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TP ON DU KH QUC GIA VIT NAM TRNG CAO NG NGH DU KH

GIO TRNH

VN HNH MY NN
(LU HNH NI B)

Son tho H v tn Chc danh K tn

Kim tra

Xem xt

Ph duyt

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LI NI U
Gio trnh Vn hnh my nn kh c bin son theo chng trnh khung ngh Vn hnh thit b ch bin du kh ca B Lao ng Thng binh v X hi. Cc kin thc trong ton b gio trnh c mi lin h lgic cht ch. Tuy vy, gio trnh cng ch l mt phn trong ni dung ca chuyn ngnh o to cho nn ngi dy, ngi hc cn tham kho thm cc gio trnh c lin quan i vi ngnh hc vic s dng gio trnh c hiu qu hn. Khi bin son gio trnh chng ti c gng cp nht nhng kin thc mi lin quan n mn un Vn hnh my nn kh ph hp vi i tng s dng cng nh c gng gn nhng ni dung l thuyt vi nhng vn thc t thng gp trong sn xut, i sng gio trnh c tnh thc tin cao. Ni dung ca gio trnh c bin son gm 5 bi: Bi 1: Cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca my nn piston Bi 2: Mt s vn v my nn piston Bi 3: Cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca my nn ly tm Bi 4: Mt s vn v my nn ly tm Bi 5: Thc tp vn hnh bo dng my nn Gio trnh s phc v tt cho vic nghin cu, ging dy v hc tp ca gio vin v hc sinh trong Trng trong vic tm hiu cu to, quy trnh vn hnh, x l s c v bo dng k thut my nn kh pison v ly tm. Vi lng mong mun gio trnh ny c th gp phn nng cao cht lng hc tp m un Vn hnh my nn kh, chng ti xin chn thnh cm n v tip nhn nhng kin ng gp ca cc em hc sinh v ng nghip v nhng thiu st khng th trnh khi trong ni dung v hnh thc gio trnh hon thin hn. TC GI

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MC LC
MC LC................................................................................................................. 3 1.4. Nguyn l hot ng.................................................................................. 32 2.2. Bo dng my nn kh piston...................................................................46 3.3. Nguyn l hot ng.................................................................................. 70 Bi 4: MT S VN V MY NN LY TM........................................................75 4.2. Bo dng my nn kh ly tm...................................................................77 5.2. Tho lp, kim tra v sa cha cc chi tit ca my nn ly tm .............102 5.3. Kim tra iu chnh p sut nn v van an ton......................................102 5.4. Bo dng v vn hnh my nn.............................................................103 TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................................... 104

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Bi 1: CU TO, NGUYN L HOT NG CA MY NN PISTON


1.1. Khi nim chung v my nn kh v trm my nn kh 1.1.1. My nn kh My nn kh l my thy kh to ra kh nn vi p sut P 3 at 1.1.2. Phn loi my nn kh a. Da vo cu to c phn lm 3 loi: My nn kh kiu piston My nn kh kiu rto My nn kh kiu ly tm

b. Da theo nguyn l nn kh c phn lm hai loi: My nn kh hot ng theo nguyn tc bin i ng nng: vi loi my nn kh ny, kh c truyn vi mt vn tc ln v c nn nh s bin i ng nng ca dng kh chuyn ng thnh cng nn (my nn kh ly tm). My nn kh hot ng theo nguyn tc gim th tch cha: vi loi my nn kh ny, kh ly t khng gian c p sut nh a vo mt khng gian kn (khng gian cng tc) sau c nn v tng p sut do gim th tch (my nn kh kiu piston v my nn kh kiu rto).

c. Da theo p sut kh nn c phn lm 4 loi: My nn kh p sut thp: l nhng my nn kh dng nn kh vi p sut P = 3 10 at My nn kh p sut trung bnh: l nhng my nn kh dng nn kh vi p sut P = 10 100 at My nn kh p sut cao: l nhng my nn kh dng nn kh vi p sut P = 100 1000 at My nn kh p sut siu cao: l nhng my nn kh dng nn kh vi p sut P > 1000 at

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d. Da vo phng n dn ng My nn kh dn ng bng ng c t trong (ng c xng, ng c diezel). My nn kh dn ng bng ng c in (ng c 1 pha hoc 3 pha). My nn kh dn ng bng tuabin (tuabin hi hoc tuabin kh).

e. Da vo nng sut My nn kh nng sut thp : t 0,04 10 m3/pht

My nn kh nng sut trung bnh : t 10 100 m3/pht My nn kh nng sut cao : t 100 m3/pht tr ln.

f. Da theo cp s nn My nn kh 1 cp: kh nn c np v nn 1 ln em ra s dng. My nn kh nhiu cp: kh nn c np v nn nhiu ln. Mun c p sut kh nn ln th cng phi c nhiu cp nn.

1.1.3. Cc thng s c bn ca my nn kh Trn thc t khi s dng my nn kh th c rt nhiu loi vi nguyn l lm vic v cu to khc nhau nhng d l loi no cng c cc thng s c trng sau: a. T s nn
R= P2 P 1

Trong : - R: T s nn. - P2: p sut kh x (at). - P1: p sut kh ht (at). b. Nng sut Q (m3/pht) Nng sut Q c tnh bng khi lng kh my cung cp bi kh nn trong mt n v thi gian hay th tch kh my cung cp trong mt n v thi gian quy v iu kin ht. c. Cng sut N (KW) L cng sut tiu hao nn v truyn kh:
N=

.Q.L 1000. v . m

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Trong : - N: Cng sut ca my nn kh (KW). - Q: Nng sut ca my nn kh (m3/s). - L: Nng lng ca my nn kh (J/kg). - v : Hiu sut th tch tn hao do r r qua khe h. - m : Hiu sut c hc, dng tnh cng sut tn hao do ma st c hc v cc thnh phn b tr khc. - : Mt phn t kh i vo my nn kh (KG/m3). Gi tr v v m ph thuc vo kiu my nn kh. d. Hiu sut my nn kh Hiu qu lm vic ca my nn kh khng c nh gi bng hiu sut cng sut quy c m n l t s gia nng lng cp cho kh v nng lng tiu th trong qu trnh lm vic ca my nn kh. 1.1.4. Phm vi s dng a. My nn pison: S dng yu cu lu lng nh, p sut cao b. My nn roto: S dng yu cu lu lng thp, p sut trung bnh c. My nn ly tm: S dng yu cu lu lng ln, p sut trung bnh d. My nn hng trc: S dng yu cu lu lng ln, p sut nh 1.1.5. u, nhc im ca my nn kh a. u im Cu to ca my nn v thit b cung cp kh nn n gin. iu khin v iu chnh n gin, d dng, thun tin. an ton trong s dng cao. i vi cc my p, ba, dp s dng nng lng kh nn an ton hn nng lng in. Thit b kh nn c chnh xc tin cy cao.

b. Nhc im Gi thnh cao, t. Kh m bo kn ca h thng.

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1.1.6. Trm my nn kh Mt trm my nn kh gm c mt hoc nhiu my nn kh dn ng c th bng ng c in, ng c t trong hoc tuabin. C loi c b ly hp i km. Trong trm my nn kh c bnh cha kh nn, cc ng h kim tra hot ng ca trm, cc ng ng dn kh. Trm my nn kh di ng l trm my nn kh lp trn khung di ng. Nu lp b my c nh th gi l trm my nn kh c nh.

1.2. Phn loi my nn kh piston 1.2.1. Theo s chiu nn kh trong xylanh - My nn kh mt chiu. - My nn kh hai chiu. 1.2.2. Theo cp s nn kh - My nn kh mt cp. - My nn kh nhiu cp.

Hnh 1.1: Mt s kiu my nn kh piston thng dng a. b. c. W Vn hnh my nn My nn kh 2 cp 1 chiu 1 dy My nn kh 2 cp 1 chiu ch V My nn kh 2 cp 1 chiu ch e. d. My nn kh 2 cp 1 dy thng ng My nn kh 2 cp 2 chiu 1 dy thng ng Trang 7/104

f.

My nn kh 2 cp 2 chiu ch V

1.3. Cu to my nn kh piston Mt ct my nn c minh ha hnh v di y:

Hnh 1.2: Cu to ca my nn piston Trong my nn kh piston, kh c nn nh s chuyn ng qua li ca piston trong xylanh. p ng yu cu , xylanh c th c lp kht vi ng lt. Phn cui ca xylanh thng c trang b vi u c kh nng di chuyn. Nhng u c th cha cht lng lm ngui ra bn ngoi xylanh. Phn cui cn piston (tay quay) bao gm mt b vng lm kn bng kim loi ngn s r r ca kh xung quanh cn piston. Hnh v di dy trnh by cch lp ghp trc khuu vo my nn kh.

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Hnh 1.3: Cch lp ghp trc khuu vo my nn kh Cn piston c kp cht vi con trt. Con trt c dng lin kt cn piston vi thanh truyn. Con trt c trang b vi ng lt bng hp kim babit, ng lt ny lm nhim v dn hng cho con trt trt qua li. Thanh truyn chuyn ng nh trc khuu. Khi trc khuu quay, thanh truyn chuyn ng qua li. Chuyn ng quay ca trc khuu c bin i thnh chuyn ng tnh tin ca piston nh vo thanh truyn v con trt. My nn kh nhiu xylanh c mt vi xylanh trn cng mt c cu. Mi piston c truyn lc thng qua cng mt trc khuu. Hnh v di y l mt my nn piston i nh :

Hnh 1.4: My nn piston i nh Tay quay c b tr sao cho chuyn ng ca mi piston c gi cn bng nh s chuyn ng ca piston i din vi n. Loi my nn ny thng c dn ng bn ngoi nh ng c hay mt in thng qua dy ai thang. Khi dn ng bng mt hay tuabin cn c thm hp gim tc. Mt s my nn c ch to chung mt v vi ng c dn ng. Nng lng c truyn t piston ca ng c sang piston ca my nn nh trc khuu. Trong kt cu ny piston ca my nn thng c b tr nm ngang.

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Hnh 1.5: Kt cu my nn piston Xylanh ca ng c c th thng ng hay nghing mt gc hnh ch V so vi xylanh ca my nn. Sau y chng ta s tm hiu cu to ca mt s chi tit chnh trong my nn kh piston: 1.3.1. Van ht v van x Cc my nn ln thng s dng van nh minh ha hnh v di y : B phn dng ng t st vo b van l mt a kim loi phng. Van c kp gia mt ta v a chn, a van t vo mt ta van nh l xo.

Hnh 1.6: Cu to van ht v van x Chng hn vi hnh v di y, khi p sut pha trn ln hn pha di, a van t vo mt ta nn khng c kh i qua, khi p sut pha di ln hn pha trn th a van b y ln v kh i qua. a chn c mc ch gi a van li.

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Hnh 1.7: Cu to a van Mt kiu van khc cng c s dng nh minh ha hnh v di y. N c hnh dng ging nh xupap trong ng c t, gi l van t. Chng c s dng ring r v c t t st xung quanh l bn trong b van.

Hnh 1.8: Van t Vt liu ch to loi van t thng l baklit hay mt s loi vt liu khc c ma st thp. Loi van ny c mc gim p thp, thng c s dng khi t s nn thp v ph hp vi lu lng ln. Van l mt b phn quan trng ca my nn piston. Khi van b ma st v hao mn, kh s b r r ngc tr li. Nu gim nhit t ngt ti u van c th gy ra v a van do ng sut nhit gy ra. Bi bn c th lm cho van khng ng kn. Van phi c lp t hp l. Van ht phi m khi p sut trong xylanh thp hn p sut ca kh trong ming ht. Van ht v van x phi c lp t thch hp c th y a vo theo hng tm ca xylanh i vi van ht v i ra xa tm ca xylanh i vi van x. Nu lp ngc chiu th van s khng th hot ng c, ngoi ra cn c th Vn hnh my nn Trang 11/104

gy h hi my do kh nn khng i ra ngoi c. Khi my nn ang hot ng, van s rt nng, nu kh i c cht lng i theo vo s c tc dng lm lnh nhanh van gy h hng van. V vy cn bo m trong kh khng c cht lng. 1.3.2. Xylanh v ng lt xylanh gim chi ph cho vic sa cha khi xylanh mn, ngi ta thng t thm ng lt vo xylanh. ng lt xylanh phi c gn cht khng b trt trong t ca n.

Hnh 1.9: Xy lanh v ng lt xy lanh Xylanh hoc ng lt thng b mn u ni m cc xcmng lun lun t st vo n. Do trng lng ca piston, s mi mn thng xy ra nhiu hn phn y theo phng ngang ca xylanh. ng lt xylanh thng c nong rng gn cui ca hnh trnh piston, ni xcmng dng li v piston i chiu. Tr khi xcmng vt qu hnh trnh ng lt xylanh, g c th c to thnh bn trong ng lt ti im xcmng kt thc hnh trnh. Vic nong rng u ng lt gip ngn nga s hnh thnh ca g trong ng lt. Ngoi ra, khi t ng lt xylanh cn phi t chnh xc khng che khut l cung cp du bi trn.

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Hnh 1.10: L cung cp du bi trn Khi thay i hay lp t li thanh truyn, v tr ca piston c th thay i so vi ng lt xylanh, v vy cn phi iu chnh. 1.3.3. Piston Vi cc my nn c tc thp (<300 vng/pht) v tc trung bnh (300 600 vng/pht) th piston thng c ch to bng gang hoc nhm. Vi piston gang c ng knh nh hn 7 in thng l c, cn vi loi ln hn 7 in thng rng bn trong nh minh ha hnh v di y :

Hnh 1.11: Piston Nhiu piston ln hn 9 in c ch to bng nhm. Mc ch ch to bng nhm v rng l gim trng lng ca piston. Nhiu piston ln c ch to bng thp nhng c ph ng hoc hp kim babit. Trong piston nhm, xcmng bng vt liu teflon c s dng nn oxi v mt s cht kh khc m cn phi loi b khi du bi trn. Hnh v di y m t cu to ca mt kiu piston :

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Hnh 1.12: Cu to piston Phn u ca cn piston lin kt vi piston c vut thon v lin kt vi piston bng c hm. Xcmng c t trong rnh t xcmng c b tr trn piston. Khi my nn lm vic trong phm vi nhit , piston v cn piston gin n nhiu hn so vi xylanh. Khe h gia piston v xylanh phi ln khng gy ra b kt piston trong xylanh nu my nn b qu nhit s c th nh gi c trong khi vn hnh. Cc nh sn xut thng ghi r gi tr khe h yu cu gia piston v thnh xylanh. Khi lp ghp piston nhit thp, cn khe h ln hn u cui ca xylanh. 1.3.4. Xcmng Gia piston v xy lanh lun c mt khong cch, hn ch kh nn r r ra ngoi bung t ngi ta s dng thm cc xcmng nh minh ha hnh v : Xcmng cn ng vai tr l cu ni truyn nhit t piston ra thnh xylanh. Vt liu ch to cc xcmng phi c h s ma st thp v mn nhanh hn ng lt xylanh, l do l thay xcmng d dng v t tn km hn thay ng lt xylanh. Cc vt liu thng dng l ng, gang, teflon, cacbon,...

Hnh 1.13: Xc mng Xcmng lm bng kim loi c th l mt mnh c khe h ming hoc nhiu Vn hnh my nn Trang 14/104

mnh nh minh ha di y.

Hnh 1.14: Cu to xc mng Cc khe h ming ny cho php lp xcmng vo piston d dng v cn c tc dng khc l cho php chng c th gin n nhit. Khi lm vic, xcmng c xu hng bung ra v t vo thnh xylanh (hoc ng lt) to thnh vng m kn. Trn thnh xylanh c cc l nh cung cp du bi trn, du c bm vo v xcmng s phn phi li du ln b mt xylanh. Du bi trn khng s lm cho xc mng v thnh piston b mn rt nhanh. Ngoi chc nng bi trn, du cn tc dng lm cho kn khe h gia xc mng v thnh xylanh. C nhiu trng hp khng s dng c du bi trn (khng cho php kh nn cha hi ca du), ngi ta s dng xcmng l teflon, loi vt liu ny c h s ma st nh. 1.3.5. Vng chn kim loi Vng chn c tc dng ngn khng cho kh nn r r ra ngoi dc theo trc truyn ng. i vi my nn hot ng p sut m th ngn khng cho khng kh r r t ngoi vo. Vng chn loi ny c minh ha nh hnh v di y :

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Hnh 1.15: Cu to vng chn kim loi Cc vng chn i theo cp trong tng m chp. Vng chn c ch to thnh nhiu mnh.

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Hnh 1.16: Cc kiu vng chn kim loi Vng B c lp t gn vi p sut cn vng T th t ln y ca m chp tip theo. Vng B ngn r r dc theo trc cn vng T ngn r r t xung quanh vo trc. Du bi trn cng phi cung cp cho cc vng chn nh minh ha hnh v di y.

Hnh 1.17: S cung cp du bi trn cho vng chn kim loi Cc vng chn c th c ch to bng si, nha hay kim loi. Trong trng hp khng cho php s dng du bi trn th c th s dng teflon lm vng chn. Khi thay vng chn mi cn s dng du c nht ln hn bnh thng. Mc d c cc vng chn nhng mt phn nh kh vn c th i qua, v vy phi c ng x kh.

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Hnh 1.18: ng x kh Kh ny phi x n mt ni an ton. Cc vng chn mn cng nhiu th lng kh r r ra cng ln. V vy c th o lng kh r r ra d on tnh trng mn ca cc vng chn. Trong trng hp cc ng x ny gn c nh vo mt ng ng khc, khi kim tra nhit ca ng c th d on c r r nhiu hay t (cng nng r r cng nhiu). Np hp vng chn c lin kt vi nc lm mt, du bi trn, ng x kh r r v c l gn nhit k.

Hnh 1.19: Np hp vng chn 1.3.6. Thanh truyn, con trt v cc bi Thanh truyn thng lm bng hp kim thp. B mt thng c x l nhit t cng v chc hn. Mt s kh nh H 2S c th gy hi cho thp lm cng b mt, v vy c th s dng crom bo v. V hu ht cc my nn ln trong cng nghip u s dng vng chn kim loi nn thanh truyn phi trn. Thanh truyn cng phi lp t tht chnh xc cho php gin n nhit khi hot ng. Vn hnh my nn Trang 18/104

Thanh truyn v cn piston c lin kt vi nhau nh con trt nh minh ha hnh v di y :

Hnh 1.20: Lin kt thanh truyn v cn piston nh con trt Con trt c gn trn 2 v 2 ny trt trn ng dn hng con trt. B mt ca v ng dn hng thng c ph lp hp kim babit gim ma st. Mt u thanh truyn c ni vi con trc bng cht, u kia c ni vi trc khuu. Hai u thanh truyn u c bc lt gim ma st v mi mn nh minh ha hnh v di y :

Hnh 1.21: Cu to thanh truyn Trong trng hp thanh truyn mn nhanh th c th do: khng du bi trn, hoc du bi trn qu nh, hoc b mt thanh truyn khng cng, hoc thanh truyn khng trn. Thanh truyn cng c th b gy trong khi ang vn hnh. L do c th l: ti trng qu ln (thng xy ra khi khi ng v ngng hot ng), hoc do cht lng thanh truyn km, b li, hoc lp t thanh truyn sai (thanh truyn ni vi piston v Vn hnh my nn Trang 19/104

con trt khng chnh xc c th lm gy ti cc im ni ny). 1.3.7. H thng bi trn Mc ch bi trn l gim ma st v mi mn gia cc b phn chuyn ng. Ngoi ra n cn c tc dng lm ngui. Mt s my p dng kiu bi trn nh minh ha trong hnh v di y :

Hnh 1.22: Bi trn kiu vung te Khi trc khuu quay n lm lun nhim v vung du ln cc b phn chuyn ng. Kiu bi trn ny c gi l bi trn vung te. Trong h thng bi trn bng vung te, lc ly tm c s dng bi trn cho c bin.

Hnh 1.23: Bi trn c bin Mt kiu bi trn khc c s dng trong my nn piston l kiu bi trn cng bc. Du bi trn c bm to ra p sut v i n cc b phn cn c bi trn.

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Hnh 1.24: Bi trn cng bc Du trong hp trc khuu (ccte) trc ht i qua mt b lc th lm sch cc mnh v nh c th c. Tip theo du i qua bm ri n b phn lc tinh. B phn lc tinh thng dng cc li c kch thc l rt nh, cng v vy m rt d b tc. Nu b lc b tc th my nn s h hng nhanh chng do thiu du bi trn. Trong h thng bi trn cng bc, my nn c th b ph hy do lc du b tc. Trong trng hp cn phi ngn nga nh van x by-pass v thit b bo p sut thp. Cu to ca van x by-pass c minh ha bng hnh v di y :

Hnh 1.25: Cu to van x by-pass Trong trng hp b lc tinh b kt, p sut trc b lc tinh tng cao lm m van an ton, p sut cho php du i tt ti hp trc khuu. Khi van p sut m, p Vn hnh my nn Trang 21/104

sut du sau thit b lc gim thp, b phn bo ng v ngng hot ng s ngng hot ng ca my nn. Ngi vn hnh cn phi kim tra ch s o trn hai ng h o p sut, nu chnh lch p sut gia 2 ng h ny n mc quy nh ca nh sn sut th phi lm sch b lc tinh ny.

Hnh 1.26: B lc tinh Trong h thng bi trn cn c thit b lm ngui du.

Hnh 1.27: Thit b trao i nhit y thc cht l mt thit b trao i nhit. Cht lm ngui c th l nc.Thng thng du c lm ngui n khong 125 n 150 oF. Nu nhit thp hn c th gy ngng t nc trong hp trc khuu. S c mt ca hi m trong hp trc khuu s to thnh bt du. Nng hn 150oF c th lm gim sc chu ng ca cc bi thng thng. bo m nhit trong khong mong mun, ngi ta t mt van hng nhit nh minh ha hnh v di y :

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Hnh 1.28: S lp t van hng nhit Khi nhit du lm ngui qu thp th van hng nhit s m ra du i thng v ccte. Khi nhit ca du tng cao, van hng nhit s ng, du bi trn c a qua thit b trao i nhit trc khi tr v ccte. 1.3.8. H thng lm mt Khi nn, nhit ca kh tng. H thng lm mt ca my nn phi ly lng nhit ny i. Vi cc my nn nh, h thng lm mt c th l cc tm tn nhit. Cnh tn nhit c tc dng lm tng thm b mt tip xc ca v my nn vi khng kh. Cnh tn nhit ny tng t nh cnh tn nhit ca ng c xe my.

Hnh 1.29: Lm mt bng cnh tn nhit Vi cc my nn ln trong cng nghip, lm mt bng khng kh s khng Vn hnh my nn Trang 23/104

m phi cn ti cc cht lng lm mt. V my c nhiu ngn cha cht lng nh minh ha hnh v di y :

Hnh 1.30: Lm mt bng nc Cht lng lm mt thng l nc. Nc i vo cc ngn ny mang nhit i ra ngoi. Vng chn cng c th phi lm mt. Vi my nn nhiu cp, kh gia 2 cp nn phi c lm mt gi l lm mt trung gian.

Hnh 1.31: Lm mt trung gian C nhiu my nn cn lm mt kh nn sau khi nn gi l lm mt sau khi nn. Nu nhit ca my nn qu nng c th dng glycol lm mt. 1.3.9. iu khin an ton - Van an ton Khi mt van no sau my nn b ng khi my ang hot ng. Khi p sut s tng cao, my nn s qu ti hoc mt ni no trong h thng ng ng Vn hnh my nn Trang 24/104

sau my nn s b v. trnh trng hp ny ngi ta s dng van an ton hoc mng an ton nh minh ho hnh v di y :

Hnh 1.32: Mng an ton Vi mng an ton, khi p sut qu ln mng ny s v x kh ra ngoi.

Hnh 1.33: Van an ton Vi van an ton khi p sut ln hn sc cng ca l xo, a van s m cho kh i ti uc t (flare). Van ny cn kim tra nh k bo m l chng lun lun sn sng hot ng. Thng thng 110% p sut lm vic an ton ca my nn. Trong trng Vn hnh my nn Trang 25/104

hp my nn nhiu cp th mi van an ton t ng vi tng cp nn. - Van mt chiu Van mt chiu t trn ng dn kh nn vo bnh cha kh my nn kh lm vic bnh thng, van mt chiu m cho kh nn i t my nn kh n bnh cha. Ti thi im p sut trong bnh cha ln hn p sut trong my nn kh (khi my nn kh ngng hot ng hoc chy khng ti) van mt chiu ng li khng cho kh nn i ngc t bnh cha n my nn kh. Nh vy van mt chiu cho kh nn i theo mt hng. Mt khc n cn c tc dng ngn nga s tin hao kh nn mt cch v ch. c im cu to v nguyn l hot ng

Chiu hng ln ch chiu dng kh qua van. Khi p sut bn tri ln hn p sut bn phi th vnh van 3 s p l xo 4 cho n khi t vo g hn ch hnh trnh ca v 2. Lc van s m ht cho kh nn i vo bnh cha.

Hnh 1.34: Cu to van an ton 1. van; 2. v; 3. vnh van; 4. l xo Van iu chnh v b khng ch tc cao V mt nguyn nhn no m tc ca ng c chnh tng ln cao, th b phn ny s ngng hot ng ca my. Cu to minh ha hnh v di y :

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Hnh 1.35: Van iu chnh v b khng ch tc cao Khi vn tc cn trong gii hn cho php th cht b gia li bi l xo. Nhng khi tc qu mc cho php, nh lc ly tm thng lc ko ca l xo m cht nh ra ngoi v gt cng tc tt my. Tt my c th l tt ngun cung cp nhin liu, in hoc ngun hi nc (tu vo tng loi ng c chnh c th). Khng ging vi c cu iu chnh, c cu khng ch tc khng t tr v v tr ban u m phi t li bng tay. iu khin p sut du v nhit nc lm mt Hu ht cc my nn mi hin nay u c b phn ngng hot ng khi p sut du qu thp hoc nhit nc lm mt qu cao. Hnh thc iu khin y l dng c o pht hin p sut du thp hoc nhit nc lm mt cao s c chung bo ngi vn hnh kp thi x l. Nu khng c gii quyt kp thi my s ngng hot ng. 1.3.10. Cc thit b ph a. ng gp v bu lc kh Ngi ta thng gi cc ng dn kh nn trc tip vo v ra khi xylanh ca my nn kh l cc ng gp kh. Cc ng ny thng c c bng gang c mt bch lp ghp. Vic b tr cc ng gp kh trn my nn kh phi gn v phi bo m sc cn cng nh cng tt. gim mi mn gia piston v xylanh, kh c np vo xylanh phi c lc sch. Bu lc ca my nn kh cng ging nh bu lc kh ng c t trong. C th lc kh hoc lc t. Trn hnh v di y th hin s vn ng ca dng kh trong my nn kh.

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Hnh 1.36: Bu lc khng kh ca my nn kh 1. np; 2. v; 3. thn; 4. y b. Bnh cha kh nn Cc my nn kh piston c mt nhc im l lu lng kh nn sn xut ra khng u, ch c trong qu trnh x. Do vy, ph ti hot ng c lin tc, tt c cc trm my nn kh kiu piston u c trang b bnh cha kh nn. Bnh cha kh nn cn c ngha lm gim lng bi v nc, du bi trn trong kh nn, do s ngng t lng ng trong bnh cha ri c x ra ngoi. c im cu to bnh cha kh nn c th hin cc hnh v di y: gm c thn bnh lm bng thp ri hn li, cc mt bch ni ng dn kh vo bnh, chn Vn hnh my nn Trang 28/104

lp ln khung ca trm my, y lng lng bi, du nhn, nc, van x cn lng, cc van phn phi kh nn n cc ph ti, van an ton, ca c np y kim tra v lm sch b mt trong ca bnh khi bo dng. Bnh cha kh nn ca cc trm my nn kh c nh thng l cc bnh cha ln, thng t ngoi tri gn ni t trm my nn kh. Cc trm my nn kh ln c th dng nhiu bnh cha kh nn ni thng vi nhau.

Hnh 1.37: Mt ct dc ca bnh cha kh nn 1. np; 2. vng m; 3. van an ton; 4. ng phn phi; 5. len vn; 6. ch lng nc; 7. van x

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Hnh 1.38: Mt ct ngang ca bnh cha kh nn 1. thc o du; 2. bnh tch du; 3. ming rt du; 4. ch lp p k; 5. van phn phi; 9. van an ton I. ti bnh lm mt du; II. mc du ti thiu; III. mc du ti a; IV. hng rt du; V. ti ni tiu th; VI. ti van gim p; VII. t my nn ti.

c. Hp gim tc - ly hp Hp gim tc

Hp gim tc c tc dng lm cho tc quay ca ng c dn ng (ng c t trong hoc ng c in) ph hp vi tc quay lm vic nh mc ca my nn kh. Phn ln cc my nn kh dn ng bng ng c t trong hoc ng c in c tc quay nh mc ln hn tc quay ca my nn kh. V vy gia chng phi lp hp gim tc. Trn hnh v di y trnh by hp gim tc my nn kh. y l hp gim tc bnh rng 2 cp c t s truyn 1:9. Trong hp gim tc c ng du bi trn 1,51; c bnh rng 16,19 c nhng trong du. Trong qu trnh lm vic chng s vy du ln bi trn c hp gim tc khi quay.

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Hnh 1.39: Hp gim tc ca my nn kh 1. khp trt iu khin ly hp; 2. Khp iu khin ly hp; 3. L xo; 4,9,15,21. trc; 5. Trc s cp; 6. ng thng hi; 7 Bnh rng b ng trc th cp; 8. Bnh rng dn ng ng h o tc ; 10.Np ; 11. Vng pht; 12. Cht; 13. Bnh ; 14. Vng ta n hi ca cht; 16,19. Nnh rng trc trung gian; 17. Cacte; 18. Nt x xng; 20. Trc trung gian; 22. Trc th cp; 23. Np ; 24. ng lt; 25. Trc bnh rng.

Ly hp Dng ng, ngt chuyn ng t trc khuu ng c n trc khuu my nn kh. Khi khi ng ng c, ly hp c ngt. Sau khi ng c n t n tc v nhit cn thit, ly hp s c ng truyn chuyn ng ng n my nn kh. Hu ht cc ly hp dng trn cc trm my nn kh l ly hp ma st kiu a. Chng c t gia ng c v b gim tc. Trn hnh v di y l s ly hp ca trm my nn kh K-94. y l loi ly hp ma st kh 1 a, ly hp c t sau bnh ng c v c th ng ngt khi ng c ang hot ng. Vn hnh my nn Trang 31/104

c im cu to: a ch ng s 4 c ni vi bnh bng khp n hi v lun lun quay cng bnh . Bn ngoi a c lp s 2. a b ng pha trc s 3, a b ng pha sau s 5. Trn 2 a b ng v pha mt t vi a ch ng l cc tm ma st. Hnh1.40 a th hin ly hp m Hnh 1.40b th hin v tr ly hp khng n nh Hnh 1.40c th hin v tr ly hp n nh Hai a ma st pha sau b ly hp co tc dng, khi ngt ly hp n s lm cho my nn kh dng li kp thi.

Hnh 1.40: S ng m ly hp ca trm my nn kh K-9M a) Ly hp m; b) V tr ng ly hp khng n nh c) V tr ng ly hp n nh 1. Trc ly hp; 2. ; 3. a b ng pha tr; 4. a ch ng; 5. a p b ng pha sau; 6. Tay n p; 7. L xo l; 8. Vng tay n; 9ng then hoa ca a p. 1.4. Nguyn l hot ng 1.4.1. Nguyn l hot ng a. My nn kh piston khng c con trt, tc dng n Khi piston chuyn ng t tri sang phi, th tch tng, p sut gim, van np m ra v khng kh bn ngoi c ht vo trong xylanh thc hin qu trnh np kh. Khi piston chuyn ng v bn tri, khng kh trong xylanh c nn li, p su trong xylanh tng dn, van np ng, n khi p sut tng ln ln hn sc cng l xo (van Vn hnh my nn Trang 32/104

x) van x t ng m, kh nn s qua van x theo ng ng n bnh cha kh nn. Kt thc mt chu trnh lm vic. C nh vy my nn kh hot ng cung cp kh nn.

Hnh 1.41: My nn kh piston loi khng c con trt tc dng n 1. piston; 2. xylanh; 3. van np ; 4. van x; 5. thanh truyn ; 6. tay quay b. My nn kh kiu piston loi c con trt Trn hnh 1.42 trnh by s nguyn l cu to ca mt my nn kh piston loi c con trt tc dng n.

Hnh 1.42: S nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca mt my nn kh piston loi c con trt tc dng n, mt cp nn 1. xylanh; 2. piston; 3. cn y; 4. con trt; 5. thanh truyn; 6. tay quay; 7. van np; 8. van x. Nguyn l hot ng ca my nn kh piston c con trt tc dng kp: Khi piston i xung, th tch cng tc pha trn piston tng dn, p sut trong khng gian cng tc gim xung, van np s 7 m ra, khng kh c np vo khng gian pha trn piston. ng thi khi piston i xung, th tch di piston gim, p sut tng, van s 8 m ra, kh nn theo ng ng qua bnh cha. Khi piston i ln, khng gian pha di piston ln dn, p sut gim, van np s 7 m ra, khng kh c np vo xylanh, ng thi th tch khng gian pha trn Vn hnh my nn Trang 33/104

piston gim dn, p sut tng, van x s 8 m ra, kh nn pha trn piston c nn y vo bnh cha. C nh vy my nn kh hot ng. Pht s 9 c tc dng lm kn cho khng kh lt ra ngoi. Nh vy, trong mt hnh trnh ca piston, my nn ch thc hin c mt qu trnh ht hoc nn th c gi l my nn kh tc dng n. Nu trong mt hnh trnh ca piston, my nn ch thc hin c mt qu trnh ht v mt qu trnh nn ng thi th c gi l my nn kh tc dng kp. Trong cng nghip hu ht cc my nn piston cng sut ln u thuc loi tc dng kp.

Hnh 1.43: S nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca mt my nn kh piston loi c con trt tc dng kp, mt cp nn 1. xylanh; 2. piston; 3. cn y; 4. con trt; 5. thanh truyn; 6. tay quay; 7. van np; 8. van x; 9. pht lm kn Nguyn tc lm vic tng t nh my nn piston tc dng n ch khc l khi piston chuyn ng, mt pha piston l qu trnh np th pha bn kia l qu trnh x. 1.4.2. H thng iu chnh nng sut my nn piston H thng iu chnh nng sut ca my nn kh dng thay i lng kh nn ph hp vi mc ph ti (Thit b tiu th). Yu cu c bn i vi h thng ny l thay i lng kh nn u n v tit kim nng lng chi ph. Ngoi ra cu to phi gn nh n gin v tin li khi bo dng. Trong thc t ngi ta sn xut nhiu kiu h thng iu chnh nng sut, vic iu chnh nng sut c th t ng hoc bng tay. Khi nng sut my nn kh ln hn lng kh nn tiu th th p sut kh nn trong bnh cha tng ln. Trng hp ngc li th P gim xung. Nu nng sut my Vn hnh my nn Trang 34/104

nn kh cn bng vi lng kh nn tiu th th p sut kh nn trong bnh cha khng i. Ngi ta da vo hin tng ny ch to ra b phn t ng iu chnh nng sut. Trn cc trm my nn kh di ng ngi ta s dng h thng iu chnh nng sut t ng. N gm b phn bin i p sut thnh chuyn ng c hc ln thanh rng bm cao p ng c diesel hoc bm ga ca ng c xng thay i tc quay ca ng c v my nn kh. Trn cc my nn kh dn ng bng ng c in ba pha ngi ta thng s dng phng php iu chnh nng sut bng cch t ng ngt ng c ra khi li in khi p sut ln hn quy nh. i vi nhng my nn kh c cng sut ln hn th vic iu chnh nng sut thng c thc hin bng cch gim ti my nn kh. Th d nh m van np cng bc, m thng xy lanh vi khng gian cht, m thng ng x cp II vi kh quyn. a. H thng iu chnh nng sut bng cch m van np cng bc Nguyn l hot ng ca HTCNS bng cch m van np cng bc: (Hnh 1.44) Khi p sut trong bnh cha ln hn 7 kg/cm 2 ( K - 9M) th van 2 s y l xo 3 i ln. Lc kh nn s i t bnh cha vo HTCNS. Sau khi qua van 8, kh nn i vo piston 11 (piston 11, xy lanh 12, l xo 13, cn y 14 c lp trong block xy lanh cp I) di tc dng p sut kh nn piston 11 s y l xo 13 di chuyn xung di, ng thi lc ny cn y 14 di chuyn theo, cn y ny p ln vnh van 16 (van np) v gi van lun lun trng thi m, cng vi vic m van np kh nn t bnh cha cn i vo xi lanh ca b iu tc 20. ng thi y piston 22, y cn y 21, y cn gt 18 di chuyn v bn phi cho n khi cn y chm vt iu chnh 19. Cn gt 18 di chuyn v bn phi s lm di chuyn tay ga ca ng c t trong lm gim lng cung cp nhin liu dn ti lm gim tc ng c t trong ko theo gim tc my nn kh .

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Hnh 1:44: S iu chnh nng sut hai ch gim ti bng cch m cng bc van np 1. Li lc; 2,8. Van; 3,13. L xo; 4. L; 5. v van; 6. Vt; 7. Ngn phn phi kh; 9. Van kim; 10. Np; 11,22. Piston; 12. Xilanh; 13,17. L xo; 14. Cn y; 15. Np block xilanh cp I; 16. Van np cp I; 18. Cn gt; 19. Vt iu Khi p sut trong bnh cha gim hn 7 kg/cm2 th van 2 h xung khng cho kh nn i vo h thng CNS na, ng thi m thng cc ng ng pha sau van vi kh quyn qua l 4. Cho nn p sut kh nn trong HTCNS gim. Piston 11 c l xo 13 nng ln, van 16 li ng li bnh thng. MNK li tip tc cung cp kh nn cho bnh cha ng thi l xo 17 gin ra v y cn gt 18, cn y 21 v piston 22, tay ga ng c v v tr ban u, a tc ng c v lm vic ch nh mc. Van 8 cng vi van kim 9 c tc dng lm vic chuyn my nn kh t ch gim ti v ch ti khng din ra t ngt. Kh nn trong ng ng dn t van n piston 11 cho n khi ra ngoi kh quyn qua l nh c van kim 9 hn ch tit din (nh hn l 4). V vy p sut kh nn trong ng ng n b iu tc 20 gim i nhanh hn. L xo 17 s a tay ga ng c n v tr nh mc trc khi cn y 14 nng ln ng hon ton van 16. Nh vy ng c s t tc nh mc trc khi MNK nhn ti. Do van 8 v van kim 9 hn ch dng kh nn p sut trong xy lanh 12 gim t t lm cho cn y v van 16 nng ln chm. My nn kh s nhn ti tng dn Vn hnh my nn Trang 36/104

n nh mc. Li lc 1 c tc dng ngn bi trong bnh cha khng cho lt ln h thng iu chnh nng sut. b. H thng iu chnh nng sut my nn bng cch m ng x cp II

Hnh 1.45: S iu chnh nng sut hai ch gim ti bng cch m thng ng x vi kh quyn 1. Bulng; 2. Tay iu khin; 3. Thanh ko; 4. Tay n; 5. Cn y; 6,9,19. L xo; 7,12. Piston; 8,13. Xilanh; 10. L; 11. Vt; 14,20,21. Van; Khi p sut trong bnh cha vt qu quy nh th van 14 c m, kh nn i vo xy lanh 8 ca b iu tc. ng thi y piston 7 chuyn ng qua cn y 5 v tay n 4 s lm xoay bm ga hoc y thc thanh rng ca bm cao p v v tr gim lng cung cp nhin liu ca ng c t trong. Do tc ca ng c t trong gim xung dn ti tc my nn kh gim. Mt khc kh nn cng i vo xy lanh 13 lm chuyn ng piston 12 v m van 20, ngha l m thng ng ng x cp II vi kh quyn, khi p sut trong bnh cha gim xung di mc quy nh, l xo 9 s y ng kn van 14 khng cho kh nn i t bnh cha ln HTC. ng thi m thng ng t HTC thng vi l 10 lm p sut kh nn trong HTC gim i. Vn hnh my nn Trang 37/104

L xo 6 s y piston 7 i v bn phi qua cn y 5 v tay n 4 s xoay bm ga tng ng vi ti nh mc. ng c quay nhanh t tc nh mc. ng thi l xo 19 ng van 20 v y piston 12 chuyn ng v bn tri, ng kn ng ng x thng vi kh quyn.

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Bi 2: MT S VN V MY NN PISTON
2.1. Vn hnh my nn kh piston 2.1.1. Quy nh chung Cng vic a my nn kh vo s dng bao gm: - Bo m trng thi k thut my nn kh tt. - Tnh trng, trng thi ng c tt. - Cung cp y nhin liu, du bi trn. - Trang b dng c ngh v ph tng d tr. - My nn kh a vo s dng phi c kim tra k lng theo quy phm an ton k thut v my nn kh v quy phm s dng bnh chu p lc ca nh nc ban hnh. - My nn kh sau khi i tu xong a vo s dng (vn hnh) cng phi kim tra nh my mi. - Cc ti liu k thut phi phn ra cho tng my, t my nh l lch my, s giao ca, s kim tra trng thi k thut. - My nn kh phi c t ch bng phng thun tin cho vic thao tc vn hnh. - Cng nhn vn hnh phi nm vng cu to v quy trnh s dng trc khi vn hnh my. - Trc khi khi ng my, cng nhn vn hnh phi kim tra mc du nhn trong ng c, trong my nn kh, trong hp gim tc. Nu cn thit phi thm du n mc quy nh. - Kim tra lng nc lm mt v nhin liu trong thng cha, b sung thm nu cn thit. - Khi ng ng c t trong ng c chy mc ga trung bnh khng mang ti cho n khi nhit nc lm mt ln hn 50 0C, sau ng ly hp cho my nn kh lm vic. - Khi p sut kh nn trong bnh cha t t 5-6kg/cm 2, cng nhn vn hnh phi kim tra trng thi ca van an ton, kn ca ng ng dn kh,Nu m bo yu cu k thut cng nhn vn hnh mi c m van cung cp kh nn cho b phn tiu th.

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- Trong qu trnh lm vic cng nhn vn hnh phi quan st cc ch s trn ng h, nu sai lch so vi s liu cho php th phi dng my, kim tra khc phc, sau mi cho my hot ng tip tc. - Khi my lm vic, cng nhn vn hnh phi tp trung ch lng nghe ting n ca ng c (ca my), nu c ting g khc thng trong cc b phn ca my th phi dng my kp thi tm nguyn nhn khc phc. - Do ngi th lm vic trong iu kin ting n ln, nhit cao, nn vic lp t my nn kh phi m bo khong cch t ngi th vn hnh n my nn khi l 5-10m. - Phi lun bo m my nhit bnh thng, khng nn my qu nng. V vy phi nh k sc ra h thng lm mt v bnh cha kh nn ty cc cn bn. - Khi dng my cng nhn vn hnh phi lm cc cng vic bo dng theo ti liu hng dn. Sau tin hnh bn giao my cho ngi ph trch ca sau hoc a my vo ch bo qun theo ng quy nh ca c quan hay b phn qun l my. 2.1.2. Nhin liu - du m dng cho my nn kh - Nhin liu: Nhin liu dng cho ng c n my nn kh c yu cu k thut ging nh nhin liu dng cho cc ng c n bnh thng. Trong thc t iu cn c bit ch l nhin liu cn c cha trong thng kn trnh bi bn v cn c lng ng trc khi a vo my, nht l du diesel. - Du nhn v bi trn: + Bi trn xy lanh my nn kh. Du nhn dng bi trn xy lanh my nn kh phi c tnh nng k thut ph hp vi yu cu lm vic v vn an ton ca my nn kh. Du nhn vo my phi c lc sch, bu lc trong h thng bi trn cng bc phi c ra sch t nht 2 thng 1 ln. Vn chuyn v bo qun du phi dng thng kn. Cc thng cha du bi trn khng c dng cha cc cht khc. Mi my nn kh hay mi trm my nn kh u c bng hng dn bi trn ca nh my ch to, trong ghi r loi du m cn dng v cc kiu bi trn k hn v phng php bi trn. Du dng bi trn cho my nn kh kiu piston 12(M) v 19(T).

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Khi nn khng kh trong xy lanh, nhit kh nn c th ln n 200 0C. Do , bo m du nhn khng bc chy, t t n c nhit t bc chy cao. c bit mng du bi trn trong xy lanh my nn kh rt mng. Do d sinh mui than v tng tc mi mn. Nu c ln acid hoc kim s gy nn n mn kim loi. Ch tiu k thut c bn c trng cho du nhn bi trn xy lanh l nht v nhit t bc chy. Trong cc my nn kh ang ng, ma st gia xc mng v thnh xy lanh khng ln lm, do thng dng cc loi du nhn c nht nh hn. Ngc li trong cc my nn kh t nm ma st gia xc mng v thnh xy lanh ln (do trng lng ca piston) nn thng dng du nhn c nht cao hn. Nhit v p sut khi nn cng cao, tc chuyn ng ca piston cng ln cng dng du nhn c nht cao. bi trn my nn khi t ng v my nn kh rto p sut thp thng s dng du my nn kh loi 12(M). bi trn my nn kh p sut cao nhiu cp v my nn kh piston t nm dng du my nn kh loi 19(T). + Bi trn b phn chuyn ng ca my nn kh: Bi trn cc c cu chuyn ng ca my nn kh nh trc khuu, con trt dn hng, c cu tay quanh thanh truyn, c ngha rt ln n trng thi lm vic bnh thng ca my nn kh. Nu s bi trn khng m bo s dn ti s tiu hao nng lng mt cch v ch v gy nn s c nghim trng. Bi trn cc c cu ny thng dng du cng nghip 45 hoc 50 (tiu chun Lin X). C nhiu phng php cung cp du bi trn, vic la chn phng php cn c vo loi hnh my nn kh. Hin nay h thng cung cp du nhn tun hon bng bm bnh rng l ph bin. + S dng v chm sc h thng bi trn: bi trn cho my nn kh v bo m cho n hot ng tt cn phi ch n nhng im sau: + Dng cc loi my nn kh bo m yu cu k thut bi trn xy lanh v cc ng c chuyn ng. Ch n chng loi du nhn xem xt kim tra bn v nc l. Khi nhn du nhn c quan cung cp cn phi bit c thi hn cha ng du nhn. Khi cn thit phi th nghim xc nh tnh cht l ho ca du nhn.

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+ Bo m cho cc thit b bi trn lun sach s: bm du nhn, bu lc, kt lm mt, bnh cha, h thng ng dn dunh k lm sch cc mui than trong xy lanh, piston, van. + Thay du nhn trong cc te, bnh cha ng quy nh. Tuy nhin, phi thng xuyn kim tra cht lng du. Nu du b bn mt nht phi thay trc k hn. + Bo m mc du nhn do nh my ch to quy nh. Mi ca my cn theo di tiu hao du nhn. Nu vt qu nh mc cn tm nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc. Hng thng phi ghi chp lng tiu hao du nhn vo s theo di. 2.1.3. Vn hnh my nn kh - Vn chuyn v lp t my: + u im ca my nn kh di ng c bn l nhanh chng di chuyn v t vo v tr lm vic. + Phn ln cc trm my nn kh vn chuyn i xa bng xe t hoc bng tu ha. Trc mi ln vn chuyn my cn lm tt cc cng vic sau: kim tra xit cht cc bulng, -cru, bm du nhn, m vo cc b phn di chuyn, kim tra c cu ko khi di chuyn. + Ch t my lm vic phi bng phng, che kn trnh ma nng. Ring cc x nghip v cc cng trng sn xut phi che bng vt liu cng trnh vng p vo my. ng thi phi bo m thng gi tt cho my nn kh. + i vi cc my nn kh c lp s dng lu di cn k khung my trn g hoc b tng - Quy trnh vn hnh my nn kh Trc khi khi ng my nn kh cn phi: + Kim tra tnh trng chung ca my, xem my iu kin a vo vn hnh cha? Nu c h hng cha sa cha xong phi bo co ngay cho ngi ph trch. + Kim tra mc du nhn trong cc te v cc thng du bi trn. Dng tay xoay nm bu lc (nu c) v kim tra bm du nhn. + Kim tra cc thit b phng h, np che chn bo him. a cc dng c khng cn thit ra xa my v ch lm vic. + M cc van ng ng dn nc lm mt, bo m h thng lm mt lu thng tt. Vn hnh my nn Trang 42/104

+ Kim tra trng thi k thut ca cc ng h o. + Lc khi ng my phi x cc van, x kh nn, ng cc van cung cp kh nn cho thit b tiu th. + m bo trc quay nh nhng nn dng tay quay trnh my nn hai n ba vng trc khi khi ng. + Khi ng ng c n hoc ng c in v cho my nn kh lm vic. Khi t c tc quy nh th ng van x kh nn bnh cha kh nn, m van cung cp kh nn cho thit b tiu th. + Ch kim tra tnh trng lm vic ca h thng lm mt, h thng bi trn, p sut kh nn ca cc cp my nn. Nu c hin tng khng bnh thng th phi dng my tm nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc. Trong khi my lm vic cn phi: + Quan st theo di cc ng h o trn my xem chng c tr s ph hp vi gi tr cho php khng. + X du, nc v cn bn lng ng trong bnh lm mt trung gian, bnh lm mt cui cng, bnh cha kh nn v cc thit b ph nu c. + Chp hnh cc quy phm s dng my, an ton k thut, cc ni quy v ch th tht nghim chnh. + Ch quan st tnh trng lm vic ca my, nu c nhng hin tng khc thng th phi dng my kim tra kp thi, tm nguyn nhn x l. Khi dng my phi lm cc cng vic sau: + Ct ng cp kh nn sau bnh cha, dng ng c n hoc ng c in, x ht cc kh nn trong bnh cha ra ngoi. + Ngng cung cp nc lm mt, nu c kh nng nc ng bng, th cn x nc ra khi my v bnh lm mt. + Kim tra cn thn ton b my, ch n nng ca cc b phn. + Ghi chp tnh trng lm vic ca my trong ngy. Nu r nguyn nhn dng my, nhng h hng xy ra, cch gii quyt v kt qu t c. Lng tiu hao nhin liu v du m bi trn. Cc trng hp phi dng my khn cp: + Nu nghe ting ku hay ting g khc thng trong ng c hay trong my nn kh hoc thy nhng h hng bn ngoi c th xy n s c. Vn hnh my nn Trang 43/104

+ p sut du nhn h thp di mc quy nh. + Vic cung cp nc lm mt b tc hoc c cc s c ca h thng lm mt. + Vic cung cp du bi trn cho mt b phn no khng bo m. + Nhit kh nn ln hn gii hn cho php. + ng h p sut ca bt k cp nn kh no v trn ng ng kh nn ch gi tr ln hn cho php. + B ho hon. + My nn kh hoc ng c in bc khi. + My nn kh hoc ng c b rung ng mnh. 2.1.4. An ton khi vn hnh my nn kh a. Khi nim chung Tai nn thng xy ra nguy him khi vn hnh my nn kh l: Trng hp n v bnh cha kh nn, c th hnh dung sc n v kh nng ph hoi ca n nh sau: mt bnh cha kh nn vi p sut bng 70kg/cm2 nng lng thot ra khi n l 38 tn. Nng lng ny c th di chuyn mt vt 38 tn i xa 1m. Ngha l bnh cha kh nn kh khi n n sc ph hy ton b nh ca, my mc thit b v tn st con ngi gn . V vy khi vn hnh my nn kh cn phi nm vng k thut an ton vn hnh my nn kh. Trc ht l k thut vn hnh an ton cho cc bnh chu p lc. V mt ny Nh nc quy nh c th, cc quy nh c tnh cht php lnh i vi ngi thit k, ch to, lp t, vn hnh v sa cha bnh chu p lc. b. Mt s quy nh v vn hnh an ton bnh chu p lc Vic vn hnh bnh chu p lc ch c giao cho nhng ngi t 18 tui tr ln, c hun luyn v kin thc chuyn mn, v quy phm quy trnh k thut an ton. Cm s dng nhng ngi cha c hun luyn thnh tho vn hnh cc bnh chu p lc. Ngi vn hnh c nhng nhim v sau y: 1. Thng xuyn kim tra cc hot ng ca cc ng h o, cc c cu an ton v ph tng ca bnh cha. 2. Kp thi v bnh tnh x l khi c s c.

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3. Kp thi bo co cho ngi ph trch nhng hin tng khng an ton ca bnh cha. 4. Trong khi bnh ang hot ng khng c lm vic ring nh c sch, bo, b v tr lm vic. 5. Khng cho php sa cha bnh v cc b phn chu p lc ca bnh trong khi bnh ang lm vic. 6. Cm chn hm, treo thm vt nng hoc dng bt c bin php g tng thm ti trng ca van an ton trong khi bnh ang hot ng. 7. Khng cho php s dng bnh vt qu cc thng s do thanh tra k thut quy nh. n v s dng bnh phi lp tc nh ch hot ng ca bnh trong cc trng hp sau y: 1. Khi p sut trong bnh cha tng qu p sut cho php. 2. Khi cc c cu an ton khng bo m. 3. Khi pht hin thy trong cc b phn ca bnh b nt, thnh bnh r, x hi hoc chy nc cc mi hn, r r cc mi ni bng bu lng, inh tn, cc ming m b x rch. 4. Khi xy ra chy trc tip e da bnh cha kh nn. 5. Khi ng h p sut b hng, hoc khng c kh nng xc nh p sut trong bnh cha bng mt dng c khc. 6. Khi cc dng c kim tra o lng, cc c cu an ton b h hng hoc thiu so vi quy nh trong thit k.

c. An ton phng chy nhng ni s dng trm my nn kh thng c nhiu nhin liu v du m, chng l nhng vt liu d chy. V vy cng nhn vn hnh v sa cha my nn kh cn ghi nh cc iu quy nh sau: 1. Trm cp nhin liu du m v kho cha phi cch xa trng hc, nh my v cc khu dn c khng di 30 m. 2. Khng nhin liu du m trong khu nh v phn xng. 3. Cc thng cha nhin liu du m phi vn cht np trnh cc ngun la bn ngoi xm nhp. Vn hnh my nn Trang 45/104

4. Cm ht thuc v chm la gn thng cha v kho cha nhin liu, du m. 5. Khng cho php dng ba v c st m np thng nhin liu. 6. Cm a ming vo ng cao su ht xng. 7. Trc khi hn thng v kt cha nhin liu du m phi x tht sch, cho nc vo trnh tai nn thng vong. 2.2. Bo dng my nn kh piston 2.2.1. Bo dng hng ngy Tin hnh trc v sau mi ca lm vic: - Trc mi ca lm vic, cng nhn vn hnh my phi kim tra ton din trng thi k thut my. Kim tra mc du nhn, nu cn thit phi b xung - Trong khi cho my chy phi quan st kim tra trng thi k thut my, phi kim tra mu khi x ng c, ting my n v trng thi lm vic ca cc thit b khc. Nu c ting g hoc c hin tng khc thng l phi dng my kim tra khc phc. - Sau mi ca lm vic cn lm tt cng tc bo dng hng ngy nh sau: + Xit cht cc bulng -cru lin kt, lau chi bi bn dnh vo my, x du v nhin liu bn trong y cc bu lc nu c, quay nm bu lc du nhn 34 vng, kim tra v iu chnh cng ca dy ai. + Nu trm my nn lm vic trong iu kin khng kh c nhiu bi bn th phi tho bu lc ca ng c n v my nn kh xung lau chi thay du nhn y bu lc. + Lau chi bi bn, du m trn bnh c quy, kim tra mc dung dch in phn, nu cn b xung thm nc ct. + Bi du m theo bng hng dn bi trn. + Sa cha cc h hng c pht hin trong lc vn hnh, khng c my c h hng cha c sa cha lm tip ca sau. + Ghi chhp tnh hnh lm vic v trng thi kim tra my, nhng h hng c sa cha vo s giao ca bn giao li cho ca sau v lu li lm ti liu theo di qun l.

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2.2.2. Bo dng cp I Cng vic bo dng cp I tin hnh sau 100 gi lm vic do cng nhn vn hnh m nhim. Ngoi nhng cng vic bo dng hng ngy phi lm thm cc cng vic sau: - Kim tra v iu chnh cc b phn ca h thng cung cp nhin liu, ra ton b b lc. Kim tra iu chnh h thng nh la, nng dung dch v in th ca acqui. - Ch kim tra cc b phn ca my nn kh mt cch cn thn, nht l i vi my nn kh di chuyn. - Kim tra tnh trng lm vic ca van an ton, van x ca my nn kh, kim tra ly hp v cc ng h bo. - Trong khi bo dng ng c nu cn th phi thay li ca bu lc th, iu chnh khe h xupap. - Kim tra bt ca cc gu-ging np my. - Kim tra my pht in, my khi ng v cng tc khi ng. - Kim tra b phn cung cp nhin liu ca ng c diesel, ch kim tra s ng u ca cc my. - Kim tra bt cht cc bulng, bnh lm mt - qut gi, bng iu khin - Kim tra kn ca ton b ng dn kh. - Bm du m theo bng hng dn bi trn. 2.2.3. Bo dng cp II Bo dng cp II c tin hnh sau 400 gi lm vic. Do cng nhn vn hnh m nhn, nu cn thit thm cng nhn ph tr cng phi hp, thi gian dng my bo dng t 1 n 2 ngy. Ngoi nhng cng vic bo dng cp I, cn lm thm nhng cng vic sau: - Nu kim tra p sut kh trong xy lanh xung thp do van ng khng kn th phi r li van, ng thi lm sch mui than trong xy lanh v piston. - H y ca ng c n v my nn kh xung ra sch bn trong (cc te) ra sch bnh rng v bi ca b gim tc v thay du bi trn mi ton b.

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Bi 3: CU TO, NGUYN L HOT NG CA MY NN LY TM


3..1. Phn loi my nn kh ly tm My nn ly tm mt cp: kh nn c np v nn 1 ln em ra s dng. My nn ly tm nhiu cp: kh nn c np v nn nhiu ln. Mun c p sut kh nn ln th cng phi c nhiu cp nn.

3..2. Cu to my nn kh ly tm 3.2.1. V my (Casing) V my nn c 2 kiu cu to: V tho ngang c minh ha hnh v di y :

Hnh 3.1: Cu to v tho ngang i vi v my tho ngang, khi m np my pha trn ta c th thy c cc b phn bn trong my nn. V tho dc c minh ha hnh v di y:

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Hnh 3.2: Cu to v tho dc Loi v tho dc, sau khi m np, cc b phn bn trong my nn phi c ko ra ngoi.

Hnh 3.3: Kh nng r r kh ca hai loi v tho ngang v tho dc So vi loi v my tho dc th loi v tho ngang c s dng ph bin hn do d sa cha cc b phn bn trong. Tuy nhin loi v tho ngang c nhc im l vng Vn hnh my nn Trang 49/104

c kh nng r r rng nn n khng ph hp nn cc kh nh (nh H 2) p sut cao. 3.2.2. Bnh cng tc (Impeller) L mt b phn ca my nn ly tm dng tng vn tc ca kh. C 3 loi bnh cng tc l : bnh cng tc h, bnh cng tc na h v bnh cng tc kn minh ha nh hnh v di y :

Hnh 3.4: Cc loi bnh cng tc Bnh cng tc h thng c s dng cho my nn ly tm ch c mt cp. Bnh cng tc na h c s dng cho dng ln, thng s dng trong my nn n cp hay l cp u tin ca my nn nhiu cp. Bnh cng tc kn c s dng ch yu trong my nn nhiu cp. Dng kh t c kim sot nht trong loi bnh cng tc h. Trong loi bnh cng tc kn, kh c ht vo l ht v i ra ngoi mp vnh ca bnh cng tc, ng thi dng kh phn ln c kim sot. Cnh c lin kt cng vi trc nh mi ghp then i vi my nn ly tm mt cp. Trong cc my nn ly tm nhiu cp, bnh cng tc c ghp vi trc bng mi ghp di. Vn hnh my nn Trang 50/104

Hnh 3.5: Bnh cng tc lp trn trc bng mi ghp di 3.2.3. Mng ngn (Diaphragm) Mng ngn c minh ha nh hnh v di y :

Hnh 3.6: Mng ngn l mt tm kim loi t k st vi cnh cng tc, n ng vai tr dn ng cho kh i t ming y ca cp nn trc vo ming ht ca cp nn tip theo. Thng thng mng ngn c ch to bng gang hoc bng kim loi cng, n c gn c nh vi v v khng quay theo trc ca my nn. Vn hnh my nn Trang 51/104

Hnh 3.7: Cu to mng ngn Trong qu trnh lm vic, mng ngn tip xc trc tip vi kh nn c nhit cao. Do , trnh gin n v nhit dn n mng ngn va chm vi bnh cng tc, thng thng mng ngn phi c lm mt. Thng qua vic lm mt mng ngn th kh nn cng c lm mt.

Hnh 3.8: Lm mt mng ngn bng nc Vn hnh my nn Trang 52/104

Bn trong ca mng c ng ng vo v ra thng vi nhau, nh m nc lm mt c th lu thng qua lm mt. Khi nhit ca mng ngn s gim. 3.2.4. Cnh dn hng (Guide vane) Cnh dn hng c th hoc c nh hoc c th iu chnh c gc m, thng thng n c t pha trc l ht ca mt bnh cng tc dn dng kh i vo l ht ca bnh cng tc.

Hnh 3.9: Cnh dn hng Cnh dn hng trong my nn ly tm nhiu cp c t cui ng hi ca mng ngn. Kh sau khi di khi bnh cng tc s i vo vng khuych tn v c dn hi tr li nh cnh dn hng vo cnh qut tip theo. Cnh dn hng t u ht c th iu chnh c gc m iu chnh nng sut ca my nn ly tm.

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Hnh 3.10: Cnh dn hng c kh nng iu chnh Vi cnh c kh nng iu chnh, gc ca dng kh vo ca bnh cng tc c th c thay i hay iu khin c. Gc nh hng n c im lm vic ca bnh cng tc. Cng sut ca my nn c th c iu khin nh iu chnh cnh dn hng. mt s my nn kh, cnh dn hng c thit k t ng iu chnh cng sut gi cho my nn lm vic trong phm vi cng sut ca n. 3.2.5. Vng lm kn (Seal) V mng ngn khng quay theo trc ca my nn nn gia mng ngn v trc phi c mt khong h. Kh i qua bnh cng tc c tng p sut nn chng c kh nng quay tr li pha trc ming ht. Vng lm kn nhm mc ch hn ch s r r . a. Vng lm kn kiu khut khc (Labyrinth Seal)

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Hnh 3.11: Vng lm kn khut khc l b cc vng kim loi c hnh rng ca bao quanh trc. Cc rng ny khng chm vo trc. Cc vng ny thng c ch to bng kim loi c cng thp hn cng ca b mt trc trnh h hng trc trong trng hp b c xt vi trc. Gia cc rng ca hnh thnh cc khng gian ri nh minh ha hnh v.

Hnh 3.12: S r r kh vn tc thp qua vng lm kn Khi kh i vo khong khng ri ny chng s i hng v chm li, nh hn ch kh r r ra ngoi. Tuy nhin, vng m ny khng ngn c hon ton r r v vy chng ch c th s dng nhng ni p sut thp v chp nhn mt phn kh r r, chng hn nh gia cc cp nn. Nu dng kh c vn tc cao, mt lng kh khng thay i trc tip trong vng lm kn m i thng qua ng dn gia rng ca vng m khut khc v trc.

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Hnh 3.13: S r r kh vn tc cao qua vng lm kn Khi tc kh xuyn thng qua vng lm kn kiu khut khc ln, n tr nn c hiu qu hn trong vic ngn nga r r. Mt kiu kt cu khc ca vng m khut khc l trn trc c rng. Kh khng th r r qua vng m theo mt ng thng. Cng c nhiu trng hp vng lm kn kiu khut khc c s dng thm gia v my v trc my nh minh ha hnh v di y :

Hnh 3.14: Vng m kn kiu khut khc c s dng thm gia v my v trc my Mt cch khc khc phc tnh trng trn l c trc ln vng lm kn u c to rng n khp nhau. Vi kt cu , khi dng kh i qua phi i hng chuyn ng nhiu hn do tc s gim nhiu hn v kt qu l hn ch c r r nhiu hn.

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Hnh 3.15: Vng lm kn khut khc m c trc ln vng lm kn u c to rng n khp Nu kh nn trong my nn l kh c hi, nguy him th cn c rnh hng kh r r, t kh c dn ti mt ni an ton.

Hnh 3.16: Vng lm kn kiu khut khc c rnh hng kh r r (kh c hi, nguy him) Cng vi cu to nh hnh v trn, ngi ta c th dn ti mt dng kh tr p sut ln hn p sut trong my nn, r rng kh trong my nn khng th i ra ngoi Vn hnh my nn Trang 57/104

c. Nhng tt nhin kh tr s r r ra ngoi v vo trong my nn.

Hnh 3.17: Vng lm kn kiu khut khc c dn kh tr p sut cao hn p sut trong my nn vo rnh b. Vng m kn gii hn

Hnh 3.18: Vng m kn gii hn Vn hnh my nn Trang 58/104

Vng m kn gii hn c t trong trong hp vng chn, hp vng chn khng tip xc vi trc. Mt trong ca vng m ngn r r dc theo trc, cn mt tip xc theo phng thng ng gia hp vng chn v vng m ngn r r pha ngoi vng m.

Hnh 3.19: Cu to vng m kn gii hn Vng lm kn cng c s dng trong lin kt vi loi vng m khut khc gim hn na s r r. c. Vng m kn tip xc c hc

Hnh 3.20: Cu to vng kn tip xc c hc Vn hnh my nn Trang 59/104

Cc b phn chnh ca loi vng m ny l vng tnh, vng quay v vng cacbon. Vng quay c ghp cht vi trc cn vng tnh th khng. Mt tip xc gia vng cacbon vi vng tnh v vi vng quay ngn khng cho kh r r. Loi vng m ny phi s dng du bi trn. Ngoi tc dng bi trn, du cn ng vai tr lm mt v lm kn gia cc khe h do tip xc c hc. p sut du phi ln hn p sut kh ti vng m kn khong 40 psi. Du s hp th phn kh i qua vng m kn sau quay tr li h thng du lm sch, lm ngui. m kn tip xc c hc ph hp vi cc my nn c p sut ln n 1000 psi. d. m mng lng lm kn nhng trng hp p sut ln n 10.000 psi th m mng lng c s dng.

Hnh 3.21: Cu to m mng lng Cc b phn chnh gm: ng lt trong, ng lt ngoi, ng lt trc v mng du. ng lt trc c gn vo trc v quay cng trc. ng lt trong v ng lt ngoi khng quay theo trc v lun c mt khong cch vi trc. Khi trc quay du s i vo khong h ny v bt kn ng r r ca kh. Tuy nhin p sut ca du phi cao. H thng cung cp du ca loi m ny cng tng t nh loi m tip xc c hc. p sut trong my nn c th thay i, v vy p sut du lm kn cng phi thay i cho ph hp.

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Hnh 3.22: H thng cung cp du cho m mng lng Loi m kn ny hu nh ngn c r r tuyt i v khng to ra ma st, mi mn cc b phn m kn. Tuy nhin n i hi phi c mt h thng cung cp du cao p lin tc, du phi sch. Du sau khi b nhim bn phi c thu hi, lm sch v lm ngui. Nu lng du cn phi lu thng nhiu trong h thng th chng t cc vng m gim hiu qu. Mt s kh nh oxi rt nguy him khi ha trn vi du, v vy trong nhng trng hp nh vy cn thay du bng mt cht lng ph hp khc. 3.2.6. Cc loi dng trong my nn ly tm Cng nh trong my bm ly tm, trc ca my nn ngoi chuyn ng quay cn c c chuyn ng theo phng dc trc v chuyn ng theo bn knh ca trc gi l lc dc trc v lc hng tm. Hai chuyn ng ny cn phi c trit tiu. Cc bi ngoi tc dng gim ma st cn c tc dng trit tiu cc chuyn ng ny.

Hnh 3.23: Chuyn ng ca trc my nn Vn hnh my nn Trang 61/104

Di y l hnh minh ha mt s kiu bi thng hay s dng. Hai loi bi di y thng c s dng chng li chuyn ng theo phng bn knh.

Hnh 3.24: Hai loi bi dng chng li chuyn ng theo phng bn knh bi minh ha hnh di y dng chng li chuyn ng theo trc.

Hnh 3.25: bi dng chng li chuyn ng theo trc Tt c cc bi ny u phi c bi trn. Vn hnh my nn Trang 62/104

3.2.7. Ngn cn bng

Hnh 3.26: Lc do p sut tc dng ln hai bn ca mi tng cng tc Trong my nn ly tm nhiu cp, lc do p sut tc dng ln hai bn ca mi tng cng tc khng cn bng nhau. R rng pha p sut cao c lc tc dng ln hn, do trc c xu hng dch chuyn t pha ming y v pha ming ht. Ngn cn bng c thit k gim bt s mt cn bng v lc ny.

Hnh 3.27: Cu to ngn cn bng Vn hnh my nn Trang 63/104

l mt b phn gn lin vi trc sau cp cui cng ca my nn ly tm nhiu cp, c chia thnh 2 phn, phn pha trc ca ngn cn bng chu tc dng ca p sut kh ca x, cn phn pha sau ca ngn cn bng th chu tc dng ca p sut ca kh ti ming ht. Cn cc bnh cng tc th chu tc dng lc theo chiu ngc li. Theo phn tch lc nh vy cho thy lc tc dng ln trc s cn bng hn.

Hnh 3.28: S phn tch lc Vi cch b tr ny, cc bi, vng m c 2 pha ca trc ch chu tc dng ca p sut bng p sut ti ming ht. 3.2.8. H thng bi trn H thng bi trn c minh ha nh hnh v di y: Trong h thng ny, du c cung cp cho cc bi p sut cao. Nu trong trng h thng hng th cc bi khng th hot ng c. Vn hnh my nn Trang 64/104

Thng thng mt bm du c gn trc tip vo ng c chnh, n s hot ng lin tc trong qu trnh my nn hot ng. Tuy nhin mt s my nn cn phi c bi trn trc khi khi ng, v vy cn phi c thm mt bm du ph hot ng c lp. Khi du i ra khi my nn, n nng v c cha cc cht bn. V vy trong h thng du phi c thit b trao i nhit lm ngui du v c thit b lc lc cc tp cht ra khi du. C hai thit b ny u phi c d phng h thng c th hot ng lin tc.

Hnh 3.29: S h thng bi trn Do nhit v p sut ca du l cc k quan trng i vi s hot ng ca my nn nn thng c chung bo ng khi nhit ca du qu cao hoc p sut du qu thp. Ngoi ra cn c th c thm b phn ngng hot ng ca my nn nu cc thng s ny tr nn qu nguy him. 3.2.9. H thng lm mt Khi nn, nhit ca kh tng ln, t s nn cng cao th nhit cng ln. V vy cn thit phi lm mt kh. Mt s hnh thc lm mt c minh ha cc hnh v di y:

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Hnh 3.30: Lm mt bn trong my nn

Hnh 3.31: Lm mt trung gian

Hnh 3.32: Lm mt sau khi nn Vn hnh my nn Trang 66/104

3.2.10. ng c dn ng My nn ly tm cn vn tc quay t 3000 - 50.000 vng/pht (RPM). Thng thng th hot ng trong khong 3000 - 12.000 RPM. Vi my nn ly tm, tc 3000 RPM c xem l tc thp v 10.000 RPM c xem l tc cao.

Hnh 3.33: Dn ng bng ng c in ng c chnh c th l ng c in, ng c t trong, tuabin kh, tuabin hi nc. Vi ng c in th tc ch t 3000 RPM, mun t tc ln hn th phi s dng h thng bnh rng tng tc. Vi tuabin hi nc th tc c th t ti rt cao. Tc ca tuabin hi nc c th iu khin bng cch iu khin lng hi nc ti tuabin. ng c in v tuabin hi nc l hai loi ng c chnh thng hay s dng nh my lc ha du, ch bin kh. 3.2.11. Thit b an ton ng c in phi c bo v trnh qu ti. Qu ti c th gy qu nng h hng ng c in. iu khin da vo thng s nhit , ngi ta s dng mt rle nhit gn vo cun dy. Khi cun dy qu nng rle nhit s t ng ct dng in n ng c.

Vn hnh my nn

Trang 67/104

Hnh 3.34: B iu chnh tc Nu ng c dn ng l Tuabin th cn phi c b phn iu chnh tc gi cho tc khng thay i. B phn iu chnh ny c th l mt ng c pht in c gn vo trc tuabin. Khi tuabin quay cng nhanh dng in pht ra s cng ln, ngc li tuabin quay cng chm th dng in sinh ra cng nh, dng in ny s l tn hiu iu khin van cung cp hi nc ti tuabin (nh hnh v trn). Mt hnh thc iu chnh tc bng b iu tc ly tm c minh ha nh hnh v di y:

: Hnh 3.35: iu chnh tc bng b iu tc ly tm Vn hnh my nn Trang 68/104

Khi trc quay lc ly tm tc dng ln qu vng cng ln v v lm cho qu vng cng b ra. Chnh tc ng ny y n by ng van iu khin lng hi nc ti tuabin. Tuabin hi nc cn c b phn ngng hot ng nh minh ha cc hnh di y :

Hnh 3.36: B phn ngng hot ng ca tuabin hi nc Khi hot ng bnh thng, l xo gi cht i trng nm chm trong trc ca tuabin. Khi tuabin quay qu nhanh, lc ly tm tc dng ln cht i trng ln hn sc cng ca l xo lm cho cht ny li ra ngoi v gt cn dng (trip arm) ng van cung cp hi nc. Mt s thit b ngng hot ng da vo cc thng s khc nh p sut du, nhit ca nc lm mt, p sut du m kn v cc thng s quan trng khc. Cc thit b ny s ngng hot ng ca ng c chnh khi thy my trong tnh trng nguy Vn hnh my nn Trang 69/104

him. Trc chung bo s cho ngi vn hnh bit sa cha s c. 3.3. Nguyn l hot ng 3.3.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca my nn ly tm Cc hnh v di y minh ha nguyn l lm vic ca my nn ly tm :

Hnh 3.37: Nguyn l hot ng ca my nn ly tm Vn hnh my nn Trang 70/104

Khi bnh cng tc quay, cc phn t kh s b y ra xa tm nh lc ly tm, kt qu l ng nng ca cc phn t kh tng ln. Kh sau khi thot ra khi bnh cng tc s tip tc i vo b phn khuch tn (diffuser), ti y vn tc bt u gim v ng nng ca kh chuyn thnh th nng (p sut). Kh tip tc i vo vng xon c (volute), ti y ng nng tip tc chuyn thnh p sut. Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi ta ghp nhiu my nn ly tm thnh my nn ly tm nhiu cp c minh ha nh hnh v di y :

Hnh 3.38: My nn ly tm nhiu cp Mi bnh cng tc gi l mt cp. Sau khi kh c nn xong cp th nht, n s tip tc i vo cp th 2, c th cho n khi qua ht tt c cc cp. Hnh thc tng vn tc ca cc phn t kh, chuyn ng nng thnh p sut th cng tng t nh i vi nguyn l my nn mt cp 1 cp. 3.3.2. Sc (surging) Thng thng p sut ngay ti ming y phi ln hn p sut ca ni cn chuyn kh ti (gi l p sut ca h thng). Do mt nguyn nhn no m p sut ca h thng cao hn p sut ti ming y ca my nn, r rng kh khng th chuyn ti h thng c m ngc li kh t h thng s chuyn ngc li ngun ban u qua my nn cho n khi p sut ca h thng nh hn p sut ti ming y ca my nn. Trong trng hp ny kh chuyn ng quay li my nn. Hin tng nh vy Vn hnh my nn Trang 71/104

gi l hin tng sc. Sc c th gy h hng my nn. Sc thng xy ra khi my nn hot ng di nng sut thit k ti thiu. ngn nga hin tng ny xy ra, ngi ta c th thit k thm van x kh hoc ng by-pass nh trnh by di y: a. ng c tnh lm vic

Hnh 3.39: ng c tnh lm vic ca my nn ly tm ng t qung l gii hn sc ca mt my nn. Trc thng ng l chiu cao nn, trc ngang l nng sut (lng kh nn c trong mt n v thi gian). Ta c th thy khi chiu cao nn tng th nng sut nn gim. My nn hot ng tt nht khi chiu cao nn bng 100% chiu cao nn thit k, khi nng sut nn bng 100% nng sut nn thit k. Gi s h thng khng tiu th kp lng kh chuyn ti lm cho p sut sau my nn tng, tc l chiu cao nn tng. Trn th cho thy nng sut my nn gim v im vn hnh tin dn ti gii hn sc. Cng trn th cho thy rng sc s xy ra khi chiu cao nn bng 105% chiu cao nn thit k v khi nng sut nn bng 50% nng sut nn thit k. b. X kh v by-pass My nn kh thng c gn thm mt van x kh pha sau hoc lp thm mt ng by-pass ni lin trc my vi sau my, van x kh v ng by-pass c minh ha hnh v di y : Vn hnh my nn Trang 72/104

Hnh 3.40: Van x Trn hnh v trn, van x thc cht l mt van an ton p sut. Khi p sut sau my nn cao hn setpoint (p sut mong mun c t cho van an ton) th van ny s t ng m x kh ra ngoi. Trong cng nghip, kh x ny thng c x vo mt h thng ng ri dn ti uc t hoc dn ti h thng thu hi.

Hnh 3.41: ng bypass Trn hnh v trn, ng by-pass thc cht l mt on ng ni trc v sau my nn. Mt van an ton p sut hoc van iu khin c lp t trn ng ng ny. Khi p sut sau my nn tng cao c nguy c xy ra hin tng sc th van s m hi lu mt phn kh t pha sau my nn quay tr li b sung vo ngun kh ang nn. ng hi lu c t sau thit b lm ngui kh v kh nn s nng nu hi lu s lm nng thm. Vn hnh my nn Trang 73/104

3.3.3. Ni song song v ni ni tip Cng nh my bm, my nn cng c th ni song song hoc ni ni tip. Ni song song nhm tng lu lng dng kh cn nn cn ni ni tip nhm tng p sut kh cn nn. Tt c cc my nn mc song song u phi c lp t van mt chiu trnh trng hp dng kh chy ngc tr li.

Hnh 3.42: Ni ni tip

Hnh 3.43: Ni song song Van mt chiu ch ngn dng kh chy ngc tr li qua my nn nhng khng ngn c hin tng sc. ngn nga hin tng ny th vn phi s dng van x kh hoc ng by-pass nh ni mc 3 trn. Lu ng by-pass phi t trc van mt chiu.

Hnh 3.44: Van mt chiu Vn hnh my nn Trang 74/104

Bi 4: MT S VN V MY NN LY TM
4.1. Vn hnh my nn kh ly tm 4.1.1. Trch nhim ca ngi vn hnh Pht hin s c trc khi c th xy ra s c. Mt s s c c chung bo ng phng iu khin nhng cng c s c phi pht hin trc tip ti nh my. Trong khi i kim tra, ngi vn hnh cn phi kim tra cc thng s vn hnh quan trng nh lu lng dng du m kn (nu nhiu cho thy cc vng m b mn nhiu), mc du trong bn cha (nu cn th chm thm), Lu trong mt s my nn, h thng du m kn v du bi trn c th chung nhau bn cha v c th c bm, nhng thng thng chng l 2 h thng ring bit. V vy khi bm du m kn hng th bm du bi trn khng cung cp du ti cc vng m kn, v ngc li. Kim tra thit b lc du, chnh lch p sut trc v sau thit b lc ln hn mc thit k cho thy thit b lc b bn, cn chuyn dng du sang nhnh d phng v lm sch thit b lc b bn. i vi thit b lm ngui cng vy, khi nhn thy hiu sut lm ngui gim th chuyn sang nhnh d phng lm sch thit b trao i nhit. Kim tra pht hin ting ng l trong my. Mt vic m ngi vn hnh phi lm l ghi chp y cc ch s c trn cc ng h o cc thng s vn hnh quan trng, cng nh ghi li y cc s c, nhng im lu trong khi ang vn hnh. Nu c s thay i t ngt trong cc thng s ghi li ny chng t ang c s c lin quan. 4.1.2. Chun b khi ng C rt nhiu bc phi kim tra trc khi khi ng. Sau y l mt s im cn lu : Kim tra lm sch cht lng trong h thng. Kim tra h thng du m kn v du bi trn. Khi ng h thng du bi trn v du m kn trc khi khi ng my nn t nht 10 - 20 pht. Kim tra chnh lch p sut qua filter, n phi gim khi nhit tng. Thit b lm ngui du ch khi ng khi nhit ca du t n nhit hot ng. Trang 75/104

Vn hnh my nn

Mt s my nn thit k cc khoang lm mt ngay trong v my, cn kim tra xem cht lng lm ngui c i vo trong h thng lm mt ny khng. Bo m cc thit b iu khin v an ton c t v hot ng tt. Tt nhin cc mch iu khin s khng c s dng trong lc khi ng v ngng hot ng, ch t ng ch c ci vo khi my nn hot ng n nh. Lu : Ngi vn hnh phi tun theo quy trnh nht nh ca nh my.

4.1.3. Khi ng i vi ng c in, cn phi khi ng n tc vn hnh cng nhanh cng tt trnh chy ng c. Trong khi cng nhiu kh ti my nn th cng kh t c tc nhanh mt cch nhanh chng. V vy phi gim lng kh ti my nn khi khi ng. gim kh ti my nn chng ta c th ng bt van trc my nn. Nh vy khi ng my nn c ng c chnh l ng c in th van trc my nn m mt phn cn van bypass m. i vi tuabin, do c m men khi ng ln, my nn c th khi ng vi van trc v sau my nn u m. 4.1.4. Ngng hot ng Yu t chnh nh hng n quy trnh ngng hot ng l my nn nn kh vo mt h thng c p sut c nh hay khng c nh. Nu h thng c p sut khng c nh, khi ng c chnh gim tc , dng kh cng gim, tc cng gim theo cho n khi ngng hn. Trng hp ny s khng b sc. Nu h thng c p sut c nh, khi p sut y ca my nn gim xung nh hn p sut ca h thng, van mt chiu s ng v ngn khng cho kh chy ngc tr li. Nng sut my nn s gim ngay xung 0. Trong khi tc my nn ang gim dn, phn kh kt li trong pha sau my nn s gy ra sc. trnh hin tng ny cn ngng hot ng vi van x hoc van by-pass m. Trong hu ht my nn, van t ng by-pass c iu khin bng lu lng dng kh sau my nn ch khng phi bng p sut sau my nn. Nu lu lng sau my nn gim xung di setpoint th van s m. Trong trng hp dng p sut sau my nn iu khin van t ng by-pass, n s khng t ng ngn chn hin tng sc. [trong trng hp sc p sut sau my nn lin tc tng gim]. Sau khi ngng hot ng, h thng lm mt, du bi trn, du m kn vn tip tc hot ng cho n khi my ngui. Lm sch my nn nu chng dng nn kh c. Vn hnh my nn Trang 76/104

4.2. Bo dng my nn kh ly tm 4.2.1. Bo dng Thng xuyn v sinh bn ngoi my nn v ng c dn ng. Kim tra v khc phc s r r cc ng ng dn kh, nc lm mt, du bi trn v nhin liu. Kim tra v sit li cc mi ghp bng bulng, ai c ng lc sit qui nh. Kim tra thay th cc bnh cng tc ca my nn kh. Thay th cc m lm kn nu chng khng m bo kn. nh k thay nht v lm sch h thng bi trn ca my nn kh v ng c dn ng. nh k sc ra h thng cung cp nhin liu ca ng c dn ng (cc b lc v thng cha nhin liu). nh k r li xupp, kim tra iu chnh khe h nhit ca xupp cho ng c dn ng. Tra m vo cc bi theo s ch dn ca nh ch to.

4.2.2. Phn on v x l s c Hin tng Nguyn nhn Cch khc phc - thm du bi trn ng mc qui nh. - Kim tra sit li cc mi ghp. - iu chnh li p lc ca bm nht.

1. p sut du bi trn - Thiu du bi trn. trc b lc gim thp - H mch du bi trn hn tr s qui nh. - iu chnh p sut bm du bi trn khng ng tr s.

2. p sut du bi trn - B lc b tc do bn. - Sc ra b lc. trc b lc tng qu tr - iu chnh p sut bm - iu chnh li p lc ca s qui nh. du bi trn khng ng tr bm nht. s. 3. Nhit du bi trn - Thiu nc lm mt. - Cp thm nc lm mt. vt qu qui nh. - H thng lm mt nc b - Kim tra v khc phc. h hng. 4. Nhit trc ln cao Du bi trn khng qu 700C. Vn hnh my nn Kim tra h thng bi trn v cp thm du bi trn. Trang 77/104

5. Nhit kh nn qu - Thiu nc lm mt. - Cp thm nc lm mt. cao. - Bm nc hoc qut lm - Kim tra khc phc cc h mt c h hng. hng. - Cn bn trong bnh lm - Sc ra sch bnh lm mt. mt nhiu. 6. Lng cung cp kh - H hng cc m lm kn nn gim cng vi gim kh nn. p sut. - H b mt lp ghp ca v my. - Kim tra v thay th m mi. - Kim tra v sit li ng lc. Thay m b mt lp ghp.

7. Kh nn ln nhiu nc. - Nc lm mt lt vo - Kim tra tm nguyn nhn my nn kh. v khc phc. - Thit b phn ly nc lm - Kim tra khc phc. vic khng tt. - Kim tra khc phc. - Nc lm mt lt vo kh nn ti cc bnh lm mt trung gian hoc lm mt sau cng. 8. My nn kh b rung - Khng m bo s ng - Kim tra v iu chnh li ng mnh. tm gia trc my nn v ng tm. trc ng c dn ng. - Thay trc mi. - trc b mn vt qu - K kch li gii hn cho php. - Nn t my khng phng. 9. My nn kh cp kh Van an ton b hng hay do Kim tra khc phc v iu nn c p sut cao hn iu chnh khng ng chnh li mc qui nh.

Bi 5: THC TP VN HNH BO DNG MY NN


5.1. Tho lp, kim tra v sa cha cc chi tit ca my nn piston Vn hnh my nn Trang 78/104

Khi my nn h hng khng th lm vic c hoc qu thi hn s dng dn n hiu sut lm vic km, phi a chng vo xng sa cha, cn tun th nhng nguyn tc sau:

Vn hnh my nn

Trang 79/104

Hnh 5.1: S quy trnh cng ngh sa cha


Kim tra s b Lau sch bi, du m Chuyn my sa cha Tho my thnh b phn Tho b phn Ra b phn v chi tit Kim tra v phn loi chi tit, lp bng k khuyt tt Chi tit cn phi phc hi v sa cha Chi tit b loi b Chi tit cn dng Sa cha chi tit Chi tit mi Kim tra cht lng chi tit Lp b phn Th b phn Sn b phn Lp chung ton b my Chy r v th my Sn my Giao my cho ngi s dng

Vn hnh my nn

Trang 80/104

5.1.1. Quy trnh tho lp my nn - Tin hnh lp bin bn tnh trng k thut ca my v n hng sa cha chng. - Ngt ngun ti mch iu khin trn bng phn phi. Tho v xp cc nhit k. - Tho nht ra khi cacte my nn. - Tho ri cc ng ng dn khng kh, b phn lm mt my nn. - Tho ri cc bulong chn b, cc cht khng ch, tch my nn khi ng c. - Tho np van. - Tho hp van. - Tho van. - Tho np khoang cacte. - Tho cht hm u di thanh truyn, tho ai c v np u di. - S dng thit b chuyn dng cn thn tho piston khi xi lanh, trnh cc va chm lm chy xc mt lm vic ca xi lanh v c lp thanh truyn ca trc khuu. - Tho b xi lanh v qut my. - Tho c bnh v bnh . - Tho bnh ai qut my. - Tho np bi (dng c t hoc co chuyn dng). - Tho trc khuu v t ln k bng g. Cc chi tit sau khi tho ra phi sp xp gn gng, ngn np, lau chi sch s, trnh nhng va chm v tin hnh kim tra tnh trng k thut ca cc chi tit. 5.1.2. Ra chi tit, kim tra v phn loi chi tit Trc khi nh gi khuyt tt th phi lm sch cc chi tit. Vic nh gi cc chi tit v cm chi tit phi c thc hin ni c y trang b nh gi khuyt tt, phi c g v cc dng c cn thit khc. nh gi khuyt tt phi da trn s nh gi khuyt tt, l ti liu c bn ca ngi kim tra. Khuyt tt phi c nh du, phn loi thnh bn nhm: - Dng li ngay khng cn sa cha, c th lp ngay vi cc chi tit khc th sn mu xanh dng.

Vn hnh my nn

Trang 81/104

- Ch dng lp ghp ngay vi chi tit mi hay chi tit sa cha ti kch thc bn v th sn mu vng. - Phi sa cha th sn mu trng. - Loi b th sn mu . 5.1.3. Sa cha trc c a. Vai tr v yu cu k thut Cng dng ca trc c l nhn chuyn ng quay t ng c v bin chuyn ng quay thnh chuyn ng tnh tin ca piston trong xilanh nh h thng tay bin, trc c. Khi lm vic trc c chu cc lc tc dng nh: - Lc qun tnh ca cc thnh phn chuyn ng tnh tin (tay bin v piston). - Lc qun tnh ca cc thnh phn chuyn ng quay (bnh v ngng trc). - Lc sinh ra cc momen quay v dao ng quay. - Lc sinh ra khi thay i p sut kh trong my. Nh vy khi lm vic trc c chu cc ng sut un, xon, dao ng xon v dao ng dc trc. Yu cu k thut: - Phi c gia cng chnh xc, b mt lm vic c cng v bng cao t yu cu. - Kt cu trc phi m bo tnh cn bng v ng u. - cng vng cao, c sc bn v chu mi mn tt. - Khi lm vic khng xy ra dao ng cng hng. b. Nguyn nhn v h hng thng gp C trc b mn Khi ng c lm vic, do tc dng ca p lc kh chy trong xi lanh lm cho b mt c trc b mn. C trc thng b mn khng u, khi trc khuu quay, lc ly tm do u to thanh truyn sinh ra lm cho thanh truyn c xu hng ri khi c thanh truyn v thng xuyn p vo b mt pha trong (gn ng tm trc khuu). Do tc dng lu di ca lc ly tm nn trn trc khuu mt gn k c trc thanh truyn b mn nhiu. Mt khc, du bi trn di tc dng ca lc ly tm lm cho cc tp cht cng c trng lng ln vng ra tp trung v mt u c trc gy mn cn cho c trc thanh Vn hnh my nn Trang 82/104

truyn. S mi mn c trc lm khe h lp ghp gia cc chi tit tng ln lm iu kin bi trn km i, p lc du bi trn gim, s mi mn cc chi tit tng ln. Trc khuu b cong v xon Nguyn nhn gy ra bin dng cong v xon trc khuu ch yu do: - Khe h ca gi v c trc qu ln, trong khi lm vic c s va vp. - Trong qu trnh lm vic chu m men xon qu ln, gi b chy lm trc khuu quay kh khn. - Khe h gi v c trc qu nh hoc m men xit c c trc khng u, xit c khng ng trnh t quy nh. - ng c tng tc t ngt lm trc khuu chu ng sut qu ln gy bin dng t ngt lm trc khuu b xon hoc cong. Ngoi ra s lm vic ca ng c khng n nh, trc khuu chu lc khng u, cc v tr ca cc chi tit trong c cu khuu trc thanh truyn khng ng cng c th lm cho trc khuu b cong, xon. Trc khuu b rn nt, gy Trong qu trnh lm vic, trc khuu c th b rn nt. Vt nt thng xy ra phn tip gip gia c trc, c thanh truyn v m khuu (vai trc). C nhiu nguyn nhn lm trc khuu b rn nt: - Bn knh gc ln gia m khuu vi c trc, c thanh truyn khng ng gy ra ng sut tp trung. - Khe h gia gi v c trc qu ln gy ra va p theo chu k to nn ng sut thay i gy ra rn nt. Vt nt xut hin s pht trin nhanh v gy gy trc khuu. B mt ca c trc, c thanh truyn, gi b xc, chy r Ngoi h hng do mn, trc khuu thng h hng do c trc, b xc, chy r. Nguyn nhn gy xc, chy r do: - iu kin v cht lng du bi trn km, trong du c nhiu tp cht nh bi bn, c ln ht mi hoc b r r nc vo h thng bi trn, ng du bi trn b tc - Khe h gia bc v c trc, c thanh truyn qu nh, trong qu trnh lm vic sinh nhit lm chy r b mt c trc. Vn hnh my nn Trang 83/104

- Lp rp khng ng, l du trn bc khng trng vi ng du trn thn my lm cho du bi trn khng vo b mt c trc, c thanh truyn. Khi trc c b hng s nh hng ti kh nng lm vic ca my nn v c th lm h hng cc chi tit khc nh: cong tay bin, gy bulong bin V vy cn c bin php sa cha, thay th khi trc c b hng. c. Quy trnh cng ngh sa cha. Sa cha trc c l loi tr cc khuyt tt ca trc c xut hin trong qu trnh lm vic. Ty thuc vo kt cu trc c bao gm chiu di, ng knh, p lc lm vic m ta c cc phng php gia cng khc nhau. Cc phng php l gia cng rn (vi trc nh v trung bnh) v gia cng ghp (vi trc ln). Sa cha trc b mn Quan st ton b trc khuu pht hin cc vt xc, chy r, rn nt. Nu trc khuu c vt rn nt th phi thay trc khuu mi. Nu trn b mt trc khuu c vt chy r, vt xc nh th dng vi rp mn bi mt lp du bi trn hoc dng du mi bng c trc. Nu c vt chy r, xc su th phi mi trc khuu trn my mi chuyn dng c c cu dch tm. Dng pame o ngoi kim tra mn cn, mn van ca c trc v c thanh truyn.

Hnh 5.2: Cch t thc kim tra mn v van ca trc van: o kch thc c trc v c thanh truyn hai v tr vung gc nhau trn cng mt mt ct ngang. van ca c trc v c thanh truyn c xc nh bng hiu s ca hai ln o. Vn hnh my nn Trang 84/104

Ch : Khng o st vo l du bi trn. van cho php: 0,05 mm. cn: o kch thc c trc hai v tr trn cng mt mt ct dc (pha trong v ngoi ca c thanh truyn l v tr mn nhiu nht). mn cn l hiu s gia hai ln o. Ch : V tr o cch m khuu 8 10 mm, khng o st m khuu. mn cn cho php: 0,05 mm. Nu van v cn vt qu gii hn cho php phi sa cha trc khuu theo s cng ngh sa cha v theo kch thc sa cha quy nh (theo ct sa cha). Bng 5.1: S quy trnh cng ngh sa cha mn c trc khuu Tn nguyn cng v bc

S nh v v kp cht

I. Tin ly li trn ca c trc khuu

II. Hn p c trc khuu

III. Tin ly li kch thc ban u - Tin tinh

Vn hnh my nn

Trang 85/104

IV. Mi v nh bng b mt c trc khuu. 1. Mi th 2. Mi tinh

1. Kim tra cc kch thc V. Kim tra 2. Kim tra ng tm 3. Kim tra nhm b mt 4.Kim tra song song Sa cha trc b cong, xon cong: t trc khuu ln hai gi (hoc lp ln mi chng tm), cho mi tip xc ca ng h so tip xc vi c trc gia, quay trc khuu i mt vng ng thi quan st s dao ng ca kim ng h trong mt phm vi no . Ly tr s tr i van ca c trc ta s c cong ca trc khuu.

Hnh 5.3: o cong ca trc khuu Vn hnh my nn Trang 86/104

cong cho php: 0,03 0,05 mm xon: Lp trc khuu ln gi , cho c thanh truyn nm v tr nm ngang, dng thc o chiu cao o khong cch t cc c trc thanh truyn c cng ng tm n mt bn my, chnh lch ca hai khong cch o c l xon ca trc khuu. xon cho php < 0,10mm Nu trc khuu xon qu gii hn cho php th phi thay trc khuu mi. Nu trc khuu b cong th nn trc khuu trn my p thu lc 20 tn theo phng php nn ngui: t trc khuu ln hai gi ch V, xoay ng chiu cong ca trc khuu ri c nh trc khuu li. Tc dng mt lc vo c trc gia theo chiu ngc vi chiu cong ca trc khuu. trnh lm h hng c trc cn t tm ng m lt vo c trc. Pha di c trc t ng h so theo di bin dng ca trc khuu v khng ch lc tc dng. Nu trc khuu b cong nhiu qu th phi tin hnh nn nhiu ln trnh lm trc khuu bin dng qu nhiu gy nt gy trc.

Hnh 5.4: Nn trc khuu b cong 5.1.4. Sa cha tay bin Theo chu trnh lm vic, tay bin chu tc dng lc ko ln nht v vy n i hi c chnh xc rt cao. Tay bin c ch to t thp CT4-TC30. Vi nhng loi my c cng sut ln ngi ta dng thp CT45 hay thp hp kim 40X-38X. Yu cu k thut: Vn hnh my nn Trang 87/104

- ng tm bc u nh phi song song vi ng tm bc u to v cng vung gc vi ng tm thn tay bin. khng song song ca hai ng tm bc u to v u nh cho php l 0.02-0.03 mm/100 mm chiu di. - C hai loi bc lp cho u tay bin l loi tho c v loi khng tho c. Thng thng bc u nh l bc ng c p cht vo u tay bin v khng tho c, bc u to thng l hai na c bt vo u ln bng bulong bin. Sa cha tay bin: Trong qu trnh lm vic, tay bin b cong, xon, mn hng bc khc phc h hng bin php l p nn thy lc cng vi gia cng nhit, sau phi tin hnh siu m kim tra cc vt rn nt bn trong nu c. Sau khi nn phi kim tra song song v vung gc ca cc ng tm. Cc tay bin b cong, xon, nt khng cho php phc hi m buc phi thay th mi. Vic sa cha cn c tin hnh khi: - Bc c vt rn, nt, xc su. - Khe h gia cht piston v bc - Khe h gia trc c v bc
2d max + 0.05 . 1000

d + 0.05 1000

Bc phi c lng d ng knh ngoi p vo tay bin, khi p phi gia cng u tay bin. khng song song gia b mt trong v ngoi khng qu 0.02mm/100mm chiu di, khe h gia cht v bc l 0.03-0.04 mm. Phi p bc ng l vy du trn thn tay bin, bc ln phi c tip xc 75% din tch b mt lm vic. 5.1.5. Trnh t lp rp v th my a. Trnh t lp rp Trnh t lp my nn: ngc vi qu trnh tho my. Khi lp rp my nn kh cn tun th mt s iu kin sau y: - Tt c cc chi tit cn phi lm sch bi v lau bng gi sch. Cm lau bng gi x gai. Cc b mt lm vic c bi m. - Khi lp bi trc khuu v ca vng bi cn c cc tm m m bo khe h nhit. Sau khi xit np th trc khuu phi quay t do bng tay v c khe h chiu trc l 0,15 0.25 mm.

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- Khi lp cc cm ring bit v my cn phi theo di vic sp xp cc chi tit. Xi lanh, piston, thanh truyn c nh cng du s. Cc thanh v np ca thanh truyn c nh du cng mt u. i vi cht hm bulong thanh truyn ch s dng ci mi, khng s dng bt c dy g thay th. - Khi lp rp c cu trc khuu thanh truyn cn phi theo di cc ng dn nht cn phi c lp cht v hng mt ct v bn tri nu nhn t pha bnh . Nu lp khng ng cc ng ng dn du lm ngng vic cung cp du v l nguyn nhn gy s c cho my nn. - Khi lp rp v hiu chnh piston, cc vng xcmng cn phi phn b sao cho cc khp ca xcmng cnh nhau lch 180o. - Khi thay bc lt khng iu chnh khe h u di thanh truyn cn sit bulong thanh truyn sao cho thanh truyn quay tng i d. Momen xit khong 8-10 KG.m. Sau khi kt thc lp rp v lp t my vo b, kim tra ng tm ca trc my nn v ng c. Sit cht cc bulong nh v trn b. Lp cc thit b lin quan nh nhit k, ng h. b. Chy th my Tng t nh th my cho my mi. 5.1.6. Tho lp, bo dng k thut mt s loi my nn piston a. Tho lp, bo dng k thut my nn kh 1 xi lanh THO - LP MY NN KH PISTON 1 CP NN MC CH YU CU Mc ch: Hc sinh lm quen vi cng vic thc t, kim chng gia kin thc l thuyt v thc t v cu to v hot ng ca my nn kh piston 01 cp nn, hnh thnh nhng k nng ngh. Yu cu: - Tho lp my nn kh mt cp nn ng yu cu k thut. - Hiu r cu to v hot ng ca my nn kh 01 cp nn. - m bo an ton lao ng v v sinh cng nghip.

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NI DUNG CNG VIC TT A 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 BC CNG VIC QUI TRNH THO MY NN KH Ct ngun in cp cho my nn kh Tho my nn kh ra khi gi my V sinh bn ngoi my nn kh Tho cc ng ng dn kh n bnh cha Tho ai truyn (Hoc khp ni) X nht trong cc te Tho my nn ra khi gi my Tho ng c dn ng ra khi gi my Tho my nn kh ra chi tit Tho bu ly dn ng my nn kh Tho b lc khng kh Tho cm van np, van x Tho np xi lanh Tho xi lanh Tho np bn hng cc te Tho nhm piston thanh truyn Tho mt bch gi trc khuu Ly gi v trc khuu ra ngoi Bn p tay Trnh hng chi tit Lin h vi kin thc l thuyt C l, vam C l C l Tup C l C l C l Tup Nh chiu lp Ni u bu lng G vam ng tm ni kh ro Nh v tr lp Ni u bu lng Ni u ai c C l C l, tup C l C l, tup C l, tup m bo sch Trnh hng ren Trnh hng dy ai Trnh ra nn m bo an ton DNG C YU CU KT

3.10 Tho trc khuu ra khi gi 3.11 Tho ri nhm piston thanh truyn 4 B C 1 2 3 4 V sinh sch s cc chi tit my TM HIU CU TO, HOT NG CA MY NN KH QUI TRNH LP MY NN KH V sinh sch cc chi tit trc khi lp Lp my nn kh theo qui trnh ngc li Quay my nn kh vi vng kim tra V sinh hon tt cng vic NHNG LU KHI THO, LP MY NN KH - Nhng mi ghp quan trng phi kim tra lc sit trc khi tho. - Cc b mt ma st phi bi mt lp du bi trn trc khi lp. Vn hnh my nn Trang 90/104

- Chia ming xc mng trc khi lp nhm piston vo xi lanh. - Lc sit cc bu lng, ai c phi ng tr s qui nh ca nh ch to. NN MC CH-YU CU Mc ch:Trang b nhng kin thc c bn v kim tra v sa cha cc chi tit my ca my nn kh. Yu cu: - S dng thnh tho cc dng c o chnh xc. - Kim tra nh gi ng tnh trng k thut ca cc chi tit my. - ra c phng n sa cha v hiu chnh thch hp. - m bo an ton v v sinh cng nghip. QUI TRNH KIM TRA TT A B 1 BC CNG VIC THO MY NN KH RA CHI TIT KIM TRA CC CHI TIT MY Kim tra nhm piston thanh truyn Cn l Cn l Cn l Bn mp, cn l Thc cp Thc cp TB chuyn dng 0,4 mm ( 0,2 0,45) mm 0,3 mm 0,1 mm 0,3 mm 0,3 mm 0,04/100 mm Chiu di 2 Kim tra xi lanh my nn kh Khng b v, r, nt.. ng h so, pan me o trong ng h so, pan me o trong 0,15 mm 0,15 mm Trang 91/104 2.1 Kim tra tng qut 2.2 Kim tra cn lng xi lanh 2.3 Kim tra mo lng xi lanh Vn hnh my nn DNG C YU CU KT Qui trnh hc KIM TRA SA CHA MY NN KH PISTON MT CP

1.1 Kim tra khe h gia piston v xi lanh 1.2 Kim tra khe h ming xc mng 1.3 Kim tra khe h cnh xc mng 1.4 Kim tra phng ca xc mng 1.5 Kim tra khe h gia cht piston v b cht 1.6 Kim tra khe h gia cht piston vi l bc u nh thanh truyn 1.7 Kim tra cong, xon thanh truyn

2.4 Kim tra mn ln nht ca xi lanh 3 Kim tra trc khuu my nn kh 3.1 Kim tra cn ca c trc, c bin 3.2 Kim tra mo ca c trc, c bin 3.3 Kim tra khe h du ca c trc, c bin 3.4 Kim tra cong ca trc khuu 3.5 Kim tra dch dc ca trc khuu 4 5 Kim tra cc bi ( Nu c ) Kim tra van np, van x

Pan me o l Thc cp Thc cp Thc cp ng h so ng h so

0,3 mm 0,25 mm 0,25 mm 0,3 mm 0,1 mm ( 0,1 0,3 )mm Khng b r, b mn, b v. Khng b r, b mn, b vnh Khng b nt v, b mn m bo s n hi

5.1 Kim tra l van 5.2 Kim tra van 5.3 Kim tra l xo

PHNG N SA CHA - Cc chi tit nh trc khuu, xi lanh, piston nu khng t yu cu k thut th phi sa cha theo kch thc tiu chun ri thay th cc chi tit lin quan nh bc lt, xc mng.. ph hp vi kch thc sau khi sa cha. - Cc chi tit b cong th nn li trn bn p thy lc. - Cc chi tit ca van b mn v r th r li t phng - Thay i cc tm m m bo dch dc cho php ca trc khuu. - Cc chi tit b nt, v th thay mi.

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Hnh 5.5:Kim tra trc khuu my nn kh

Hnh 5.6:Kim tra xi lanh my nn kh

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b. Tho lp, bo dng k thut my nn kh 2 xi lanh, 2 cp nn THO - LP MY NN KH PISTON 2 XI LANH 2 CP NN ( ng dng trn my nn kh ADV ) MC CH YU CU Mc ch: Hc sinh lm quen vi cng vic thc t, nm vng kin thc l thuyt v thc t v cu to v hot ng ca my nn kh piston 02 cp nn, Hnh thnh nhng k nng ngh. Yu cu: - Tho lp my nn kh 2 cp nn ng yu cu k thut. - Hiu r cu to v hot ng ca my nn kh 02 cp nn. - m bo an ton lao ng v v sinh cng nghip. NI DUNG CNG VIC TT A 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 BC CNG VIC QUI TRNH THO MY NN KH Ct ngun in cp cho my nn kh Tho my nn kh ra khi gi my V sinh bn ngoi my nn kh Tho cc ng ng dn kh n bnh cha Tho ai truyn X nht trong cc te Tho my nn ra khi gi my Tho ng c dn ng ra khi gi my Tho my nn kh ra chi tit Tho bu ly dn ng my nn kh Tho b lc khng kh Tho ng thng hi cc te Tho hp van np, x cp I v cp II Ly cc van np, x ra ngoi Tho np xi lanh cp I v Cp II Tho xi lanh cp I Tho xi lanh cp II C l, vam C l C l Tup Km, tuc vt Lc gic chm C l C l Ni u bu lng Phn bit c van np, van x Ni u Trnh rch m Trnh rch m Trang 94/104 G vam ng tm ni kh ro Gi lau C l C l, tup C l C l, tup C l, tup m bo sch Trnh hng ren Trnh hng dy ai Trnh ra nn m bo an ton DNG C YU CU KT

Vn hnh my nn

3.9

Tho c hm u c bin

Ba, c Tuc vt Lc gic chm

Trnh h ren Lu cc vng m Ni u Trnh rch m

3.10 Tho nhm piston thanh truyn cp I ra 3.11 Tho mt bch gi trc khuu 3.12 Ly gi v nhm pison-thanh truyn cp II ra ngoi 3.13 Tho trc khuu ra khi 3.14 Tho nhm piston-thanh truyn cp II ra khi trc khuu 3.15 Tho nhm piston- thanh truyn ra chi tit 3.16 V sinh sch cc chi tit my B C 1 2 3 4 TM HIU CU TO, HOT NG MY NN KH 2 CP NN QUI TRNH LP MY NN KH V sinh sch cc chi tit trc khi lp Lp my nn kh theo qui trnh ngc li Quay my nn kh vi vng kim tra V sinh hon tt cng vic

Km bung Vam 3 chu Km cd, bn p tay G vam ng tm, nh chiu ng lt Trnh gy xc mng, mo piston

NHNG LU KHI THO, LP MY NN KH - Nhng mi ghp quan trng phi kim tra lc sit trc khi tho. - Cc b mt ma st phi bi mt lp du bi trn trc khi lp. - Lp ng v tr xi lanh cp II ( 2 ming lm pha di ca xi lanh cp II) - Chia ming xc mng trc khi lp nhm piston vo xi lanh. - Lc sit cc bu lng, ai c phi ng tr s qui nh ca nh ch to. KIM TRA SA CHA MY NN KH PISTON 2 XI LANH, 2 CP NN MC CH-YU CU Mc ch:Trang b nhng kin thc c bn v kim tra v sa cha cc chi tit my ca my nn kh. Yu cu: - S dng thnh tho cc dng c o chnh xc Vn hnh my nn Trang 95/104

- Kim tra nh gi ng tnh trng k thut ca cc chi tit my. - ra c phng n sa cha v hiu chnh thch hp. - m bo an ton v v sinh cng nghip. QUI TRNH KIM TRA ( My nn kh ADV ) TT A B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 BC CNG VIC THO MY NN KH RA CHI TIT KIM TRA CC CHI TIT MY Kim tra nhm piston thanh truyn Kim tra xi lanh cp I v cp II Kim tra trc khuu my nn kh Kim tra bi ca gi Kim tra bi u to thanh truyn Kim tra van np, van x Kim tra cc tm m lp ghp Qui trnh Bi 1 Qui trnh Bi 1 Qui trnh Bi 1 Khng b r, mn , v bi Khng b r, mn , v bi Qui trnh bi 2 Khng b rch, bin cng DNG C YU CU KT Qui trnh hc

PHNG N SA CHA - Cc chi tit nh trc khuu, xi lanh, piston nu khng t yu cu k thut th phi sa cha theo kch thc tiu chun ri thay th cc chi tit lin quan nh bc lt, xc mng.. ph hp vi kch thc sau khi sa cha. - Cc chi tit b cong th nn li trn bn p thy lc. - Cc chi tit ca van b mn v r th r li t phng - Thay i cc tm m m bo dch dc cho php ca trc khuu. - Cc chi tit b nt, v th thay mi. - Thay mi cc tm m b rch, b bin cng m bo kn cc mi ghp.

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Hnh 5.7: Kim tra khe h du ca con trt

Hnh 5.8:Cc dng h hng ca bc lt

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c. Tho lp, kim tra my nn nhiu xi lanh, nhiu cp nn (ng dng my nn kh 4BY-5/9 ) MC CH YU CU Mc ch: Hc sinh lm quen vi cng vic thc t, nm vng kin thc l thuyt v thc t v cu to v hot ng ca my nn kh piston nhiu xi lanh, nhiu cp nn, nng cao nhng k nng ngh. Yu cu: - Tho lp my nn kh nhiu xi lanh, nhiu cp nn ng yu cu k thut. - Hiu r cu to v hot ng ca my nn kh nhiu xi lanh, nhiu cp nn. - Kim tra, nh gi ng tnh trng k thut ca cc chi tit my. - a ra c phng n sa cha hp l. - m bo an ton lao ng v v sinh cng nghip. NI DUNG CNG VIC. TT A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 BC CNG VIC QUI TRNH THO MY NN KH Ct ngun in ti my nn kh V sinh bn ngoi my nn kh X nht trong cc te Tho cc ng dn kh gia my nn v bnh cha Tho b lm mt trung gian Tho b lc khng kh Tho qut gi lm mt Tho np xi lanh cp I v Cp II Tho b van cp I v Cp II Tho 2 np y bn hng cc te Tho 4 nhm piston-thanh truyn ra ngoi Tho cc xi lanh ra khi cc te Tho bnh , bu ly ra khi trc khuu Tho 1 np gi Ly trc khuu ra ngoi Tho np gi cn li C l Tup Tuc vt C l Tup C l Vam C l Lu cc tm m iu chnh Trnh rch m G vam ng tm Ni u Trnh ri trc Trnh rch m Trang 98/104 Ni ng ng/tc Trnh tai nn Gi lau C l C l C l C l m bo an ton m bo sch Trnh ra nn Trnh rch m Trnh lm h cc ng tn nhit ni kh ro DNG C YU CU KT

Vn hnh my nn

17 B C

V sinh sch cc chi tit my TM HIU CU TO, HOT NG KIM TRA, SA CHA CC CHI TIT CA MY NN KH QUI TRNH LP MY NN KH V sinh sch cc chi tit trc khi lp Lp my nn kh theo qui trnh ngc li Quay my nn kh vi vng kim tra V sinh hon tt cng vic NHNG LU KH THO LP MY NN KH 4BY-5/9 - Cc b mt ma st phi c bi trn trc khi lp. - Khng c thay cc cht ch bu lng thanh truyn bng cc dy khc. - Nhm piston thanh truyn phi lp ng th t, ng chiu. - Chia ming xc mng lch nhau theo ch dn. - Lc sit ai c ca bu lng thanh truyn (8 10 ) kg.m ( 80 100 )N.m - Cc mi ghp khc cng phi sit ng m men ban u. THNG S K THUT MY NN KH 4BY-5/9 K hiu ca my nn kh - S 4: 4 xi lanh ( 2 cp I, 2 cp II ) - Ch B: Xi lanh b tr kiu ch V - Ch Y: My nn khng kh v gas. - S 5: Nng sut 5m3/pht. - S 9: p sut tuyt i 9kg/cm2 Cc thng s k thut Tc : 740 v/p - Cng sut ng c dn ng: 37 KW. - Cng sut tiu th khi c ti: 33KW. - Cng sut tiu th khi khng ti:22 KW. - p sut nn cp I ( 1,7 2,2 ) kg/cm2. - p sut nn cp II: 8kg/cm2. Qui trnh v phng n sa cha hc bi 04

D 1 2 3 4

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- Hnh trnh piston: 120 mm. - Phng php lm mt: Bng khng kh. - Phng php bi trn: Vung t. - Du bi trn: U50,U40,K19,K11 ( Theo tiu chun ca Nga ). - Khi lng du trong cc te: 17 lt. - Lng du tiu th trong 1 gi: 30 gam - Nhit du trong cc te: 75oC. - B lm mt trung gian:Lm mt kh nn cp I t 165oC xung 60oC. - p lc m van an ton cp I: 2,4 kg/cm2 0,1. - p lc m van an ton cp II: 9kg/cm2. - H thng iu chnh nng sut: Thc hin bng 2 cch: +T ng dng my khi p sut trong bnh cha ln hn 8kg/cm2. +M thng ng x cp II vi ng np cp I khi p sut ln hn 8kg/cm2. Bng thng s khe h my nn kh 4BY- 5/9 Mi ghp Theo thit k Max Khe h du ca c bin Khe h gia cht piston v u nh thanh truyn Khe h dch dc ca trc khuu dch dc ca thanh truyn Khe h gia piston v xi lanh cp I Khe h gia piston v xi lanh cp II Khe h cnh xc mng 0,15 0,08 0,25 6 0,25 0,3 0,1 Min 0,065 0,025 0,15 4 0,1 0,15 0,015 0,5 0,5 0,3 Khe h Max cho php 0,3 0,3 0,3 Phng php iu chnh, sa cha iu chnh cc tm m Thay bc lt mi Thay tm m Khng /chnh s/c theo code s/c theo code Thay mi

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Hnh 5.9:Tho trc khuu ca my nn nhiu xi lanh

CRANK SHAFT

Hnh 5.10: Kim tra gi trc khuu

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5.2. Tho lp, kim tra v sa cha cc chi tit ca my nn ly tm Quy trnh: 1-Tho np (na thn trn) 2- Tho cc b phn ng 3- Tho ri cc chi tit 4- Phun ct lm sch v na trn v di v kim tra nt v n mn 5- Phun ct lm sch bnh cng tc v bung gi 6- V sinh cc b phn cn li 7- Kim tra bnh cng tc c nt hay n mn khng 8- Qut ph lp keo Belzona hoc cn bng bnh cng tc nu cn. 9- Kim tra thng ca trc 10- Nn thng v nh bng trc 11- Lp Bnh cng tc ln trc 12- Cn bng r to 13- Kim tra bung gi xem c nt hay b n mn 14-. Thay mi vng lm kn chu mi mn trn bnh cng tc c cng vt liu c 15- Thay mi vng lm kn chu mi mn trn thn my nn c cng vt liu c 16- Thay mi ng lt trc c cng vt liu c 17- Lp li vng cch vng bi 18- Thay mi vng bi 19- Thay mi tt c cc vng lm kn (loi tip xc vi trc nh o ring) 20- Thay giong lm kn thn 21- Lp hon chnh cc b phn ng 22- Lp my nn hon chnh 23- Sn li v my nn 24- Lm bo co sa cha 5.3. Kim tra iu chnh p sut nn v van an ton - Khi p sut kh nn trong bnh cha t t 5-6kg/cm 2, cng nhn vn hnh phi kim tra trng thi ca van an ton, kn ca ng ng dn kh,Nu m bo yu cu k thut cng nhn vn hnh mi c m van cung cp kh nn cho b phn tiu th. - Trong qu trnh lm vic cng nhn vn hnh phi quan st cc ch s trn ng h, nu sai lch so vi s liu cho php th phi dng my, kim tra khc phc, sau mi cho my hot ng tip tc.

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- Cn kim tra nh k bo m cc van an ton lun lun sn sng hot ng. Thng thng 110% p sut lm vic an ton ca my nn. Trong trng hp my nn nhiu cp th mi van an ton t ng vi tng cp nn. 5.4. Bo dng v vn hnh my nn Thc hin y cc bc theo ng quy trnh trong bi 2 i vi my nn piston v bi 3 i vi my nn ly tm

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TI LIU THAM KHO


[1]- Hong B Ch, Phm Lng Tu, Trng Ngc Tun: Bm qut my nn cng nghip, NXB Khoa hc v K thut. [2]- TS. Bi Quc Thi: My nn kh, NXB Bch Khoa H Ni. [3]- L Xun Ho, Nguyn Th Bch Ngc: L thuyt v thc hnh Bm qut my nn, NXB Nng, 2005. [4]- Nguyn c Sng, V Nam Ngn: My thu kh, Trng i hc M a Cht H Ni, 2004. [5]- Nguyn Vn May: Bm qut my nn, NXB Khoa hc v k thut, 2005. [6]- V Th S: Cng ngh sa cha my v thit b m , Trng i hc M a Cht H Ni, 2003.

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