Thut ng chuyn ngnh in

ng ngy: 17:52 22-10-2010 Th mc: Electric Tech

FM _ Frequency Modulation : Bin iu tn s. AC _ Alterating Current : Dng in xoay chiu. DC _ Direct Current : Dng in mt chiu. FCO _ Fuse Cut Out : Cu ch t ri LBFOC _ Load Breaker Fuse Cut Out : Cu ch t ri c ct ti CB _ Circuit Breaker : My ct. ACB _ Air Circuit Breaker : My ct bng khng kh MCCB _ Moduled Case Circuit Breaker : My ct khi c dng ct > 100A MCB _ Miniature Circuit Breaker : B ngt mch loi nh VCB _ Vacuum Circuit Breaker : My ct chn khng. RCD _ Residual Current Device : Thit b chng dng in d.

DF : Distortion Factor : h s mo dng THD : Total Harmonic Distortion : mo dng tng do sng hi BJT: Bipolar Junction Transistor : hehe ci ny ai cng bt , khi ni nh ^ ^ MOSFET: metal-oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect transistor trong FET : field efect transistor l transistor hiu ng trng reference input : tn hiu vo , tn hiu chun controlled output : tn hiu ra SISO : single input single output : h thng 1 ng vo 1 ng ra MIMO : multi input multi output : h thng nhu ng vo , nhu ng ra

Air distribution system .................................: H thng iu phi kh Ammeter .................................................. .: Ampe k Busbar .................................................. ....: Thanh dn Cast-Resin dry transformer............................: My bin p kh Circuit Breaker ............................................: Aptomat hoc my ct Compact fluorescent lamp..............................: n hunh quang Contactor .................................................. : Cng tc t

Current carrying capacity...............................: Kh nng mang ti Dielectric insulation ......................................: in mi cch in Distribution Board .........................................: T/bng phn phi in Downstream circuit breaker.............................: B ngt in cui ngun Earth conductor ...........................................: Dy ni t Earthing system ...........................................: H thng ni t Equipotential bonding ....................................: Lin kt ng th Fire retardant ..............................................: Cht cn chy Galvanised component ...................................:Cu kin m km Impedance Earth ..........................................: in tr khng t Instantaneous current ...................................: Dng in tc thi Light emitting diode ......................................: it pht sng Neutral bar .................................................. : Thanh trung ho Oil-immersed transformer.................................: My bin p du Outer Sheath ...............................................: V bc dy in Relay .................................................. ........: R le Sensor / Detector ...............................: Thit b cm bin, thit b d tm Switching Panel ............................................: Bng ng ngt mch Tubular fluorescent lamp.................................: n ng hunh quang Upstream circuit breaker..................................: B ngt in u ngun Voltage drop .................................................: St p accesssories .................................................: ph kin alarm bell .................................................. ....: chung bo t ng burglar alarm .................................................. : chung bo trm cable .................................................. ..........:cp in conduit .................................................. .......:ng bc

current .................................................. .......:dng in Direct current .................................................: in 1 chiu electric door opener .........................................: thit b m ca electrical appliances .........................................: thit b in gia dng electrical insulating material ...............................: vt liu cch in fixture .................................................. .........:b n high voltage .................................................. .:cao th illuminance .................................................. ...: s chiu sng jack .................................................. ............:u cm lamp .................................................. ............:n leakage current ...............................................: dng r live wire .................................................. .......:dy nng low voltage .................................................. ...: h th neutral wire .................................................. ..:dy ngui photoelectric cell .............................................: t bo quang in relay............................................. .................: r-le smoke bell .................................................. ....: chung bo khi smoke detector ...............................................: u d khi wire .................................................. ............:dy in Capacitor .................................................. .....: T in Compensate capacitor ......................................: T b Cooling fan .................................................. ...: Qut lm mt Copper equipotential bonding bar ...................: Tm ni ng th bng ng Current transformer ..........................................: My bin dng Disruptive discharge .......................................: S phng in nh thng Disruptive discharge switch ..............................: B kch mi Earthing leads ................................................: Dy tip a

Incoming Circuit Breaker ...................................: Aptomat tng Lifting lug .................................................. ....: Vu cu Magnetic contact ...........................................: cng tc in t Magnetic Brake ...............................................: b hm t Overhead Concealed Loser ...............................: Tay nm thu lc Phase reversal ................................................: lch pha Potential pulse ................................................: in p xung Rated current........................................... .......: Dng nh mc Selector switch ..............................................: Cng tc chuyn mch Starting current ..............................................: Dng khi ng Vector group .................................................. : T u dy

My t l l, nhiu khi ngh hng ra n: Punching: l thp c dp nh hnh. 3p crcuit breaker: hng phi l my ct 3 pha u nha. N l my ct 3 cc. 3p = 3 poles. R le Mho: R le tng dn. Ngc li vi r le tng tr, thng dng bo v mt kch thch cho my pht. Mho l vit ngc ca... Ohm (hi hi, phi hng ta?) Winding: dy qun (trong my in). Wiring: cng vic i dy. Bushing: s xuyn. Differential amplifyer: mch khuch i vi sai. Differential relay: r le so lch. Different gear box: trong xe t, n l cu vi sai. Autotransformer: hng phi bin p t ng, m l bin p t ngu. Varac: t ngn gn ca variable autotransformer: bin p t ngu iu chnh c bng cch xoay. PT: Potention transformer: my bin p o lng. Cng dng VT: voltage transformer. Cell: Trong c quy th n l 1 hc (2.2 V) Trong quang in th n l t bo quang in. Cn cell phone l... Fault: s c, thng dng ch s c ngn mch. Earth fault: s c chm t. Reactor: trong h thng in th n l cun cm. Trong l phn ng ht nhn th n l b phn khng ch tc phn ng. Trip: my b ngng hot ng do s c. Field: trong l thuyt th n l trng. (nh in trng, t trng...). Trong my in n l cun dy kch thch. Trong trit hc n l lnh vc. thng thng, n l.. cnh ng. Loss of field: mt kch t. Coupling: trong in t n l phng php ni tng. Nhng trong c in, n li l khp ni, dng kt ni gia ng c v ti (bm chng hn). Orifice: l tit lu.

Oring: vng cao su c thit din trn, thng dng lm kn. Check valve: van mt chiu??? Ng ha? Air distribution system : H thng iu phi kh Ammeter : Ampe k Busbar : Thanh dn Cast-Resin dry transformer: My bin p kh Circuit Breaker : Aptomat hoc my ct Compact fluorescent lamp: n hunh quang Contactor : Cng tc t Current carrying capacity: Kh nng mang ti Dielectric insulation : in mi cch in Distribution Board : T/bng phn phi in Downstream circuit breaker: B ngt in cui ngun Earth conductor : Dy ni t Earthing system : H thng ni t Equipotential bonding : Lin kt ng th Fire retardant : Cht cn chy Galvanised component :Cu kin m km Impedance Earth : in tr khng t Instantaneous current : Dng in tc thi Light emitting diode : it pht sng Neutral bar : Thanh trung ho Oil-immersed transformer: My bin p du Outer Sheath : V bc dy in Relay : R le Sensor / Detector : Thit b cm bin, thit b d tm Switching Panel : Bng ng ngt mch Tubular fluorescent lamp: n ng hunh quang Upstream circuit breaker: B ngt in u ngun Voltage drop : St p

accesssories : ph kin alarm bell : chung bo t ng

burglar alarm : chung bo trm cable :cp in conduit :ng bc current :dng in Direct current :in 1 chiu electric door opener : thit b m ca electrical appliances : thit b in gia dng electrical insulating material : vt liu cch in fixture :b n high voltage :cao th illuminance : s chiu sng jack :u cm lamp :n leakage current : dng r live wire :dy nng low voltage : h th neutral wire :dy ngui photoelectric cell : t bo quang in relay : r-le smoke bell : chung bo khi smoke detector : u d khi wire :dy in

Capacitor : T in Compensate capacitor : T b Cooling fan : Qut lm mt Copper equipotential bonding bar : Tm ni ng th bng ng Current transformer : My bin dng Disruptive discharge : S phng in nh thng Disruptive discharge switch : B kch mi Earthing leads : Dy tip a Incoming Circuit Breaker : Aptomat tng Lifting lug : Vu cu

Magnetic contact : cng tc in t Magnetic Brake : b hm t Overhead Concealed Loser : Tay nm thu lc Phase reversal : lch pha Potential pulse : in p xung Rated current : Dng nh mc Selector switch : Cng tc chuyn mch Starting current : Dng khi ng Vector group : T u dy

Trm bin p n: (hi hi, my ci ny ai cng bit "gi") Power station: trm in. Bushing: s xuyn. Disconnecting switch: Dao cch ly. Circuit breaker: my ct. Power transformer: Bin p lc. Voltage transformer (VT) Potention transformer (PT): my bin p o lng. Current transformer: my bin dng o lng. bushing type CT: Bin dng chn s. Winding type CT: Bin dng kiu dy qun. Auxiliary contact, auxiliary switch: tip im ph. Limit switch: tip im gii hn. Thermometer: ng h nhit . Thermostat, thermal switch: cng tc nhit. pressure gause: ng h p sut. Pressure switch: cng tc p sut. Sudden pressure relay: r le t bin p sut. Radiator, cooler: b gii nhit ca my bin p. Auxiliary oil tank: bn du ph, thng gin du. Position switch: tip im v tr. Control board: bng iu khin. Rotary switch: b tip im xoay. control switch: cn iu khin. selector switch: cn la chn. Synchro switch: cn cho php ha ng b. Synchro scope: ng b k, ng h o gc pha khi ha in. Alarm: cnh bo, bo ng. Announciation: bo ng bng m thanh (chung hoc ci). Protective relay: r le bo v. Differential relay: r le so lch. Transformer Differential relay: r le so lch my bin p. Line Differential relay: r le so lch ng dy. Busbar Differential relay: r le so lch thanh ci. Distance relay: r le khong cch. Over current relay: R le qu dng.

Time over current relay: R le qu dngc thi gian. Time delay relay: r le thi gian. Directional time overcurrent relay: R le qu dng nh hng c thi gian. Negative sequence time overcurrent relay: R le qa dng th t nghch c thi gian. Under voltage relay: r le thp p. Over voltage relay: r le qu p. Earth fault relay: r le chm t. Synchronizising relay: r le ha ng b. Synchro check relay: r le chng ha sai. Indicator lamp, indicating lamp: n bo hiu, n ch th. Voltmetter, ampmetter, wattmetter, PF metter... cc dng c o lng V, A, W, cos phi... Phase shifting transformer: Bin th di pha. V ... nh my in: Power plant: nh my in. Generator: my pht in. Field: cun dy kch thch. Winding: dy qun. Connector: dy ni. Lead: dy o ca ng h. Wire: dy dn in. Exciter: my kch thch. Exciter field: kch thch ca... my kch thch. Field amp: dng in kch thch. Field volt: in p kch thch. Active power: cng sut hu cng, cng sut tc dng, cng sut o. Reactive power: Cng sut phn khng, cng sut v cng, cng sut o. Governor: b iu tc. AVR : Automatic Voltage Regulator: b iu p t ng. Armature: phn cm. Hydrolic: thy lc. Lub oil: = lubricating oil: du bi trn. AOP: Auxiliary oil pump: Bm du ph. Boiler Feed pump: bm nc cp cho l hi. Condensat pump: Bm nc ngng. Circulating water pump: Bm nc tun hon. Bearing: gi trc, b trc, ... Ball bearing: vng bi, bc n. Bearing seal oil pump: Bm du lm kn gi trc. Brush: chi than. Tachometer: tc k Tachogenerator: my pht tc. Vibration detector, Vibration sensor: cm bin rung. Coupling: khp ni Fire detector: cm bin la (dng cho bo chy). Flame detector: cm bin la, dng pht hin la bung t. Ignition transformer: bin p nh la. Spark plug: nn la, Bu gi. Burner: vi t. Solenoid valve: Van in t. Check valve: van mt chiu.

Control valve: van iu khin c. Motor operated control valve: Van iu chnh bng ng c in. Hydrolic control valve: vn iu khin bng thy lc. Phneumatic control valve: van iu khin bng kh p. 1 Introduction Nhp mn, gii thiu 2 Philosophy Trit l 3 Linear Tuyn tnh 4 Ideal L tng 5 Voltage source Ngun p 6 Current source Ngun dng 7 Voltage divider B/mch phn p 8 Current divider B/mch phn dng 9 Superposition (Nguyn tc) xp chng 10 Ohm's law nh lut m 11 Concept Khi nim 12 Signal source Ngun tn hiu 13 Amplifier B/mch khuch i 14 Load Ti 15 Ground terminal Cc (ni) t 16 Input Ng vo 17 Output Ng ra 18 Open-circuit H mch 19 Gain H s khuch i (HSK), li 20 Voltage gain H s khuch i ( li) in p 21 Current gain H s khuch i ( li) dng in 22 Power gain H s khuch i ( li) cng sut 23 Power supply Ngun (nng lng) 24 Power conservation Bo ton cng sut 25 Efficiency Hiu sut 26 Cascade Ni tng 27 Notation Cch k hiu 28 Specific C th 29 Magnitude ln 30 Phase Pha 31 Model M hnh 32 Transconductance in dn truyn 33 Transresistance in tr truyn 34 Resistance in tr 35 Uniqueness Tnh c nht 36 Response p ng 37 Differential Vi sai (so lch) 38 Differential-mode Ch vi sai (so lch) 39 Common-mode Ch cch chung 40 Rejection Ratio T s kh 41 Operational amplifier B khuch i thut ton 42 Operation S hot ng 43 Negative m 44 Feedback Hi tip 45 Slew rate Tc thay i 46 Inverting o (du) 47 Noninverting Khng o (du)

48 Voltage follower B/mch theo in p 49 Summer B/mch cng 50 Diffential amplifier B/mch khuch i vi sai 51 Integrator B/mch tch phn 52 Differentiator B/mch vi phn 53 Tolerance Dung sai 54 Simultaneous equations H phng trnh 55 Diode i-t (linh kin chnh lu 2 cc) 56 Load-line ng ti (c tuyn ti) 57 Analysis Phn tch 58 Piecewise-linear Tuyn tnh tng on 59 Application ng dng 60 Regulator B/mch n nh 61 Numerical analysis Phn tch bng phng php s 62 Loaded C mang ti 63 Half-wave Na sng 64 Rectifier B/mch chnh lu 65 Charging Np (in tch) 66 Capacitance in dung 67 Ripple nhp nh 68 Half-cycle Na chu k 69 Peak nh (ca dng sng) 70 Inverse voltage in p ngc (t ln linh kin chnh lu) 71 Bridge rectifier B/mch chnh lu cu 72 Bipolar Lng cc 73 Junction Mi ni (bn dn) 74 Transistor Tran-zi-to (linh kin tch cc 3 cc) 75 Qualitative nh tnh 76 Description (S) m t 77 Region Vng/khu vc 78 Active-region Vng khuch i 79 Quantitative nh lng 80 Emitter Cc pht 81 Common-emitter Cc pht chung 82 Characteristic c tnh 83 Cutoff Ngt (i vi BJT) 84 Saturation Bo ha 85 Secondary Th cp 86 Effect Hiu ng 87 n-Channel Knh N 88 Governing Chi phi 89 Triode Linh kin 3 cc 90 Pinch-off Tht (i vi FET) 91 Boundary Bin 92 Transfer (S) truyn (nng lng, tn hiu ) 93 Comparison S so snh 94 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Bn dn -xt kim loi 95 Depletion (S) suy gim 96 Enhancement (S) tng cng 97 Consideration Xem xt 98 Gate Cng 99 Protection Bo v 100 Structure Cu trc

101 Diagram S 102 Distortion Mo dng 103 Biasing (Vic) phn cc 104 Bias stability n nh phn cc 105 Four-resistor Bn-in tr 106 Fixed C nh 107 Bias circuit Mch phn cc 108 Constant base Dng nn khng i 109 Self bias T phn cc 110 Discrete Ri rc 111 Dual-supply Ngun i 112 Grounded-emitter Cc pht ni t 113 Diode-based (Pht trin) trn nn i-t 114 Current mirror B/mch gng dng in 115 Reference Tham chiu 116 Compliance Tun th 117 Relationship Mi quan h 118 Multiple Nhiu (a) 119 Small-signal Tn hiu nh 120 Equivalent circuit Mch tng ng 121 Constructing Xy dng 122 Emitter follower Mch theo in p (cc pht) 123 Common collector Cc thu chung 124 Bode plot Gin (lc ) Bode 125 Single-pole n cc (ch c mt cc) 126 Low-pass Thng thp 127 High-pass Thng cao 128 Coupling (Vic) ghp 129 RC-coupled Ghp bng RC 130 Low-frequency Tn s thp 131 Mid-frequency Tn s trung 132 Performance Hiu nng 133 Bypass Ni tt 134 Deriving (Vic) rt ra (cng thc, mi quan h, ) 135 Hybrid Lai 136 High-frequency Tn s cao 137 Nonideal Khng l tng 138 Imperfection Khng hon ho 139 Bandwidth Bng thng (di thng) 140 Nonlinear Phi tuyn 141 Voltage swing Bin in p (dao ng) 142 Current limits Cc gii hn dng in 143 Error model M hnh sai s 144 Worst-case Trng hp xu nht 145 Instrumentation amplifier B/mch khuch i dng c (trong o lng) 146 Simplified n gin ha 147 Noise Nhiu 148 Johnson noise Nhiu Johnson 149 Shot noise Nhiu Schottky 150 Flicker noise Nhiu hng, nhiu 1/f 151 Interference S nhiu lon 152 Noise performance Hiu nng nhiu 153 Term Thut ng

154 Definition nh ngha 155 Convention Quy c 156 Signal-to-noise ratio T s tn hiu-nhiu 157 Noise figure Ch s nhiu 158 Noise temperature Nhit nhiu 159 Converting Chuyn i 160 Adding Thm vo 161 Subtracting Bt ra 162 Uncorrelated Khng tng quan 163 Quantity i lng 164 Calculation (Vic) tnh ton, php tnh 165 Data D liu 166 Logic gate Cng lun l 167 Inverter B/mch o (lun l) 168 Ideal case Trng hp l tng 169 Actual case Trng hp thc t 170 Manufacturer Nh sn xut 171 Specification Ch tiu k thut 172 Noise margin Bin chng nhiu 173 Fan-out Kh nng ko ti 174 Consumption S tiu th 175 Static Tnh 176 Dynamic ng 177 Rise time Thi gian tng 178 Fall time Thi gian gim 179 Propagation delay Tr lan truyn 180 Logic family H (vi mch) lun l 181 Pull-up Ko ln 182 Drawback Nhc im 183 Large-signal Tn hiu ln 184 Half-circuit Na mch (vi sai) 185 Visualize Trc quan ha 186 Node Nt 187 Mesh Li 188 Closed loop Vng kn 189 Microphone u thu m 190 Sensor Cm bin 191 Loudspeaker Loa 192 Microwave Vi ba 193 Oven L 194 Loading effect Hiu ng t ti 195 rms value Gi tr hiu dng 196 figure of merit Ch s (khng th nguyn) 197 Visualization S trc quan ha 198 Short-circuit Ngn mch 199 Voltmeter Vn k 200 Ammeter Ampe k 201 Scale Thang o 202 Fundamental C bn 203 Product Tch 204 Derivation S rt ra 205 Level Mc 206 Simplicity S n gin

207 Conceptualize Khi nim ha 208 Phasor Vect 209 Terminology Thut ng 210 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio T s kh (tn hiu) cch chung 211 Voltage-dependent Ph thuc in p 212 Current-dependent Ph thuc dng in 213 Fraction Mt phn 214 Quadrant Gc phn t 215 Breakdown nh thng 216 Avalanche Thc l 217 Graphical analysis Phn tch bng th 218 Emission S pht x 219 Thermal (Thuc v) nhit 220 Approximation S xp x 221 Generalization S khi qut ha 222 Topology S 223 Topologically Theo s 224 w.r.t So vi 225 Threshold Ngng 226 Quiescent Tnh (im lm vic) 227 Swing Bin dao ng 228 Power dissipation Tiu tn cng sut 229 Transcendental Siu vit 230 Numerator T s 231 Denominator Mu s 232 Asymptote Tim cn 233 Leakage R (r) Low Voltage (LV) :............. H th Medium Voltage (MV) :............. Trung th High Voltage (HV) :............. Cao th Extremely High Voltage (EHV) :............. Siu cao th in p danh nh ca h thng in.............Nominal voltage of a system) Gi tr nh mc.............Rated value) in p vn hnh h thng in (Operating voltage in a system) in p cao nht (hoc thp nht) ca h thng (Highest (lowest) voltage of a system) in p cao nht i vi thit b (Highest voltage for equipment) Cp in p (Voltage level) lch in p (Voltage deviation) st in p ng dy (Line voltage drop) Dao ng in p (Voltage fluctuation) Qu in p (trong h thng) (Overvoltage (in a system)) Qu in p tm thi (Temporary overvoltage) Qu in p qu (Transient overvoltage) Dng in p (Voltage surge) Phc hi in p (Voltage recovery) S khng cn bng in p (Voltage unbalance) Qu in p thao tc (Switching overvoltage) Qu in p st (Lightning overvoltage Qu in p cng hng (Resonant overvoltage) H s khng cn bng (Unbalance factor) Cp cch in (Insulation level)

Cch in ngoi (External insulation) Cch in trong (Internal insulation) Cch in t phc hi (Self-restoring insulation) Cch in khng t phc hi (Non-self-restoring insulation) Cch in chnh (Main insulation) Cch in ph (Auxiliary insulation) Cch in kp (Double insulation) Phi hp cch in (Insulation co-ordination) Truyn ti in (Transmission of electricity) Phn phi in (Distribution of electricity) Lin kt h thng in (Interconnection of power systems) im u ni (Connection point) S h thng in (System diagram) S vn hnh h thng in (System operational diagram) Quy hoch h thng in (Power system planning) n nh ca h thng in (Power system stability) n nh ca ti (Load stability) n nh tnh ca h thng in (Steady state stability of a power system) n nh qu (n nh ng) ca h thng in (Transient stability of a power system) n nh c iu kin ca h thng in (Conditional stability of a power system) Vn hnh ng b h thng in (Synchronous operation of a system) Trung tm iu h thng in Quc gia (National load dispatch center) H thng SCADA (Supervisory control and data acquisition system) Tiu chun vn hnh (Operation regulation) Qun l nhu cu h thng (System demand control) D bo qun l h thng in (Management forecast of a system) Tng cng h thng in (Reinforcement of a system) Khong cch lm vic ti thiu (Minimum working distance) Khong trng cch in ti thiu (Minimum insulation clearance) Khi ng lnh t my nhit in (Cold start-up thermal generating set) Khi ng nng t my nhit in (Hot start-up thermal generating set) Kh nng qu ti (Overload capacity) Sa thi ph ti (Load shedding) Cng sut sn sng ca mt t my (hoc mt nh my in) (Available capacity of a it (of a power station) Cng sut d phng ca mt h thng in (Reserve power of a system) D phng nng (Hot stand-by) D phng ngui (Cold reserve) I.1.79. D phng s c (Outage reserve) D bo ph ti (Load forecast) D bo cu trc pht in (Generation mix forecast) Ch xc lp ca h thng in (Steady state of a power system) Ch qu ca h thng in (Transient state of a power system) Trng thi cn bng ca li in nhiu pha (Balanced state of a polyphase network) Trng thi khng cn bng ca mt li in nhiu pha (Unbalanced state of a polyphase network) tin cy cung cp in (Service reliability) an ton cung cp in (Service security) Phn phi kinh t ph ti (Economic loading schedule) S cn bng ca li phn phi (Balancing of a distribution network)