30 Bi 2. MY O A DNG VOM, DMM M bi: M 12 02 Mc tiu : - Kin thc: Trnh by c s khi v cc thng s k thut ca my o a dng VOM/DMM.

. - K nng: Phn tch c cc mch o trong VOM. S dng thnh tho VOM, DMM trong cng vic o c v sa cha cc thit b in t dn dng. - Thi : Cn thn, an ton, bo qun tt my o. Ni dung chnh: Cc thng s k thut ca my o VOM Mc tiu: M t v c c cc thng s k thut c bn ca mt my o VOM 1.1. Khi nim chung. My o a dng VOM (Volt Ohm Milliammeter) l thit b o a nng, cho php thc hin cc php o chnh sau: o in p xoay chiu AC o in p mt chiu DC o dng in mt chiu DC o in tr. Ty thuc loi my o ca cc hng sn xut m hnh dng, kch thc, b tr cc phm iu khin chc nng s khc nhau. Mt s my o VOM cn c thm cc chc nng: Kim tra lin mch vi tn hiu m thanh hoc Led nhp nhy. o h s khuch i dng ca transistor hfe. o dng r Iceo ca transistor. o decibel bng thang o in p xoay chiu. Cc thng s k thut c bn ca my o a dng VOM thng bao gm: Cc chc nng o, cc thang o v gii hn cc thang o. nhy v cp chnh xc ca ng h.

31 minh ha, ta chn my o SUNWA YX-960TR. M t b tr mt my nh hnh 2.1.

Hnh 2. 1. Hnh dng v b tr mt my SUNWA YX-960R M t cc k hiu v chc nng ca ng h SUNWA: (1) Kim ch th ca c cu o h t in (2) Cc thang : T trn xung tng ng: V.A AC 10V LI LV dB BATT (3) : Thang o in tr, : Thang o p, o dng, : Thang o xoay chiu 10V : Thang o dng qua in tr bng php o ; o dng r Iceo ca transistor. : Thang o p hai u in tr bng php o ; o li dng hfe ca transistor. : Thang o dB : Thang kim tra pin. C 3 min tng ng: BAD - ? - GOOD Nm chnh zero: chnh kim v tr s 0 khi khng ti.

32 (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Cc m (-) ng h. Gn dy o chung mu en Cc dng (+) ng h. d phn bit, quy c li vo (+) gn dy mu , li vo (-) gn dy mu en. Chn chc nng o v thang o: Chuyn mch chn chc nng o v t thang o khi s dng. Thang o p xoay chiu AC. Khi o p xoay chiu quay chuyn mch (6) v v tr ny. Thang o p mt chiu DC. Khi o p mt chiu quay chuyn mch (6)v v tr ny. Thang o dng 1 chiu. Khi o dng mt chiu quay chuyn mch (6) v v tr ny. Thang o in tr. Khi o in tr quay chuyn mch (6) v v tr ny.

(11) Tn hiu th lin mch. Khi kp que o vo 2 im cn kim tra, nu thng nhau tn hiu c pht ra, ngc li th khng c tn hiu. (12) Chnh zero thang o in tr. Khi o in tr chp 2 que o v chnh zero ca thang trc mi ln o. (13) Th pin. Kim tra pin trong ng h xem cn tt (GOOD) hay xu (BAD). (14) Thang o dng 2,5A. Li vo ring dnh cho thang o dng ln 2,5A. (15) Li ra AF. Dng cho thang o dB. (16) hfe: Jack cm kim tra transistor v o h s hfe Ch . Vi cc my o VOM khc th cng c nhng chc nng tng t. Cc thng s k thut chi tit ca my o SUNWA YX-960TR ch ra trong bng 1.1. Bng 1. 1. Cc thng s k thut ca my o SUNWA YX-960R
Php o p DC p AC Dng DC Di o 0-0.1V-0.5V-2.5V-10V-50V-250V1000V 0-10V-50V-250V-1000V 0-50A-2.5mA-25mA-250mA chnh xc 3% FS 4.5% FS 3% FS Ghi ch Tr khng vo 20k/V Tr khng vo 9k/V St p 250mV (100mV cho 50mA)

33
X1: 0-0.2-2k. Gia 20 X10: 0-2-20k. Gia 200 in tr R X100: 0-20-200k. Gia 2k X1K: 0-200-2M. Gia 20k X10K: 0-2k-20M. Gia 200 o dng r Iceo 0-150A X1K; 0-15mA X10 (LI) 0-1.5mA X100; 0 - 150mA X 1 o p gia hai u ti (LV) Li ra AF (o dB) o hef Kim tra pin Chung cho cc thang o (3V-0), Ngc vi thang LI -10dB- + 22dB (thang 10Vac) 0dB/0.775V (1mW trn ti 600) 0 - 1000 thang X10 (Ic/Ib) 0-9V: thang m mu Tt - ? - Xu 0-9V: thang m mu Tt - ? - Xu 5% 5% 4 % FS 3% Dng qua ti gia hai u o in tr St p trn ti gia 2 u o in tr Tr khng ra 9k/V Gn Transistor vo Dng ti 1.5V/250mA 3% Pin trong UM3 (1.5V)x2 9V x 1

1.2. nhy ca ng h. nhy ca ng h l dng in nh nht c kh nng lm lch kim ch th ln ht thang . Dng cng nh th nhy cng cao. Cc ng h c nhy cao thng c nhy (5020)A. nhy thc t ca ng h thng b gim i v c shunt vn nng u song song vi khung dy. Trn mt ca ng h o thng c ghi tr s in tr vo ng vi mi vn (/V). Mun tnh ra nhy thc t cn s ly nghch o ca in tr vo ng vi mi vn. V d, ng h vn nng SUNWA c in tr vo ng mi vn l 20.000 /V (thang o DC ) th nhy thc t s l:

1 1V = = 50 A 20.000 / V 20.000

(2.1)

Nh vy, ng h c s /V cng ln th dng in lm lch ht thang cng nh v ng h cng nhy

34 1.3. Cp chnh xc. Do mch o dng phi hp o c in p, dng in v in tr nn cp chnh xc ca ng h vn nng thng thp hn cc my o ring l. Cp chnh xc c biu th theo sai s phn trm i vi tr s ln nht ca thang o. Cp chnh xc i vi in xoay chiu th nh hn i vi in mt chiu v nh hng ca c tuyn chnh lu phi tuyn. Trn mt ng h thng ghi r cp chnh xc i vi in mt chiu v xoay chiu. Cc ng h thng dng c cp chnh xc 2,5 i vi in mt chiu v 4 i vi in xoay chiu. 1.4. Tnh thng bng. ng h vn nng c tnh thng bng tt th d nm, ng hay nghing kim ch th vn v ng s 0. iu chng t trng tm ca khung quay nm ng trn ng ni hai mi nhn ca trc quay. S khi chc nng ca VOM Mc tiu: M t v v c s khi chc nng ca my o VOM My o a dng VOM s dng c cu o t in vi 3 khi chc nng c bn sau: Khi mch o dng in I Khi mch o in p U Khi mch o in tr R. S khi ca my o VOM m t trn hnh 2.2.

Hnh 2. 2. S khi VOM Khi xoay chuyn mch chn chc nng o v tr ng vi I, U, hay R ta c cc ng h o dng, o p v o in tr tng ng. Chi tit cc thang o v cc tnh nng c bn m t trong bng 1.1. Nguyn l cu to mch o ca tng i lng s c xt phn 3 sau y.

35 Nguyn l cu to mch o trong VOM Mc tiu: M t c nguyn l cu to cc mch o dng in, in p, in tr trong VOM, t thit tnh c cc thang o c bn ca my o. 1.5. Mch o dng DC. My o s dng c cu o t in, mi c cu o c 2 thng s c trng c bn sau: in tr c cu o (in tr ca khung dy): Rg Dng lch ton thang (dng ln nht cho php): Ig Nh vy, bn thn c cu o l mt microampe k mt chiu c gii hn o ln nht l Ig. K hiu c cu o nh mt in k t in G (hnh 2.3).

Hnh 2. 3. K hiu c cu o t in o dng ln hn ngi ta mc mt in tr shunt song song vi c cu o (hnh 2.4, a).

Hnh 2. 4. Mc shunt cho ampe k Gi tr in tr RS d dng tnh c t s . Ta c:

I = Ig + IS ;

Ig IS

I R RI R R RS RS = g g = g g = g = g Rg IS I I g I 1 n 1; Ig

Vy :

RS =

Rg n 1

(2.2)

36 Trong :

n=

I - H s m rng thang o dng Ig

Mch o dng trong VOM thng c 4 di o: 0-50A-2.5mA-25mA250mA. Mi di o s c mt in tr shunt R S tng ng. C 2 cch mc in tr shunt: mc ring r v mc t hp 1.5.1. Mc shunt ring r. S mc in tr shunt kiu ring r nh trn hnh 2.4, b. ng vi thang o no th mc shunt ring ca thang o nh chuyn mch chn di o. Gi tr in tr shunt tnh theo cng thc (2.2):

RSk =

I ; nk = k nk 1 Ig

Rg

(2.3)

u im. Cch mc shunt ring r n gin, d tnh ton, d thc hin. Khi h hng d dng sa cha. Nhc im. Nu chuyn mch shunt b h, dng o s ht qua in k, khung dy s b chy v qu ti. 1.5.2. Mc shunt t hp. Mch shunt t hp c c im l bao gm tt c cc shunt ring r ca tng thang o. Cc shunt ring r u ni tip vi nhau v ton b in tr shunt u song song thng trc vi c cu o (hnh 2-5).

a) Hnh 2. 5. Mch shunt t hp

b)

Mi mt thang o s l t hp cc in tr, shunt ca thang o trc l mt phn shunt ca thang o sau. Trong s hnh 2,5, a th ng vi thang o th nht, in tr shunt l R1, cn R2, R3, R4 ng vai tr cc in tr ph ni tip vi c cu o. y cng l thang o dng ln nht trong cc thang o trn (ng vi shunt nh nht).

37 Mt cch tng t, ta c ( R1 + R2) l shunt ca thang o th 2; (R1 + R2 + R3) l shunt ca thang o th ba v ( R1 + R2 + R3 + R4) l shunt ca thang o th t (thang o dng nh nht). So vi kiu mch dng shunt ring r, mch dng shunt t hp tit kim c in tr dy qun hn, c bit do in tr shunt mc song song thng trc vi c cu o nn khng s xy ra qu ti cho ng h. Tuy nhin, vic iu chnh v sa cha mch shunt s phc tp hn. tnh ton in tr shunt t hp ta cng xut pht t cch tnh tng qut i vi shunt ring r. Xt mch shunt t hp n gin nh ch ra trn hnh 2.5, b gm hai in tr R1 + R2 Ta c:

RS = R1 + R2 =

Rg n1 1

(2.4)

y n1 l h s tng dng ng vi thang th nht: RS = R1 + R2. Vi thang o sau, in tr shunt l R2, cn R1 ni tip vi c cu o. p dng cng thc tnh shunt (2.2) ta c:

R2 =

R1 + Rg n2 1

(2.5)

y n2 l h s hiu chnh dng in ng vi thang o c shunt l R2. T phng trnh (2.4) v (2.5) ta rt ra: n 1 1 R1 = Rg 1 (2.6) n1 1 n1 n2 R2 = RS R1 Tnh ton tng t vi cc mch shunt vn nng cho 3, 4,...k thang o ta rt ra cng thc tng qut tnh in tr shunt vn nng Rk cho mt thang o bt k:

Rk = Rg
V d:

n1 1 1 n1 1 nk nk +1

(2.7)

Mt in k t in c dng lch ton thang l Ig = 50A, in tr c cu o Rg = 300. Tnh tr s shunt t hp m rng thang o cho in k c th o cc dng 100 A, 1mA, 10mA v 100mA. Bi gii: Ta c h s hiu chnh dng ng vi cc thang o tng ng l: n1 = 100/50 = 2; n2 = 1000/50 = 20;

38 n3 = 10.000 /50 = 200; n4 = 100.000/50 = 2000. Tnh: RS = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 =

Rg n1 1

300 = 300 2 1

Tr s in tr shunt mi thang o tnh theo cng thc (2.7): 2 1 1 9 R1 = 300 = 600 = 270 2 1 2 20 20
R2 = 300 2 1 1 9 = 27 = 600 2 1 20 200 200

R3 = 300

2 1 1 9 = 2,7 = 600 2 1 200 2000 2000

R4 = RS (R1+ R2 + R3) = 300 299,7 = 0,3 1.6. Mch o p DC. Mi c cu o t in c in p nh mc: Ug = Ig. Rg (2.8) Gi tr ca Ug trong khong 50 75mV. Nh vy bn thn in k l mt milivon k. m rng thang o cho ng h ngi ta mc thm in tr ph Rp ni tip vi c cu o (hnh 2.6).

Hnh 2. 6. M rng thang o cho vn k T hnh v ta c: U = UP + Ug = Ig(RP + Rg) Nh vy, gi tr ca in tr ph s l: Rp = U URg U - Rg = Rg = Rg 1 Ug Ig I g Rg

R p = Rg (n 1)

(2.9)

39 Trong :

n=

U h s tng p. Ug

Tng t nh thang o dng, to cc di o in p khc nhau, ngi ta cng dng cc s mc in tr ph theo 2 cch khc nhau: mc kiu ring r v mc kiu t hp. 1.6.1. Mc in tr ph kiu ring r. S mch o in p mt chiu vi 4 thang o mc kiu in tr ph ring r trn hnh 2.7. Gi tr in tr ph ng vi thang o th k tnh theo cng thc (2.9):

R pk = Rg (nk 1) ; nk =

Uk Ug

(2.10)

Hnh 2. 7. Mc in tr ph cho vn k kiu ring r Mch ny c u im l d dng kim tra v sa cha, nhng c nhc im ging nh mch sun ring r l d b h mch o khi chuyn mch tip xc xu. 1.6.2. Mc in tr ph kiu t hp.

Hnh 2. 8. Mc in tr ph kiu t hp

40 S mc in tr ph kiu t hp nh hnh 2.8, trong cc in tr thnh phn c th d dng tnh theo cc cng thc sau:

R1 = R2 = R3 =

U 1 I g Rg Ig U 2 U1 Ig U3 U 2 Ig

Tng t, ta rt ra cng thc tng qut tnh in tr ph m rng thang o khi bit thang o trc (k l s th t thang o):

Rk =
V d:

U k U k 1 Ig

(2.11)

Mt c cu o t in c in tr khung dy l 300 , dng lch ton thang l 0,3mA. Hy tnh cc in tr ph vn nng m rng thang o ca vn k c th o c cc in p 6V, 30V v 150V. Bi gii. p dng cc cng thc (2.11) cho cc thang o ta c:
R1 = 6 ( 0,0003 300 ) = 19700 = 19,7k 0,0003

R2 = R3 = 1.7. Mch o in tr.

30 6 = 80000 = 80k 0,0003 150 30 = 400000 = 400k 0,0003

Trong mch o in tr ca m k in tr cn o Rx c mc ni tip vi c cu o (hnh 2.9, a). T hnh v ta c:

Ig =

E R + RX

(2.12)

Nu E = const th Ig = f(Rx). Thang ca dng c khc theo Rx. V hm truyn (2.12) l phi tuyn nn thang Rx s khng u.

41
R * R x R x

G + E _ + E _

a) Hnh 2. 9. Nguyn l mch o in tr Khi Rx thay i gi tr ca Ig s thay i.

b)

Khi Rx = 0 (ngn mch Rx), dng Ig = Imax, gc lch kim ch th l ln nht Khi Rx = (h mch Rx), dng Ig = 0, gc lch kim ch th bng 0. Nh vy thang ca m k l phi tuyn v ngc vi thang o thng thng, gi tr 0 tn cng bn phi, cn gi tr tn cng bn tri (hnh 2.10). Lu . Kt qu o Rx ch chnh xc khi in p ngun khng i E = const. c th hiu chnh in p ngun trong mt phm vi bin i nht nh, ngi ta dng thm mt bin tr R* mc song song vi c cu o (hnh 2.9, b). Trc mi ln o ta phi ngn mch 2 que o (ngn mch Rx) v iu chnh kim ng h ch ng s 0, sau tin hnh o th kt qu ch th mi chnh xc. Nm iu chnh ca bin tr R* c a ra trc mt my v thng k hiu bng ch .

Hnh 2. 10. Cc thang o ca ng h VOM

42 1.8. o in p AC C cu o t in ch c th o dng mt chiu. o dng in v in p xoay chiu phi mc thm khi chnh lu (hnh 2.11).

Hnh 2. 11. Nguyn tc o p xoay chiu V d s nguyn l mch in p xoay chiu ca ng h vn nng Univecka c trnh by trn cc hnh 2.12.
0,01uF 10M 6M 2M 1M 500K 200K 100K 50K 20K 10K + 50M 1000V 500 200 100 50 20 10 5 2 1 50M 5KV +

Hnh 2. 12. Mch o in p xoay chiu ca ng h Univecka My o a dng ch th s DMM Mc tiu: M t c cc tham s k thut c bn v v c s khi nguyn tc hot ng ca my o ch th s DMM. 1.9. Cc tham s k thut ca DMM (Digital Multimeter) ng h s DMM cng c cc chc nng tng t nh VOM, nhng ch th bng phng php s. minh ha cc tham s k thut ca DMM ta hy ly ng h ProsKit MT-1280 lm v d (hnh 2.13).
Ch thch: (1) - Ch th s LCD (2) - Chuyn mch chn chc nng o (3) - L gn y o in ap va in tr (4) - L gn dy o chung (5) - L gn dy o dong (6) - L gn dy o dong ln 20A (7) - Cng tc en nn LCD (8) - Jack cm th transistor

Hnh 2.13. B tr mt my v cc phm chc nng ca Proskit MT-1280

43 Cc tham s k thut ca my o Proskit MT-1280 cho trong bng 1.2 Bng 1 2. Cc tham s k thut ca my o ch th s Proskit MT-1280
Php o o p DV Di o 200mV/2V/20V/200V 1000V o p AC 2V/20V/200V 750V 200A/20mA o dng DC 200mA 20A 20mA o dng AC 200mA 20A 200Om o in tr 2/20/200KOm 20MOm 20nF o in dung 20uF 200uF o nhit C Test thng mch Diode Transistor T ng tt ngun Ch th ngun Pin (-20 C ~1000 C)<400 (-20 C ~1000 C)>400 F Tn hiu beep Test diode Test v o hfe c C 9V (6F22) chnh xc (0.5%+3d) (0.8%+10d) (0.8%+5d) (1.2%+10d) (0.8%+10d) (1.2%+10d) (2.0%+5d) (1.0%+5d) (2.0%+5d) (3.0%+10d) (0.8%+5d) (0.8%+3d) (1.0%+25d) (2.5%+20d) (2.5%+20d) (5.0%+20d) (1.0%+5d) (1.5%+15d) Ghi ch

44 1.10.S khi chc nng ca DMM My o a dng DMM s dng b ch th s 3 digit vi cc khi chc chnh c m t trn hnh 2.14.

Hnh 2. 14. S khi DMM i lng o li vo c kt ni vi mch o thng qua chuyn mch chn chc nng o. Vi cc i lng o l in p, dng in, in tr th phn mch o c nguyn tc tng t nh my o VOM. Tn hiu li ra mch o thng l dng in p s c ly mu, sau c bin i sang dng s nh khi bin i tng t - s ADC (Analog to Digital Converter), sau c gii m v a ra ch th. Hot ng ca cc khi chc nng c iu khin nh khi iu khin chung. S dng v bo qun VOM, DMM Mc tiu: Bit cch s dng v nm vng quy trnh thao tc trn cc loi my o VOM, DMM. Tun th cht ch quy tc bo v an ton cho thit b o. 1.11.S dng v bo qun VOM. s dng VOM ta phi thc hin cc thao tc sau y: 1.11.1. Kim tra v tr rezo ban u ca kim ch th. t ng h nm ngang trn bn. Chuyn mch ng h v tr OFF, kim phi ch rezo. Nu lch dng vt dt nh chnh nm iu chnh zero kim ch ng s 0 (hnh 2.15).

Hnh 2. 15. Chnh rezo ban u

45 1.11.2. Kim tra pin ng h.

t chuyn mch chn thang o v chc nng o in tr thang o nh nht (X1). Chp 2 que o, kim ng h phi ln, chnh nm sao cho kim ln ht thang (hnh 2.16). Nu chnh ht c m kim vn khng ln ht thang th pin yu, cn phi thay pin mi.

Hnh 2. 16. Kim tra pin ng h 1.11.3. Chn chc nng o. Trc khi o bt k i lng no cn phi xoay chuyn mch chn chc nng o v v tr tng ng (hnh 2.17).

(a) o p AC

(b) o p DC

(c) o dng DC

(d) o in tr

Hnh 2.17. Chn chc nng o cho VOM. a. bo v cho ng h khng b qu ti, khi o in p AC, p DC hoc o dng DC nu cha bit khong gi tr ca i lng o nn t

46 ng h thang o ln nht, sau chuyn dn v thang o thp hn cho n khi thy kim ch th ln nm trong khong t 1/2 n 2/3 thang l tt nht. b. Trong php o in tr th chng ta lm ngc li, ban u thang o nh nht v tng dn n thang o ln nht. c bit ch , mi ln chuyn thang o phi chp que o v hiu chnh zero, kt qu o mi chnh xc. 1.12.Bo qun VOM. bo m an ton cho my o VOM khi s dng cn tun th cc yu cu k thut sau: c. Khi kt thc php o phi bt chuyn mch thang o v v tr OFF (nu ng h c nm cng tc ny) hoc chuyn v v tr thang o p xoay chiu ln nht. Thao tc ny trnh chp dy o trong php o R lm ngun pin trong my nhanh cn. d. Trc khi o mt i lng no cn ch t chuyn mch thang o v ng chc nng o tng ng. Tuyt i khng c cm dy o vo in 220V khi chuyn mch o ang chc nng o in tr, hoc dng in. (Li bt cn ny rt hay xy ra vi hc vin mi thc hnh, do khng hiu hoc nghch ngm o th s dn n hng c cu o). e. ng h cn c bo qun cn thn khi di chuyn. Nn c hp ng hoc ti ng ring, tranh va xc mnh hoc lm rt, c th dn ti t khung dy, lch trc kim ch th. 1.13.S dng v bo qun DMM. 1.13.1. S dng DMM. Vic s dng my o DMM cng tng t nh VOM. o i lng no th bt chuyn mch chn chc nng o v v tr tng ng (hnh 2.18).

a) o dng DC

b) o dng AC

c) o in dung

47

d) o p DC 1.13.2. V d.

e) o p AC

f) o in tr

Hnh 2.18. Chn chc nng o

V d 1. o in p xoay chiu

Xoay chuyn mch v v tr V~ tng ng. Hy thang o cao nht nu cha bit r in p cn o. Gn dy o: Dy en vo cht (COM), dy vo cht (V,) (hnh 2.19). Chm que o vo 2 im cn o in p (v d o in p ngun) v c gi tr hin th trn mn hnh LCD ca ng h.
Cm

V d 2. o in tr. dy nh khi o in p (tc dy cm vo cht (V,), dy en gi nguyn cht COM (hnh 2.20). chuyn mch v v tr o , que o vo hai u in tr. gi tr trn mn hnh.

Hnh 2. 19

Xoay t c

Ch rng gi tr thang ang 200k, nh vy s ch ca ng h s c l 27k.

Ging

nh VOM, chc nng o in tr ca DMM cng c th dng o v kim tra c rt nhiu cc i lng khc nhau:
o o o

Hnh 2. 20

o th lin mch vi thang o c tn hiu beep o kim tra linh kin bn dn o kim tra cc thit b in, kh c in, v.v.

48 1.13.3. Bo qun DMM.

m bo an ton cho ng h cn tun th cc nguyn tc nu trn. c k hng dn trc khi s dng. Khi dng xong cn bt chuyn mch v v tr OFF tt ngun pin trong my. Khng mnh ln b mt ch th LCD hoc dng cc vt sc nhn lm try xc lp bo v b mt. Khng nc hoc bt k cht lng no chy vo my v s lm chp phn mch in t bn trong. Khng t tho my hoc lm st, rt cc phm iu khin. Nu ch th khng sng, hoc m cn kim tra li ngun pin bn trong my v thay th nu pin cn. C th dng vi bng mm lau v sinh b mt my. Khng c ra trc tip my hoc ngm trong nc v s lm hng cc bn mch bn trong. CU HI V BI TP 1. Hy ch ra tt c cc chc nng ca my o a dng VOM m em ang s dng. 2. Hy ch ra tt c cc chc nng ca my o a dng DMM m em ang s dng. 3. nhy ca VOM l g ? ng h em ang dng c nhy l bao nhiu ? 4. Hy v s khi m t cc chc nng ca my o VOM, DMM. 5. Ch th trong ng h VOM dng c cu o no ? Nguyn l tc ng. 6. Ch th trong ng h DMM dng loi no ? Nguyn l tc ng. 7. Trnh by nguyn l mch o dng DC trong VOM. 8. Trnh by nguyn l mch o p DC trong VOM. 9. Trnh by nguyn l mch o in tr trong VOM 10. Mt in k t in c dng lch ton thang l Ig = 50A, in tr c cu o Rg = 270. Tnh tr s shunt t hp m rng thang o cho in k c th o cc dng 100 A, 1mA, 10mA v 100mA. 11. Mt c cu o t in c in tr khung dy l 270 , dng lch ton thang l 0,2mA. Hy tnh cc in tr ph vn nng m rng thang o ca in k c th o c cc in p 6V, 30V v 150V.