ETABS MANUAL
 

Part-­‐II:  Model  Analysis  &  Design  of  Slabs    

 
According  to  Eurocode  2

AUTHOR:  VALENTINOS  NEOPHYTOU  BEng  (Hons),  MSc  

REVISION  1:  April,  2013

  

ABOUT  THIS  DOCUMENT  

This  document  presents  an  example  of  analysis  design  of  slab  using  ETABS.  
This   example   examines   a   simple   single   story   building,   which   is   regular   in   plan  
and   elevation.   It   is   examining   and   compares   the   calculated   ultimate   moment  
from   ETABS   with   hand   calculation.     Moment   coefficients   were   used   to  
calculate   the   ultimate   moment.   However   it   is   good   practice   that   such   hand  
analysis   methods   are   used   to   verify   the   output   of   more   sophisticated  
methods.  

Also,   this   document   contains   simple   procedure   (step-­‐by-­‐step)   of   how   to  

design  solid  slab  according  to  Eurocode  2.  The  process  of  designing  elements  
will  not  be  revolutionised  as  a  result  of  using  Eurocode  2.  

Due   to   time   constraints   and   knowledge,   I   may   not   be   able   to   address   the  
whole  issues.  

Please   send   me   your   suggestions   for   improvement.   Anyone   interested   to  

share  his/her  knowledge  or  willing  to  contribute  either  totally  a  new  section  
about  ETABS  or  within  this  section  is  encouraged.  

For  further  details:  

My  LinkedIn  Profile:  
http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=125833097&trk=hb_tab_pro_top  

Email:  valentinos_n@hotmail.com  

Slideshare  Account: http://www.slideshare.net/ValentinosNeophytou  

  2  
  

Table of Contents

1.0 Slab modeling .......................................................................................................... 4

1.1 Assumptions............................................................................................................. 4

1.2 Initial step before run the analysis ........................................................................... 4

2.0 Calculation of ultimate moments ............................................................................. 5

3.0 Design of slab according to Eurocode 2 .................................................................. 7

4.0 Example 1: Analysis and design of RC slab using ETABS................................... 11

4.1 Ultimate moments results ...................................................................................... 12

4.1.1 Maximum hogging and Sagging moment at Longitudinal direction Ly............. 12

4.1.2 Maximum hogging and Sagging moment at Transverse direction Lx ................ 12

4.1.3 Hand calculation results ...................................................................................... 13

4.1.4 Hand calculation Results..................................................................................... 14

  3  
  

1.0 Slab modeling

1.1 Assumptions

In preparing this document a number of assumptions have been made to avoid over
complication; the assumptions and their implications are as follows.

a) Element type : SHELL

b) Meshing (Sizing of element) : Size= min{Lmax/10 or l000mm}

c) Element shape : Ratio= Lmax/Lmin = 1 ≤ ratio ≤ 2

d) Acceptable error : 20%

1.2 Initial step before run the analysis

a) Sketch out by hand the expected results before carrying out the analysis.

b) Calculate by hand the total applied loads and compare these with the sum of
the reactions from the model results.

  4  
  
2.0 Calculation of ultimate moments
Maximum moments of two-way slabs

 
  If ly/lx < 2: Design as a Two-way slab
If lx/ly > 2: Deisgn as a One-way slab
 
  Note:  lx is the longer span
  ly is the shorter span  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Maximum moment of Simply supported (pinned) two-way slab
 
 
    Bending moment coefficient for simply supported slab
Msx= asxnlx2 in n: is the ultimate load m2
  lx
direction of span
2  
ly/lx 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
Msy= asynlx in n: is the ultimate load m2 asx 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118
  ly
direction of span asy 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029
   
 
  Maximum moment of Restrained supported (fixed) two-way slab  
 
 
   
  Msx= asxnlx2 in n: is the ultimate load m2
  direction of span lx
  Msy= asynlx2 in n: is the ultimate load m2
direction of span ly
 
 
 
 
 
Bending moment coefficient for two way rectangular slab supported by beams
  (Manual of EC2 ,Table 5.3)
 
 
Type of   panel and moment Short span coefficient for value of Ly/Lx Long-span coefficients for all
considered 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 values of Ly/Lx
 
Interior panels
 
Negative moment at continuous edge 0.031 0.044 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.032
  at midspan
Positive moment 0.024 0.034 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.024
  One short edge discontinuous
 
Negative moment at continuous edge 0.039 0.050 0.058 0.063 0.067 0.037
Positive moment
  at midspan 0.029 0.038 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.028
One long edge discontinuous
 
Negative moment at continuous edge 0.039 0.059 0.073 0.083 0.089 0.037
  at midspan
Positive moment 0.030 0.045 0.055 0.062 0.067 0.028
  Two adjacent edges discontinuous
Negative moment at continuous edge 0.047 0.066 0.078 0.087 0.093 0.045
Positive moment at midspan 0.036 0.049 0.059 0.065 0.070 0.034

  5  
  
 
 
Maximum moments of one-way slabs
 
 
 
 
If ly/lx < 2: Design as a Two-way slab
  If lx/ly > 2: Deisgn as a One-way slab
 
  Note: lx is the longer span
  ly is the shorter span
   

Maximum moment of Simply supported (pinned) Maximum moment of continuous supported one-
one-way slab way slab
(Manual of EC2, Table 5.2) (Manual of EC2 ,Table 5.2)
L: is the effective
  span  
F: is the total ultimate Uniformly distributed loads
MEd= 0.086FL load =1.35Gk+1.5Qk End support condition Moment
L: is the effective span End support support MEd =-0.040FL
Note: Allowance has been made in the coefficients in End span MEd =0.075FL
Table 5.2 for 20% redistribution of moments. Penultimate support MEd= -0.086FL
Interior spans MEd =0.063FL
  Interior supports MEd =-0.063FL
F:  total design ultimate load on span
L: is the effective span

Note: Allowance has been made in the coefficients in

Table 5.2 for 20% redistribution of moments.

  6  
  
3.0 Design of slab according to Eurocode 2
FLEXURAL DESIGN
(EN1992-1-1,cl. 6.1)

Determine design yield strength of reinforcement

𝑓!"
𝑓!" =
𝛾!
 
Determine K from:
𝑀!" δ=1.0 for no redistribution
𝐾= !
𝑏𝑑 𝑓!" δ=0.85 for 15% redistribution
𝐾 ′ = 0.6𝛿 − 0.18𝛿 ! − 0.21 δ=0.7 for 30% redistribution
   

K<K′ (no compression reinforcement required) K>K′ (then compression reinforcement required –
not recommended for typical slab)

! !
Obtain lever arm z: 𝑧 = !1 + √1 − 3.53𝐾! ≤ 0.95𝑑 Obtain lever arm z: 𝑧 = !1 + √1 − 3.53𝐾 ′ ! ≤ 0.95𝑑
! !
 
 
Area of steel reinforcement required:
One way solid slab Two way solid slab
 

𝑀!" 𝑀!",!"
𝐴!.!"# =   𝐴!".!"# =        
𝑓!" 𝑧 𝑓!" 𝑧
𝑀!",!"
   𝐴!".!"# =  
𝑓!" 𝑧
 
For slabs, provide group of bars with area A s.prov per meter width
Spacing of bars (mm)

75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

8 670 503 402 335 287 251 223 201 183 168
10 1047 785 628 524 449 393 349 314 286 262
Bar 12 1508 1131 905 754 646 565 503 452 411 377
Diameter 16 2681 2011 1608 1340 1149 1005 894 804 731 670
(mm) 20 4189 3142 2513 2094 1795 1571 1396 1257 1142 1047
25 6545 4909 3927 3272 2805 2454 2182 1963 1785 1636
32 10723 8042 6434 5362 4596 4021 3574 3217 2925 2681
For beams, provide group of bars with area As. prov
Number of bars

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503
10 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
Bar 12 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1018 1131
Diameter 16 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1810 2011
(mm) 20 314 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513 2827 3142
25 491 982 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909
32 804 1608 2413 3217 4021 4825 5630 6434 7238 8042
 

Check of the amount of reinforcement provided above the “minimum/maximum amount of

reinforcement “ limit
(CYS NA EN1992-1-1, cl. NA 2.49(1)(3))

0.26𝑓!"# 𝑏𝑑
𝐴!,!"# = ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑   ≤         𝐴!,!"#$               ≤ 𝐴!,!"# = 0.04𝐴!  
  𝑓!" 7  
  
SHEAR FORCE DESIGN
(EN1992-1-1,cl 6.2)

Maximum moment of Simply supported (pinned) Maximum shear force of continuous supported
one-way slab one-way slab
(Manual of EC2, Table 5.2) (Manual of EC2 ,Table 5.2)
   
F: is the total ultimate Uniformly distributed loads
MEd= 0.4F load =1.35Gk+1.5Qk End support condition Moment
End support support MEd =0.046F
  Penultimate support MEd= 0.6F
Interior supports MEd =0.5F
F:  total design ultimate load on span

§ Determine design shear stress, vEd

vEd=VEd/b·d
 

Reinforcement  ratio,  ρ1    (EN1992-­‐1-­‐1,  cl  6.2.2(1))  

ρ1=As/b·d  
 
 

Design shear resistance

200
𝑘 =1+! ≤ 2,0  with  𝑑  in  mm
𝑑

0.18 !
𝑉!".! = ! 𝑘(100𝜌! 𝑓!" )! + 𝑘!  𝜎!" ! 𝑏𝑑
𝛾!

𝑉!".!.!"# = !0.0035!𝑓!" 𝑘 !.! + 𝑘!  𝜎!" !𝑏𝑑

Alternative value of design shear resistance, VRd.c (Concrete centre) (ΜΡa)

ρI = Effective depth, d (mm)
As/(bd)
≤200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
0.25% 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.36
0.50% 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.45
0.75% 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.51
1.00% 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.57
1.25% 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.63 0.61
1.50% 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.67 0.65
1.75% 0.90 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.68
≥2.00% 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.74 0.71
k 2.000 1.943 1.894 1.853 1.816 1.756 1.707 1.667 1.632 1.577 1.516
1/3 1.5 0.5
Table derived from: vRd.c=0.12k(100 ρI fck) ≥0.035k fck
where k=1+(200/d)0.5≤0.02
 

If  VRdc≥VEd≥VRdc.min,  Concrete  strut  is  adequate  in  resisting  shear  

stress  

Shear  reinforcement  is  not  required  in  slabs    

    8  
   DESIGN FOR CRACKING
(EN1992-1-1,cl.7.3)

Minimum area of reinforcement steel kc=0.4 for bending

within tensile zone k=1 for web width < 300mm or
(EN1992-1-1,Eq. 7.1) k=0.65for web > 800mm
fct,eff= fctm = tensile strength after 28 days
𝑘  𝑘! 𝑓!",!"" 𝐴!" Act=Area of concrete in tension=b (h-(2.5(d-z)))
𝐴!.!!" = σs=max stress in steel immediately after crack
𝜎!
  initiation
!!.!"# ! !!.!"#
𝜎! = 𝜎!" ! ! or 𝜎! = 0.62 ! 𝑓 !
!!.!"#$ ! !!.!"#$ !"
 

Chart to calculate unmodified steel stress σsu

(Concrete Centre - www.concretecentre.com)

Asmin<As.prov
 

Crack widths have an influence on the durability of the RC member. Maximum crack width
sizes can be determined from the table below (knowing σs, bar diameter, and spacing).
Maximum bar diameter and maximum spacing to limit crack widths
(EN1992-1-1,table7.2N&7.3N)

σs Maximum bar diameter and spacing for

(N/mm2) maximum crack width of:
0.2mm 0.3mm 0.4mm
160 25 200 32 300 40 300
200 16 150 25 250 32 300
240 12 100 16 200 20 250
280 8 50 12 150 16 200
300 6 - 10 100 12 150
Note. The table demonstrates that cracks widths can be reduced if;
• σs  is  reduced  
• Bar  diameter  is  reduced.  This  mean  that  spacing  is  reduced  if  As.prov    is  to  be  the  
same.  
• Spacing  is  reduced  

    9  
  
DESIGN FOR DEFLECTION
(EN1992-1-1,cl.7.4)

Simplified Calculation approach

Span/effective depth ratio

(EN1992-1-1, Eq. 7.16a and 7.16b)

The effect of cracking complicacies the deflection calculations of the RC member under
service load. To avoid such complicate calculations, a limit placed upon the span/effective
depth ration.
𝑙 𝜌! 𝜌! !.!
= 𝐾 !11 + 1.5!𝑓!" + 3.2!𝑓!" ! − 1! !  𝑖𝑓  𝜌 ≤ 𝜌!
𝑑 𝜌 𝜌
𝑙 𝜌! 1 𝜌,
= 𝐾 !11 + 1.5!𝑓!" + !𝑓!" ! !  𝑖𝑓  𝜌 > 𝜌!
𝑑 𝜌 − 𝜌 12
′ 𝜌!
Note: The span-to-depth ratios should ensure that deflection is limited to span/250
 
 
 
 

Structural system modification factor

(CY NA EN1992-1-1,NA. table 7.4N)

The values of K may be reduced to account for long span as follow:

• In  beams  and  slabs  w here  the  span>7.0m,  multiply  by   leff/7  

Type of member K
Cantilever 0.4
Flat slab 1.2
Simply supported 1.0
Continuous end 1.3
span
Continuous interior 1.5
span
 
 

Reference reinforcement
ratio
(EN1992-1-1,cl. 7.4.2(2))

𝜌! = 0.001!𝑓!"
 

Tension reinforcement ratio

(EN1992-1-1,cl. 7.4.2(2))

𝐴!.!"#
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
 

  10  
  

4.0 Example 1: Analysis and design of RC slab using ETABS

1. Dimensions:

Depth of slab, h: h=150mm

Length in longitudinal direction, Ly: Ly=6m
Length in transverse direction, Lx: Lx=5m
Number of slab panels: N=3

2. Loads:

Dead load:
Self weight, gk.s: gk.s=3.75kN/m2
Extra dead load, gk.e: gk.e=1.00kN/m2
Total dead load, Gk: Gk=4.75kN/m2
Live load:
Live load, qk: gk=2.00kN/m2
Total live load, Qk: Qk=2.00kN/m2

3. Load combination:

Total load on slab: 1.35Gk+1.5Qk=

COMB1: 1.35*4.75+1.5*2.00=9.1kN/m2

4. Layout of model:

  11  
  

4.1 Ultimate moments results

4.1.1 Maximum hogging and Sagging moment at Longitudinal direction Ly

4.1.2 Maximum hogging and Sagging moment at Transverse direction Lx

  12  
  

4.1.3 Hand calculation results

Ultimate moment at longitudinal direction Ly

Program results Mid-span GL2 Mid-span GL3 Mid-span

GL1-GL2 (kNm) GL2-GL3 GL3-GL4
(kNm) (kNm) (kNm)

ETABS Results 10.43 11.54 7.68 11.54 10.40

Hand calculation
10.20 13.60 8.00 10.70 10.20
results 1
Error percentage 2,20% 15.14% 4.00% 7.30% 1.92%
1
Hand calculation are based on moment coefficient of “Manual to Eurocode 2 –
Institutional of Structural Engineers, 2006 (Table 5.2)”.

Ultimate moment at longitudinal direction Lx

Program results Mid-span Mid-span Mid-span

GL1-GL2 GL2-GL3 GL3-GL4
(kNm) (kNm) (kNm)

ETABS Results 13.5 13.5 13.5

Hand calculation
13.2 13.2 13.2
results 1
Error percentage 2.20% 2.20% 2.20%
1
Hand calculation are based on moment coefficient of “Manual to Eurocode 2 –
Institutional of Structural Engineers, 2006 (Table 5.2)”.

  13  
  
4.1.4 Hand calculation Results

Analysis and design of Interior slab panel (GL1-GL2)

  14  
  
Analysis and design of Interior slab panel (GL2-GL3)

  15  
  

Analysis and design of Interior slab panel (GL3-GL4)

  16