1.

Cng dng v cc yu cu ca rle: a- Cng dng: Trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng in c th xut hin tnh trng s c v ch lm vic bt thng ca cc phn t. Cc s c thng km theo hin tng dng in tng kh cao v in p gim thp. Cc thit b c dng in tng cao chy qua c th b t nng qu mc cho php v b hng. Khi in p gim thp, cc h tiu th khng th lm vic bnh thng v tnh n nh ca cc my pht lm vic song song v ca ton h thng b gim. Cc ch lm vic khng bnh thng lm cho in p, dng in v tn s lch khi gii hn cho php. Nu ko di tnh trng ny, c th xut hin s c. Mun duy tr hot ng bnh thng ca h thng v cc h tiu th khi xut hin s c, cn pht hin cng nh anh cng tt ch s c v cch ly n ra khi phn t b h hng, nh vy phn cn li duy tr c hot ng bnh thng, ng thi gim mc h hi ca phn t b s c. Ch c thit b t ng bo v mi c th thc hin tt c yu cu trn, thit b ny gi l bo v rle. Bo v rle s theo di lin tc tnh trng v ch lm vic ca tt c cc phn t trong h thng in. Khi xut hin s c, bo v rle pht hin v ct phn t h hng nh my ct in. Khi xut hin ch lm vic khng bnh thng, bo v rle s pht tn hiu v ty thuc yu cu, c th tc ng khi phc ch lm vic bnh thng hoc bo tn hiu cho nhn vin trc. b - Cc yu cu c bn i vi bo v rle: * Tnh chn lc: Tnh chn lc l kh nng phn bit cc phn t h hng v bo v ch ct cc phn t . V d trong s bo v nh hnh 1, khi ngn mch ti im N1, my ct MC3 l my ct gn ch s c nht phi ct. Nh vy cc ph ti khc vn c cung cp in. Khi ngn mch ti im N2, ng dy s c A 2-B2 c ct ra nh cc my ct MC1 v MC2, cn ng dy A1-B1 vn lm vic, v vy ton b cc h tiu th vn c cung cp in. Tnh chn lc l yu cu c bn nht ca bo v rle m bo cung cp in an ton lin tc. Nu bo v tc ng khng chn lc, s c c th lan rng. * Tc ng nhanh: Bo v phi tc ng nhanh kp thi c lp cc phn t h hng thuc phm vi bo v nhm: + m bo tnh n nh ca h thng. + Gim nh hng ca in p thp (khi ngn mch) ln cc ph ti. + Gim tc hi ca dng in ngn mch i vi thit b. Bo v tc ng nhanh phi c thi gian tc ng nh hn 0,1 giy. * nhy:

Bo v cn tc ng khng ch vi cc trng hp ngn mch trc tip m c khi ngn mch qua in tr trung gian. Ngoi ra bo v phi tc ng khi ngn mch xy ra trong lc h thng lm vic ch cc tiu, tc l mt s ngun c ct ra nn dng ngn mch c gi tr nh. nhy c nh gi bng h s nhy: . INmin : dng in ngn mch nh nht. . Ik: gi tr dng in nh nht m bo v c th tc ng. i vi cc bo v tc ng theo gi tr cc tiu (v d bo v thiu in p), h s nhy c xc nh ngc li: tr s khi ng chia cho tr s cc tiu. * tin cy: Bo v phi tc ng chc chn khi xy ra s c trong vng c giao v khng c tc ng sai i vi cc trng hp m n khng c nhim v tc ng. Mt bo v khng tc ng hoc tc ng sai c th s dn n hu qu l mt s ln ph ti b mt in hoc s c lan rng trong h thng. 2. Cc ch danh ca rle ang s dng. - 21: rle khong cch. - 25: rle ng b. - 26: rle nhit . - 27: rle thiu p. - 32: rle cng sut ngc. - 33: rle mc du. - 50, 51: rle qu dng tc th, nh th. - 55: rle h s cng sut. - 59: rle qu p. - 62: rle thi gian. - 63: rle p sut. - 64: rle chm t. - 67: rle qu dng c hng. - 79: rle t ng li. - 81: rle tn s. - 85: rle so lch cao tn. - 86: rle kha. - 87L: rle so lch dc. - 96: rle hi. Ty theo phm vi, mc v i tng c bo v, ch danh rle c th c phn m rng. Sau y l mt s ch danh rle c phn m rng thng dng: - 26W: rle nhit cun dy my bin p; 26O: rle nhit du. - 51P, 51S rle qu dng in pha s cp, th cp my bin p.

- 50REF: rle qu dng tc th chng chm t trong thit b (thng dng cho my bin p). - 67N: rle qu dng chm t c hng. - 87T: rle so lch dc in bo v my bin p, 87B: rle so lch dc bo v thanh ci. - 96-1: rle hi cp 1 dng bo tn hiu; 96 -2: rle hi cp 2 tc ng ct my ct. 3. Th no l bo v chnh, bo v d phng ? Bo v chnh trang thit b l bo v thc hin tc ng nhanh khi c s c xy ra trong phm v gii hn i vi trang thit b c bo v. Bo v d phng i vi cng trang thit b ny l bo v thay th cho bo v chnh trong trng hp bo v chnh khng tc ng hoc trong tnh trng sa cha nh. Bo v d phng cn phi tc ng vi thi gian ln hn thi gian tc ng ca bo v chnh, nhm cho bo v chnh loi phn t b s c ra khi h thng trc tin (khi bo v ny tc ng ng). Bo v d phng c th c m bo theo cc cch sau: - Bo v ca phn t bn cnh (trng hp ny c mang tn l bo v d phng xa). - Bo v ph t trn cng phn t (trng hp ny c mang tn l bo v d phng ti ch). - Mt rle ph a vo trong s bo v cho phn t bn cnh, rle ny s iu khin m my ct c quan tm. C mt s trng hp bo v chnh khng m bo c ton b chiu di ca mch cn c bo v m s c mt s on c gi l vng cht ca bo v chnh. Nu xut hin s c ti vng cht ny, bo v chnh s khng tc ng. c th bo v ti vng ny, thng phi t bo v d phng. 4. Lit k cc rle bo v my bin p ? a- Cc rle tc ng theo dng in: - Rle bo v qu dng in pha s cp: 50/51P pha, chm t. - Rle bo v qu dng in pha th cp: 50/51S pha, chm t. - Rle bo v so lch dc dng in: 87T. - Rle bo v qu dng in cc dy trung tnh: 50/51G. - Rle bo v chm t cc cun dy: 50REF. b- Cc rle khng tc ng theo dng in: - Rle hi: 96-1, 96-2. - Rle nhit du: 26O. - Rle nhit cun dy: 26W. - Rle mc du thn my: 33.

- Rle p sut thn my, b i nc di ti: 63. 5. Lit k cc rle bo v thanh ci ? - Rle so lch dc dng in: 87B. - Rle thiu p: 27. - Rle qu p: 59. - Rle chng chm t: 64. 6. Lit k cc rle bo v ng dy ? - Rle qu dng tc th, nh th: 50/51L pha, chm t. - Rle so lch pha cao tn: 85. - Rle qu dng c hng (pha, chm t): 67, 67N. - Rle khong cch: 21, 44. 7. Cu to rle hi ? Rle hi c p dng cho cc my bin p c cng sut trung bnh v ln vi kiu my c thng gin n du. Rle hi c lp trn on ng lin thng du t thng chnh my bin p n thng gin n du ca my theo mt chiu nht nh ca u mi tn trn rle hi phi ch v pha thng gin n (cng vi chiu dng chy ca du t thng chnh qua rle hi n thng gin n du khi c s c trong my bin p). an ng lin thng du c nng cao v pha thng gin n vi gc nghing (so vi mt phng ngang) khong 1 100. on ng lin thng khng c c gc, phn cong ca ng c bn knh cng ln cng tt. Rle hi hai phao c cu to gm : - Mt phao trn (phao 1) c hnh cu rng, nh c th t nng h theo mc du, trong phao c cha mt tip im thy ngn c ni ra hp ni dy ti mt trn rle. Khi s c nh hoc qu ti, hi sinh ra tp trung pha trn, y phao 1 v v tr nm ngang lm ng tip im thy ngn. Tip im ny c ni vo mch in bo hiu s c ca my bin p (96-1). - Mt phao di (phao 2) c cu to tng t nh phao 1 v c lin kt vi mt cnh chn. Cnh chn l mt tm kim loi mng c treo ti v tr pha l mt bch ca rle hi pha ni vo thng chnh my bin p. Do c treo b mt tm kim loi thng gc vi hng dng chy ca du nn cnh chn tc ng theo lu lng ca dng chy ca du. Cnh chn c th iu chnh theo ba tr s lu lng du l 65, 100 v 150 cm/giy (rle thng c nh ch to t sn tr s 100cm/giy). Khi my bin p vn hnh bnh thng, du chuyn ng do gin n theo nhit khng tc ng cnh chn. Khi c s c bn trong my bin p, lung du v hi sinh ra pht mnh t thng chnh qua rle hi n thng gin n. Lu lng du ln hn tr s iu chnh sn s y cho cnh chn quay, lm cho phao 2 chm xung, ng tip im thy ngn, ct my ct (96-2).

Da vo thnh phn v khi lng hi sinh ra ngi ta c th xc nh c tnh cht v mc s c. Do trn rle hi cn c thm van ly hn hp kh sinh ra nhm phc v cho vic phn tch s c. 8. Cu to rle nhit ti my bin p ? a- Rle nhit du : (hnh 4) Rle nhit du gm cc tip im thng ng, thng m lp bn trong mt nhit k c kim ch th nhit . Nhit k gm c c cu ch th quay ghi s o, mt b phn cm bin nhit, mt ng mao dn ni b phn cm ng nhit vi c cu ch th. Bn trong ng mao dn l cht lng (dung dch hu c) c nn li. S co gin ca cht lng (trong ng mao dn) thay i theo nhit m b phn cm bin nhit nhn c, s tc ng c cu ch th v cc tip im. Cc tip im s i trng thi "m" thnh "ng", "ng" thnh "m" khi nhit cao hn tr s t trc. B phn cm bin nhit c lp trong mt l tr bc kn, pha trn np my bin p, bao quanh l tr l du, o nhit lp du trn cng ca my bin p. Thng dng nhit k c 2 (hoc 4) vt iu chnh nhit c th t sn 2 (hoc 4) tr s tc ng cho 2 (hoc 4) b tip im ring r lp trong nhit k. Khi nhit cao hn tr s t cp 1, rle s ng tip im cp 1 bo hiu s c "Nhit du cao" ca my bin p. Khi nhit tip tc cao hn tr s t cp 2, rle s ng thm tip im cp 2 t ng ct my ct, ct in my bin p, ng thi cng c mch in bo hiu s c "ct do nhit du cao". b-Rle nhit cun dy: (hnh 5) Rle nhit cun dy gm bn b tip im (mi b c mt tip im thng m, mt tip im ng vi cc chung) lp bn trong mt nhit k c kim ch th. Nhit k gm c: c cu ch th quay ghi s o, mt b phn cm bin nhit, mt ng mao dn ni b phn cm bin nhit vi c cu ch th. Bn trong ng mao dn l cht lng c nn li. S co gin ca cht lng trong ng mao dn thay i theo nhit m b cm bin nhn c, tc ng c cu ch th v bn b tip im. Tc ng ln c cu ch th v cc tip im, cn c mt in tr nung. Cun dy th cp ca mt my bin dng in t ti chn s my bin p c ni vi in tr nung. Ni song song vi in tr nung l mt bin tr hiu chnh. Tc dng ca in tr nung (ty theo dng in qua cun dy my bin p) v tc dng ca b cm bin nhit ln c cu o cng cc b tip im s tng ng vi nhit im nng: nhit ca cun dy. C 4 vt iu chnh nhit t tr s tc ng cho bn b tip im. Ty theo thit k, cc tip im rle nhit c th c ni vo cc mch: bo hiu s c "nhit cun dy cao", mch t ng m my ct c lp my bin p, mch t ng khi ng v ngng cc qut lm mt my bin p.

9. Cu to rle mc du ti my bin p? Rle mc du gm hai b tip im lp bn trong thit b ch th mc du. My bin p c b di nc in p c ti th thng gin n du c chia lm hai ngn. Ngn c th tch chim phn ln thng gin n, c ni ng lin du thng qua rle hi n thng chnh my bin p ( c th tch gin n du cho my bin p). Ngn c th tch chim phn nh hn nhiu ca thng gin n, s c ni ng lin du n thng cha b i nc c ti. Thng chnh my bin p v thng b i nc c thit k ring r, khng c lin thng du vi nhau. V vy, c hai thit b ch th mc du lp ti hai u thng gin n o mc du ca hai ngn: thit b ch th mc du my bin p v thit b ch th mc du b i nc c ti. Cu to ca thit b ch th mc du gm hai phn : b phn iu khin v b ch th. B phn iu khin c mt phao (3), thanh quay (8), trc quay (9), c lp nam chm vnh c (4). B phn iu khin lp trn v my (u thng gin n) c vng m. B phn ch th gm kim ch (6) lp trn trc mang mt nam chm vnh cu (5). B phn ch th c lm bng nhm trnh b nh hng t trng nam chm v chng nh hng ca nc. Khi mc du nng h th phao (3) nng h theo. Chuyn ng nng h ca phao c chuyn thnh chuyn ng quay ca trc (9) nh thanh quay (8). Khi quay, t trng do nam chm (4) s iu khin cho nam chm (5) quay sao cho hai cc khc tn (N v S) ca hai nam chm i din nhau (hai cc cng tn c lc y, hai cc cng tn c lc ht nhau). Do vy kim ch th quay theo nam chm (5), ghi c mc du trn mt ch th. B phn ch th cng tc ng ng m cc tip im rle mc du a tn hiu vo mch bo ng hoc mch ct ty theo tng thit k. 10. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle qu dng tc th (Bo v qu dng ct nhanh - ngng cao)? Rle qu dng tc th l rle tc ng khi dng in qua rle vt qu tr s nh trc v tc ng ct my ct ngay lp tc, khng c thi gian tr hon. V nguyn l rle qu dng tc th gm phn tnh l cun dy c li st, phn ng l tm st non c mang tip im ng. Khi dng in qua cun dy ln, tm st non s b ht vo li st ca phn tnh v ko theo tip im ng ng vo tip im tnh. iu chnh dng in tc ng theo mun, thng thng phn ng c gn vi mt l xo vi kt cu c th iu chnh c nhm thay i lc tc ng ln phn ng, c ngha l thay i dng in tc ng ca rle. Mt s trng hp, thay i dng in tc ng trong phm v rng, ngi ta thng ch to cun dy phn tnh c nhiu on vi nhiu u dy ra chn tm t thch hp.

11. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle qu dng tc th ? Chnh nh rle qu dng tc thi l t tr s dng in khi ng ca rle. m bo tnh chn lc, trnh tc ng sai khi ngn mch ngoi vng c bo v, dng in khi ng c chn theo quy tc sau: Ik = Kat . INmax Trong : INmax: dng in ngn mch cc i cui vng bo v. Kat = 1,2 - 1,3 : h s an ton tnh n sai s trong khi tnh ton dng ngn mch v sai s rle. Ik : dng in khi ng ca rle. Vng tc ng c xc nh bng cng thc: XCN% = Trong : XCN - Vng tc ng ca bo v, tnh bng phn trm ca ton b ng dy c bo v (%). Xl : tr khng ca ng dy c bo v (%). XH : tr khng ca h thng (%). Ik : dng khi ng ca bo v (%). 12. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle qu dng nh th (bo v dng in cc i)? Rle qu dng nh th l rle tc ng khi dng in qua rle vt qu tr s nh trc nhng khng tc ng ct my ct ngay lp tc m c thi gian tr hon. Rle qu dng nh th c 2 loi c bn: 1-Rle qu dng nh th vi c tuyn thi gian c lp: bao gm mt rle qu dng tc th v mt rle thi gian kt hp li. Khi phn tc th tc ng s ng tip im cp ngun cho rle thi gian. Sau mt thi gian nh trc, rle thi gian ny s ng tip im v tc ng ct my ct hoc bo tn hiu. Nu trong thi gian tr hon m dng in qua phn t tc th gim thp (s c t gii tr), lm cho phn t ny khng gi tip im na th rle thi gian s b mt in v khng khp tip im ct my ct hay bo s c. Thi gian tc ng ca rle loi ny khng ph thuc vo tr s dng in s c i qua rle. 2- Rle qu dng nh th vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc: c ch to theo nguyn tc cm ng. Dng in s c c a vo cun dy to t thng xuyn qua mt a nhm lm xut hin dng in xoy trn a v lm quay a. a ny mang tip im ng ng vo tip im tnh, i ct my ct. Thi gian quay ca a t v tr ban u n khi ng tip im chnh l thi gian tc ng ca rle. iu chnh thi gian ny, ngi ta dng l xo xon lp trn trc ca

a v iu chnh xon c phn lc thch hp. iu chnh tr s dng in tc ng, cun dy c ch to gm nhiu on khc nhau v a ra nhiu u dy la chn. Loi rle qu dng nh th kiu cm ng c u im l thi gian tc ng cng ngn khi dng qua rle cng ln do a quay cng nhanh, do loi tr nhanh cc s c nng trong khi vn duy tr thi gian cn thit i vi cc bin ng nh. 13. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle qu dng nh th ? Chnh nh rle qu dng nh thi l thit t cc gi tr sau: 1- Dng in khi ng ca rle Ik: c xc nh t dng in lm vic cc i, thng l dng ph ti trong ch cc i: Ik > Ilvmax v phi tha: Ik = Kmm . Kat. Ks . Ilvmax / Ktv. KBI Trong : . Ilvmax l dng in lm vic cc i. . Kmm = 2 3 l h s m my ph thuc vo ng c in. . Kat = 1,2 1,3 l h s an ton khi k n vic tnh ton sai s ca rle v my bin dng. . Ks l h s ca s , ph thuc vo s u ni rle. . Ktv l h s tr v ca rle. . KBI l h s bin i ca my bin dng. 2- Thi gian tc ng ca bo v: m bo tnh chn lc, thi gian tc ng ca bo v c chn theo nguyn tc bc thang, chnh lch gia thi gian tc ng ca cc bo v k nhau c gi l bc thi gian hay bc chn lc: Dt = t1 - t2 Gi tr ca bc thi gian Dt c chn sao cho khi ngn mch thuc phm vi ca bo v sau, bo v trc khng kp tc ng mc d khi ng. nhy ca bo v: . Knhy = INMmin / Ik Thng thng nhy phi t trong khong 1,2 1,5. Trong : . INMmin l dng in ngn mch b nht khu vc cui ca li c bo v. 14. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle km p ? Rle km p l rle tc ng khi in p t vo rle thp hn gi tr nh trc. V nguyn l, rle km p cu to gm cun dy c li thp tc ng ln phn ng mang tip im. Khi in p cun dy ln, phn ng b ht vo phn tnh v ng tip im. Khi in p t vo cun dy h thp di mt mc nh trc, cun dy khng ht v tip im nh ra. y l trng thi tc ng ca

rle. Nh vy, khc vi cc loi rle qu ngng, trng thi bnh thng ca rle km p l trng thi lun c in p. Trng thi tc ng l trng thi in p gim thp hoc khng c in. Thng thng rle km p c thit k vi thi gian tr hon: Rle thc t gm mt phn t km p kt hp vi mt phn t to thi gian. Khi in p t vo rle gim di ngng nh trc, phn t km p s tc ng, cp ngun cho phn t thi gian. Sau thi gian t trc, tip im thi gian s ng v i ct my ct hoc bo tn hiu. Rle km p c th thit k lm vic vi in p xoay chiu hoc mt chiu. 15. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle km p? Chnh nh rle km p l thit t cc gi tr in p lm vic ca rle: in p lm vic ca rle l in p cc tiu c xc nh theo cng thc sau: Uk = Ulvmin / (Ktc . Ktv . KU) Trong : Ulvmin: in p lm vic cc tiu ch bnh thng. Ktc: h s tin cy. KU: h s ca my bin in p Ktv: h s tr v ca rle. nhy ca bo v: Knhy = Ulv . KU / UNMmax Trong : UNMmax l tr s ln nht c th c ca in p d v tr t bo v khi ngn mch khu vc cui cng c bo v. 16. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle so lch dc dng in? Rle so lch dc l rle lm vic da trn s so snh trc tip dng in trn cc nhnh ca mt i tng. Theo nh lut Kirchoff, tng vct ca tt c cc dng in i vo v ra mt i tng bo v bng khng trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng. Vng bo v ca rle so lch dc dng in l phm v gii hn bi cc bin dng t trn cc nhnh ca i tng c bo v. Khi c ngn mch trong vng bo v, tng dng in i qua rle s khc khng v rle s tc ng. Khi s c bn ngoi vng bo v, tng dng in qua rle vn bng khng, rle khng tc ng. Rle so lch dc dng in thng c dng bo v cho cc thit b nh my bin p, my pht, h thng thanh ci quan trng... Rle tc ng ct cc my ct ch khi c s c ngn mch bn trong vng bo v. Rle so lch dc dng in lm vic tc th, khng c thi gian tr hon. 17. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle so lch dc dng in ?

V nguyn tc, rle so lch dc dng in tc ng khi c dng in sai lch i qua rle IR > 0. Tuy nhin thc t do s khng ng nht ca cc bin dng, s sai lch t s bin dng,... nn khi lm vic bnh thng dng in i qua rle vn c mt tr s nht nh. Dng in ny gi l dng khng cn bng Ikcb. Trong trng hp ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, hoc trong cc tnh trng qu , dng in khng cn bng Ikcb c th c gi tr ln. trnh bo v tc ng sai, dng in khi ng ca bo v phi chn sao cho: Ik =Kat . Ikcbttmax. Trong : - Ik: dng in khi ng ca rle. - Kat >1: h s an ton, nhm trnh tc ng sai do cc sai s ca rle v mch. - Ikcbttmax: dng in khng cn bng tnh ton cc i. 18. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle so lch ngang dng in ? Rle so lch ngang dng in l rle tc ng da trn s so snh trc tip dng in chy trn cc nhnh song song. Bo v c dng cho ng dy c cc nhnh vn hnh song song hoc my pht vi stator cun dy kp. Vng bo v l hai nhnh song song ca ng dy hoc cun stator my pht. V in tr ca hai nhnh ging nhau nn khi lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, dng in trn hai nhnh s bng nhau: I1=I2 Do : IR=0. Rle khng tc ng. Khi c ngn mch mt trong hai nhnh, dng in trn cc nhnh s khc nhau: I1 # I2 Khi dng in qua rle IR # 0. Rle tc ng ct my ct. Rle so lch ngang dng in lm vic tc th, khng c thi gian tr hon. 19. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle so lch ngang dng in ? V nguyn tc, rle so lch ngang dng in tc ng khi c dng in sai lch i qua rle IR > 0. Tuy nhin thc t do s khng ng nht ca cc bin dng cng nh do in tr cc nhnh khng hon ton bng nhau nn khi lm vic bnh thng dng in i qua rle vn c mt gi tr nht nh. Dng in ny gi l dng khng cn bng Ikcb. Trong trng hp ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, hoc trong cc tnh trng qu , dng in khng cn bng Ikcb c th c gi tr ln.

 trnh bo v tc ng sai, dng in khi ng ca bo v phi chn sao cho: Ik =Kat . Ikcbttmax. Trong : - Ik: dng in khi ng ca rle. - Kat >1: h s an ton, nhm trnh tc ng sai do cc sai s ca rle v mch. - Ikcbttmax: dng in khng cn bng tnh ton cc i. 20. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle tng tr ? Rle tng tr l rle tc ng theo tng tr on ng dy t im ngn mch n ch t rle (u ng dy). Z = UNM/INM Trong : - UNM: in p gin trn on ng dy t im s c n ch t rle. - INM: Dng in ngn mch i qua ch t bo v. Vng bo v ca rle tng tr l on ng dy c tng tr khng ln hn tr s tng tr t ca rle. Rle tc ng khi: Z > Z trong : - Z : Tng tr on ng dy t im s c n ch t rle. - Z: Gi tr t ca rle. Cc s u dy thng dng rle tng tr: * S in p dy v hiu s dng in pha: * S in p dy v dng in pha: Rle tng tr c ch to c nhiu vng bo v khc nhau, thch hp cho bo v cc ng dy c nhiu on. Trong trng hp ng dy c cung cp t hai pha, m bo tc ng chn lc, thng s dng loi rle tng tr c hng nhm ch tc ng khi dng s c i theo hng t thanh ci ra ng dy. 21. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle tng tr ? Xt ng dy c s nh hnh: ng dy c bo v bng rle tng tr c 3 vng bo v. - Z1, Z2, Z3: tng tr bo v vng 1, 2, 3. - t1, t2, t3: thi tc ng ca bo v vng 1, 2, 3 ca rle 21 thuc my ct MC1.

Khi ngn mch trn on AB (vng 1), i hi phi ct nhanh my ct MC1. Do thi gian tc ng ca bo v vng 1 thng c chn bng khng: t 1 = 0 sec. bo v ton b chiu di on AB, v nguyn tc phi chn tr s t vng 1 sao cho Z1 = ZAB. Tuy nhin nu t nh vy th bo v vng 1 s tc ng sai lm ct my ct MC1 khi c ngn mch u ng dy on BC v tng tr tnh t my ct MC1 n cc im ngn mch cui on AB v u on BC l gn bng nhau. Do m bo tnh chn lc, thng ch chn phm vi bo v ca mi vng chim khong 3/4 chiu di on ng dy: Z1= 0,75 ZAB. Khi ngn mch trn on BC, rle bo v ca on BC phi tc ng ct my ct MC2. Nu do h hng, my ct MC2 khng ct th my ct MC1 phi ct c lp s c. Lc ny vng 2 ca rle 21 phi tc ng. Vy thi gian tc ng vng 2 s l: t2 = max(t1 , tBC) + Dt = tBC+ Dt2. Trong : - tBC : thi gian tc ng ca bo v chnh on BC. - Dt2: thi gian ct ca my ct MC2. Phm vi bo v ca vng 2 l: Z2= 0,75 ZBC + ZAB. Nh vy bo v vng 2 ca on AB l bo v d tr cho bo v chnh ca on BC. Tng t cho im ngn mch trn on CD: Z3= 0,75 ZCD + ZBC. t3 = max(t2 , tCD) + Dt3. trnh bo v tc ng sai khi c dao ng trn h thng, trong mt s trng hp (ty thuc vo kh nng gi n nh ca h thng) c th t thi gian tc ng vng 1 c mt tr s nht nh t1 > 0 ). 22. Nguyn l lm vic ca mch bo v ng khng ton pha ? Mch bo v ng khng ton pha dng bo v cho cc my ct mt pha vn hnh trong li ba pha trong trng hp khng cho php vn hnh ch khng ton pha (1 hoc 2 pha). S nguyn l mch bo v ng khng ton pha: Khi c mt trong ba pha khng ng ng thi vi cc pha khc, rle thi gian RT s c cp in v sau mt thi gian t trc, tip im s ng v i ct c 3 cc my ct. 23. Nguyn tc chnh nh mch bo v ng khng ton pha ?

Chnh nh tr s rle thi gian RT sao cho thi gian duy tr trng thi khng ton pha khng vt qu thi gian cho php (ty thuc vo ph ti, h thng...): t =tcp . 24. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle thi gian ? Rle thi gian l rle tc ng ng m tip im c thi gian tr hon sau khi c cp in. Khong thi gian tr hon c th thay i c trong mt phm vi nht nh. Ty theo mc ch s dng, c cc loi rle thi gian sau: - rle c tip im thng m v ng chm: - rle c tip im thng m v m chm: - rle c tip im thng ng v ng chm: - rle c tip im thng ng v m chm: V nguyn l rle thi gian cu to gm phn tnh l cun dy, phn ng mang tip im v c gn vi b phn hm nhm lm chm qu trnh chuyn ng ng m tip im. Rle thi gian c th c ch to lm vic theo dng in hoc theo in p. 25. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle thi gian ? Chnh nh rle thi gian l t tr s thi gian tc ng cho rle theo mt gi tr cho trc. Ty thuc vo cu to ca tng kiu rle, thao tc chnh nh s khc nhau. Thng thng rle thi gian c ch to c mt a chia vch. Khi chnh nh, xoay a hoc y u kim n vch c gi tr thch hp. 26. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle qu dng c hng ? ch to rle cng sut (rle qu dng c hng) ngi ta dng nguyn tc so snh trc tip gc lch pha gia hai i lng in UR v IR hoc so snh tr s tuyt i ca hai i lng l t hp ca hai tn hiu UR v IR. Rle nh hng cng sut lm vic theo nguyn tc so snh pha: Dng in IR v in p UR a vo h thng t c s i cc chn, li thp hnh tr bn trong lm gim t tr ca mch t v phn ng l mt ng hnh trng lm bng nhm hoc ng, cc cun in p v dng in qun trn tng i cc tng ng. Mmen quay ca rle: Mq = KURIRcos( + ) Trong : - UR, IR l in p v dng in t vo cc cun dy tng ng ca rle. - l gc lch pha gia UR v IR. - K, l cc thng s ph thuc vo cu to, mch t ca r le.

Rle s tc ng khi Mq > 0 ngha l: Cos( + ) > 0 Hay l: - (90o + ) < j < (90o - ) Biu thc trn chng t rle tc ng (Mq > 0) khi gc lch pha gia UR v IR nm trong mt gii hn nht nh, ngha l khi cng sut theo mt hng nht nh. 27. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle c hng? a. Dng khi ng ca bo v: Dng khi ng ca bo v cn chn theo 2 iu kin sau: - Bo v phi tr v sau khi ngn mch ngoi c loi tr. Mun vy dng tr v ca bo v phi ln hn dng ph ti ngay sau lc ct s c, khi cc ng c ng lot t khi ng. IKB = Kat . Ilvmax (1) Trong : Ilvmax l gi tr dng in lm vic cc i (xc nh i vi ch lm vic nng n nht). tng nhy ca bo v c th khng cn xt n ph ti cc i vi hng t ng dy vo thanh gp, v i vi n rle cng sut khng khp tip im, v do bo v khng th tc ng sai. Khi mch in b h hng, pha ca in p a vo rle cng sut b mo, rle c th khp tip im. Khi xy ra ngn mch chm t trong mng c im trung tnh trc tip ni t, trong pha khng h hng c th c dng s c v i vi dng ny rle khng c tc ng. Mun vy cn chn dng khi ng ln hn dng trong pha khng h hng. IKB= Kat . IKH (2) trong : IKH= IPT + KIN Kat = 1,15 - 1,3 ty thuc vo chnh xc khi nh gi i lng I KH. Dng in khi ng c chn l gi tr ln hn trong hai gi tr xc nh theo (1) v (2). i vi mng c dng chm dt nh (IKH = IPT) v mng c trung im ni t trc tip nhng bo v c kha khi c ngn mch chm t th dng khi ng cn c chn theo iu kin (1). b - Thi gian tc ng ca bo v: Thi gian tc ng ca bo v c chn theo nguyn tc bc thang ngc chiu nhau. Theo yu cu tc ng chn lc, thi gian tc ng ca cc bo v trong cng mt hng cn tha mn: t5 < t3 < t1 v t2 < t4 < t6.

c - nhy ca bo v: Knhy = INmin l dng in ngn mch cc tiu khi ngn mch ci vng bo v. Knhy min =1,2-1,5. Khi ngn mch cui vng d tr, yu cu Knhy min = 1,2. 28. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle t ng li ? Rle t ng li l rle lm nhim v ng li my ct sau khi my ct (ng dy) b bt ra bi cc rle bo v khc (51, 21,...) nhm nhanh chng ti lp ng dy mt cch t ng khi c s c thong qua trn ng dy. Qu trnh ng li c th c thc hin mt hay nhiu ln. Thng thng rle t ng li c thit k cho 3 hoc 4 ln ng li. Mi ln ng li u c thi gian tr hon. Thi gian cc ln sau di hn ln trc. Nu ln ng li cui cng khng thnh cng, rle s t kha khng cho ng tip. 29. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle t ng li ? Chnh nh rle t ng li l t cc khong thi gian tr hon trc mi ln ng li, s ln ng li v thi gian t khi phc. - S ln ng li: n. - Thi gian tr hon trc mi ln ng li: t1, t2, ... Cc khong thi gian ny c chn sao cho khi c s c thong qua, my ct ngt mch v cch in ti ch b s c c thi gian phc hi trc khi ng in li. i vi cc ln ng li th 2, 3, ... thi gian tr hon trc khi ng li cn ph thuc vo chu trnh ng ct ca my ct c t rle. - Thi gian t khi phc (treset): nu ng li ln cui khng thnh cng, rle t kha. Vic kha ny ch c tc dng trong thi gian nht nh. Sau rle phi t tr v trng thi sn sng lm vic nh trc khi s c. 30. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle kha ? Rle kha l rle khi tc ng, tip im s ng (hoc m) v sau khng t tr v trng thi ban u d rle khng cn c cung cp in. a cc tip im v trng thi ban u, phi thc hin thao tc "reset" (bng tay hoc bng in). Rle kha c dng ph bin trong cc mch bo v my bin p nhm ct v kha my ct khng cho ng li khi c s c nng. 31. Vi nt v rle k thut s ? Trong thi gian gn y ngi ta ngi ta c kh nng x l mt khi lng ln thng tin trong mt thi gian rt ngn i vi ch lm vic ca trang thit b

in c bo v. Hin nay trong h thng in nhng thng tin ny c x l bng my vi tnh. Cng tng t nh cc bo v thc hin bng in c, in t, bo v bng vi tnh cng c nhng phn chc nng o lng, to thi gian, phn thc hin hot ng theo chng trnh nh trc i iu khin cc my ct. Hnh 21 gii thiu s cu trc mt phng n bo v thc hin bng vi x l. - Tn hiu xoay chiu t cun dy th cp my bin in p (UA, UB, UC, U0), my bin dng in (IA, IB, IC, I0) c a qua b lc tn s L loi b cc ha tn bc cao v c a qua kha K xc nh th t chn cc i lng a vo vi tr s tc th v nh trong khong thi gian cn thit cho s lm vic ng ca b bin i tng t thnh s ADC. u ra ca ADC cho tn hiu s tng ng vi tn hiu hnh sin tng t u vo. T mi tn hiu tng t U(t) t u ra b lc L s tng ng vi tn hiu s U(nt) tc u ra ca ADC v a vo b vi x l. Tc ng lin thng gia b vi x l trung tm vi b nh cho php o tr s t, xc nh c tuyn khi ng ca bo v theo chng trnh nh sn. Xc nh thi gian lgic tc ng, t ng thay i s lin h trong phn lgic ph thuc vo cc tn hiu t cc i tng c bo v, cc mch t ng v cho quyt nh i iu khin my ct, ghi s liu tn hiu hay hin trn mn hnh thng qua cc b xut, nhp DCA. Mt trong nhng vn quan trng ca bo v rle bng vi x l l vic xy dng phn o lng trn c s x l nhng thng tin s tng thi im. thc hin phn o lng vi cc tn hiu s, ngi ta c th s dng tr s tc th hay gi tr tch phn trong khong thi gian nht nh.