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Thuc bo v thc vt l g?

Thuc bo v thc vt Tun Cc

Cc sn phm bo v thc vt l g? Phn loi chung nh th no?


Thuc tr su l nhng ha cht m c th git cht hoc kim sot su bnh. Dch hi sinh vt, vi sinh vt, cn trng, ng vt gm nhm c kh nng gy thi t h i cho cy tr ng v thc phm. - Thuc BVTV c cc loi sau: - Thuc tr su - Thuc tr bnh - Thuc tr c sn - Thuc tr tuyn trng - Thuc tr gm nhm - Thuc tr vi khun - Thuc tr nm mc - Thuc tr c Thuc bo v thc vt c hiu qu chng li su bnh trong nhiu cch khc nhau, chng hn nh thng qua ng rut thng qua ming, qua da, qua ng h hp

1. nhnghaCHI TIT v Thuc bo v thc vt


Thuc bo v thc vt (BVTV) hay nng dc l nhng cht c c ngun gc t t nhin hay ha cht tng hp c dng bo v cy trng v nng sn, chng li s ph hoi ca nhng sinh vt gy hi n ti nguyn thc vt. Nhng sinh vt gy h i chnh gm su hi, bnh hi, c di, chut v cc tc nhn khc.

2. CcNhmThuc bo v thc vt
Thuc bo v thc vt c chia thnh nhiu nhm da trn i tng sinh vt hi. - Thuc tr bnh - Thuc tr nhn - Thuc tr su - Thuc tr tuyn trng - Thuc tr c - Thuc iu ha sinh trng - Thuc tr c sn - Thuc tr gm nhm

3. Ccdng thuc BVTV


Dng thuc Th d Tilt 250 ND, Basudin 40 EC, Nh du ND, EC DC-Trons Plus 98.8 EC Bonanza 100 DD, Baythroid 5 SL, Dung dch DD, SL, L, AS Glyphadex 360 AS Viappla 10 BTN, BTN, BHN, Vialphos 80 BHN, Bt ha WP, DF, Copper-zinc 85 WP, nc WDG, SP Padan 95 SP Appencarb super 50 FL, Huyn ph HP, FL, SC Carban 50 SC Basudin 10 H, Ht H, G, GR Regent 0.3 G Orthene 97 Pellet, Vin P Deadline 4% Pellet Ch vit tt Ghi ch Thuc th lng, trong sut. D bt la chy n Ha tan u trong nc, khng cha cht ha sa Dng bt mn, phn tn trong nc thnh dung dch huyn ph Lc u trc khi s dng Ch yu ri vo t Ch yu ri vo t, lm b mi.

Thuc phun bt BR, D Karphos 2 D ND: Nh Du, EC: Emulsifiable Concentrate.

Dng bt mn, khng tan trong nc, rc trc tip

DD: Dung Dch, SL: Solution, L: Liquid, AS: Aqueous Suspension. BTN: Bt Thm Nc, BHN: Bt Ha Nc, WP: Wettable Powder, DF: Dry Flowable, WDG: Water Dispersible Granule, SP: Soluble Powder. HP: huyn ph FL: Flowable Liquid, SC: Suspensive Concentrate. H: ht, G: granule, GR: granule. P: Pelleted (dng vin) BR: Bt rc, D: Dust.

4. Cch tc ng ca Thuc bo v thc vt


* Thuc tr su - Tip xc: thuc tc ng qua da. - V c: thuc tc ng qua ming. - Xng hi: thuc tc ng qua ng h hp. - Ni hp hay lu dn: thuc thm vo trong t bo v xm nhp vo h thng m ch d n trong cy. Su chch ht hoc n phn v cy c phun thuc r i cht. - Thm su: Thuc thm vo m cy v dit nhng cn trng sng n di nhng ph n phun thuc. Ngoi ra cn c mt s thuc c tnh xua ui hoc gy ngn n i v i cn trng. * Thuc tr bnh Tip xc: tiu dit nm bnh ni tip xc vi thuc v ngn chn s xm nhi m ti p tc ca nm bnh. Ni hp (lu dn): thuc xm nhp v chuyn v trong cy nhm tiu dit nm bnh nm su trong m cy, xa ni tip xc vi thuc. * Thuc tr c - Tip xc: thuc hy dit cc m cy c khi tip xc trc ti p vi thuc. - Ni hp hay lu dn: thuc c cy c hp thu v di trong mch nha, chuyn n cc b phn khc lm thay i trng thi sinh hc ca c hoc git cht cy c. - Chn lc: dit c di nhng khng hi n nhm c khc hoc cy trng. - Khng chn lc: dit tt c cc loi c k c cy trng. - Tin ny mm: Thuc c tc dng dit c trc khi ht c sp ny mm hay ngay khi c ang ny mm. iu kin thnh cng ca bin php ny l t phi bng phng, m . Thuc xm nhp vo cy c qua r mm v l mm. - Hu ny mm sm: dit c t khi cy c ang mc v mc (c hai l tr l i). - Hu ny mm: thuc c tc dng dit c sau khi c v cy trng mc. Thuc xm nhp vo cy c qua l v mt phn qua r.

5. K thut s dng Thuc bo v thc vt


5.1. S dng theo 4 ng

a. ng thuc Cn c i tng dch hi cn dit tr v cy trng hoc nng sn cn c bo v chn ng loi thuc v dng thuc cn s dng. Vic xc nh tc nhn gy hi cn s tr gip ca cn b k thut bo v thc vt hoc khuyn nng. b. ng lc Dng thuc khi sinh vt cn din hp v cc giai on d mn cm vi thuc, th i k su non, bnh chm xut hin, trc khi bng pht thnh dch. Phun tr s km hi u qu v khng kinh t. c. ng liu lng, nng c k hng dn trn nhn thuc, m bo ng liu lng hoc nng pha long v lng nc cn thit cho mt n v din tch. Phun nng thp lm su hi quen thuc, hoc phun qu liu s gy ng c i vi cy trng v lm tng tnh chu ng, tnh khng thuc. d. ng cch Ty vo dng thuc, c tnh thuc v nhng yu cu k thut cng nh n i xut hi n dch hi m s dng cho ng cch. Nn phun thuc vo sng sm hoc chiu mt. N u phun vo bui tra, do nhit cao, tia t ngoi nhiu lm thuc nhanh m t tc d ng, thuc bc hi mnh d gy ng c cho ngi phun thuc. Nn i trn gi hoc ngang chiu gi. Nu phun ng xa nn i hai ngi c th cu gip nhau khi gp nn trong qu trnh phun thuc. 5.2. Hn hp thuc L pha hai hay nhiu loi thuc nhm tr cng mt lc c nhiu dch hi. Tuy nhin c n lu cc im sau: Ch nn pha cc loi thuc theo s hng dn ghi trong nhn thu c, bng hng dn pha thuc hoc s hng dn ca cn b k thut bit r v c tnh ca thuc. Nn hn hp ti a hai loi thuc khc nhm gc ha hc, khc cch tc ng, hoc khc i tng phng tr trong cng mt bnh phun. Hn hp thuc nhm mt trong nhng mc ch sau:

M rng ph tc dng. S dng s tng tc c li. Hn ch s mt hiu lc nhanh ca mt s hot cht. Gia tng s an ton trong s dng. Tit kim cng lao ng, tng hiu qu kinh t. Tuy nhin khi hn hp cn tun th theo khuyn co ca nh sn xut v c nh ng ho t cht khng th hn hp vi nhau. Khng phi hp thuc c tnh acid vi tnh ki m. Hi n nay c nhiu loi thuc c pha sn phn no p ng th hiu ca b con nng dn nh thuc tr c Butanil 55 EC c hn hp t hai hot cht : Propanil v Butachlor, Tilt super 300 ND c hn hp t hai hot cht Propiconazole v Difennoconazole, Sumibass 75 EC c hn hp t hai hot cht Fenitrothion v Fenoburcarb.

6. Gii thchmt s thut ng


6.1. Tn thuc - Tn thng mi: do Cng ty sn xut hoc phn phi thuc t ra phn bi t sn phm gia Cng ty ny v Cng ty khc. Tn thng mi gm 3 phn: tn thuc, hm lng hot cht v dng thuc. Th d thuc tr su Basudin 10 H, trong Basudin l tn thuc, 10 l 10% hm lng hot cht v H l dng thuc ht.

- Tn hot cht: l thnh phn ch yu trong thuc c tc dng tiu di t d ch h i. Tn ho t cht ca Basudin l Diazinon. - Ph gia: l nhng cht tr, khng mang tnh c c pha trn vo thuc to thnh dng thng phm gip cho vic s dng d dng. 6.2. Nng , liu lng - Nng : lng thuc cn dng pha long vi 1 n v th tch dung mi, thng l nc. (n v tnh l %, g hay cc thuc/s lt nc ca bnh phun). - Liu lng: lng thuc cn p dng cho 1 n v din tch (n v tnh l kg/ha, lt/ha ). 6.3. Dch hi: l nhng sinh vt, vi sinh vt gy hi cho cy trng v nng s n, lm th t thu nng sut hoc lm gim phm cht nng sn. Cc loi dch hi thng thy l su, bnh, c di, chut, cua, c, tuyn trng, nhn 6.4. Ph tc ng: l nhiu loi dch hi khc nhau m loi thuc c th tc ng n. - Ph rng: thuc c th tr c nhiu dch hi trn nhiu loi cy tr ng khc nhau. - Ph hp: (cn gi c tr) thuc tr c t i tng gy hi (mt loi thuc tr dch hi c tnh chn lc cng cao th ph tc ng cng hp). 6.5. Phng tr - Phng: ngn chn khng cho tc nhn gy hi xm nhp v pht tri n trong cy tr ng. - Tr: bao vy, tiu dit cc tc nhn gy hi trc hoc sau khi chng xm nh p vo cy. 6.6. c - LD50: Ch s biu th c cp tnh ca mt loi thuc BVTV i vi ng vt mu nng (n v tnh l mg cht c/Kg trng lng chut). Ch s LD50 chnh l lng cht c gy cht 50% s c th chut trong th nghim. LD50 cng thp th c cng cao. - LC50: c ca mt hot cht c trong khng kh hoc nc (n v tnh l mg cht c/th tch khng kh hoc nc). Ch s LC50 cng thp th c cng cao. - Ng c cp tnh: thuc xm nhp vo c th mt ln, gy nhim c tc thi bi u hi n bng nhng triu chng c trng. - Ng c mn tnh: khi thuc xm nhp vo c th vi liu lng nh, nhiu l n trong th i gian di, thuc s tch ly trong c th n mt lc no c th s suy yu, c nh ng b phn trong c th b tn thng do tc ng ca thuc pht huy tc dng. 6.7. Tnh chng thuc ca sinh vt hi L kh nng ca sinh vt hi chu ng c liu thuc c gy t vong cho cc c th khc trong chng qun. Cc yu t c th nh hng n tnh chng thuc ca su hi l: - Yu t di truyn (Kh nng c th truyn li cho th h sau). - Yu t sinh hc (h s sinh sn, s la trong nm). - Yu t sinh thi (iu kin kh hu, ngun dinh dng). - Yu t canh tc (phn bn, ging trng). - Yu t p lc s dng thuc trn chng qun (nng , liu lng, s ln phun trong cng mt v trng). 6.7.1. C ch chng thuc ca su hi Ngi ta thy su hi c nhng phn ng chng thuc su:

- Phn ng ln trnh: su khng n thc n c thuc hoc di chuyn xa. - Hn ch hp th cht c vo c th: lp da cha cutin s dy thm. - Phn ng chng chu sinh l v tch ly: cht c s tch ly m m, hoc n i t c cho c th, lm gim kh nng lin kt men ChE. vi cht c gc ln hoc cc- ba-mt hu c. - C ch gii c: cht c c chuyn ha thnh cht t c hn (DDT chuyn ha thnh DDE). 6.7.2. Bin php ngn nga s pht trin hnh thnh tnh chng chu thuc ca su hi - Dng thuc hp l: hiu r sinh vt hi, p dng bin php bn ng. - p dng chin lc thay th: s dng tng nhm thuc cho tng vng, khu v c trong tng thi im ring. C k hoch kho st thuc mi thay th thuc c. - Dng thuc hn hp: hn hp thuc vi du thc vt hoc du khong s lm chm pht trin tnh khng thuc ca sinh vt hi. - p dng IPM: pht trin quan im mi v s dng thuc trong IPM nh p dng thu c c ngun gc sinh hc, lun phin s dng thuc, thuc t c bo v thin ch. 6.8. Thi gian cch ly (PHI: PreHarvest Interval) L khong thi gian t khi phun thuc ln cui n khi thu hoch nng sn nhm m bo cho thuc bo v thc vt c thi gian phn hy n mc khng cn c th gy ra nhng tc ng xu n c th ca ngi v gia sc khi tiu th nng sn . 6.9. D lng L lng cht c cn lu li trong nng sn hoc mi trng sau g (microgram) hocmkhi phun thuc BVTV. D lng c tnh bng mg (miligram) lng cht c trong 1 kg nng sn hoc th tch khng kh, nc t Trng hp d lng qu nh, n v cn c tnh bng ppm (phn triu) hoc ppb (phn t). - MRL (Maximum Residue Limit): mc d lng ti a cho php lu t n trong nng s n m khng nh hng n sc khe con ngi, vt nui. - ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake): lng cht c chp nhn hp thu vo c th , khng gy hi cho ngi hoc vt nui trong 1 ngy, g hp cht c cho n v th trng.m c tnh bng mg hp cht c cho n v th trng.

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