Finite element solution of boundary value problems

Solve the boundary value problem using finite element method. Discretize the domain
into 4 elements.
d2y
y x 0 y(0)=0, y(1)=1
dx 2
Let y N1 y1 N2 y2
x x2
x x1
Where N1
, N2
x1 x2
x2 x1

Local nodes

elem2

elem1
Global nodes

2
elem3

y N1 y1 N2 y2
N2

y2

N1

a typical element

d 2 y
y x
dx 2

Applying Galerkin method

N Rdx 0....................(1)
1

elem4
4

 N Rdx 0....................(2)
2

x2

(1) N1 (
x1

d 2 y
y x)dx 0.............(3)
dx 2

x2

d 2 y
(2) N 2 ( 2 y x)dx 0.............(4)
dx
x1
x2

(3) N1
x1

2
2
d 2 y

dx

N
ydx

x 1
x N1xdx 0.............(5)
dx 2
1
1

x2

2
2
d 2 y
N 2 xdx 0.............(6)
(4) N 2 2 dx N 2 ydx
dx
x1
x1
x1

Integrating the first terms in (5) & (6) by parts

x
x
x2
x2
dy 2 2 dN1 d 2 y
N1 xdx 0.............(7)
(5) N1

dx N1 ydx
dx x1 x1 dx dx 2
x1
x1
dy
(6) N 2
dx

x2

x1

x2

2
2
dN 2 d 2 y

dx

N
ydx

2
N2 xdx 0.............(8)
dx dx 2
x1
x1
x1

Transposing terms containing y to LHS

x2

(7)
x1
x2

(8)
x1

2
dN1 d 2 y
dy
N1
dx

N1 ydx
2

dx dx
dx
x1

x2

dN 2 d y
dy
N2
dx N 2 ydx
2
dx dx
dx
x1
2

x2

x1
x2

x1

x2

N1 xdx.............(9)
x1
x2

N 2 xdx.............(10)
x1

Substituting y N1 y1 N2 y2 and writing in matrix

(9) & (10)
x2 dN1

x dx
LHS x 1
2
dN 2
dx
x1
ke
= e11
k 21

x2

dN1 dN 2
dx

N
N
dx

1
2
dx dx

x1
x1
y1
y
x2
x2
x2
2
dN1
dN 2 dN 2
dx N 2 N1dx
dx N 2 N 21dx

dx
dx dx
x1
x1
x1

k e12 y1
K d
k e 22 y2
x

2
dN1
dx N1 N1dx
dx
x1

x2

dy
RHS N 2
dx

x2

x1

x2

N 2 xdx
x1

= Q f

N1

x x2
x
1 where l x2 x1 0.25(length of the interval)
x1 x2
l

N2

x x1 x

x2 x1 l

dN1
1
1

dx
x1 x2
l
dN 2
1
1

dx
x2 x1 l
x2

x2

x2

x2

2
dN dN1
k11 1
dx N1 N1dx = 4-0.8333=3.91667
dx dx
x1
x1

k12

2
dN1 dN 2
dx

dx dx
N1N2dx = -4-0.0417=-4.0417
x1
x1

2
dN 2 dN1
k21
dx N 2 N1dx =-4-0.0417 =4.0417
dx dx
x1
x1
2
dN 2 dN 2
k22
dx N 2 N 2 dx = 4-0.8333=3.91667
dx dx
x1
x1

3.91667 4.0417
k e1

4.0417 3.91667
Since the interval is same for all the elements k e1 k e 2 k e3 k e 4
x2

N1 xdx
x
0.0104
f e1 x 1

0.0208
N 2 xdx
x1

f e2

x2

N1 xdx
x
0.0417
x1

......x1 0.25, x2 0.5

2
0.0521

N 2 xdx
x1

f e3

f e3

x2

N1 xdx
x
0.0729
x1

......x1 0.5, x2 0.75

2
0.0833

N
xdx
2

x1

x2

N1 xdx
x
0.1042
x1

......x1 0.75, x2 1
2

0.1146
N 2 xdx
x1

Assembly of elements 1 to 4

Local Nodes

Global Nodes

Local Nodes

Global Nodes

3.91667
1

-4.0417

Element 1

1
-4.0417

3.91667
3.91667

-4.0417

Element 2
3.91667
-4.0417

3.91667

-4.0417

Element 3

-4.0417

3.91667
3.91667

-4.0417

Element 4

-4.0417
5

3.91667

0
0
0
3.91667 4.0417
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417
0
0

K 0
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417
0

0
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417
0
0
0
0
4.0417 3.91667
Assembly of global force vector
Elements

Global nodes

1
0.0104
1
0.0208
2
0.0417
2
0.0521
3
0.0729
3
0.0833

4
4

0.1042

0.1146

0.0104
0.0625

0.125
0.1875

0.1146

 dy
dx
1

Q 0
0

dy

dx 5

K d Q f
dy

0
0
0 y1 dx 1 0.0104
3.91667 4.0417
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417
0
0 y2 0 0.0625

0
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417
0 y3 0 0.125

0
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417 y4 0 0.1875
0

0
0
0
4.0417 3.91667 y5 dy 0.1146

dx 5

dy

0
0
0 0 dx 1 0.0104
3.91667 4.0417
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417
0
0 y2 0 0.0625

0
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417
0 y3 0 0.125

0
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417 y4 0 0.1875
0

0
0
0
4.0417 3.91667 1 dy 0.1146

dx 5
3.91667
4.0417

0
0

4.0417

7.8334

4.0417

4.0417

7.8334

4.0417

dy

0
0
0 dx 1 0.0104
y 0 0.0625
0
0
2

y3 0 0.125
4.0417
0

7.8334 4.0417 y4 0 0 .1875

4.0417 3.91667 1 dy 0.1146

-4.0417
dx 5

0 y2
0.0625
7.8334 4.0417
0.0625

4.0417 7.8334 4.0417 y

0.125
0.125

3
0
4.0417 7.8334 y4 4.0417 0.1875 4.2292

 y2
0.3375

* 1
*
y3 [ K ] f 0.6387
y
0.8694
4

Exact Values y(0.25) 0.3380, y(0.5) 0.6395, y(0.75) 0.8701

Solution one dimensional heat transfer problem

dqconvection

qx

qx

dx
qx

qx

qx

qx

qx

dqconvection

dx

dqx
dx
dx

kA

dT
dx

dqconvection
kA

d 2T
dx 2

dqconvection

h
h

dA
p

(T

(T
T )

T )
0

dx

Let T N1T1 N2T2

d 2T
R KA 2 h p (T T )
dx

N Rdx 0....................(1)
1

N Rdx 0....................(2)
2

Substituting for R and re-arranging (1) & (2)

We get

d 2T
dx N1h p (T T )dx 0
2
dx
x
x
2
d T
N 2 KA 2 dx N 2 h p (T T )dx 0
dx
x
x
N1 KA

Integrating the first integral by parts we get

dT
N1KA
dx

x2

dT
N 2 KA
dx

x2

KA
x1

KA
x1

dN1 dT
N (h p T )dx 0 (3)
dx N1h p Tdx

x 1
dx dx
x
dN 2 dT
N (h p T )dx 0 (4)
dx N 2 h p Tdx

x 2
dx dx
x

Re-arranging terms in (3) & (4) we get

dN1 dT
N KA dT
KA
dx

N
h

Tdx
1
x dx dx x 1
dx

x2

N1 (h p T )dx (5)

dN 2 dT
N KA dT
KA
dx

N
h

Tdx
2
x dx dx x 2
dx
LHS of (5) & (6) can be written in matrix form

x1

x2

N 2 (h p T )dx (6)
x1

 dN1
dx
x
LHS KA
dN 2
dx
x

dN1 dN 2
N1 N1dx
dx
dx
dx

x
hp x
dN1
dN dN 2
N 2 N1dx
dx 2
dx
x
dx
dx dx
x

dN1
dx
dx

x2
1
dx

(
x

x
)(
x

x
)
x1 1 2 1 2
LHS KA x
2
1

dx
( x2 x1 )( x1 x2 )
x
1

x2

x2 ( x x2 )( x x2 )
dx

(
x

x
)(
x

x
)
x 1 2 1 2
hp x1
2
( x x1 )( x x2 ) dx
( x2 x1 )( x1 x2 )
x1

x2

LHS

N N dx
1

N N dx
2

1
dx
( x1 x2 )( x2 x1 )
x1

x2
1
x ( x2 x1 )( x2 x1 ) dx
1

( x x2 )( x x1 )
dx
( x1 x2 )( x2 x2 )
x1

x2
( x x1 )( x x1 )
x ( x2 x1 )( x2 x1 ) dx
1

KA 1 1 hpl 2 1

l 1 1 6 1 2

2
1 1 0 0
1
1 2 1 0
KA
hpl

K 0 1 2 1 0
l
6

0
0 0 1 1
0

1
4
1
0
0

dT 1
KA
lhpT

dx
2

lhpT
RHS
0
lhpT

lhpT
0

dT lhpT

KA

dx 5 2

0
1
4
1
0

0
0
1
4
1

0
0
0

1
2

Exercise

T 20 C

T 100 C
1

20mm

20mm

20mm

20mm

h 30W / m2.K k 168W / mK

.
Area 5mm1mm
kA 168*0.005*0.001

0.042
l
0.02
hpl 30 0.012 0.02

0.0012
6
6

2
1 1 0 0
1
1 2 1 0

K 0.042 0 1 2 1 0.0012 0

0
0 0 1 1
0

1
4
1
0
0

0
1
4
1
0

0
0
1
4
1

0
0
0

1
2

0
0
0
0.0444 0.0408
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408

0
0

0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408
0

0
0

0.0408
0.0888

0.0408

0
0
0
0.0408 0.0888

10

dT
KA
0

dx 1
0

0
0

0
0
Q

0
0

hAT

hA

20

dT
hA(T5 T )
KA
dx 5

0.072

0.072
0.072 0.072 0.144

0.072

0.072
0.144

0.072 0.072 0.144

0.072

0.072
LHS RHS

0
0
0 T1
0.0444 0.0408
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408
0
0 T2

0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408
0 T3

0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408 T4
0

0
0
0
0.0408 0.0444 T5
0

0.072

0.144
0

0.144

0.144
0

0.00015T5 0.003 0.072

0
0
0 T1 0.072
0.0444 0.0408
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408
0
0 T2 0.144

0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408
0 T3 0.144

0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408 T4 0.144
0

0
0
0
0.0408 0.04455 T5 0.075

11

Applying boundary conditions

0
0
0
0 T1 100
1
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408
0
0 T2 0.144

0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408
0 T3 0.144

0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408 T4 0.144
0

0
0
0
0.0408 0.04455 T5 0.075
Solving

T1 100
T 75.0387
2

T3 59.7901
T 51.5633
4

T5 48.9064
Alternatively

0
0 T2 4.224(0.0408 T1 0.144)
0.0888 0.0408
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408

0 T3
0.144

0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408 T4
0.144

T
0
0.0408 0.04455 5
0.075
0

Solving
T2 75.0387
T 59.7901
3

T4 51.5633
T5 48.9064

12

Numerical example: Direct stiffness matrix method

Calculate the nodal displacements and element forces for the composite bar shown
in figure:

5cm dia

10cm dia

Steel

Aluminium
P

4P
P

30cm

Elements
Nodes

20cm

(1)
1

P=5kN
Esteel=210GPa
EAl=70GPa

10cm

(2)
2

(3)
3

Element 1

dN1
dx
x
e
e
K1 A1 Es
dN 2
dx
x

dN1
dx
dx

dN1
dx
x
e
e
K 2 A2 Es
dN 2
dx
x

dN1
dx
dx

dN1
dx
x
e
e
K 2 A3 E Al
dN 2
dx
x

dN1 dN 2
dx
dx dx
Ae E
x
1 s
dN1
dN dN 2
l1e
dx 2
dx
dx
dx dx
x

1
1 1
9 1
1 1 5.495 10 1 1

dN1 dN 2
dx
e
dx dx
x
A2 Es
dN1
dN dN 2
l 2e
dx 2
dx
dx
dx dx
x

1
1 1
9 1
1 1 2.06 10 1 1

dN1 dN 2
dx
e
dx dx
x
A3 E Al
dN1
dN dN 2
l 3e
dx 2
dx
dx
dx dx
x

dN1
dx
dx

13

1
1 1
9 1
1 1 1.37375 10 1 1

5.495
0
0
5.495

5.495 5.495 2.06

2.06
0

K 109
0
2.06
2.06 1.37375 1.37375

0
1.37375
1.37375
0

Applying the point loads and reaction at nodes

5.495
0
0
Ra
5.495
u1

5.495 5.495 2.06

3
u
2.06
0
2 2 5 10
109
0
2.06
2.06 1.37375 1.37375 u3
0

3
u
0
0

1.37375
1.37375
4

10

u1 0
0
0
0
1
u1
0

0 7.555

2.06
0
u2
9
4 1

10
10
0 2.06 3.43375 1.37375 u3
0

0
1.37375 1.37375 u4
0
2
0
u1

u 1.819 106
2

5
u3 1.153 10
u4 2.609 105

14