao lm h thng TN tr nn nguy him. Cm s dng h ni t TN-C. (15) Bt k h thng no th RCD phi c t mc 500 mA. (16) Lp t cp bi ngun h th phi s dng h thng TT. Bo qun h thng ni t ny ngha l t nht s sa i trn mng in c (khng phi chy thm cp, khng cn sa i thit b bo v) (17) C th khng cn n cc th in tay ngh cao. (18) Loi lp t ny yu cu s ch ring trong vic bo dng. S vng mt ca cc bin php o lng phng nga trong h thng TN ng ngha vi vic yu cu cc th in tay ngh cao m bo an ton trong ton b thi gian. (19) S c t dy dn in c th gy nn s mt cn bng ng th ca cc phn dn in l thin ca thit b. 1 h thng TT hay 1 h thng TN-S c trang b RCD 30mA c khuyn khch v thng l bt buc. H thng IT c th c s dng trong cc trng hp chuyn bit. (20) Gii php ny trnh tc ng ngt mch do s c chm t khng mong mun.

Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Ph lc 1, 2

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