CC PHP TON TRN MNG HAI CHIU (MA TRN)

1. CNG HAI MA TRN

1.1. V d minh ha
- Gii thiu bi ton
Cho hai ma trn A v B cng cp A = (a
ij
)
m x n
v B = (b
ij
)
m x n

Khi ma trn tng ca hai ma trn A v B l ma trn C = (c
ij
)
m x n
(cng cp vi
A, B).
Trong : c
ij
= a
ij
+ b
ij

- V d
Cho hai ma trn
A =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
3 8 6 4
5 2 7 6
1 4 2 0
; B =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
2 6 1 2
1 2 7 4
1 0 6 5

th ma trn tng C c tnh nh sau
C =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
2 3 6 8 1 6 2 4
1 5 2 2 7 7 4 6
1 1 0 4 6 2 5 0
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
5 14 7 6
6 4 14 10
2 4 8 5










1.2. Thut ton
Lu

Hnh 2.1. Lu thut ton cng hai ma trn







Begin
Ma trn A, B, c cng s
dng, s ct
i = 1
i ++
True
Xut ma trn C
False
j <= s ct
j = 1
i <= s dng
j ++
True
False
C
ij
= A
ij
+ B
ij

End
2. TR HAI MA TRN
2.1. V d minh ha
- Gii thiu bi ton
Cho hai ma trn A v B cng cp A = (a
ij
)
m x n
v B = (b
ij
)
m x n

Khi ma trn hiu ca hai ma trn A v B l ma trn C = (c
ij
)
m x n
(cng cp vi
A, B).
Trong : c
ij
= a
ij
- b
ij

- V d
Cho hai ma trn
A =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
3 8 6 4
5 2 7 6
1 4 2 0
; B =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
2 6 1 2
1 2 7 4
1 0 6 5

th ma trn hiu C c tnh nh sau
C =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
|
|
|
.
|

\
|



2 3 6 8 1 6 2 4
1 5 2 2 7 7 4 6
1 1 0 4 6 2 5 0
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
1 2 5 2
4 0 0 2
0 4 4 5













2.2. Thut ton
Lu

Hnh 2.2. Lu thut ton tr hai ma trn







Begin
Nhp ma trn A, B,
cng s dng, s ct
i = 1
i ++
True
Xut ma trn C
False
j <= s ct
j = 1
i <= s dng
j ++
True
False
C
ij
= A
ij
- B
ij

End
3. NHN MA TRN VI MT S
3.1. V d minh ha
- Gii thiu bi ton
Cho ma trn A = (a
ij
)
m x n
v s k 0 (
Php nhn ma trn A vi s k c ma trn B = k * A = (b
ij
)
m x n

Trong : b
ij
= k * a
ij

- V d
Nhn ma trn A =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
3 8 6 4
5 2 7 6
1 4 2 0
vi k = 3 ta c ma trn B
B = 3 * A =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
3 * 3 8 * 3 6 * 3 4 * 3
5 * 3 2 * 3 7 * 3 6 * 3
1 * 3 4 * 3 2 * 3 0 * 3
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
9 24 18 12
15 6 21 18
3 12 6 0

















3.2. Thut ton
Lu

Hnh 2.3. Lu thut ton nhn ma trn vi mt s








Begin
Nhp ma trn A, s dng,
s ct, s k
i = 1
i ++
True
Xut ma trn C
False
j <= s ct
j = 1
i <= s dng
j ++
True
False
B
ij
= A
ij
* k
End
4. NHN MA TRN VI MA TRN
4.1. V d minh ha
- Gii thiu bi ton
Xt hai ma trn A = (a
ij
)
m x n
v B = (b
ij
)
n x p
trong s ct ca ma trn A bng s
hng ca ma trn B.
Khi tch ca ma trn A vi ma trn B l ma trn C = (c
ij
)
m x p
c m hng v p ct,
m c
ij
c tnh bi cng thc c
ij
= a
i1
* b
1j
+ a
i2
* b
2j
+ + a
in
* b
nj

Ta c th hnh dung

mxn
mn m m
in i i
n
n
a a a
a a a
a a a
a a a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
...
... ... ... ...
...
... ... ... ...
...
...
2 1
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
*
nxp
np nj n n
p j
p j
b b b b
b b b b
b b b b
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ...
... ...
2 1
2 2 22 21
1 1 12 11
=
mxp
ij
c
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
... ... ...
... ...
... ... ...

- V d
Cho hai ma trn A =
2 4
2 5
0 1
3 1
1 2
x
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

; B =
3 2
3 4 3
2 1 1
x
|
|
.
|

\
|

Tch hai ma trn A*B l ma trn C =
3 4
43 42 41
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
x
c c c
c c c
c c c
c c c
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

vi c11 = a11 * b11 + a12 * b21 = 2*1 + 1*3 = 5
c12 = a11 * b12 + a12 * b22 = 2*1 + 1*(-4) = -2
tng t ta c ma trn C =
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

4 3 11
2 1 1
11 13 8
1 2 5




4.2 Thut ton
Lu

Hnh 2.4. Lu thut ton nhn ma trn vi ma trn



Begin
Nhp A=(a
ij
)
m x n

B=(b
ij
)
n x p


i = 1
j ++
True
In C = (c
ij
)
m xp


False
k <= n
k = 1
j <= p
k ++
True
False
c
ij
= c
ij
+ a
ik
* b
kj

j = 1
c
ij
= 0
i ++
True
False
i <= m
End
5. MA TRN CHUYN V
5.1. V d minh ha
- Gii thiu bi ton
Ma trn chuyn v ca ma trn A = (a
ij
)
mxn
l ma trn cp (nxm).
K hiu : A
T
,bng cch i hng ca ma trn A thnh ct ca ma trn A
T
, v ngc
li.
- V d
Cho ma trn A =
2 4
2 5
0 1
3 1
1 2
x
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

th ma trn chuyn v A
T
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
2 0 3 1
5 1 1 2


















5.2. Thut ton
Lu

Hnh 2.5. Lu thut ton tm ma trn chuyn v





Begin
Nhp ma trn vung
A, cp N

i = 1
j ++
True
Xut ma trn
chuyn v B

False
j < N
j = 1
i ++
True
False
i < N
End
i = j
A[i][j] = B[i][j]
A[i][j] = B[j][i]
True
False
6. NH THC MA TRN
6.1. V d minh ha
- Gii thiu bi ton
Cho ma trn vung cp n : A = (a
ij
)
nxn

nh thc ca ma trn A c k hiu det(A) hay |A| c th c nh ngha bng
h thc truy hi nh sau
Vi n = 1 : th det(A) = a
11

Vi n > 1 :
det(A) =

=
n
j 1
a
1j
C
1j
=

=
n
j 1
a
1j
(-1)
1+j
M
1j

(gi l khai trin nh thc theo hng th nht).
a
ij
l phn t hng i, v ct j, C
ij
l phn ph i s ca phn t a
ij
trong ma
trn A, c tnh bng cng thc: C
ij
= (-1)
i + j
x M
ij
vi M
ij
l nh thc ca ma trn
con suy ra t ma trn gc A khi xa i hng th i, v ct th j .
- Hng gii quyt
C nhiu phng php tnh nh thc nh tnh theo nh ngha, phng php
ng song song, phng php tam gic, khai trin Laplace y em dng phng
php khai trin nh thc thnh ma trn tam gic trn, bng cc php bin i s cp, v
y c xem l phng php ti u nht tnh nh thc bc n. Sau ta nhn tch
cc phn t ng cho li s c nh thc ma trn.
Php bin i s cp trn ma trn bao gm nhng cng vic nh sau :
i ch 2 hng (2 ct ) cho nhau.
Nhn tt c cc phn t ca 1 hng (hoc 1 ct) vi mt s khc 0
Cng vo cc phn t ca 1 hng (hoc ct) khc nhau khi nhn vi cng mt
s no .

h
2
5/2*h
1

h
3
4/2*h
1

h
2
5/2*h
1

h
3
4/2*h
1

- V d
Tnh nh thc ca ma trn vung A =
2 1 4
3 3 5
3 4 2

det (A) =
2 1 4
3 3 5
3 4 2



4 7 0
2 / 9 7 0
3 4 2



2 / 1 0 0
2 / 9 7 0
3 4 2
= 2*(-7)*(1/2) = -7
6.2. Thut ton
- Thut ton chuyn ma trn vung A, cp N thnh ma trn tam gic trn.
u vo : Ma trn vung A, cp N
u ra : Ma trn tam gic trn
X l :
o Bc 1: Xt tng phn t trn ng cho chnh A[i][i] vi i = N , 1
A[i][i] = 0 : nhy n bc 2
A[i][i] 0 : nhy n bc 3
o Bc 2: Tm tt c cc phn t ct i, bn di phn t A[i][i], l
A[j][i] vi j = N i ), 1 ( +
Tt c cc phn t ct i u bng 0: Nhy n bc 4
Tm thy A[j][i] 0 : hon i tt c cc phn t ca dng j cho
dng i, qua bc 3
o Bc 3: Kh tt c cc phn t ca ct i di phn t A[i][i] bng
php bin i
i j j
h
i i A
i j A
h h
] ][ [
] ][ [
, vi j = N i ), 1 ( + ; h
j
, h
i
: ln
lt l hng th j, hng th i.
o Bc 4:
Trng hp i < N : nhy v bc 1.
Trng hp i = N : Xut ma trn tam gic trn.

Lu

Hnh 2.6. Lu thut ton tnh nh thc ma trn vung






Begin
Nhp ma trn
vung A, cp N
Chuyn A thnh ma trn
tam gic trn
Gn D = 1
i = 1
D = D*A[i][i]
i = i+1
i <= N
True
Xut nh thc D
False
End
7. MA TRN NGHCH O
7.1. V d minh ha
- Gii thiu bi ton
Ma trn vung A (cp n) c gi l kh o (hay c ma trn nghch o) nu tn
ti ma trn vung B (cp n) sao cho:
A*B = B*A =E
n
(ma trn n v cp n)
- Hng gii quyt
Tm ma trn nghch o thng qua ma trn ph hp ca A. iu kin tn ti ca
ma trn nghch o l det (A) 0.
nh ngha v phn b i s A
ij
: Phn b i s A
ij
c tnh A
ij
= (-1)
i + j
* M
ij
.
Trong M
ij
l nh thc ca ma trn con M ca ma trn A (b hng i, ct j )
nh ngha v ma trn ph hp P
A
: Ma trn ph hp ca A k hiu l P
A
, c xc
nh nh sau:
P
A
=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
nn n n
n
n
A A A
A A A
A A A
...
... ... ... ...
...
...
2 1
2 22 12
1 21 11
, trong A
ij
l phn b i s ca phn t a
ij

Khi , ma trn nghch o ca A l A
-1
=
A
P
A) det(
1

- V d
Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn vung A =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
2 1 1
1 1 2
1 1 1

Ta c: det (A) = 5 0
A
11
= (-1)
1+1

2 1
1 1
= 1, A
12
= (-1)
1+2

2 1
1 2
= -3, A
13
= (-1)
1+3

1 1
1 2
= 1
A
21
= (-1)
2+1

2 1
1 1
= 3, A
22
= (-1)
2+2

2 1
1 1
= 1, A
23
= (-1)
2+3

1 1
1 1
= -2
A
31
= (-1)
3+1

2 1
1 1
= -2, A
32
= (-1)
3+2

1 2
1 1
= 1, A
33
= (-1)
3+3

1 2
1 1
= 3
P
A
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
33 23 13
32 22 12
31 21 11
A A A
A A A
A A A
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

3 2 1
1 1 3
2 3 1

Do : A
-1
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

5
3
5
2
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
3
5
2
5
3
5
1

7.2. Thut ton
- u vo: Ma trn vung A, cp N
- u ra : Ma trn nghch o C
Bc 1: Tnh det(A)
det(A) = 0 : th ma trn khng c nghch o
det(A) 0 : th nhy sang bc 2
Bc 2: To 2 bin m i = n , 1 , j = n , 1 duyt cc phn t ca ma trn.
Bc 3: Tm ma trn con B ca A, ma trn A b dng i, ct j. Tnh det(B).
Bc 4: Tnh phn b i s M
ij
ca a
ij
: M
ij
= (-1)
i + j
* det (B)
Bc 5: Lu M
ij
vo ma trn ph hp P: P = (M
ij
)
n x n

Bc 6: Tm chuyn v ca P: P
T
Bc 7: Tnh ma trn nghch o C =
) det(A
P
T


Lu (Tm ma trn con B, cp N-1)

Hnh 2.7. Lu thut ton tm ma trn con
Begin
Nhp ma trn A, cp N, hng
th k, ct th p
i = k
i ++
True
Xut ma trn con A, cp N
False
j <= N
j = 1
i <= N -1
j ++
True
False
A[i][j] = A[i+1][j]
End
j = p
j ++
True
False
i <= N
i = 1
j <= N - 1
i ++
True
False
A[i][j] = A[i][j+1]
N - -
Lu (Tm ma trn chuyn v P
T
)

Hnh 2.8. Lu thut ton tm ma trn P
T








Begin
Ma trn vung P,
cp N

i = 1
j ++
True
Xut ma trn
chuyn v P
T


False
j < N
j = 1
i ++
True
False
i < N
End
i = j A[i][j] = P
T
[i][j]
A[i][j] = P
T
[j][i]
True
False
Lu (Tm ma trn nghch o)

Hnh 2.9. Lu thut ton tm ma trn nghch o
Begin
Nhp ma trn
vung A, cp N
Ma trn chuyn v P
T
i = 1
j = 1
Phn b i s M
ij
= (-1)
i+j
*det (B)
i ++ i <= N
True
Xut nghch o C
False
det(A) = 0
Tm ma trn con B (l ma trn A
b hng i, ct j)
P[i][j] = M
ij
det (B)
j <= N j ++
True
False
C = P
T
/ det (A)
True
False
Khng c nghch o
End
8. HNG CA MA TRN
8.1. V d minh ha
- Gii thiu bi ton
Hng ca ma trn A l cp cao nht ca tt c cc nh thc con khc 0 ca ma
trn A.
K hiu : hng ca ma trn A l rank (A) hay r(A)
D thy rng : 0 r(A) min(m,n) vi A l ma trn c m x n
- Hng gii quyt:
C 2 phng php tnh hng ma trn l tnh theo nh ngha, v dung php bin i
s cp.
Phng php tnh theo nh ngha :
Tnh cc nh thc con t cp 2 tr ln.
Gi s ma trn A c mt nh thc con cp r khc 0, tnh tip cc nh thc
cp r + 1, nu tt c cc nh thc cp r + 1 u bng 0 ta kt lun hng
ca A l r cn nu cn nu c mt nh thc cp r + 1 khc 0 th tnh tip
cc nh thc cp r + 2, nu tt c cc nh thc con r + 2 u bng 0 th
hng ca ma trn l r + 1, cn nu c mt nh thc r + 2 khc 0 th ta
thc hin tip tc nh th.
Ta thy rng cn phi tnh cc nh thc t cp 2 tr ln v nu hng ca ma trn
cng ln th vic tnh ton cng phc tp. V th ngi ta a ra cch tnh hng ma trn
bng cch da vo cc php bin i s cp.
Mc ch ca phng php ny l bin i ma trn c m x n v dng ma trn bc
thang. Hng ca ma trn ban u v ma trn bc thang khng thay i. Hng ca ma
trn bc thang l s hng (hoc ct nu ct t hn hng) khc 0 ca n.
- V d
Tm hng ca ma trn A cho di y :
A =
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

20 4 8 4 1
5 4 2 5 2
12 7 9 6 2
5 0 2 3 1

|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
15 4 6 1 0
15 4 6 1 0
2 7 5 0 0
5 0 2 3 1


|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
15 4 6 1 0
2 7 5 0 0
15 4 6 1 0
5 0 2 3 1

|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 0 0 0 0
2 7 5 0 0
15 4 6 1 0
5 0 2 3 1
(ma trn bc
thang)
h
1
* (-2) + h
2


h
1
* (2) + h
3

h
1
* (-1) + h
4


h
3
h
2
h
2
* (-1) + h
4

Ta c :
5 0 0
6 1 0
2 3 1
= 5 0 , v mi nh thc con cp 4 u bng 0 v chng c
cha hng cui cng c tt c cc phn t u bng 0. Vy : rank(A) = 3
8.2. Thut ton
- Thut ton chuyn ma trn A, s dng, s ct thnh ma trn bc thang.
u vo : Ma trn A, s dng, s ct.
u ra : Ma trn bc thang A
X l :
o Bc 1: Xt tng phn t trn ng cho chnh A[i][i] vi i =
dong , 1
A[i][i] = 0 : nhy n bc 2
A[i][i] 0 : nhy n bc 3
o Bc 2: Tm tt c cc phn t ct i, bn di phn t A[i][i], l
A[j][i] vi j = dong i ), 1 ( +
Tt c cc phn t ct i u bng 0: Nhy n bc 4
Tm thy A[j][i] 0 : hon i tt c cc phn t ca dng j cho
dng i, qua bc 3
o Bc 3: Kh tt c cc phn t ca ct i di phn t A[i][i] bng
php bin i
i j j
h
i i A
i j A
h h
] ][ [
] ][ [
, vi j = dong i ), 1 ( + ; h
j
, h
i
: ln
lt l hng th j, hng th i.
o Bc 4:
Trng hp i < N : nhy v bc 1.
Trng hp i = N : Xut ma trn bc thang.

Lu (Tnh hng ca ma trn)

Hnh 2.10. Lu thut ton tnh hng ma trn



Begin
Ma trn A, s
dng, s ct
Chuyn A thnh ma trn
bc thang
rank(A) = 0
i = 1
Duyt tt c cc phn t ca hng, nu
c mt phn t khc 0 th tng rank
(A) ln mt n v
i ++
True
Xut hng rank (A)
False
j <= s ct
j = 1
i <=s dng
j ++
True
False
End
{
9. GII H PTTT BNG PHNG PHP GAUSS
9.1. V d minh ha
- Gii thiu bi ton
H phng trnh bc nht gm m phng trnh, n n s c dng :
a
11
x
1
+ a
12
x
2
+ a
13
x
3
+ + a
1n
x
n
= b
1

a
21
x
1
+ a
22
x
2
+ a
23
x
3
+ + a
2n
x
n
= b
1


a
m1
x
1
+ a
m2
x
2
+ a
m3
x
3
+ + a
mn
x
n
= b
1
trong a
ij
, b
i
(i = m , 1 , j = n , 1 ) l cc h s thc(hoc phc), x
1
, x
2
, , x
n

l n n s, c gi l h phng trnh tuyn tnh (HPPTT) m phng trnh, n n s.
t ma trn A =
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
mn m m m
n
n
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
...
... ... ... ... ...
...
...
3 2 1
2 23 22 21
1 13 12 11
c gi l ma trn h s ca HPTTT
ma trn B =
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
m mn m m m
n
n
b a a a a
b a a a a
b a a a a
...
... ... ... ... ... ...
...
...
3 2 1
2 2 23 22 21
1 1 13 12 11
c gi l ma trn m rng
ma trn X =
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
n
x
x
x
...
2
1
c gi l ma trn n
H phng trnh c s phng trnh bng s n s (m=n), v c nh thc ca ma
trn h s A khc 0 ( det(A) 0 ) c gi l HPT Cramer.
Trong khun kh n ny ti ch gii hn vic gii v bin lun s nghim ca
HPTTT qua HPT Cramer.
- Hng gii quyt
Lp ma trn m rng A t HPT
A =
) 1 (
3 2 1
2 2 23 22 21
1 1 13 12 11
...
... ... ... ... ... ...
...
...
+
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\
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n nx
m nn n n n
n
n
b a a a a
b a a a a
b a a a a

Sau a A v ma trn bc thang
A =
) 1 (
1 ) 1 ( ) 1 )( 1 (
1 1 13 12 11
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
... ... ... ... ... ...
...
+

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n nx
n nn
n n n n n
n
b a
b a a
b a a a a

Ta tin hnh bin lun nghim ca HPT da vo s hng khc 0 ca ma trn m
rng (ma trn bc thang). S hng khc 0 ca ma trn bc thang cng chnh bng hng
ca ma trn. Tng t ta cng tnh c hng ca ma trn h s B.
HPT v nghim khi v ch khi hng ca ma trn h s ( r(B) ) nh hn hng
ca ma trn m rng ( r(A) ).
r(A) = r(B) = r < n th HPT c v s nghim
r(A) = r(B) = n th HPT c mt h nghim duy nht.
T ma trn m rng trn ta d dng tnh c nghim x
n
do phng trnh th n ch
cn 1 nghim, sau thay x
n
va tm c vo phng trnh th n-1, ta cng tnh c
nghim x
n-1
. Tng t ta s tnh c h nghim duy nht ca HPT.
- V d
Gii HPT sau:
x
1
3x
2
+ 2x
3
= -1
x
1
+ 9x
2
+ 6x
3
= 3
x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 5x
3
= 1
Lp ma trn m rng A, v bin i A thnh ma trn bc thang
A =
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1 5 3 1
3 6 9 1
1 2 3 1

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0 1 0 0
1 1 3 0
1 2 3 1

T HPT cho tng ng vi HPT sau
x
1
3x
2
+ 2x
3
= -1 x
1
= 0
3x
2
+ x
3
= 1 x
2
= 1/3
x
3
= 0 x
3
= 0
Vy h nghim ca HPT ( 0 ; 1/3 ; 0 )
9.2 Thut ton
- Thut ton chuyn ma trn A, s dng, s ct thnh ma trn bc thang.
u vo : Ma trn A, s dng, s ct.
{
{
{
u ra : Ma trn bc thang A
X l :
o Bc 1: Xt tng phn t trn ng cho chnh A[i][i] vi i =
dong , 1
A[i][i] = 0 : nhy n bc 2
A[i][i] 0 : nhy n bc 3
o Bc 2: Tm tt c cc phn t ct i, bn di phn t A[i][i], l
A[j][i] vi j = dong i ), 1 ( +
Tt c cc phn t ct i u bng 0: Nhy n bc 4
Tm thy A[j][i] 0 : hon i tt c cc phn t ca dng j cho
dng i, qua bc 3
o Bc 3: Kh tt c cc phn t ca ct i di phn t A[i][i] bng
php bin i
i j j
h
i i A
i j A
h h
] ][ [
] ][ [
, vi j = dong i ), 1 ( + ; h
j
, h
i
: ln
lt l hng th j, hng th i.
o Bc 4:
Trng hp i < N : nhy v bc 1.
Trng hp i = N : Xut ma trn bc thang.
- Thut ton gii h phng trnh bng phng php Gauss:
u vo : Ma trn m rng A, dng N, ct N+1.
u ra : HPT v nghim, HPT v s nghim, h nghim c N phn t.
X l:
o Bc 1: Chuyn ma trn m rng A v ma trn bc thang
o Bc 2: Tnh rank ca A, v rank ca ma trn h s B. Tin hnh
bin lun nghim ca HPT.
Nu r(B) < r(A) th HPT v nghim
Nu r(B) = r(A) = r < N th HPT c v s nghim
Nu r(B) = r(A) = n th nhy n bc 3
o Bc 3: Tnh nghim x
n
ti v tr A[N][N] sau tnh nghim x
n-1

ti v tr A[N-1][N-1], tnh n nghim x
1



Lu ( Tnh rank A , rank B (tng t))

Hnh 2.11. Lu thut ton tnh hng ma trn A





Begin
Ma trn A, s
dng, s ct
Chuyn A thnh ma trn
bc thang
rank(A) = 0
i = 1
Duyt tt c cc phn t ca hng, nu
c mt phn t khc 0 th tng rank
(A) ln mt n v
i ++
True
Xut hng rank (A)
False
j <= s ct
j = 1
i <=s dng
j ++
True
False
End
Lu ( Gii h phng trnh )

Hnh 2.12. Lu thut ton gii h phng trnh

Begin
Nhp ma trn m rng
A,s dng,s ct
i = 1
i - -
True
Xut h
nghim
False
rB < rA
rB= rA< s dng
True
False
Tnh nghim x
ii
End
Chuyn A v ma trn bc
thang
Tnh rank (A) = rA
rank (B) = rB
Ma trn h s B
i < dng
H v
nghim
H c v s
nghim