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2. CcNhmThuc bo v thc vt
Thuc bo v thc vt c chia thnh nhiu nhm da trn i tng sinh vt hi. - Thuc tr bnh - Thuc tr nhn - Thuc tr su - Thuc tr tuyn trng - Thuc tr c - Thuc iu ha sinh trng - Thuc tr c sn - Thuc tr gm nhm
DD: Dung Dch, SL: Solution, L: Liquid, AS: Aqueous Suspension. BTN: Bt Thm Nc, BHN: Bt Ha Nc, WP: Wettable Powder, DF: Dry Flowable, WDG: Water Dispersible Granule, SP: Soluble Powder. HP: huyn ph FL: Flowable Liquid, SC: Suspensive Concentrate. H: ht, G: granule, GR: granule. P: Pelleted (dng vin) BR: Bt rc, D: Dust.
a. ng thuc Cn c i tng dch hi cn dit tr v cy trng hoc nng sn cn c bo v chn ng loi thuc v dng thuc cn s dng. Vic xc nh tc nhn gy hi cn s tr gip ca cn b k thut bo v thc vt hoc khuyn nng. b. ng lc Dng thuc khi sinh vt cn din hp v cc giai on d mn cm vi thuc, th i k su non, bnh chm xut hin, trc khi bng pht thnh dch. Phun tr s km hi u qu v khng kinh t. c. ng liu lng, nng c k hng dn trn nhn thuc, m bo ng liu lng hoc nng pha long v lng nc cn thit cho mt n v din tch. Phun nng thp lm su hi quen thuc, hoc phun qu liu s gy ng c i vi cy trng v lm tng tnh chu ng, tnh khng thuc. d. ng cch Ty vo dng thuc, c tnh thuc v nhng yu cu k thut cng nh n i xut hi n dch hi m s dng cho ng cch. Nn phun thuc vo sng sm hoc chiu mt. N u phun vo bui tra, do nhit cao, tia t ngoi nhiu lm thuc nhanh m t tc d ng, thuc bc hi mnh d gy ng c cho ngi phun thuc. Nn i trn gi hoc ngang chiu gi. Nu phun ng xa nn i hai ngi c th cu gip nhau khi gp nn trong qu trnh phun thuc. 5.2. Hn hp thuc L pha hai hay nhiu loi thuc nhm tr cng mt lc c nhiu dch hi. Tuy nhin c n lu cc im sau: Ch nn pha cc loi thuc theo s hng dn ghi trong nhn thu c, bng hng dn pha thuc hoc s hng dn ca cn b k thut bit r v c tnh ca thuc. Nn hn hp ti a hai loi thuc khc nhm gc ha hc, khc cch tc ng, hoc khc i tng phng tr trong cng mt bnh phun. Hn hp thuc nhm mt trong nhng mc ch sau:
M rng ph tc dng. S dng s tng tc c li. Hn ch s mt hiu lc nhanh ca mt s hot cht. Gia tng s an ton trong s dng. Tit kim cng lao ng, tng hiu qu kinh t. Tuy nhin khi hn hp cn tun th theo khuyn co ca nh sn xut v c nh ng ho t cht khng th hn hp vi nhau. Khng phi hp thuc c tnh acid vi tnh ki m. Hi n nay c nhiu loi thuc c pha sn phn no p ng th hiu ca b con nng dn nh thuc tr c Butanil 55 EC c hn hp t hai hot cht : Propanil v Butachlor, Tilt super 300 ND c hn hp t hai hot cht Propiconazole v Difennoconazole, Sumibass 75 EC c hn hp t hai hot cht Fenitrothion v Fenoburcarb.
- Tn hot cht: l thnh phn ch yu trong thuc c tc dng tiu di t d ch h i. Tn ho t cht ca Basudin l Diazinon. - Ph gia: l nhng cht tr, khng mang tnh c c pha trn vo thuc to thnh dng thng phm gip cho vic s dng d dng. 6.2. Nng , liu lng - Nng : lng thuc cn dng pha long vi 1 n v th tch dung mi, thng l nc. (n v tnh l %, g hay cc thuc/s lt nc ca bnh phun). - Liu lng: lng thuc cn p dng cho 1 n v din tch (n v tnh l kg/ha, lt/ha ). 6.3. Dch hi: l nhng sinh vt, vi sinh vt gy hi cho cy trng v nng s n, lm th t thu nng sut hoc lm gim phm cht nng sn. Cc loi dch hi thng thy l su, bnh, c di, chut, cua, c, tuyn trng, nhn 6.4. Ph tc ng: l nhiu loi dch hi khc nhau m loi thuc c th tc ng n. - Ph rng: thuc c th tr c nhiu dch hi trn nhiu loi cy tr ng khc nhau. - Ph hp: (cn gi c tr) thuc tr c t i tng gy hi (mt loi thuc tr dch hi c tnh chn lc cng cao th ph tc ng cng hp). 6.5. Phng tr - Phng: ngn chn khng cho tc nhn gy hi xm nhp v pht tri n trong cy tr ng. - Tr: bao vy, tiu dit cc tc nhn gy hi trc hoc sau khi chng xm nh p vo cy. 6.6. c - LD50: Ch s biu th c cp tnh ca mt loi thuc BVTV i vi ng vt mu nng (n v tnh l mg cht c/Kg trng lng chut). Ch s LD50 chnh l lng cht c gy cht 50% s c th chut trong th nghim. LD50 cng thp th c cng cao. - LC50: c ca mt hot cht c trong khng kh hoc nc (n v tnh l mg cht c/th tch khng kh hoc nc). Ch s LC50 cng thp th c cng cao. - Ng c cp tnh: thuc xm nhp vo c th mt ln, gy nhim c tc thi bi u hi n bng nhng triu chng c trng. - Ng c mn tnh: khi thuc xm nhp vo c th vi liu lng nh, nhiu l n trong th i gian di, thuc s tch ly trong c th n mt lc no c th s suy yu, c nh ng b phn trong c th b tn thng do tc ng ca thuc pht huy tc dng. 6.7. Tnh chng thuc ca sinh vt hi L kh nng ca sinh vt hi chu ng c liu thuc c gy t vong cho cc c th khc trong chng qun. Cc yu t c th nh hng n tnh chng thuc ca su hi l: - Yu t di truyn (Kh nng c th truyn li cho th h sau). - Yu t sinh hc (h s sinh sn, s la trong nm). - Yu t sinh thi (iu kin kh hu, ngun dinh dng). - Yu t canh tc (phn bn, ging trng). - Yu t p lc s dng thuc trn chng qun (nng , liu lng, s ln phun trong cng mt v trng). 6.7.1. C ch chng thuc ca su hi Ngi ta thy su hi c nhng phn ng chng thuc su:
- Phn ng ln trnh: su khng n thc n c thuc hoc di chuyn xa. - Hn ch hp th cht c vo c th: lp da cha cutin s dy thm. - Phn ng chng chu sinh l v tch ly: cht c s tch ly m m, hoc n i t c cho c th, lm gim kh nng lin kt men ChE. vi cht c gc ln hoc cc- ba-mt hu c. - C ch gii c: cht c c chuyn ha thnh cht t c hn (DDT chuyn ha thnh DDE). 6.7.2. Bin php ngn nga s pht trin hnh thnh tnh chng chu thuc ca su hi - Dng thuc hp l: hiu r sinh vt hi, p dng bin php bn ng. - p dng chin lc thay th: s dng tng nhm thuc cho tng vng, khu v c trong tng thi im ring. C k hoch kho st thuc mi thay th thuc c. - Dng thuc hn hp: hn hp thuc vi du thc vt hoc du khong s lm chm pht trin tnh khng thuc ca sinh vt hi. - p dng IPM: pht trin quan im mi v s dng thuc trong IPM nh p dng thu c c ngun gc sinh hc, lun phin s dng thuc, thuc t c bo v thin ch. 6.8. Thi gian cch ly (PHI: PreHarvest Interval) L khong thi gian t khi phun thuc ln cui n khi thu hoch nng sn nhm m bo cho thuc bo v thc vt c thi gian phn hy n mc khng cn c th gy ra nhng tc ng xu n c th ca ngi v gia sc khi tiu th nng sn . 6.9. D lng L lng cht c cn lu li trong nng sn hoc mi trng sau g (microgram) hocmkhi phun thuc BVTV. D lng c tnh bng mg (miligram) lng cht c trong 1 kg nng sn hoc th tch khng kh, nc t Trng hp d lng qu nh, n v cn c tnh bng ppm (phn triu) hoc ppb (phn t). - MRL (Maximum Residue Limit): mc d lng ti a cho php lu t n trong nng s n m khng nh hng n sc khe con ngi, vt nui. - ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake): lng cht c chp nhn hp thu vo c th , khng gy hi cho ngi hoc vt nui trong 1 ngy, g hp cht c cho n v th trng.m c tnh bng mg hp cht c cho n v th trng.