TailieuTNXLSTH Bak

Trng i hc Bch Khoa
Khoa in in T
B mn Vin Thng
X L S TN HIU
Ti liu th nghim

PTN Vin thng
2007

Mc lc
Mc lc ............................................................................................................................................. 2
Mc lc hnh v ................................................................................................................................. 3
Mc lc cc bng............................................................................................................................... 3
GII THIU ..................................................................................................................................... 4
PHN I HNG DN S DNG THIT B TH NGHIM ......................................................... 5
1. S DNG MATLAB THIT K B LC S ................................................................... 6
2. S DNG KIT X L S C6713 DSK (DSP STARTER KIT) ............................................. 13
PHN 2 CC BI TH NGHIM .................................................................................................. 25
BI 1: THC HIN CC B LC FIR TRN KIT C6713 DSK ................................................... 26
1. Mc ch th nghim ................................................................................................................ 26
2. Thit b th nghim .................................................................................................................. 26
3. Gii thiu ................................................................................................................................ 26
4. C s l thuyt ........................................................................................................................ 26
5. Chun b th nghim ................................................................................................................. 27
6. Tin hnh th nghim ............................................................................................................... 28
BI 2: THC HIN CC B LC IIR TRN KIT C6713 DSK .................................................... 31
1. Mc ch th nghim ................................................................................................................ 31
2. Thit b th nghim .................................................................................................................. 31
3. Gii thiu ................................................................................................................................ 31
4. C s l thuyt ........................................................................................................................ 31
5. Chun b th nghim ................................................................................................................. 35
6. Tin hnh th nghim ............................................................................................................... 35
BI 3: THC HIN CC B LC THCH NGHI TRN KIT C6713 DSK ................................... 42
1. Mc ch th nghim ................................................................................................................ 42
2. Thit b th nghim .................................................................................................................. 42
3. Gii thiu ................................................................................................................................ 42
4. C s l thuyt ........................................................................................................................ 42
5. Chun b th nghim ................................................................................................................. 47
6. Tin hnh th nghim ............................................................................................................... 47
BI 4: THC HIN MT S MCH IU CH S TRN KIT C6713 DSK ............................. 51
1. Mc ch th nghim ................................................................................................................ 51
2. Thit b th nghim .................................................................................................................. 51
3. Gii thiu ................................................................................................................................ 51
4. C s l thuyt ........................................................................................................................ 51
5. Chun b th nghim ................................................................................................................. 55
6. Tin hnh th nghim ............................................................................................................... 55
Ti liu tham kho ........................................................................................................................... 63

Mc lc hnh v
Hnh 1. Giao din ca SPTool........................................................................................................... 6
Hnh 2. Giao din Filter Designer ...................................................................................................... 7
Hnh 3. p ng tn s ca b lc thit k .................................................................................... 8
Hnh 4. Cc field ca bs2700 ............................................................................................................. 9
Hnh 5. Vector p ng xung ca b lc thit k ........................................................................... 9
Hnh 6. p ng tn s ca b lc IIR thit k ............................................................................ 10
Hnh 7. p ng tn s ca b lc multiband FIR cn thit k ......................................................... 11
Hnh 8. S khi ca DSK ............................................................................................................ 13
Hnh 9. Hp thoi Project Creation .................................................................................................. 16
Hnh 10. Ty chn Compiler Mc Basic ....................................................................................... 17
Hnh 11. Ty chn Compiler - Mc Preprocessor ............................................................................ 18
Hnh 12. Ty chn Compiler - Mc Feedback.................................................................................. 18
Hnh 13. Ty chn Compiler - Mc Advanced ................................................................................. 19
Hnh 14. Cc ty chn ca Linker ................................................................................................... 19
Hnh 15. Ca s slider cho php thay i bin gain .......................................................................... 21
Hnh 16. Cc ty chn v trong min thi gian ............................................................................ 23
Hnh 17. Cc ty chn v trong min tn s ................................................................................ 23
Hnh 18. Kt qu v bng CCS c trong min tn s v trong min thi gian.................................... 24
Hnh 19. Thc hin b lc FIR dng trc tip .................................................................................. 27
Hnh 20. Thc hin b lc IIR dng trc tip 1 ................................................................................ 32
Hnh 21. Thc hin b lc IIR dng trc tip 2 ................................................................................ 33
Hnh 22. Thc hin b lc IIR dng trc tip 2 chuyn v ................................................................ 33
Hnh 23. Cu trc cascade ca b lc IIR ......................................................................................... 34
Hnh 24. B lc IIR bc 4 vi 2 phn bc 2 dng trc tip 2 ............................................................. 34
Hnh 25. Cu trc song song ca b lc IIR ..................................................................................... 34
Hnh 26. Cu trc b lc thch nghi c bn ...................................................................................... 42
Hnh 27. Cu trc b lc thch nghi dng lc nhiu ..................................................................... 43
Hnh 28. Cu trc b lc thch nghi dng nhn dng h thng ..................................................... 44
Hnh 29. B kt hp tuyn tnh nhiu ng vo ................................................................................. 44
Hnh 30. B kt hp tuyn tnh thch nghi vi mt ng vo .............................................................. 45
Hnh 31. ng cong mc tiu 1 trng s ........................................................................................ 46
Hnh 32. Tmim cc tiu theo mt trng s ................................................................................. 46
Hnh 33. S th nghim ............................................................................................................... 47
Hnh 34. H thng PAM .................................................................................................................. 54
Hnh 35. Gin constellation ca PAM 8 mc.............................................................................. 54

Mc lc cc bng
Bng 1. Bng tra PAM 16 mc............................................................................................ 56
Bng 2. Bng tra PAM 4 mc ............................................................................................. 57
Bng 3. Bng tra PAM 8 mc ............................................................................................. 57

GII THIU

Cc b x l s tn hiu c s dng trong rt nhiu ng dng thc t, t truyn
thng v iu khin cho n x l ting ni v hnh nh... Hu ht cc thit b gia
dng hin nay cng tch hp cc b x l s tn hiu. Chng c s dng trong in
thoi di ng, my nh s, HDTV, radio, truyn fax, cc modem, my in, my tr
thnh v nhiu thit b khc
H thng x l s tn hiu c bn bao gm mt b bin i A/D thu nhn tn hiu
vo. Sau , dng biu din s ca tn hiu vo s c x l bi mt b x l s tn
hiu v tn hiu ra c a qua b bin i D/A. H thng c bn ny cng bao gm
mt b lc ng vo chng chng ln ph v mt b lc ng ra khi phc tn hiu
x l.
Trong cc bi th nghim ny, chng ta c trang b kit TMS320C6713 ca Texas
Instruments. Kit TMS320C6713 l mt cng c mnh vi cc phn cng v phn
mm cn thit cho x l tn hiu thi gian thc. N l mt h thng x l s tn hiu
hon chnh, bao gm mt b x l s du chm ng C6713 v b codec 32-bit stereo
TLV320AIC23 (gi tt l AIC23) cho vic xut nhp tn hiu.
Qua cc bi th nghim ny, hi vng cc bn sinh vin s hiu r thm cc khi nim
hc trong mn X l s tn hiu, cng nh nm c cc bc c bn trong vic
thc hin mt ng dng x l s tn hiu ln mt b x l s, nh chip C6713 ca
Texas Instruments.

PHN I
HNG DN S DNG THIT B TH NGHIM

Ti liu th nghim X l s tn hiu
6

1. S DNG MATLAB THIT K B LC S
1.1 Thit k b lc s bng cng c SPTool
SPTool l mt cng c c giao din tng tc dng cho x l s tn hiu. Cng c ny
c th c s dng phn tch tn hiu, thit k cc b lc, phn tch cc b lc, lc
tn hiu v phn tch ph ca tn hiu.
khi ng SPTool, t du nhc lnh ca MATLAB, nhp lnh
>> spt ool
Khi , giao din ca SPTool s xut hin nh sau:

Hnh 1. Giao din ca SPTool
Khi mi m SPTool, n cha mt tp hp cc tn hiu, b lc v ph mc nh. Trn
giao din ca SPTool, c 3 ct: Signals, Filters v Spectra. Di mi ct c cc nt s
dng cho ct . Ct Signals hin th cc tn hiu, ct Filters hin th cc b lc v ct
Spectra hin th cc ph trong workspace (vng lm vic) ca SPTool.
Cc tn hiu, b lc hoc ph trong workspace ca MATLAB c th c a vo
SPTool bng lnh Import trong menu File ca SPTool. Cc tn hiu, b lc hoc ph
c to ra hoc c import vo SPTool tn ti di dng cc cu trc ca MATLAB.
lu li cc tn hiu, b lc v ph to ra hoc chnh sa trong SPTool, s dng
lnh Export trong menu File, chng cng s c lu li di dng cc cu trc
MATLAB.
bt u thit k mt b lc mi, cc bn hy nhn vo nt New ngay di ct
Filter. Khi , giao din Filter Designer dng thit k b lc nh sau s xut hin.
Filter Designer cung cp mt mi trng ha tng tc thit k cc b lc s IIR
hoc FIR da trn cc tiu chun do ngi dng xc nh.
- Cc loi b lc c th thit k: Thng thp, thng cao, thng di, chn di.
- Cc phng php thit k b lc FIR: Equiripple, Least squares, Window
- Cc phng php thit k b lc IIR: Butterworth, Chebyshev loi I, Chebyshev
loi II, Elliptic.

7

Hnh 2. Giao din Filter Designer

V d 1: Thit k mt b lc FIR chn di bng SPTool
B lc, c thit k bng phng php ca s Kaiser, vi cc thng s sau:

Chiu di ca p ng xung: N = 89 (MATLAB hin th bc b lc bng 88)
Tn s trung tm: 2700 Hz
Tn s ct: 2500 Hz v 2900 Hz
Gi tr ca = 4
Tn s ly mu 8000 Hz

Cc bc thit k nh sau:
1. Khi ng SPTool. Di ct Filters, nhn nt New m ca s Filter Designer.
2. Trong giao din ca Filter Designer:
a. Trong text box Filter: Tn b lc c t t ( y l filt1). Tn ny c th
thay i sau ny.
b. Nhp cc thng s thit k vo:
i. Sampling Frequency =8000
ii. Algorithm: Kaiser Window FIR
iii. B chn check box Minimum Order. (nu chn th s thit k b lc
c bc ti thiu).
iv. Filter Order =88, Type =Bandstop, Fc1 =2500, Fc2 =2900, Beta =4
c. Nhn Apply. Khi p ng tn s ca b lc thit k s c hin th.

8

Hnh 3. p ng tn s ca b lc thit k
3. Tr v ca s SPTool, trong ct Filters s xut hin thm mt dng filt1 [design].
y chnh l b lc va thit k. Sau ny, nu mun sa i thit k, chn li tn
b lc v nhn nt Edit pha di. d nh, ta s thay i tn b lc trn
thnh bs2700 bng cch chn Edit Namefilt1 [design]. Trong ca s mi
xut hin, nhp tn mi.
Khi thit k mt b lc FIR nh trn, kt qu m ta cn nhn c sau khi thit k l
cc gi tr ca vector p ng xung h ca b lc thit k. ly cc gi tr ca vector
p ng xung, ta thc hin nh sau:
1. T ca s SPTool, chn File Export Trong Export list xut hin, chn
Filter: bs2700 [design] ri nhn nt Export to workspace
2. ng ca s SPTool li. Mt thng bo xut hin hi c mun lu li phin lm
vic hin ti hay khng. Nu mun lu li, chn Save.
3. M ca s Workspace ca MATLAB, ta s thy trong workspace s xut hin
bin mi l bs2700. y chnh l b lc m ta thit k trong SPTool v xut ra
workspace ca MATLAB. Bin ny c lu di dng mt cu trc m t b
lc thit k. Nhn p chut vo tn bin bs2700 trong workspace, ta s thy
c cc field ca cu trc ny nh sau:

9

Hnh 4. Cc field ca bs2700
4. Trong cc field ny, field tf th hin hm truyn ca b lc. Field ny cng l mt
cu trc gm 2 field: tf.num v tf.den th hin tng ng cc h s ca a thc
t s v a thc mu s. i vi b lc FIR, hm truyn ch c t s v cc h s
ca t s chnh l p ng xung ca b lc. Do , vi b lc trn, cc gi tr ca
vector p ng xung c lu trong bs2700.tf.num. Trong ca s Array Editor
trn, ln lt nhn p vo field tf ri nhn p vo num, ta s thy cc h s p
ng xung ca b lc. gn cc h s ny vo mt vector h, trong MATLAB c
th dng lnh sau:
>> h = bs2700. t f . num

Hnh 5. Vector p ng xung ca b lc thit k

Cc gi tr thu c ca vector p ng xung s c s dng thc hin b lc s
ln trn kit DSP.

V d 2: Thit k b lc IIR chn di bng SPTool
S dng phng php Elliptic thit k mt b lc IIR chn di bc 10, tn s trung
tm 1750Hz. Ch rng MATLAB hin th bc b lc l 5, biu din s phn bc 2 ca
b lc. (iu ny ng vi cc b lc IIR thng di v chn di)

10

Cc thng s ca b lc ny nh sau.
Tn s ct: 1700 Hz v 1800 Hz
gn di thng v di chn tng ng l 1 dB v 60 dB
Tn s ly mu: 8000 Hz

Thc hin tng t nh v d trn, lu b lc thit k vi tn bs1750 v xut ra
workspace. Trong workspace s c mt cu trc tn l bs1750. Cc h s t s v mu
s ca hm truyn c lu tng ng trong cc bin bs1750.tf.num v bs1750.tf.den.

Hnh 6. p ng tn s ca b lc IIR thit k

Dng cc zero ca mt hm truyn H(z) nh sau:
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
m
n
p z p z p z
z z z z z z
k z H

=
...
...
) (
2 1
2 1

Hm truyn trn c th c vit li nh sau:
( )
[ [
=

=
+ +
+ +
= =
L
k k k
k k k
L
k
k
z a z a
z b z b b
g z H g z H
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1 0
1
1
) (
Vi L l s nguyn gn nht ln hn cc i ca n/2 v m/2.
Trong MATLAB, cc phn bc 2 ca H(z) c lu trong 1 ma trn nh sau:
(
(
(
(
=
L L L L L
a a b b b
a a b b b
a a b b b
sos
2 1 2 1 0
22 12 22 12 02
21 11 21 11 01
1
1
1

11

T cc h s t v mu trn, ta s chuyn thnh dng cc phn bc hai bng cc lnh
sau:

>> [ z, p, k] = t f 2zp( bs1750. t f . num, bs1750. t f . den)
>> sos = zp2sos( z, p, k)
Cc phn t ca ma trn sos ny s c s dng thc hin b lc IIR ny ln kit
DSP.
1.2 Thit k b lc bng lnh ca MATLAB
Bn cnh vic s dng cng c SPTool thit k b lc nh trn, MATLAB cng c
mt s lnh c th s dng thit k b lc. Cc lnh ny c th c s dng khi
thit k mt s loi b lc m SPTool khng c sn, v d nh cc b lc multiband.

V d 1: Thit k b lc FIR multiband bng cc lnh MATLAB
Trong v d ny, chng ta s thit k mt b lc FIR multiband gm 63 h s. Tn s
ly mu l 10 kHz. Chng ta s dng hm remez ca MATLAB. Hm remez s dng
gii thut Parks McClellan da trn gii thut Remez v l thuyt xp x Chebyshev.
B lc cn thit k c p ng tn s nh sau:
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2

Hnh 7. p ng tn s ca b lc multiband FIR cn thit k

B lc mong mun c 2 di thng, c biu din bi 5 di nh sau:
Di Tn s (Hz) Tn s chun ha f/F
N
Bin
1 0 500 0 0.1 0
2 600 900 0.12 0.18 1
3 1000 1500 0.2 0.3 0
4 1600 1900 0.32 0.38 1
5 2000 - 5000 0.4 - 1 0

12

Trong F
N
l tn s Nyquist, bng tn s ly mu.
Chng ta vit mt file .m thit k b lc ny, lu li vi tn multibandfir63.m
Ni dung ca file ny nh sau:
%mul t i bandf i r 63. m: Mul t i band FI R f i l t er wi t h 63 coef f i ci ent s
f = [ 0 0. 1 0. 12 0. 18 0. 2 0. 3 0. 32 0. 38 0. 4 1] ;
m= [ 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0] ;
n = 63;
cof = remez(n-1,f,m);

%f r equency r esponse wi t h 256 poi nt s
[ h w] = f r eqz( cof , 1, 256) ;
%pl ot magni t ude of t he f i l t er
pl ot ( 5000*f , m) ;
f i gur e;
pl ot ( w/ pi , abs( h) ) ;

Trong on chng trnh trn, c mt s lu :
- Dng lnh cof = remez(n-1,f,m) tr v vector h s ca b lc FIR bc n 1, vi
f v m xc nh cc di tn s theo bng trn.
- Lnh freqz tnh p ng tn s ca b lc
- Lnh plot th nht v p ng tn s mong mun da trn f v m.
- Lnh figure to ra mt ca s mi v lnh plot th hai v p ng tn s ca b
lc thit k c ln ca s mi ny.
y, kt qu ca qu trnh thit k m ta cn nhn c chnh l cc h s cha trong
bin cof. Chng c s dng khi thc hin b lc ln trn kit DSP.
V d 2: Thit k b lc IIR multiband bng cc lnh ca MATLAB
Trong th nghim ny, chng ta thit k mt b lc IIR multiband c p ng mong
mun nh b lc v d 1. Tn s ly mu cng l 10 kHz.
Cc bc thit k ging nh trn vi ni dung file multibandiir63.m dng thit k
nh sau:
%mul t i bandi i r 63. m: Mul t i band I I R f i l t er wi t h 63
coef f i ci ent s
f = [ 0 0. 1 0. 12 0. 18 0. 2 0. 3 0. 32 0. 38 0. 4 1] ;
m= [ 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0] ;
n = 63;
[num, den] = yulewalk(n-1,f,m);

%f r equency r esponse wi t h 256 poi nt s
[ h w] = f r eqz( num, den, 256) ;
%pl ot magni t ude of t he f i l t er
pl ot ( 5000*f , m) ;
f i gur e;
pl ot ( w/ pi , abs( h) ) ;

13

Trong on chng trnh trn, lu :
- Lnh remez c thay bng lnh yulewalk dng thit k b lc IIR. Lnh ny
tr v cc h s ca t s v mu s ca hm truyn b lc, c cha tng ng
trong bin num v den.
- Lnh freqz c sa i v p ng tn s ca b lc IIR thit k.
Cc gi tr ca num v den c s dng khi cn thc hin b lc ny ln kit DSP.
2. S DNG KIT X L S C6713 DSK (DSP STARTER KIT)
2.1 Kit C6713 DSK
Kit DSK l mt h thng DSP hon chnh. Board DSK bao gm b x l s du chm
ng C6713 v b codec 32 bit stereo TLV320AIC23 (AIC23) xut nhp. B codec
onboard AIC23 s dng k thut sigma delta bin i A/D v D/A. N c kt
ni vi mt ng h h thng 12 MHz. Tn s ly mu c th thay i t 8 n 96
KHz.
Board DSK bao gm 16MB SDRAM v 256kB Flash memory. Bn jack cm trn boad
cho php xut nhp: MIC IN (microphone input), LINE IN (line input), LINE OUT
(line output) v HEADPHONE (headphone output). Trng thi ca 4 dip switch trn
DSK c th c c t chng trnh. DSK hot ng tn s 225 MHz. Trn board
DSK cng bao gm cc n p cung cp 1.26V cho nhn C6713 v 3.3V cho b nh v
cc ngoi vi.
B x l TMS320C6713 da trn kin trc VLIW (very-long-instruction-word), ph
hp cho cc gii thut nng v tnh ton s. B nh chng trnh ni c t chc
mi chu k c th np 8 lnh (instruction), mi instruction di 32 bit.
Cc b x l C67xx (v d C6701, C6711 v C6713) thuc v h cc b x l C6x du
chm ng, trong khi C62xx v C64xx thuc v h cc b x l C6x du chm tnh.
C6713 c th x l c du chm ng v du chm tnh.

Hnh 8. S khi ca DSK
2.2 Code Composer Studio (CCS)
CCS l mt mi trng pht trin tch hp (IDE). CCS cung cp cc cng c sinh m,
nh mt b bin dch C, mt chng trnh assembler v mt chng trnh linker. N c
kh nng ha v h tr real-time debug. N cung cp mt cng c phn mm thun
tin cho vic xy dng v sa li chng trnh.

14

Trnh dch C s dch chng trnh ngun vit bng C (tp tin c kiu .c) to thnh
mt tp tin ngun assembly (kiu .asm). Trnh assembler s to ra cc tp tin i tng
ngn ng my (.obj) t cc tp tin .asm. Trnh linker s kt hp cc tp tin i tng v
cc th vic i tng to ra mt tp tin thc thi vi kiu .out. Tp tin thc thi ny
c th c np v chy trc tip trn b x l C6713.
to mt project, ngi dng c th thm vo cc tp tin ph hp. Cc ty chn v
compiler/linker c th xc nh d dng. Mt s tnh nng debug c sn, nh t cc
breakpoint v xem cc bin; xem b nh, cc thanh ghi v trn C vi assembly code;
cc kt qu ha; v theo di thi gian thc thi.
Chng ta s lm vic vi mt vi kiu tp tin khc nhau, bao gm:
1. file.pjt: to v xy dng mt project c tn l file
2. file.c: chng trnh ngun vit bng C
3. file.asm: chng trnh ngun bng ngn ng assembly, c to bi ngi dng
hoc bi b dch C.
4. file.h: tp tin header
5. file.lib: tp tin th vin
6. file.cmd: tp tin lnh ca linker, nh x cc section vo b nh
7. file.obj: tp tin i tng c to ra bi assembler
8. file.out: tp tin thc thi c to ra bi linker np v chy trn b x l C6713
2.3 Cc tp tin h tr
Cc tp tin h tr sau c cha trong folder
C:\CCStudio_v3.1\myprojects\source\support (tr cc tp tin th vin) c s dng
trong hu ht cc bi th nghim.
1. C6713dskinit.c: cha cc hm khi ng DSK, codec, cc cng ni tip v
xut nhp. Tp tin ny khng c bao gm vi CCS.
2. C6713dskinit.h: tp tin header cha cc prototype ca cc hm.
3. C6713dsk.cmd: Tp tin lnh linker. Tp tin ny c th c sa i khi s dng
b nh ngoi thay cho b nh trong.
4. vectors_intr.asm: mt tp tin vector bao gm trong CCS c sa i qun
l ngt. C 12 ngt, t INT4 n INT15, v ngt 11 c chn trong tp tin ny.
Chng c dng cho cc chng trnh c s dng ngt.
5. vectors_poll.asm: tp tin vector cho cc chng trnh hi vng (polling)
6. rts6700.lib, dsk6713bsl.lib, csl6713.lib: Tp tin th vin h tr run time, board
v chip. Cc tp tin ny c cung cp vi CCS v c cha trong cc folder
C6000\cgtools\lib, C6000\dsk6713\lib v C6000\csl\lib mt cch tng ng.
(Th mc C6000 nm trong th mc ci t ca CCS, mc nh l
C:\CCStudio_v3.1\)
2.4 Cc v d lp trnh trn DSK
Sau y l mt s v d lp trnh minh ha cho mt s c tnh ca CCS v board
DSK. Mc tiu chnh l lm quen vi cc cng c phn mm v phn cng.
V d 1: To tn hiu dng 8 im vi iu khin DIP Switch
(sine8_LED)
V d ny to ra mt tn hiu hnh sine bng phng php tra bng. Quan trng hn, n
minh ha vi c tnh ca CCS trong hiu chnh, xy dng mt project, s dng cc

15

cng c sinh m v chy mt chng trnh trn b x l C6713. Chng trnh ngun
sine8_LED.c thc hin vic to sng sine c ni dung nh di y.
/ / Sine8_LED.c Si ne gener at i on wi t h DI P swi t ch cont r ol
#i ncl ude " dsk6713_ai c23. h" / / suppor t f i l e f or codec, DSK
Ui nt 32 f s = DSK6713_AI C23_FREQ_8KHZ; / / set sampl i ng r at e
shor t l oop = 0; / / t abl e i ndex
shor t gai n = 10; / / gai n f act or
short sine_table[8]={0,707,1000,707,0,-707,-1000,-707};//sine values
voi d mai n( )
{
comm_pol l ( ) ; / / i ni t DSK, codec, McBSP
DSK6713_LED_i ni t ( ) ; / / i ni t LED f r omBSL
DSK6713_DI P_i ni t ( ) ; / / i ni t DI P f r omBSL
whi l e( 1) / / i nf i ni t e l oop
{
i f ( DSK6713_DI P_get ( 0) ==0) / / =0 i f swi t ch #0 pr essed
{
DSK6713_LED_on( 0) ; / / t ur n LED #0 ON
out put _sampl e( si ne_t abl e[ l oop] *gai n) ; / / out put ever y Ts ( SW0
on)
i f ( ++l oop > 7) l oop = 0; / / check f or end of t abl e
}
el se DSK6713_LED_of f ( 0) ; / / LED #0 of f
} / / end of whi l e ( 1)
}

Gii thch chng trnh
Trong chng trnh ny, mt bng sine_table c to ra v cha 8 im th hin gi
tr ca sin(t) ti t =0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 v 315 (t l 1000). Trong hm
main(), mt hm khc, comm_poll, c gi. Hm ny c cha trong tp tin
c6713dskinit.c. N khi ng DSK, b codec AIC onboard v cc cng ni tip trn b
x l C6713.
Lnh while(1) trong hm main to mt vng lp v tn. Khi dip switch 0 c nhn,
LED 0 c bt ln v tn hiu sine c to ra. Ngc li, hm DSK6713_DIP_get(0)
s l false v LED 0 s tt.
Hm output_sample, cha trong tp tin h tr C6713dskinit.c, c gi xut gi tr
d liu u tin trong bng sine_table[0] =0. Ch s lp loop s c tng dn cho n
ht bng v tr li gi tr zero.
Mi chu k ly mu T
s
=1/F
s
=1/8000 =0.125ms, gi tr ca dip switch 0 c kim
tra v mt gi tr tip theo trong bng sine_table (nhn vi t l gain) c xut ra.
Trong mt chu k tn hiu, 8 gi tr d liu ( cch nhau 0.125ms) c xut ra to
mt tn hiu sine. Chu k ca tn hiu sine thu c l T =8.(0.125ms) =1ms ng vi
tn s f =1/T =1 kHz.

To project
Phn ny s minh ha cch to mt project mi, thm cc tp tin cn thit bin dch
project sine8_LED.

16

1. Trong CCS, chn Project New. Trong hp thoi to Project, nhp tn project
l sine8_LED, chn Project Type l Executable (.out) v Target l TMSC67xx.

Hnh 9. Hp thoi Project Creation
CCS s t to ra mt th mc tn l sine8_LED trong th mc
C:\CCStudio_v3.1\myprojects.
2. Sau khi to project, cn chp cc tp tin cn thit vo trong th mc sine8_LED
va to trc khi thm cc tp tin ny vo project.
a. Chp cc tp tin sine8_LED.c v gain.gel t th mc
myprojects\source\project_1 vo trong th mc sine8_LED trn. Tp tin
sine8_LED.c chnh l tp tin ngun chnh c vit bng C trn. Tp tin
gain.gel c vit bng mt ngn ng thng dch gi l GEL (General
Extension Language), tp tin ny s to ra mt giao din c thanh trt (slide)
cho php thay i bin gain trong chng trnh chnh khi ang chy
chng trnh trn kit.
b. Chp cc tp tin h tr: c6713dskinit.h, c6713dskinit.c, vectors_poll.asm v
c6713dsk.cmd trong myprojects\source\support vo trong th mc sine8_LED.
Do chng trnh ny s dng cch lp trnh hi vng (polling) nn ta s dng
tp tin h tr vectors_poll.asm. Trong trng hp lp trnh c ngt, ta s s
dng tp tin vectors_intr.asm.
c. Cui cng, chp cc tp tin dsk6713.h v dsk6713_aic23.h trong
C6000\dsk6713\include vo trong th mc sine8_LED.
3. Sau khi chun b xong cc tp tin cn thit, tr v CCS thm cc tp tin vo
project. thm tp tin vo project, chn Project Add Files to Project. Trong
hp thoi xut hin, vo th mc sine8_LED trn.
a. Chn kiu tp tin (File of Types) l C Source Files v chn cc tp tin
C6713dskinit.c v sine8_LED.c ri nhn nt Open thm chng vo project.
b. Chn kiu tp tin l ASM Source Files v thm tp tin vectors_poll.asm vo
project.
c. Chn kiu tp tin l Linker Command File v thm tp tin c6713dsk.cmd vo
project.
d. Chn kiu tp tin l Object and Library Files thm cc tp tin th vin vo
project. Thm tp tin rts6700.lib (h tr kin trc C67x) nm
C6000\cgtools\lib vo project. Tng t, thm tp tin dsk6713bsl.lib (nm
C6000\dsk6713\lib) v tp tin csl6713.lib (nm C6000\csl\lib) vo project.
e. Chn Project Scan All File Dependencies CCS t thm vo cc tp tin
header.

17

Sau khi thc hin cc bc trn, ca s Project View s hin th cc tp tin
c thm vo Project.

Xc nh cc ty chn bin dch chng trnh
bc ny, cc ty chn CCS dch chng trnh ngun thnh tp tin thc thi s
c thit lp.
Cc ty chn ca Compiler
1. Trong CCS, chn Project Build Options. Trong ca s xut hin, chn th
Compiler.
2. Chn mc Basic (trong Category), v t cc ty chn nh sau: (xem hnh 10)
a. Target Version: C671x {-mv6710}
b. Generate Debug Info: Full Symbolic Debug
c. Opt Speed vs. Size: Speed most Critical
d. Opt Level and Program Level Opt. : None

Hnh 10. Ty chn Compiler Mc Basic
3. Chn mc Preprocessor v nhp vo Pre-Define Symbol (-d) l CHIP_6713

18

Hnh 11. Ty chn Compiler - Mc Preprocessor
4. Chn mc Feedback v chn Interlisting l OPT/C and ASM {-s}

Hnh 12. Ty chn Compiler - Mc Feedback
5. Chn mc Advanced v chn Memory Models l Far (--mem_model:data=far)

19

Hnh 13. Ty chn Compiler - Mc Advanced

Cc ty chn ca Linker
1. Trong ca s Build Options, chn th Linker t cc ty chn ca Linker.
2. Mc nh CCS Output Filename cng tn vi tn project l sine8_LED.out.
Tm thi vn gi nguyn nh vy.
3. Chn Autoinit Model l Run-time Autoinitialization.

Hnh 14. Cc ty chn ca Linker

20

Dch v chy chng trnh
Sau khi thit lp cc ty chn ph hp cho Compiler v Linker, chng ta hy tin
hnh bin dch chng trnh v np ln trn kit chy.
1. Chn Project Rebuild All hoc nhn nt c hnh 3 mi tn xung trn toolbar.
CCS s dch tt c cc tp tin C v Assembly. Cc tp tin i tng to ra c
lin kt vi cc tp tin th vin. Cui cng, CCS to ra mt tp tin thc thi
sine8_LED.out c th np ln kit chy.
2. Chn File Load Program, m th mc Debug trong th mc sine8_LED, chn
tp tin sine8_LED.out np n ln trn kit. Sau , chn Debug Run chy
chng trnh.
3. Nh gii thch trn, khi DIP Switch 0 v tr ON, chng trnh s bt sng
LED 0 v xut ra tn hiu sine vi tn s 1KHz. quan st kt qu ca chng
trnh, c th thc hin theo mt trong cc cch nh sau:
a. Dng headphone v cm vo ng ra HEADPHONE trn kit nghe m thanh.
b. Quan st dng sng sine trn my dao ng k (oscilloscope): kt ni
oscilloscope vi ng ra LINE OUT ca kit.
c. Trong my tnh phng th nghim c sn phn mm m phng Oscilloscope
c tn l DSP_Tool. Phn mm ny s c d liu t soundcard ca my tnh
v hin th. s dng chng trnh ny, s dng cp Audio (c cung cp)
kt ni ng ra LINE OUT trn DSK vi ng vo LINE IN trn Soundcard ca
my tnh. Trong DSP_Tool, chn File Oscilloscope hin th giao din
Oscilloscope ri chn File Start get real data from soundcard bt u
c d liu vo. Ngoi ra, cng c th hin th ph bng cch chn File
Spectrum Analyzer. (Ch cn cu hnh soundcard nhn d liu vo t ng
Line In)

Ca s Watch window
Ca s Watch Window cho php thay i gi tr ca mt thng s hoc theo di mt
bin. Trong khi chng trnh ang chy v DIP Switch 0 ang c nhn. (Lu dng
ch DSP RUNNING trn thanh Status ca CCS).
1. Chn View Quick Watch window. Thng ca s ny hin th phn bn
di ca CCS. Nhp gain v nhn Add to Watch. Gi tr gain bng 10 ( c
t trong chng trnh) s xut hin trong ca s Watch.
2. Thay i gain t 10 thnh 30 trong ca s Watch ri nhn Enter. Dng sng quan
st s thay i khi bin gain thay i gi tr.

S dng tp tin gain.gel
Trong phn trn chng ta cp n tp tin gain.gel. Tp tin ny to mt giao din
cho php thay i bin gain mt cch tng tc khi chng trnh ang chy.
1. Trc ht, cn phi np tp tin ny vo bng cch chn File Load GEL v m
tp tin gain.gel. Nhn p chut ln tp tin ny trong ca s Project View xem
ni dung ca n.

21

/ *gain.gel Cr eat e sl i der and var y ampl i t ude ( gai n) of
si newave*/
menui t em" Si ne Gai n"
sl i der Gai n( 10, 35, 5, 1, gai n_par amet er ) / *i ncr by 5, up t o
35*/
{
gai n = gai n_par amet er ; / *var y gai n of si ne*/
}
Ni dung ca tp tin gain.gel nh trn. Trong , hm slider Gain c to ra
hin th thanh trt. Thanh trt ny bt u t gi tr 10 v kt thc gi tr 35
v mi mc tng l 5 n v.
2. Chn GEL Sinde Gain Gain, ca s sau s xut hin cho php thay i gi
tr ca bin gain.

Hnh 15. Ca s slider cho php thay i bin gain
3. Nhn nt mi tn hng ln tng gain t 10 n 15 v quan st dng sng sine
to ra thy s thay i.

Thay i tn s ca tn hiu sine to ra
Tn s ca tn hiu sine to ra c th thay i bng mt trong cc cch sau.
1. Thay i tn s ly mu. Trong tp tin ngun trn, tn s ly mu fs c gn
gi tr l DSK6713_AIC23_FREQ_8KHZ. Gi tr ny l 1 hng s nguyn
c nh ngha sn. B codec AIC h tr cc tn s ly mu 8, 16, 24, 32, 44.1,
48 v 96kHz. V d, c tn hiu sine ra c tn s l 2kHz, cn tng tn s ly
mu ln 16kHz bng cch t fs=DSK6713_AIC23_FREQ_16KHZ.
2. Thay i s im trong bng tra, v d cn 4 im thay v 8 im v d, {0,
1000, 0, -1000}. Khi cn thay i kch thc ca mng sine_table v gi tr
bin loop. Hy chng minh rng tn s to ra l f =fs/(s im).
Hai thanh trt c th c s dng va thay i gain, va thay i tn s. Cc tn
s tn hiu khc nhau c th to ra bng cch thay i bin loop trong chng trnh (v
d nh nhy cch mt im ly mt im).
Lu rng vi chng trnh trn sng sine ch c to ra khi DIP Switch 0 c
nhn. s dng mt DIP Switch khc, v d DIP Switch 3, trong chng trnh phi s
dng cc hm DSK6713_DIP_get(3), DSK6713_LED_on(3) v DSK6713_LED_off(3).

V d 2: To tn hiu sine v v vi CCS
V d ny cng to ra mt tn hiu sine vi 8 im nh trong v d 1 nhng n minh
ha kh nng v dng sng trong min thi gian v min tn s ca CCS. Chng trnh
chnh sine8_buf.c c ni dung nh sau:

22

/ / sine8_buf Si ne gener at i on. Out put buf f er pl ot t ed wi t hi n CCS
#i ncl ude " dsk6713_ai c23. h" / / codec- DSK suppor t f i l e
Ui nt 32 f s=DSK6713_AI C23_FREQ_8KHZ; / / set sampl i ng r at e
i nt l oop = 0; / / t abl e i ndex
shor t gai n = 10; / / gai n f act or
shor t si ne_t abl e[ 8] ={0, 707, 1000, 707, 0, - 707, - 1000, - 707};
shor t out _buf f er [ 256] ; / / out put buf f er
const shor t BUFFERLENGTH = 256; / / si ze of out put buf f er
i nt i = 0; / / f or buf f er count
interrupt void c_int11() / / i nt er r upt ser vi ce r out i ne
{
out put _sampl e( si ne_t abl e[ l oop] *gai n) ; / / out put si ne val ues
out _buf f er [ i ] = si ne_t abl e[ l oop] *gai n; / / out put t o buf f er
i ++; / / i ncr ement buf f er count
i f ( i ==BUFFERLENGTH) i =0; / / i f @bot t omr ei ni t count
i f ( ++l oop > 7) l oop = 0; / / check f or end of t abl e
r et ur n; / / r et ur n f r omi nt er r upt
}
void main()
{
comm_i nt r ( ) ; / / i ni t DSK, codec, McBSP
whi l e( 1) ; / / i nf i ni t e l oop
}

Trong chng trnh ny, mt vng m out_buffer c kch thc 256 c s dng
lu li cc d liu xut ra.
Trong hm main, comm_intr c gi. Hm ny nm trong c6713dskinit.c h tr
chng trnh c dng ngt. Pht biu while(1) trong hm main to mt vng lp v hn
ch ngt xy ra. Khi c xung ly mu, ngt 11 xy ra v trnh phc v ngt (ISR
interrupt service routine) c_int11 c gi. a ch ca ISR ny c xc nh trong
tp tin vectors_intr.asm vi mt ch dn r nhnh n a ch ny, s dng vector ngt
INT11.
Trong ISR ny, hm output_sample, cha trong tp tin c6713dskinit.c, c gi xut
ra d liu u tin trong sine_table. Ch s loop c tng cho n ht bng ri lp li
t 0. Mt b m ra c to gi 256 (xc nh bi BUFFERLENGTH) mu tn
hiu sine xut ra.

Xy dng chng trnh
Hy to project sine8_buf.pjt v thm cc tp tin cn thit nh trong v d 1. Lu rng
chng trnh ny s dng ngt nn tp tin vectors_intr.asm c s dng thay cho tp
tin vectors_polls.asm. Tp tin sine8_buf.c c cha trong th mc
C:\CCStudio_v1.3\myprojects\source\project_2.
Xc lp cc ty chn nh trong v d 1 v dch chng trnh. Np v chy chng trnh
trn kit v kim tra rng c mt sng sine 1KHz c to ra.

23

V vi CCS
B m ra c cp nht lin tc mi 256 im. Sau y CCS s c s dng v
d liu ra hin ti cha trong b m out_buffer.
1. Chn View Graph Time/Frequency. Thay i cc ty chn trong ca s
Graph Property Dialog nh sau v trong min thi gian. a ch bt u ca b
m chnh l tn mng out_buffer c nhp vo Start Address. Cc ty chn
khc c th nh mc nh.

Hnh 16. Cc ty chn v trong min thi gian
2. v trong min tn s, chn cc ty chn nh trong hnh sau. Chn bc ca
FFT (FFT Order ) sao cho FFT Framesize =2
order
.

Hnh 17. Cc ty chn v trong min tn s

Kt qu v c th hin trn hnh sau:

24

Hnh 18. Kt qu v bng CCS c trong min tn s v trong min thi gian

PHN 2
CC BI TH NGHIM

26

BI 1: THC HIN CC B LC FIR TRN KIT C6713 DSK
1. Mc ch th nghim
1. Hiu r cc bc t thit k n hin thc b lc FIR ln trn mt kit DSP.
2. H thng li cc l thuyt hc.
2. Thit b th nghim
STT Tn thit b S lng
01 My vi tnh 01
02 Kit C6713 DSK 01
03 My pht sng 01
04 B dy ni tn hiu 01
3. Gii thiu
Lc l mt trong nhng hot ng x l tn hiu quan trng. Mt b lc tng t hot
ng trn cc tn hiu lin tc v thng c thc hin vi cc linh kin nh khuch i
thut ton, cc in tr v cc t in. Mt b lc s hot ng trn tn hiu thi gian ri
rc v c th thc hin vi mt b x l s tn hiu nh h TMS320C6x. Qu trnh lc
bao gm s dng mt b bin i A/D nhn tn hiu vo, x l cc mu vo ri gi
kt qu ra thng qua mt b bin i D/A.
Cc b lc s c rt nhiu u im so vi cc b lc tng t. Cc u im ny bao gm
tin cy cao hn, chnh xc cao hn v t nhy vi nhit v tui i. Cc c tnh
lc nh tn s trung tm, bng thng v loi b lc c th thay i d dng. Mt s cng
c c sn cho vic thit k v thc hin cc b lc s mt cch nhanh chng trn kit
TMS320C6x.
4. C s l thuyt
B lc FIR nhn qu bc M c p ng xung h =[h
0
, h
1
, , h
M
] (chiu di bng M +1)
Ng ra ca b lc c xc nh theo cng thc tch chp:

= =
m m
m n h m x m n x m h n y ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
trong x(n) l ng vo ca b lc.
Hm truyn ca b lc c xc nh t bin i Z ca h(n):
M
M
M
n
n
z h z h h z n h z H

=
+ + + = =
... ) ( ) (
1
1 0
0

trong cc h s ca hm truyn chnh l p ng xung h ca b lc.
B lc FIR c th thit k bng nhiu phng php, trong phng php n gin nht
l phng php ca s.
B lc c th c thc hin bng hai phng php: Phng php x l khi v phng
php x l mu. Vi phng php x l mu, b lc c th c thc hin dng trc tip
nh sau:

27

Hnh 19. Thc hin b lc FIR dng trc tip
Nu t cc bin trng thi
v
0
(n) =x(n)
v
1
(n) =x(n 1)

v
M
(n) =x(n M)
Ta s c gii thut x l mu ng vi s khi trn nh sau:
Vi mi mu vo x:
v
0
=x

=
=
M
0 k
k k
v h y
v
M
=v
M-1

v
1
=v
0
5. Chun b th nghim
1. Cho mt b lc FIR c p ng xung h =[1; -2; -3; -4]. Hy xc nh:
a. Bc b lc
b. Phng trnh sai phn I/O ca b lc
c. S khi thc hin dng trc tip v gii thut x l mu.
2. Trnh by tm tt cc bc thit k mt b lc FIR bng SPTool ca MATLAB. C
my phng php thit k b lc FIR trong SPTool? Hy lit k.
3. Th no l mt b lc multiband? Th pht ha p ng tn s ca mt b lc
multiband? C th dng MATLAB thit k mt b lc FIR multiband hay khng?
4. Tm tt cc bc s lm thc hin cc phn th nghim sau.

28

6. Tin hnh th nghim
6.1 Thc hin b lc FIR
Trc ht, hy thc hin theo tng bc v d n gin sau. Sau , hy t thc hin
cc b lc FIR khc theo yu cu.

V d : Thit k mt b lc FIR thng thp bc 88 vi tn s ct 2.5 kHz, tn s ly
mu 8 kHz. Thc hin n trn kit C6713 DSK. Kim chng b lc thc hin.

Trong v d ny c 3 phn chnh cn phi thc hin:
1. Thit k b lc FIR: kt qu ca phn ny l c c p ng xung h(n) ca b
lc.
2. Thc hin b lc ln trn kit C6713 DSK: S dng p ng xung thu c t
phn thit k, vit chng trnh thc hin mch lc ln kit. Chng trnh s c
tng mu d liu vo v tin hnh gii thut x l mu tnh ng ra.
3. Kim tra b lc thc hin: Trong phn ny, b lc thc hin trn kit s
c kim tra xem c p ng yu cu t ra hay khng. Chng ta s s dng
mt my pht sng to tn hiu ng vo v quan st tn hiu ng ra ca b lc
khi thay i tn hiu ng vo.

Thit k b lc
1. S dng cng c SPTool trong MATLAB thit k b lc trn vi phng php
Least Squares FIR.
2. Lu b lc thit k vi tn l lp2500 ri xut ra workspace ca MATLAB.

Thc hin b lc
B lc ny c thc hin trn kit bng chng trnh sau (vit bng ngn ng C)

/ / Fi r . c FI R f i l t er . I ncl ude coef f i ci ent f i l e wi t h l engt h N
#i ncl ude " coef f i ci ent s. h" / / coef f i ci ent f i l e
#i ncl ude " dsk6713_ai c23. h" / / codec- dsk suppor t f i l e

i nt yn = 0; / / i ni t i al i ze f i l t er ' s out put
shor t dl y[ N] ; / / del ay sampl es

i nt er r upt voi d c_i nt 11( ) / / I SR
{
shor t i ;
dl y[ 0] =i nput _sampl e( ) ; / / i nput newest sampl e
yn = 0; / / i ni t i al i ze f i l t er ' s out put
f or ( i = 0; i < N; i ++)
yn += ( h[ i ] * dl y[ i ] ) ; / / y( n) += h( i ) * x( n- i )
f or ( i = N- 1; i > 0; i - - ) / / st ar t i ng @end of buf f er

29

dl y[ i ] = dl y[ i - 1] ; / / updat e del ays wi t h dat a move
out put _sampl e( yn >> 15) ; / / scal e out put f i l t er sampl e
r et ur n;
}

voi d mai n( )
{
}

Trong chng trnh ny, N l chiu di ca p ng xung ca b lc ( bng M +1 vi
M l bc ca b lc) v p ng xung ca b lc l mng h c kch thc N. Gi tr ca
N v vector h c khai bo trong tp tin coefficients.h. Tp tin ny c gp vo nh
ch dn #include. Nh vy, khi mun thay i b lc, ch cn thay i ni dung ca tp
tin coefficients.h.
Chng trnh trn c s dng ngt. Khi c c xung ly mu (tn s chn y l
8KHz), trnh phc v ngt c_int11 c gi, c mu vo v thc hin gii thut x l
mu tnh ng ra.
Do cc h s ca p ng xung nhn c t qu trnh thit k l kh nh, chng ta s
nhn n vi 2
15
. Mu ra sau khi x l c chia li cho 2
15
bng cch dch phi 15 bit
(trong hm output_sample(yn >>15)). Vic nhn cc h s vi 2
15
cng l do b x l
s lng t ha cc h s vi mt s lng bit hu hn v vic nhn ln s gim i sai
s.
Tm li, cc bc thc hin b lc ln kit nh sau:
1. Ly cc h s ca hm truyn ca b lc, nhn vi h s t l 2
15

>>cof =round(lp2500.tf.num*2^15)
2. Nu ca s workspace ca MATLAB cha hin th, hy m n ln. Trong
workspace, nhn p chut vo tn bin cof m ca s Array Editor.
3. M CCS (nh m ngun ca DSK trc khi m CCS).
4. M tp tin project ( c to sn) FIR.pjt trong
C:\CCStudio_v3.1\myprojects\FIR.
5. Trong ca s Project View, tab File View, m rng phn Include, m tp tin
coeficients.h.
6. t cc h s ca b lc va thit k vo trong tp tin ny. (C th copy v paste
t ca s Array Editor trn). iu chnh gi tr N cho ng vi chiu di p ng
xung. Lu rng cc gi tr ca p ng xung cch nhau bng mt du phy (,).
Lu tp tin sau khi sa i.
7. Xc lp cc ty chn ph hp (xem phn hng dn s dng trong ti liu ny)
ri tin hnh bin dch chng trnh. Sau khi dch thnh cng, hy np chng
trnh ln trn kit v chy chng trnh.

nh gi kt qu thc hin
1. Hy th xem p ng tn s ca b lc va thc hin bng cch s dng cng c
v trong min tn s ca CCS. Chn View Graph Time/Frequency. Chn

30

Display Type l FFT Magnitude v Start Address l a ch bt u ca vector
p ng xung, tc l tn mng h.
2. M ngun ca my pht sng. To mt tn hiu hnh sine t my pht sng v
quan st dng sng ng ra. Thay i tn s ca tn hiu vo v hy xc nh tn s
ct 3-dB ca b lc.

Sau khi thc hin v d trn, hy p dng nhng g hc thc hin cc th
nghim sau. Vi mi bi th nghim, hy a p ng tn s ca b lc vo trong bi
bo co.
(Hng dn: nu sao chp th mc FIR c thnh mt th mc vi tn khc v thc
hin trn th mc mi ny ng vi tng b lc).
1. Thit k mt b lc FIR chn di bng phng php Kaiser Window c cc thng
s nh sau:
a. Chiu di p ng xung N =89 (Bc b lc: 88)
b. Tn s ct: 2500 v 2900 Hz.
c. Gi tr ca | =4
d. Tn s ly mu: 8 kHz.
Thc hin b lc ln trn kit v kim tra kt qu.
2. Thit k b lc FIR thng di bng phng php Kaiser Window vi cc thng
s nh sau:
a. Chiu di p ng xung: 81
b. Tn s ct: 1500 v 2000 Hz.
c. Gi tr ca | =5
Thc hin b lc v kim tra kt qu.
3. Thc hin v thit k b lc thng cao sau bng phng php Kaiser Window.
Sau , cho mt tn hiu xung vung tn s 1 kHz vo v hin th tn hiu ra. Gii
thch kt qu. Cc thng s ca b lc nh sau:
a. Chiu di p ng xung: 81
b. Tn s ct: 2200 Hz.
c. Gi tr ca | =4
6.2 Mt b lc FIR multiband
Hy thit k v thc hin ln kit C6713 DSK mt b lc FIR multiband vi hai di
thng c tn s trung tm ln lt l 2500 v 3500 Hz. Bng thng ca mi di thng l
500 Hz. Tn s ly mu l 8 kHz.
1. V p ng tn s ca b lc.
2. To mt sng vung vi tn s 800 Hz u vo ca b lc. Hin th dng sng v
ph ca ng ra. Gii thch ti sao c dng ph ny?
3. Thay i tn s ca tn hiu vo. Quan st ph ng ra. Gii thch s thay i.
4. V ph ca tn hiu ng ra khi tn s ca tn hiu vo l 0.5kHz, 1kHz v 1.5kHz.
Gii thch?

31

BI 2: THC HIN CC B LC IIR TRN KIT C6713 DSK
1. Mc ch th nghim
1. Hiu r cc bc t thit k n hin thc b lc IIR ln trn mt kit DSP.
2. H thng li cc l thuyt hc.
2. Thit b th nghim
STT Tn thit b S lng
01 My vi tnh 01
02 Kit C6713 DSK 01
03 My pht sng 01
3. Gii thiu
Lc l mt trong nhng hot ng x l tn hiu quan trng. Mt b lc tng t hot
ng trn cc tn hiu lin tc v thng c thc hin vi cc linh kin nh khuch i
thut ton, cc in tr v cc t in. Mt b lc s hot ng trn tn hiu thi gian ri
rc v c th thc hin vi mt b x l s tn hiu nh h TMS320C6x. Qu trnh lc
bao gm s dng mt b bin i A/D nhn tn hiu vo, x l cc mu vo ri gi
kt qu ra thng qua mt b bin i D/A.
Cc b lc s c rt nhiu u im so vi cc b lc tng t. Cc u im ny bao gm
tin cy cao hn, chnh xc cao hn v t nhy vi nhit v tui i. Cc c tnh
lc nh tn s trung tm, bng thng v loi b lc c th thay i d dng. Mt s cng
c c sn cho vic thit k v thc hin cc b lc s mt cch nhanh chng trn kit
TMS320C6x.
4. C s l thuyt
Hy xem xt mt phng trnh I/O tng qut c dng:
) ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
2 1 0
0 1
M n y b n y b n y b
N n x a n x a n x a n x a
j n y b k n x a n y
M
N
N
k
M
j
j k

+ + + + =
=

= =

Dng phng trnh quy ny biu din mt b lc IIR. Ng ra y(n) thi im y(n)
khng ch ph thuc vo ng vo hin ti x(n) thi im n v cc ng vo trong qu
kh x(n 1),
x(n 2), , x(n N), m cn ph thuc vo cc ng ra trc y(n 1), y(n 2), ,
y(n M).
Nu chng ta gi s cc iu kin ban u u bng 0, bin i Z phng trnh trn s
cho:
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1 0
z Y z b z Y z b z Y z b
z X z a z X z a z X z a z X a z Y
M
M
N
N

+ + + + =

32

Khi N =M, hm truyn H(z) l
) (
) (
1 ) (
) (
) (
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1 0
z D
z N
z b z b z b
z a z a z a a
z X
z Y
z H
N
N
N
N
=
+ + +
+ + +
= =

trong N(z) v D(z) biu din a thc t s v a thc t s ca hm truyn. Nhn v
chia cho z
N
, H(z) tr thnh:
[
=

=
+ + +
+ + +
=
N
i i
i
N
N N N
N
N N N
p z
z z
C
b z b z b z
a z a z a z a
z H
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1 0
) (

y l mt hm truyn vi N zero v N cc. Nu tt c cc h s b
j
bng 0, hm truyn
ny tr thnh hm truyn ca mt b lc FIR. h thng n nh, tt c cc cc phi
nm trong vng trn n v.
Cc b lc IIR c th c thc hin theo cc cu trc sau:
1. Dng trc tip 1

Hnh 20. Thc hin b lc IIR dng trc tip 1
Khi thc hin dng ny, mt b lc bc N cn dng 2N khi lm tr.
2. Dng trc tip 2 (Dng chnh tc)
y l mt trong nhng cu trc thng c s dng. N ch cn mt na s khi
tr so vi dng trc tip 1.
t
) (
) (
) (
z D
z X
z U = trong D(z) l mu s ca hm truyn b lc IIR.
Khi :
N
N
z a z a z a a z U
z U z N z X
z D
z N
z Y

+ + + =
= =
2
2
1
1 0
)( (
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
) (
) (

vi N(z) l t s ca hm truyn.
V:
) 1 )( ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
1
1
N
N
z b z b z b z U z D z U z X

+ + + = =
Bin i Z ngc ta s c:

33

) ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
2 1 0
2 1
N n u a n u a n u a n u a n y
N n u b n u b n u b n x n u
N
N
+ + + + =
=

Thc hin di dng s khi:

Hnh 21. Thc hin b lc IIR dng trc tip 2
3. Dng trc tip 2 chuyn v
Dng trc tip 2 chuyn v l mt bin th ca dng trc tip 2 v cn cng s khi
tr. Cc bc sau chuyn mt b lc t dng trc tip 2 sang dng chuyn v:
a. o hng tt c cc nhnh
b. i u vo vi u ra
c. V li s sao cho u vo bn tri v u ra bn phi

Hnh 22. Thc hin b lc IIR dng trc tip 2 chuyn v

4. Dng cascade cc tng bc 2
Hm truyn trn c th c phn tch thnh tch cc hm truyn bc 1 hoc bc 2
nh sau:
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
z H z H z CH z H
r
=
Cu trc ni tip (cascade) ny c v nh sau:

34

Hnh 23. Cu trc cascade ca b lc IIR
Hm truyn ton b c th c biu din bng s ghp cascade cc hm truyn. i
vi mi phn, dng trc tip 2 hoc chuyn v ca n c th c s dng. Hm
truyn H(z) di dng cascade cc hm truyn bc hai c th vit nh sau:
[
=

+ +
+ +
=
2 /
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1 0
1
) (
N
i i i
i i i
z b z b
z a z a a
z H
Hnh sau v mt b lc IIR bc 4 di dng cascade ca hai phn bc 2.

Hnh 24. B lc IIR bc 4 vi 2 phn bc 2 dng trc tip 2

5. Dng song song
Hm truyn b lc IIR cng c th c biu din nh sau (bng phng php khai
trin phn s tng phn):
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
z H z H z H C z H
r
+ + + =
Cu trc song song ny c th v nh sau:

Hnh 25. Cu trc song song ca b lc IIR

35

5. Chun b th nghim
1. Trnh by tm tt cc bc thit k mt b lc IIR bng SPTool ca MATLAB. C
my loi b lc IIR trong SPTool? Hy lit k.
2. Hy phn bit c im ca p ng tn s ca cc loi b lc Butterwork,
Chebyshev 1, Chebyshev 2 v Elliptic.
3. Cho mt h thng c hm truyn nh sau:
2 2
25 . 0 1
4
25 . 0 1
5
) (

+
=
z z
z H
a. Hy v cch thc hin dng trc tip (direct form) ca h thng.
b. Hy v cch thc hin dng chnh tc (canonical form) ca h thng.
c. Hy v cch thc hin dng ghp ni tip cc tng bc hai (cascade form) ca
h thng.
6. Tin hnh th nghim
6.1 Thc hin b lc IIR dng ghp cascade cc tng bc 2
Trong th nghim ny, chng ta s thc hin mt b lc IIR trn kit C6713 DSK, s
dng cu trc ghp cascade cc phn bc 2. Chng ta s dng phng trnh sau ng vi
mi tng:
) ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
2 1 0
2 1
N n u a n u a n u a n u a n y
N n u b n u b n u b n x n u
N
N
+ + + + =
=

Trc ht, hy thc hin theo tng bc v d n gin sau. Sau , hy t thc hin
cc b lc IIR khc theo yu cu.

V d : Thit k mt b lc IIR chn di bc 10 bng phng php Elliptic vi tn s
trung tm 1750 Hz, tn s ly mu 8 kHz, tn s ct 1700 v 1800 Hz, gn di chn
v di thng tng ng l 60dB v 1dB. Thc hin n trn kit C6713 DSK dng ghp
cascade cc phn bc 2. Kim chng b lc thc hin.

Trong v d ny c 3 phn chnh cn phi thc hin:
1. Thit k b lc IIR: kt qu ca phn ny l c c cc h s ca t s v mu
s ca hm truyn b lc. Cc h s ny s c chuyn thnh mt ma trn trong
mi hng biu din cho mt tng bc hai (second-order section).
2. Thc hin b lc ln trn kit C6713 DSK: S dng kt qu thu c t phn thit
k, vit chng trnh thc hin mch lc ln kit. Chng trnh s c tng mu
d liu vo v tin hnh gii thut x l mu tnh ng ra.
3. Kim tra b lc thc hin: Trong phn ny, b lc thc hin trn kit s
c kim tra xem c p ng yu cu t ra hay khng. Chng ta s s dng
mt my pht sng to tn hiu ng vo v quan st tn hiu ng ra ca b lc
khi thay i tn hiu ng vo.

36

Thit k b lc
1. S dng cng c SPTool trong MATLAB thit k b lc trn vi phng php
Elliptic. Lu : i vi b lc IIR chn di v thng di, bc c th hin
trn MATLAB bng s phn bc 2, tc l bng mt na bc ca b lc thc.
2. Lu b lc thit k vi tn l bs1750 ri xut ra workspace ca MATLAB.
3. T cc h s t v mu trn, ta s chuyn thnh dng cc phn bc hai bng cc
lnh sau:
>> [ z, p, k] = t f 2zp( bs1750. t f . num, bs1750. t f . den)
>> sos = zp2sos( z, p, k)

Ma trn sos trong MATLAB nh sau:
(
(
(
(
=
L L L L L
a a b b b
a a b b b
a a b b b
sos
2 1 2 1 0
22 12 22 12 02
21 11 21 11 01
1
1
1

trong b
0i
, b
1i
, b
2i
l cc h s t s hm truyn ca phn bc 2 th i v 1, a
1i
, a
2i
l
cc h s mu s hm truyn ca phn bc 2 th i.

Thc hin b lc
B lc ny c thc hin trn kit bng chng trnh sau (vit bng ngn ng C)
/ / IIR.c I I R f i l t er usi ng cascaded Di r ect For mI I
/ / Coef f i ci ent s a' s and b' s cor r espond t o b' s and a' s f r omMATLAB
#i ncl ude " DSK6713_AI C23. h" / / codec- DSK suppor t f i l e
#i ncl ude " coef f i ci ent s. h" / / BS @1750 Hz coef f i ci ent f i l e
shor t dl y[ st ages] [ 2] = {0}; / / del ay sampl es per st age
{
shor t i , i nput ;
i nt un, yn;
i nput = i nput _sampl e( ) ; / / i nput t o 1st st age
f or ( i = 0; i < st ages; i ++) / / r epeat f or each st age
{
un=i nput - ( ( b[ i ] [ 0] *dl y[ i ] [ 0] ) >>15) -
( ( b[ i ] [ 1] *dl y[ i ] [ 1] ) >>15) ;
yn=( ( a[ i ] [ 0] *un) >>15) +( ( a[ i ] [ 1] *dl y[ i ] [ 0] ) >>15) +
( ( a[ i ] [ 2] *dl y[ i ] [ 1] ) >>15) ;
dl y[ i ] [ 1] = dl y[ i ] [ 0] ; / / updat e del ays
dl y[ i ] [ 0] = un; / / updat e del ays
i nput = yn; / / i nt er med out - >i n t o next st age
}
out put _sampl e( ( shor t ) yn) ; / / out put f i nal r esul t f or t i me n
r et ur n; / / r et ur n f r omI SR
}

37

voi d mai n( )
{
}
Trong chng trnh ny, stages l s tng ca b lc (s phn bc 2). Ma trn a v b
tng ng cha cc h s ca t s v mu s ca cc phn bc 2. Lu : a v b trong
chng trnh ny ng vi b v a trong ma trn sos ca MATLAB. Gi tr ca
stages, ma trn a, ma trn b c khai bo trong tp tin coefficients.h. Tp tin ny c
include vo nh ch dn #include. Nh vy, khi mun thay i b lc, ch cn thay i
ni dung ca tp tin coefficients.h.
Ni dung ca tp tin coefficients.h c dng nh sau:
/ / coef f i ci ent s. cof coef f i ci ent f i l e

#def i ne st ages 5 / / number of 2nd- or der st ages

i nt a[ st ages] [ 3] = { / / numer at or coef f i ci ent s
{27940, - 10910, 27940}, / / a10, a11, a12 f or 1st st age
{32768, - 11841, 32768}, / / a20, a21, a22 f or 2nd st age
{32768, - 13744, 32768}, / / a30, a31, a32 f or 3r d st age
{32768, - 11338, 32768}, / / a40, a41, a42 f or 4t h st age
{32768, - 14239, 32768} };

i nt b[ st ages] [ 2] = { / / *denomi nat or coef f i ci ent s
{- 11417, 25710}, / / b11, b12 f or 1st st age
{- 9204, 31581}, / / b21, b22 f or 2nd st age
{- 15860, 31605}, / / b31, b32 f or 3r d st age
{- 10221, 32581}, / / b41, b42 f or 4t h st age
{- 15258, 32584} }; / / b51, b52 f or 5t h st age
Tp tin ny khai bo mt b lc c 5 tng bc 2. Gi tr ca cc phn t ca a v b thu
c t vic thit k b lc trn. Lu : a v b trong chng trnh ny ng vi b
v a trong ma trn sos ca MATLAB.
Chng trnh trn c thc hin c s dng ngt. Khi c xung ly mu (tn s y
l 8 KHz), trnh phc v ngt c_int11( ) c gi, c mu vo v thc hin gii thut
x l mu tnh ng ra. Phn lp ca on m trong chng trnh c thc hin
stages ln vi mi gi tr ca n. i vi tng u tin, x(n) l mu mi nhn vo. i
vi cc tng tip theo, x(n) l ng ra ca tng trc .
Cc gi tr dly[i][0] v dly[i][1] tng ng vi cc delay u(n 1) v u(n 2) tng th
i.
Do cc h s a v b nhn c t qu trnh thit k l kh nh, chng ta s nhn n vi
2
15
. Mu ra sau khi x l c chia li cho 2
15
bng cch dch phi 15 bit (trong hm
output_sample(yn >>15)). Vic nhn cc h s vi 2
15
cng l do b x l s lng t
ha cc h s vi mt s lng bit hu hn v vic nhn ln s gim i sai s.

Hy lm theo cc bc sau hon thnh v d ny:
1. Nu CCS cha chy, hy khi ng n. Sau khi kt ni vi kit, hy m project
IIR.pjt c sn trong th mc C:\\CCStudio_v3.1\myprojects\IIR.

38

2. Trong ca s Project View, tab File View, hy m tp tin coefficients.h (trong
phn Include). Hy cp nht tp tin ny vi cc gi tr thu c trong phn thit
k trn, sau khi nhn chng vi 2
15

>> sos = sos*2^15
3. Hy dch li chng trnh v np ln kit C6713 v chy chng trnh

nh gi kt qu thc hin
1. M ngun ca my pht sng. To mt tn hiu hnh sine t my pht sng v
quan st dng sng ng ra. Thay i tn s ca tn hiu vo v hy xc nh tn s
ct 3-dB ca b lc.
Sau khi thc hin v d trn, hy p dng nhng g hc thc hin cc th
nghim sau. Vi mi bi th nghim, hy a p ng tn s ca b lc vo trong bi
bo co.
(Hng dn: nu sao chp th mc IIR c thnh mt th mc vi tn khc v thc
hin trn th mc mi ny ng vi tng b lc).
1. Thit k mt b lc IIR thng thp thuc loi Chebyshev 2 c cc thng s nh
sau:
a. Bc b lc: 10
b. Cnh di di chn: 1.6 KHz.
c. gn di chn: 60 dB
Thc hin b lc ln trn kit v kim tra kt qu.
2. Thit k b lc IIR thng di thuc loi Chebyshev 2 vi cc thng s nh sau:
a. Bc b lc: 36 (Matlab hin th l 18)
b. Tn s ct di chn: 1600 v 2400 Hz
c. gn di chn 100 dB.
Thc hin b lc v kim tra kt qu.
6.2 To hai tone bng cch s dng hai phng trnh sai phn bc 2
Trong th nghim ny, chng ta s to v cng hai tone bng phng php phng trnh
sai phn. Tn hiu ra cng c lu trong b nh v c v bng CCS. Phng trnh
sai phn dng to mt sng hnh sine l
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) ( = n y n Ay n y
trong :
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) T y
T y
T A
2 sin 2
sin 1
cos 2
=
=
=

vi hai iu kin ban u, y(-1) v y(-2), =2tf v ms
kHz F
T
S
125 . 0
8
1 1
= = = l chu k
ly mu. H s A ca phng trnh sai phn, cng vi hai iu kin u, xc nh tn
s c to ra.
a. S dng bin i Z, hy chng minh rng y(n) = sin(nT)

39

b. Tnh A, y(-1) v y(-2) cn thit to ra mt sng sine c tn s 1.5kHz?
2kHz?
c. Hy chy chng trnh Code Composer Studio (CCS) v m project
two_tones.pjt trong th mc C:\CCStudio_v3.1\myprojects\two_tones. Hy m
tp tin ngun ca chng trnh two_tones.c. Ni dung ca tp tin ny nh sau:
/ / t wo_t ones. c Gener at es/ adds t wo t ones usi ng di f f er ence
/ / equat i ons

#i ncl ude "DSK6713_AI C23. h" / / codec- DSK suppor t f i l e
shor t si negen( voi d) ; / / f or gener at i ng t one
shor t out put ; / / f or out put
shor t si negen_buf f er [ 256] ; / / buf f er f or out put dat a
const shor t buf f er l engt h = 256; / / buf f er si ze f or pl ot wi t h
CCS
shor t i = 0; / / buf f er count i ndex
shor t y1[ 3] = {0, - 15137, - 11585}; / / y1( 0) , y1( - 1) , y1( - 2) f or
1. 5kHz
const shor t A1 = 12540; / / A1 = 2coswT scal ed by 2^14
shor t y2[ 3] = {0, - 16384, 0}; / / y2( 0) , y2( - 1) , y2( - 2) f or 2kHz
const shor t A2 = 0; / / A2 = 2coswT scal ed by 2^14

{
out put = si negen( ) ; / / out f r omt one gener at i on
f unct i on
si negen_buf f er [ i ] = out put ; / / out put i nt o buf f er
out put _sampl e( out put ) ; / / out put r esul t
i ++; / / i ncr ement buf f er count
i f ( i == buf f er l engt h)
i = 0; / / i f buf f er count = si ze of
buf f er
r et ur n; / / r et ur n t o mai n
}

shor t si negen( ) / / f unct i on t o gener at e t one
{
y1[ 0] =( ( y1[ 1] *A1) >>14) - y1[ 2] ; / / y1( n) = A1*y1( n- 1) - y1( n- 2)
y1[ 2] = y1[ 1] ; / / updat e y1( n- 2)
y1[ 1] = y1[ 0] ; / / updat e y1( n- 1)

y2[ 0] =( ( y2[ 1] *A2) >>14) - y2[ 2] ; / / y2( n) = A2*y2( n- 1) - y2( n- 2)
y2[ 2] = y2[ 1] ; / / updat e y2( n- 2)
y2[ 1] = y2[ 0] ; / / updat e y2( n- 1)

r et ur n ( y1[ 0] + y2[ 0] ) ; / / add t he t wo t ones
}

voi d mai n( )
{
}
Mng y1[3] cha cc gi tr ca y1(0), y1(-1) v y1(-2) to tone c tn s
1.5kHz, v mng y2[3] cha cc gi tr ca y2(0), y2(-1) v y2(-2) to tone
c tn s 2kHz. Hm sinegen() s dng phng trnh sai phn bc hai to
mi tone, sau cng chng li.

40

d. Dch v chy chng trnh trn kit. Kim chng rng tn hiu ra l tng ca
hai tone c tn s 1.5kHz v 2kHz.
e. Cc mu tn hiu ra cng c lu trong mt vng nh m. Hy s dng
CCS v ph bin FFT ca tn hiu ra. Lu a ch bt u ca vng
m ny l sinegen_buffer.
f. K thut ny c th c dng to tn hiu DTMF (Dual tone
multifrequency). Hy th to v cng hai tone c tn s 697 v 1209 Hz. Tn
hiu DTMF ny c to ra khi nhn phm s 3 trn in thoi. V ph ca
n.
6.3 To tn hiu sine bng mt phng trnh sai phn
Mt tn hiu hnh sine cng c th c to ra bng mt phng trnh sai phn khc:
) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) ( + + = n Cx n By n Ay n y vi B =-1.
Khi c mt xung n =0, x(n 1) =x(0) =1.
Vi n =1:
C Cx By Ay y = + + = ) 0 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 1 ( vi y(0) =0 v y(-1) =0.
Vi n 2:
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) ( = n y n Ay n y
H s ) cos( T A = v ) sin( T C = c tnh vi chu k ly mu T =1/F
s
v tn s
mong mun .
a. Trong CCS, hy m project sinegenDE.pjt ti th mc c ng dn
C:\CCStudio_v3.1\myprojects\sinegenDE
b. Hy m tp tin ngun chnh sinegenDE.c. Bin dch chng trnh v chy.
Xc nh tn s ca tn hiu ra.
c. Tnh A v y[3] to mt tone c tn s 1kHz. Sau hy hiu chnh project
v dch li. Kim tra tn hiu ra c phi l tone c tn s 1kHz khng?

41

42

BI 3: THC HIN CC B LC THCH NGHI TRN KIT
C6713 DSK
1. Mc ch th nghim
1. Lm quen vi b lc thch nghi.
2. Thc hin trn kit DSP mt vi b lc thch nghi kim chng l thuyt.
2. Thit b th nghim
STT Tn thit b S lng
01 My vi tnh 01
02 Kit C6713 DSK 01
3. Gii thiu
Trong cc b lc FIR v IIR thng thng, cc thng s xc nh c tnh ca b lc
c gi s l bit. Chng c th thay i theo thi gian nhng tnh cht ca s thay
i ny xem nh bit. Trong nhiu vn thc t, cc thng s ny hu ht l khng
chn chn do thiu cc d liu th trc. Vi thng s c th thay i theo thi gian
nhng khng th d on c cch thay i. Trong cc trng hp ny, mt b lc c
th t thch nghi vi s thay i s l thch hp nht. Cc h s ca b lc thch nghi
c iu chnh b cho s thay i ca tn hiu vo, tn hiu ra hoc thng s ca h
thng. Mt b lc thch nghi rt hu ch khi c s khng chc chn v c tnh ca tn
hiu hoc khi cc c tnh thay i.
Mt b lc rt n gin nhng rt mnh l b kt hp thch nghi tuyn tnh (linear
adaptive combiner), thc cht l mt b lc FIR thch nghi. Tiu chun trung bnh bnh
phng cc tiu LMS (Least Mean Squares) l mt gii thut tm kim c s dng
iu chnh cc h s ca b lc.
4. C s l thuyt
Hu ht cc dng thch nghi c th c m t bi cu trc nh sau:

Hnh 26. Cu trc b lc thch nghi c bn
y l mt cu trc b lc thch nghi c bn trong ng ra y ca b lc c so snh
vi mt tn hiu mong mun d to ra mt tn hiu sai s e, c hi tip tr li b lc.
Tn hiu sai s ny l u vo ca gii thut thch nghi thay i b lc sao cho tha
mn mt tiu chun hoc mt quy lut xc nh trc.
Cc h s ca b lc thch nghi c iu chnh, hoc c ti u, s dng gii thut
LMS da trn tn hiu sai s. y, chng ta ch tho lun gii thut tm kim LMS vi

43

mt b lc FIR mc d c vi phng php thc hin lc thch nghi. Ng ra ca b lc
thch nghi hnh 26 l:
( ) ( ) ( )
=
=
1
0
N
k
k
k n x n w n y
vi ( ) n w
k
biu din N h s ca b lc thi im n.
nh gi cht lng ca b lc, chng ta s dng mt php o lng da trn tn hiu
sai s,
( ) ( ) ( ) n y n d n e =
Sai s ny l s sai khc gia tn hiu mong mun d(n) v ng ra y(n) ca b lc. Cc h
s ( ) n w
k
c iu chnh sao cho mt hm sai s trung bnh bnh phng c cc tiu.
Hm ny l ( ) | | n e E
2
vi E[] biu din gi tr k vng. Do c N h s (hay trng s), cn
tnh gradient ca hm sai s trung bnh bnh phng. Mt s c lng c th c s
dng bng cch dng gradient ca e
2
(n), cho kt qu:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ,..., 1 , 0 , 2 1 = + = + N k k n x n e n w n w
k k

th hin gii thut LMS.
4.1 Cc cu trc thch nghi
Mt s cu trc thch nghi c s dng trong cc ng dng khc nhau ca lc thch
nghi.
a. Lc nhiu (noise cancellation)

Hnh 27. Cu trc b lc thch nghi dng lc nhiu
Hnh trn v li cu trc thch nghi hnh 26 c chnh sa cho ng dng lc
nhiu. Tn hiu mong mun d b nh hng bi nhiu cng khng tng quan
n. Ng vo ca b lc thch nghi l mt nhiu n tng quan vi nhiu n.
Nhiu n c th n t cng ngun nhiu vi n nhng b thay i bi mi
trng. Ng ra y ca b lc thch nghi c iu chnh theo nhiu n. Khi iu
ny xy ra, tn hiu sai s s tin n tn hiu mong mun d. Kt qu ton cc
l tn hiu sai s ny ch khng phi ng ra y ca b lc thch nghi. Nu d
khng tng quan vi n, chin thut l lm ti thiu E(e
2
)

b. Nhn dng h thng (system identification)
Hnh sau v mt cu trc b lc thch nghi c th dng nhn dng hoc m
hnh h thng. Cng mt ng vo c a n h thng cn nhn dng song
song vi mt b lc thch nghi. Tn hiu sai s e l s khc bit gia p ng d
ca h thng cha bit v p ng y ca b lc thch nghi. Tn hiu sai s ny
c hi tip li b lc thch nghi v c dng cp nht cc h s ca b

44

lc thch nghi cho n khi y = d. Khi iu ny xy ra, qu trnh nhn dng kt
thc v e tin n 0.

Hnh 28. Cu trc b lc thch nghi dng nhn dng h thng
4.2 B kt hp thch nghi tuyn tnh (Linear Adaptive Combiner)
Chng ta s xem xt mt trong nhng cu trc thch nghi hu ch nht b kt hp
thch nghi tuyn tnh. Hai trng hp xy ra khi s dng b kt hp tuyn tnh: (1)
nhiu ng vo v (2) mt ng vo.
a. Nhiu ng vo

Hnh 29. B kt hp tuyn tnh nhiu ng vo
Hnh trn m t trng hp nhiu ng vo. Cu hnh bao gm K tn hiu vo
c lp, mi ng vo c nhn vi trng s w(k) v c kt hp to tn
hiu ra,
( ) ( ) ( )
=
=
K
k
n k x n k w n y
0
, ,
Ng vo c th c biu din nh mt vector (K+1) chiu,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
T
n K x n x n x n X , , 1 , 0 =

b. Mt ng vo
Trong trng hp 1 ng vo, cu trc trn tr thnh mt b lc FIR (K+1) tap
vi cc h s iu chnh c. Mi ng vo c tr hon s c nhn trng
s v cng li to ng ra,
( ) ( ) ( )
=
=
K
k
k n x n k w n y
0
,

45

Hnh 30. B kt hp tuyn tnh thch nghi vi mt ng vo
Ng vo v cc trng s c th c vit nh l cc vector,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
T
T
n K w n w n w n W
K n x n x n x n X
, , 1 , 0
1
=
=

4.3 Hm mc tiu
Trong phn trn chng ta xem xt mt cu trc ca b lc m c tnh c th thay
i bng cch iu chnh cc trng s. Tuy nhin, chng ta vn cn mt s nh gi
cht lng ca b lc. Hm mc tiu ny s da trn sai s
( ) ( ) ( ) n y n d n e =
Bnh phng ca hm ny l:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) n y n y n d n d n e
2 2 2
2 + =
chnh l hm bnh phng sai s tc thi.
By gi, hy xem xt trng hp b lc ch c mt trng s. Ta c y(n) = w(0)x(n) v
bnh phng sai s tr thnh
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 2
2 2 2 2
w n x w n x n d n d n e + =
L mt hm bc 2 ca w(0). K vng ca hm sai s bnh phng l:
( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) 0 0 2
2 2 2 2
w n x E w n x n d E n d E n e E + =
Nu tn hiu d v x l bt bin thng k theo thi gian, cc k vng ca tch ca d v x
l hng s, v ta c th vit li:
( ) | | ( ) ( ) 0 0 2
2 2
Cw Bw A n e E + =
Vi A, B v C l cc hng s.
th ca hm ny theo w(0) nh sau:

46

Hnh 31. ng cong mc tiu 1 trng s
Chng ta cn tm gi tr ca w(0) ti thiu gi tr k vng ca sai s trung bnh bnh
phng. tm cc tiu ca ( ) | | n e E
2
, t o hm ca ( ) | | n e E
2
theo w(0) bng 0, dn
n kt qu l mt im cc tiu c nh:
w(0) = B/C
Trong thc t, trng s s bt u mt gi tr ban u no w(0,n) v c iu
chnh theo tng bc tin v gi tr cc tiu ca hm mc tiu. Chiu di v hng ca
bc l 2 th cn c xc nh. Mi bc s bao gm vic thm mt lng tng nh
vo w(0,n). Lu rng nu gi tr hin ti ca w(0,n) l bn phi ca im cc tiu,
bc nhy phi m (nhng o hm ca ng cong l dng); tng t, nu gi tr
hin ti bn tri ca cc tiu, lng tng phi dng (nhng o hm l m). Do
chng ta c:
( ) ( )
| |
( ) 0
, 0 1 , 0
2
dw
e dE
n w n w = +
Vi l mt hng s dng bt k. Nh v trn hnh sau, vic lp li cng thc ny s
khin w(0) di chuyn theo tng bc t gi tr ban u cho n khi n im cc tiu.

Hnh 32. Tm im cc tiu theo mt trng s

Kt qu trn c th c tng qut cho cc h thng c nhiu hn mt trng s:
W(n+1) =W(n) - .grad{E[e
2
]}
Trong
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
T
n K w n w n w n W , , 1 , 0 =

47

V
T
K w
P
w
P
w
P
P grad e E grad
(
c
c
c
c
c
c
= =
) ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
} { ]} [ {
2

Chng ta c th chng minh rng:
W(n+1) =W(n) +2e(n)X(n)
Lu rng nu e(n) tin n 0 th W(n+1) =W(n) v trng s vn khng i.
5. Chun b th nghim
1. Th no l mt b lc thch nghi ? Hy k mt s ng dng ca b lc thch nghi v
v cu trc b lc thch nghi tng ng vi tng ng dng ?
2. Hy trnh by gii thut LMS ?
6. Tin hnh th nghim
6.1 B lc thch nghi dng lc nhiu hnh sine
Trong th nghim ny, mt b lc FIR thch nghi s c thc hin vi cu trc trn
hnh 27.
Chng ta c mt tn hiu sine tn s 1500Hz b nh hng bi nhiu cng hnh sine tn
s 312Hz. Chng ta cn lc nhiu thu tn hiu mong mun. Trong th nghim ny,
chng ta s dng b lc thch nghi cho mc ch . Mt trong cc ng vo ca b lc
thch nghi l tn hiu c cng nhiu. Ng vo cn li l tn hiu tham kho dng cosine,
tn s 312Hz v tng quan vi tn hiu nhiu hnh sine trn.
Tn hiu tham kho ny s c lc bi b lc FIR thch nghi 30 h s. Tn hiu ra ca
b lc l c lng ca tn hiu nhiu sine tn s 312Hz, s c tr khi tn hiu c
ln nhiu.

Hnh 33. S th nghim
Trong th nghim ny, tt c cc tn hiu c to ra t bng. Bng ny c to bng
MATLAB. Chng trnh MATLAB sau c s dng to cc gi tr d liu cho tn
hiu sine(1500Hz), sine(1500Hz) +sine(312Hz) v cosine(312Hz).
%Adapt noi se. M Gener at es: dpl usn. h ( s312+s1500) , r ef noi se. h
cos( 312) , and si n1500. h

f or i =1: 128
desi r ed( i ) = r ound( 100*si n( 2*pi *( i - 1) *1500/ 8000) ) ; %si n( 1500)
addnoi se( i ) = r ound( 100*si n( 2*pi *( i - 1) *312/ 8000) ) ; %si n( 312)
r ef noi se( i ) = r ound( 100*cos( 2*pi *( i - 1) *312/ 8000) ) ; %cos( 312)

48

end
dpl usn = addnoi se + desi r ed;
%si n( 312) +si n( 1500)

f i d=f open( ' dpl usn. h' , ' w' ) ;
%desi r ed + noi se
f pr i nt f ( f i d, ' shor t dpl usn[ 128] ={' ) ;
f pr i nt f ( f i d, ' %d, ' , dpl usn( 1: 127) ) ;
f pr i nt f ( f i d, ' %d' , dpl usn( 128) ) ;
f pr i nt f ( f i d, ' }; \ n' ) ;
f cl ose( f i d) ;

f i d=f open( ' r ef noi se. h' , ' w' ) ;
%r ef er ence noi se
f pr i nt f ( f i d, ' shor t r ef noi se[ 128] ={' ) ;
f pr i nt f ( f i d, ' %d, ' , r ef noi se( 1: 127) ) ;
f pr i nt f ( f i d, ' %d' , r ef noi se( 128) ) ;
f pr i nt f ( f i d, ' }; \ n' ) ;
f cl ose( f i d) ;

f i d=f open( ' si n1500. h' , ' w' ) ;
%desi r ed si n( 1500)
f pr i nt f ( f i d, ' shor t si n1500[ 128] ={' ) ;
f pr i nt f ( f i d, ' %d, ' , desi r ed( 1: 127) ) ;
f pr i nt f ( f i d, ' %d' , desi r ed( 128) ) ;
f pr i nt f ( f i d, ' }; \ n' ) ;
f cl ose( f i d) ;

Chng trnh ny s to 3 tp tin (trong th mc lm vic hin hnh ca MATLAB):
- dplusn.h: cha mt bng 128 im to tn hiu sine tn s 1500Hz cng vi
nhiu sine tn s 312Hz.
- refnoise.h: cha mt bng 128 im to tn hiu cosine tham kho c tn s
312Hz.
- sin1500.h: cha mt bng 128 im to tn hiu sine mong mun c tn s
1500Hz
Cc tp tin ny c to sn trong th mc cha project.

Sau y, hy tin hnh th nghim theo cc bc sau y:
1. M Code Composer Studio. Trong CCS, hy m project AdaptNoise (trong th
mc C:\CCStudio_v3.1\myprojects\AdaptNoise)
2. M tp tin ngun chnh adaptnoise.c v xem xt gii thut LMS c hin thc nh
th no trong chng trnh.
3. Hy thit lp cc ty chn cn thit v bin dch chng trnh. Sau khi qu trnh
bin dch thnh cng, hy np chng trnh ln kit DSP.
4. Quan st ng ra ca kit DSP (ng Line Out) vi chng trnh DSP Tool.
5. Trong CCS, hy chy chng trnh. Chn File Load GEL np tp tin
out_type.gel. Sau chn GEL Output signal Output. Mt ca s mi xut
hin vi thanh trt trn . Khi thanh trt ny v tr s 1, ng ra l tn hiu sai
lch. Khi thanh trt v tr s 2, ng ra l tn hiu sine mong mun (tn s

49

1500Hz) cng vi nhiu (tn s 312Hz). By gi, hy quan st dng sng ng ra vi
thanh trt ln lt v tr 1 v v tr 2. Phc ha dng sng tng ng.

Qua phn trn, cc bn thc hin xong mt b lc FIR thch nghi ng dng trit
nhiu. Hy vn dng kin thc va hc lm bi tp nh sau:

Bi tp
Chng ta c mt tn hiu cosine tn s 2000 Hz b xm ln bi mt nhiu cng hnh
cosine vi tn s 125 Hz. Gi s loi nhiu, chng ta s dng mt b lc thch nghi.
Hy s dng tn hiu sine c tn s 125 Hz (tng quan vi nhiu) lm tn hiu tham
kho.
1. Hy sa chng trnh MATLAB AdaptNoise.m to cc tn hiu tng ng.
2. Hy m CCS, bin dch v chy li chng trnh kim chng kt qu.
6.2 S dng b lc FIR thch nghi nhn dng mt b lc FIR c nh cha bit
Trong th nghim ny, gi s chng ta c mt h thng cha bit cn c nhn dng.
Chng ta s dng phng php lc thch nghi cho vic nhn dng. iu ny c ngha l
chng ta cn phi hun luyn mt b lc thch nghi sao cho khi c cng tn hiu u
vo i qua th b lc thch nghi ny s cho tn hiu u ra ging nh u ra ca h
thng cn nhn dng.
Trong th nghim ny, chng ta s dng mt b lc FIR c nh nh l h thng cn
nhn dng. Chng ta s kim chng rng b lc thch nghi c th c hun luyn
m hnh cho h thng cha bit ny.
H thng cn nhn dng y c chn l mt b lc FIR thng di c 55 h s, tn
s trung tm l 2KHz. Cc h s ca b lc ny c cha trong tp tin bp55.cof.
Mt chui nhiu ngu nhin c to ra trong chng trnh v tr thnh ng vo ng
thi ca b lc cha bit v b lc FIR thch nghi. Tn hiu ny c xem nh tn hiu
hun luyn. Qu trnh thch nghi s din ra cho n khi tn hiu sai s c cc tiu
ha. Tn hiu sai s hi tip ny l s khc bit gia ng ra ca b lc cha bit v ng
ra ca b lc FIR thch nghi.
By gi, hy m ngun ca kit v m Code Composer Studio v thc hin theo cc
bc sau:
1. M project AdaptIDFIR ( C:\CCStudio_v3.1\MyProjects\AdaptIDFIR)
2. Trong CCS, chn File Load GEL v m tp tin AdaptIDFIR.gel. Sau , trong
menu GEL, chn OutputType Output-signal. Mt hp thoi c thanh trt xut
hin. Khi thanh trt v tr 1, tn hiu ra l u ra ca b lc thch nghi. Khi n
v tr 2, tn hiu ra l ng ra ca b lc c nh cha bit.
3. Hin th dng sng ra (bng cch dng DSP_Tool.exe). Hy so snh u ra ca h
thng thch nghi vi u ra ca h thng cha bit. B lc thch nghi c m hnh
ha thnh cng b lc FIR cha bit hay khng?

Bi tp
1. Hy sa chng trnh chnh (tp tin AdaptIDFIR.c) include tp tin h s
bs55.cof, biu din mt b lc FIR chn di 55 h s vi tn s trung tm 2 KHz.
B lc FIR chn di ny c xem nh h thng cha bit cn nhn dng. Hy bin
dch v kim tra kt qu.

50

2. Hy s chng trnh chnh (tp tin AdaptIDFIR.c) include tp tin h s lp55.cof,
biu din mt b lc FIR thng thp vi 55 h s. B lc FIR ny biu din cho h
thng cha bit cn nhn dng. Hy bin dch v kim tra kt qu.
6.3 S dng b lc FIR thch nghi nhn dng h thng cha bit, bit ban u b
lc thch nghi c khi to l mt b lc FIR thng di.
Trong th nghim trc, cc gi tr ban u ca cc h s ca b lc FIR thch nghi
c khi to bng zero. Trong th nghim ny, ban u, cc h s ca b lc FIR thch
nghi c khi to bng vi cc h s ca mt b lc FIR thng di c 55 h s, tn s
trung tm l 3KHz, cha trong tp tin bp3000.cof.
B lc cn nhn dng y cng l mt b lc FIR thng di 55 h s nhng vi tn s
trung tm l 2KHz. Chng ta s thy b lc thch nghi s thay i dn t mt b lc
thng di tn s trung tm 3KHz thnh mt b lc thng di tn s trung tm 2KHz.
By gi, hy m ngun ca kit DSP. Sau chy Code Composer Studio v thc hin
theo cc bc sau y:
1. M project AdaptIDFIRW (trong C:\CCStudio_v3.1\MyProjects\AdaptIDFIRW).
2. Hy bin dch project v chy chng trnh trn kit DSP.
3. Trong CCS, chn File Load GEL v m tp tin AdaptIDFIR.gel. Sau , chn
GELOutput Type Output-signal trn thanh menu. Mt hp thoi c thanh trt
xut hin. Khi thanh trt v tr 1, tn hiu ng ra l u ra ca b lc thch nghi.
Khi n v tr 2, tn hiu ng ra l u ra ca b lc cha bit.
4. Hy quan st dng sng u ra ca b lc thch nghi v b lc FIR cn nhn dng.
5. Nu nh xem tn hiu nhiu ngu nhin ng vo gn nh l nhiu trng th ta c ph
ca tn hiu ng ra s c dng ca p ng tn s ca b lc. Do , ta c th quan
st p ng tn s ca b lc thch nghi thay i dn thch nghi vi b lc cha
bit bng cch quan st ph bin ca tn hiu ng ra (ca b lc thch nghi). Hy
thc hin vic quan st ny trn DSP_Tool v lu 5 hnh cho thy qu trnh thch
nghi ca b lc. Lu : chn File Reload program chy li t u qu trnh
thch nghi ca b lc.
Bi tp
Hy sa chng trnh chnh (tp tin AdaptIDFIR.c) include tp tin h s lp55.cof,
biu din mt b lc FIR thng thp c 55 h s. B lc FIR ny c xem nh h
thng cn nhn dng. Hy bin dch chng trnh v kim chng kt qu t c. Hy
lu li mt vi hnh v p ng tn s ca b lc thch nghi (trong qu trnh thch nghi).

51

BI 4: THC HIN MT S MCH IU CH S TRN
KIT C6713 DSK
1. Mc ch th nghim
1. Kho st mt s k thut iu ch s.
2. Thc hin mt s mch iu ch s trn kit C6713.
2. Thit b th nghim
STT Tn thit b S lng
01 My vi tnh 01
02 Kit C6713 DSK 01
03 My pht sng 01
3. Gii thiu
iu ch l qu trnh lm bin i mt tn hiu sng mang nhm s dng tn hiu ny
mang thng tin cn truyn i. Thng thng, mt dng sng hnh sine cao tn c s
dng lm sng mang. Ba thng s ca mt sng sine l bin , pha v tn s u c th
lm cho bin i theo tn hiu thng tin to ra tn hiu iu ch.
Thit b thc hin iu ch c gi l b iu ch (modulator) v thit b thc hin
qu trnh ngc li gi l b gii iu ch (demodulator). Thit b c th thc hin c hai
qu trnh gi l modem.
Mc ch ca iu ch s l truyn mt chui bit trn mt knh truyn tng t
bandpass, v d nh trn ng dy in thoi (cc b lc gii hn di tn s t 300
3400 Hz) hoc trn mt di tn s radio. Trong khi , mc ch ca iu ch tng t l
truyn mt tn hiu tng t tn s thp, v d nh tn hiu m tn, trn mt knh truyn
tng t bandpass.
Mc ch ca cc phng php iu ch s di nn (baseband), cn gi l m ha ng
truyn, l truyn mt chui bit trn mt knh truyn thng thp (lowpass) thng l mt
cp dy ng khng b lc nh l mt bus ni tip hoc l mng LAN c dy.
Mc ch ca cc phng php iu ch xung l truyn mt tn hiu tng t bng hp
(narrowband) v d nh mt cuc gi in thoi trn mt knh truyn thng thp bng
rng (wideband lownpass channel) hoc, trong mt s trng hp, nh l mt chui bit
trn mt h thng truyn thng s khc.
4. C s l thuyt
4.1 Cc k thut iu ch tng t
Trong iu ch tng t, qu trnh iu ch c p dng lin tc theo tn hiu thng
tin tng t.
Cc k thut iu ch tng t thng dng gm:
- iu ch bin :
o Double - sideband modulation (DSB)

52

AM modulation
Double sideband suppressed-carrier (DSB SC)
o Single sideband modulation (SSB)
o Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
o Quadratude amplitude modulation (QAM)
- iu ch gc:
o Frequency modulation (FM)
o Phase modulation (PM)
4.2 Cc k thut iu ch s
Trong iu ch s, mt sng mang tng t c iu ch bi mt chui bit ca tn
hiu thng tin. S thay i ca tn hiu sng mang c chn t mt s hu hn cc k
hiu (symbol).
- Trong PSK, mt tp hp hu hn cc pha c s dng.
- Trong FSK, mt tp hp hu hn cc tn s c s dng.
- Trong ASK, mt tp hp hu hn cc bin c s dng.
- Trong QAM, mt tn hiu cng pha (tn hiu I, v d dng sng cosine) v mt
tn hiu vung pha (tn hiu Q, v d dng sng sine) c iu bin vi mt s
lng hu hn cc mc bin (ASK). Tn hiu thu c l kt hp ca PSK
v ASK.
Mi gi tr pha, bin hoc tn s c gn mt chui bit nh phn duy nht.
Thng thng, mi pha, bin hoc tn s m ha mt s lng bit bng
nhau. S bit ny to thnh mt k hiu (symbol) c biu din bi mt pha c
th.
Nu b k hiu (symbol) gm M = 2
N
symbol khc nhau, mi k hiu biu din
mt thng ip gm N bit. Nu tc k hiu (hay tc baud) l f
s
symbols/s
(hoc baud), tc d liu l Nf
s
bps.
Trong trng hp PSK, ASK v QAM, b k hiu iu ch thng c biu
din trn mt gin dng chm sao (constellation diagram), biu din bin
ca tn hiu I trn trc X v bin ca tn hiu Q trn trc Y.
Cc k thut iu ch s c bn nht bao gm:
- Phase shift keying (PSK)
- Frequency shift keying (FSK)
- Amplitude shift keying (ASK) v dng thng gp ca n l On off keying
(OOK)
- Quadratude Amplitude Modulation (QAM): mt kt hp ca PSK v ASK.
- Polar modulation: ging QAM, l kt hp ca PSK v ASK.
- Continuous phase modulation (CPM)
o Minimum shift keying (MSK)
o Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK)
- Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation
- Wavelet modulation
- Trellis coded modulation (TCM) hay cn gi l trellis modulation
MSK v GMSK l cc trng hp c bit ca iu ch pha lin tc (CPM). OFDM
da trn tng ca FDM nhng s dng mt dng iu ch s. Chui bit c chia

53

thnh nhiu chui d liu song song, mi chui c truyn trn mt sub-carrier s
dng cc k thut iu ch s thng thng. Cc sub-carrier c tng hp thnh mt
k hiu OFDM. OFDM c xem nh mt k thut iu ch do n truyn mt chui
bit trn mt knh truyn s dng mt chui cc k hiu OFDM. OFDM c th c m
rng thnh mt phng php a truy cp trong OFDMA, cho php nhiu ngi dng
chia s cng mt knh truyn vt l bng cch gn mi ngi dng mt sub-carrier
khc nhau.
4.3 iu ch s di nn (Digital baseband modulation)
Thut ng iu ch s di nn ng ngha vi m ha ng truyn (line coding), l tp
hp cc phng php truyn mt chui bit trn mt knh truyn tng t thng
thp, s dng mt s ri rc cc mc tn hiu, bng cch iu ch mt chui xung (mt
sng vung). Cc v d thng gp l unipolar, non-return-to-zero (NRZ), Manchester
v AMI (alternate mark inversion).
4.4 Cc phng php iu ch xung
Cc phng php iu ch xung nhm truyn mt tn hiu tng t bng hp trn mt
knh truyn thng thp nh mt tn hiu c lng t hai mc, bng cch iu ch
mt chui xung. Mt vi dng iu ch xung cng cho php tn hiu tng t bng hp
c truyn nh mt tn hiu s vi mt tc bit c nh, c th c truyn trn mt
h thng thng tin s bn di, v d nh mt vi line code. Chng khng phi l
ccdng iu ch theo ngha thng thng do chng khng phi l cc phng php m
ha knh (channel coding) m nn c xem nh l m ha ngun (source coding) v
trong mt vi trng hp c xem nh cc k thut bin i A/D.
Cc phng php ny bao gm:
- Pulse code modulation (PCM): iu ch xung m
- Pulse width modulation (PWM): iu ch rng xung
- Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM): iu ch bin xung
- Pulse position modulation (PPM): iu ch v tr xung
- Pulse density modulation (PDM): iu ch mt xung
- Sigma delta modulation (DM)
- Adaptive delta modulation (ADM)
Tri ph trc tip (DSSS direct-sequence spread spectrum) da trn iu ch PAM.

Trong bi th nghim ny, hai phng php iu ch s c thc hin l iu ch bin
xung (PAM) v iu ch pha (PSK).
4.5 iu ch bin xung (PAM)
iu ch bin xung (PAM) l mt dng iu ch tn hiu trong thng tin c m
ha trong bin ca mt chui xung. V d: mt b iu ch 2 bit (PAM 4) s ly 2
bit mt v nh x bin tn hiu thnh mt trong bn mc, v d nh -3V, -1V, 1V v
3V.
Gii iu ch c thc hin bng cch c mc bin ca sng mang ti mi chu k
k hiu.
Hin nay, PAM t c s dng v hu nh c thay th bi PCM v PPM. Tt c cc
modem in thoi nhanh hn 300 bps s dng k thut QAM.

54

Tuy nhin, chun giao tip Ethernet vn s dng PAM. V d, 100BASE-T2 Ethernet
( tc 100Mb/s) s dng iu ch PAM 5 mc chy tc 25 megapulses/s trn 2
cp dy dn. Mt k thut c bit c s dng gim nhiu lin k t gia cc cp
khng dy. Sau , 1000BASE-T nng ln s dng 4 cp dy dn tc 125
megapulses/s t tc d liu 1000 Mb/s, vn s dng PAM 5 mc cho mi cp
dy.
Di y l s khi ca mt h thng PAM n gin (b qua b cn bng thch nghi
v b phc hi xung clock).

Hnh 34. H thng PAM
Chui bit vo c x l thnh cc t di J bits. J bits ny c nh x thnh mt trong
2
J
mc. V d, khi J =3 th s c 8 mc. Cc mc ny cc u nhau trn gin
constellation v i xng quanh mc zero nh trn hnh sau:

Hnh 35. Gin constellation ca PAM 8 mc
Tm im trn gin ny biu din cho 8 mc vi mi mc c biu din bng mt
chui 3 bits.
4.6 iu ch dch pha (PSK)
PSK l mt phng php truyn nhn tn hiu s trong pha ca tn hiu truyn i
c thay i mang thng tin. Mt vi phng php c th s dng thc hin
PSK, n gin nht l PSK nh phn (BPSK) ch s dng hai pha ca tn hiu: 0 v
180. Cc dng phc tp hn ca PSK s dng 4 hoc 8 pha, cho php d liu nh phn
truyn tc d nhanh hn. Trong iu ch 4 pha, cc pha s dng c th l 0, +90, -
90 v 180; mi s dch pha c th biu din 2 bits/symbol. Trong iu ch 8 pha, cc
gc pha c th dng l 0, +45, -45, +90, -90, +135, -135 v 180 v mi ln dch
pha biu din 8 bits/symbol.

55

4.6.1 iu ch pha nh phn (BPSK)
Mt knh d liu iu ch sng mang. Mt s chuyn bit, t 1 sang 0 hay t 0 sang 1,
to ra mt s dch pha 180 (o pha) ca sng mang. Do d, sng mang c iu
ch bi d liu.
Gii iu ch BPSK s dng cc bc sau:
- Mt b bnh phng to ra mt thnh phn DC v mt thnh phn tn s 2f
c

- Mt b lc thng di tch thnh phn tn s 2f
c

- Mt b chia tn s, ng ra ca n c nhn vi ng vo. Kt qu c lc thng
thp thu c tn hiu PCM.
4.6.2 Quadratude Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
QPSK l mt dng iu ch trong pha c iu ch trong khi tn s v bin
c gi c nh. C 4 pha, mi pha cch nhau 90. Cc pha ny thng c gi l
cc trng thi (state) v c biu din bi mt cp bit. Mi cp bit c biu din
bi mt dng sng c th, gi l mt k hiu (symbol), s c gi qua knh truyn
sau khi iu ch sng mang. B thu gii iu ch tn hiu v nhn k hiu khi phc
c xc nh cp bit no c gi i. iu ny i hi mt k hiu duy nht
cho mi s kt hp ca cc bit d liu trong mt cp. Do c tt c 4 kh nng xy ra
khi kt hp cc bit d liu trong mt cp (00, 01, 10, 11), QPSK to ra 4 k hiu khc
nhau, mi k hiu cho mi cp, bng cch thay i mt thnh phn ng pha (I) v
thnh phn vung pha (Q).
H thng truyn QPSK s dng c sng sine v cosine lm sng mang truyn 2 tn
hiu thng ip, sI[n] v sQ[n], c gi l tn hiu in-phase v quadratude. C hai
tn hiu ny u c khi phc pha thu, cho php truyn d liu vi lng thng
tin gp i cng tn s sng mang.
5. Chun b th nghim
1. Hy v hnh minh ha qu trnh iu ch PAM mt tn hiu hnh sine v gii thch?
Hy tm mt s ng dng ca iu ch PAM.
2. Hy v gin constellation ng vi iu ch PAM 16 mc, QAM, BPSK v QPSK
3. Phn bit (ngn gn) cc phng php iu ch xung: PAM, PCM, PPM, PWM
6. Tin hnh th nghim
6.1 Thc hin mch iu ch PAM trn kit C6713 DSK
Trong th nghim ny, mch iu ch PAM 4 mc, 8 mc v 16 mc s c ln lt
thc hin trn kit DSP. Trong , mch iu ch 4 mc c thc hin sn trong
mt project gip hiu r v gii thut thc hin. Sau , sinh vin s t thc hin
mch iu ch PAM 8 mc v 16 mc.

Gii thut iu ch
Mi mu vo iu ch gm 16 bits. Ty vo loi iu ch PAM, mt mt n (mask)
thch hp c s dng.
Hy xem xt trng hp PAM 16 mc (16-PAM). Trong trng hp ny, biu din
16 mc cn 4 bits, do mi k hiu s c chiu di 4 bits. t c tc k hiu

56

mong mun, mu vo c chia lm cc on di 4 bits. Nh vy, mi mu vo s gm
4 on. Vic x l mu vo bao gm vic p dng mt n v dch. Khi k hiu u
tin nhn c bng cch dng mu vo AND vi mt n 0x000F ly 4 bit LSB
(0x000F l biu din trong h thp lc phn ca 00000000 00001111, khi AND mt
mu vi mt n ny, ch 4 bit cui ca mu c gi li, to thnh 1 k hiu). Khi k
hiu th ha nhn c bng cch dch mu ban u sang phi 4 bit v p dng li mt
n. Cc bc ny c lp li cho n khi ht chiu di ca mu vo v to ra 4 k
hiu.
Do mi k hiu c chiu di 4 bit nn s c tt c 16 k hiu. 16 k hiu ny c nh
x thnh 16 mc in p cch u nhau da theo mt bng tra nh sau:

Bng 1. Bng tra PAM 16 mc
Khi k hiu Mc in p (biu din dng s Hex)
0000 0x7FFF
0001 0x6EEE
0010 0x5DDD
0011 0x4CCC
0100 0x3BBB
0101 0x2AAA
0110 0x1999
0111 0x0888
1000 - 0x0889
1001 - 0x199A
1010 - 0x2AAB
1011 - 0x3BBC
1100 - 0x4CCD
1101 - 0x5DDE
1110 - 0x6EEF
1111 - 0x8000

V d, mu vo l 0xA52E (10100101 00101110). Khi , 1110 (sau khi lc mt n ly
4 bit LSB) c nh x thnh mc -0x6EEF. Mi k hiu gm 4 bit c nh x ln 16
mc cch u nhau t -0x8000 n 0x7FFF. Khong cch gia cc mc c chn l
0x111 c khong cch u nhau.
Mc in p c chn sau s c truyn i nh mt sng vung. Chu k ca sng
vung t c bng cch xut cng mt mc in p nhiu ln (v d 12 ln) c
th t c 1 dng sng vung tt ng pht (sau khi qua b D/A).
Cng mt cch thc hin ca b pht c p dng cho PAM 4 mc (4-PAM) v 8
mc (8-PAM) vi s khc nhau v mt n, dch v bng tra. i vi 8-PAM, bit c
trng s thp nht (LSB) ca mu vo c loi b s bit cn li (15) l mt bi s

57

ca 3. iu ny gy tc ng khng ng k ln dng sng iu ch v dng sng khi
phc li.
Cc bng tra i vi b iu ch 4 PAM v 8 PAM ln lt nh sau:
Khi k hiu Mc in p (dng Hex)
00 0x7FFF
01 0x2AAA
10 - 0x2AAB
11 - 0x8000

Khi k hiu Mc in p (dng s Hex)
000 0x7FFF
001 0x5B6D
010 0x36DB
011 0x1249
100 - 0x1249
101 - 0x36DB
110 - 0x5B6D
111 - 0x7FFF

Chng trnh thc hin
Hy thc hin theo cc bc sau:
1. Cp ngun in cho kit v chy chng trnh Code Compose Studio trn my
tnh.
2. M project PAM4 folder C:\CCStudio_v3.1\MyProjects\PAM4\.
3. Trong ca s File View, double click ln tp tin PAM4.c m n ra. y l tp
tin cha m ngun chnh ca chng trnh. Ni dung ca tp tin ny nh sau:
/ / PAM
#i ncl ude " DSK6713_ai c23. h"
Ui nt 32 f s=DSK6713_AI C23_FREQ_8KHZ;

#i ncl ude <mat h. h>
/ / I ni t i al i zat i on:
i nt i _PAM;
i nt j _PAM;
i nt k;
i nt masked_val ue, out put ;
i nt dat a_4PAM[ 4] = {0x7FFF, 0x2AAA, - 0x2AAB, - 0x8000};

58

i nt out _buf f er [ 256] ;
i nt i =0;

{
i nt sampl e_dat a;

i f ( i _PAM==96)
{
sampl e_dat a = i nput _sampl e( ) ; / / i nput s dat a
i _PAM=0;
j _PAM=0;
}
masked_val ue = sampl e_dat a & 0x0003;
out put = dat a_4PAM[ masked_val ue] ;
out put _sampl e( out put ) ;
out _buf f er [ i ++] = out put ;
i f ( i ==256)
i = 0;
j _PAM++; / / r epeat ed out put count er

i f ( j _PAM==12)
{
j _PAM=0;
sampl e_dat a = sampl e_dat a >> 2;
}
i _PAM++;

r et ur n;
}

void main()
{
i _PAM=0;
}
Trong chng trnh ny, hm main( ) t gi tr bin i_PAM =0 v khi ng kit.
Sau s thc hin mt vng lp v tn vi lnh while (1).
Khi c tn hiu xung ly mu (tn s 8KHz), ngt 11 xy ra v trnh phc v ngt
c_int11( ) c gi. Trong trnh phc v ngt ny, d liu vo c c vo bin
sample_data (bng lnh sample_data = input_sample( )). Mu d liu ny biu
din dng s nguyn 16 bit c du.
Do y thc hin iu ch PAM 4 mc, m biu din c 4 mc th cn 2
bit. Do , mu d liu vo s c chia ra lm 8 k hiu (symbol), mi k hiu 2
bit. thc hin vic chia ny, mu d liu c AND vi mt n 00000000
00000011 (tc l 0x0003) ly 2 bit LSB ca mu d liu. 2 bit ny c nh x
thnh 1 trong 4 mc in p bng cch s dng bng data_4PAM. Bng ny c 4

59

gi tr ng vi 4 mc in p (0x7FFF, 0x2AAA, -0x2AAB, -0x8000) c khai
bo u chng trnh. Mi symbol s cho ra 1 mc in p. cho dng sng
xut ra sau khi qua b A/D c dng sng vung, mi mc s c xut ra 12 ln
trc khi chuyn sang mc ng vi symbol k tip. Bin m j_PAM m s
ln xut ra cho 12 ln. Nh vy, ng vi mi mu vo 16 bit, ta c 8 symbol.
Mi symbol s xut ra 12 ln, nh vy s ln xut ra ng vi mi mu l 8 x 12 =
96 c th hin bi bin m i_PAM.
V d: Mu vo c gi tr 0x001B (tc l 00000000 00011011). Mu ny u tin
c cha vo bin sample_data.
- u tin: sample_data =00000000 00011011
+ Sample_data AND 0x0003 =00000000 00000011 (=3).
+ data_4PAM(3) = - 0x8000 mc in p 0x8000 c xut ra 12 ln
- Tip theo: sample_data dch phi 2 bit 00000000 00000110
+ Sample_data AND 0x0003 =00000000 00000010 ( =2)
+ data_4PAM(2) =- 0x2AAB mc in p -0x2AAB c xut ra 12 ln
- Qu trnh tip tc cho n khi ht 16 bit ca mu vo, tc l dch 8 ln, mi
ln xut 12 ln s ln xut tng cng i_PAM =8 x 12 =96 ln. Sau s
c vo mu k tip v thc hin iu ch.
y, mt b m ni out_buffer c kch thc 256 mu c dng lu li
gi tr xut ra nhm phc v cho vic v tn hiu xut ra bng cng c Plot trong
CCS (xem phn hng dn v th trn CCS).
4. Chn Project Rebuild All bin dch chng trnh.
5. Sau khi bin dch thnh cng, np chng trnh ln kit (File Load Program) v
chy th chng trnh.
6. M my pht sng ln v quan st dng sng xut ra. y hy quan st theo 2
cch: (1) s dng Code Compose Studio v cc gi tr ca b m ni
out_buffer. (2) quan st tn hiu xut ra ng ra Line Out ca kit bng
Oscilloscope.
7. Do y s dng my pht sng, dng sng thay i lin tc nn kt qu ra kh
kim chng. Hy sa cu lnh sample_data = input_sample( ) thnh
sample_data = 0x???? (mt gi tr bt k 16 bit dng s hex) ri bin dch, np
v chy li chng trnh.V li dng sng xut ra trong CCS. Lc ny, mu vo l
gi tr c nh do nhp vo v dng sng xut ra s d dng kim chng hn.
Hy th mt vi gi tr nhp vo v v dng sng xut ra.
Bi tp
Hy chp ton b Folder PAM4 sang mt Folder mi v t tn ty . Thc hin cc
bi tp sau trn folder mi khng lm nh hng n phn lm.
1. Chnh sa li chng trnh trn thc hin iu ch PAM 8 mc.
Gi :
- Mi symbol gm 3bits. Do mu vo c 16 bits, cn b 1 bits LSB (bng cch
dch phi sample_data 1 bit) cn li 15 bits l bi s ca 3 v mi mu s
to ra 5 symbols.
- Mt n ly 3 bit LSB l 00000000 00000111 (0x0007)
- S dng bng tra ng vi 8-PAM khai bo cc mc p ra tng ng
2. Tng t, hy thc hin mch iu ch PAM 16 mc trn kit

60

Trong phn bo co, ch cn phn m ngun ng vi gii thut iu ch. Gii thch
v v mt vi dng sng iu ch thu c kim chng.
6.2 Thc hin mch iu ch PSK trn kit C6713
Trong bi th nghim ny, hai b iu ch PSK s c thc hin l PSK nh phn v
QPSK.

Gii thut iu ch
Mi mu vo c thu v lu vo trong mt v tr nh, cha 16 bits. Ty theo kiu iu
ch PSK (2 pha hay 4 pha), mt mt n thch hp c s dng. i vi BPSK, mi
gi tr mu vo c chia ra lm 16 thnh phn, mi thnh phn 1 bit; i vi QPSK,
mu vo c chia thnh 8 dibits (mi dibit gm 2 bits). Vic ny t c bng cch
p mt n tng ng 0x0001 v 0x0003 ln mu vo. Sau , mu s c dch phi 1
bit ( BPSK) hoc 2 bit (QPSK) v lp li cho n khi ht chiu di mu vo.
Sau khi ct mu vo thnh cc on nh trn, cc gi tr s c gn cho cc dng sng
hnh sine vi pha tng ng. Trong BPSK, ch c 2 pha l 0 v 180 ng vi bit 0 v
bit 1. Tuy nhin, vi QPSK, chng ta cn 4 pha (0, 90, 180 v 270) ng vi 00, 01,
11 v 10. Vic nh x c thc hin theo m Gray (Gray code) nhm lm cc tiu li
do nhiu trong qu trnh truyn bng cch cc i khong cch gia cc k hiu trn
gin d constellation.
Mi mu vo c biu din bng 16 bits. Mi mu s gm 16 on (vi BPSK) v 8
on (vi QPSK). Do mi k hiu c truyn bi mt hnh sine to theo phng php
s bng 4 im, c mi 64 mu ra (vi BPSK) hoc 32 mu ra (vi QPSK), mt mu
vo c ly vo.

Chng trnh thc hin
Hy thc hin theo cc bc sau:
1. Cp ngun in cho kit v chy chng trnh Code Compose Studio trn my
tnh.
2. M project BPSK folder C:\CCStudio_v3.1\MyProjects\BPSK\.
3. Trong ca s File View, double click chut ln tp tin BPSK.c m ra. y l
tp tin cha m ngun chng trnh. Ni dung chng trnh ny nh sau:
/ / BPSK
#i ncl ude "DSK6713_ai c23. h"
Ui nt 32 f s=DSK6713_AI C23_FREQ_8KHZ;

#i ncl ude <mat h. h>
/ / I ni t i al i zat i on:
i nt i _BPSK;
i nt j _BPSK;
i nt k;
i nt masked_val ue, out put ;
i nt out _buf f er [ 256] ;
i nt i =0;
/ / Dat a t abl e f or BPSK
i nt dat a_BPSK[ 2] [ 4] ={0, 1000, 0, - 1000, / / 0 degr ee

61

0, - 1000, 0, 1000}; / / 180 degr ee

{
i nt sampl e_dat a;

i f ( i _BPSK==64) / / det er mi nes when t o get new i nput
{
sampl e_dat a = i nput _sampl e( ) ; / / i nput s dat a
i _BPSK=0;
j _BPSK=0;
}

masked_val ue = sampl e_dat a & 0x0001;
out put = dat a_BPSK[ masked_val ue] [ j _BPSK] ;
out put _sampl e( out put *10) ;
out _buf f er [ i ++] = out put *10;
i f ( i ==256)
i = 0;
j _BPSK++; / / r epeat ed out put count er

i f ( j _BPSK==4)
{
j _BPSK=0;
sampl e_dat a = sampl e_dat a >> 1;
}
i _BPSK++;
r et ur n;
}

voi d mai n( )
{
i _BPSK=64;
j _BPSK=0;
comm_i nt r ( ) ;
}
Hm main( ) s t 2 bin m i_BPSK =64 v j_BPSK =0, khi ng kit v b
codec ri chy mt vng lp v tn. Khi c xung ly mu, ngt 11 c kch hot v
trnh phc v ngt c_int11( ) c gi.
Trnh phc v ngt s c mt mu d liu ng vo. Mu ny c biu din bng
16 bit. Khi iu ch BPSK, mi symbol ch gm 1 bit ( phn bit 2 pha 0 v 180
ch cn 1 bit), do , mu vo s c chia ra lm 16 symbol bng cch s dng mt
n 0x0001 ly bit LSB. Ty bit ny l 0 hay 1 m xut ra dng sng sine c pha
tng ng.
V d: Mu vo l 0x0003 c AND vi mt n 0x0001 cho ra bit 1. Do , dng
sng sine xut ra c pha 180. y, sng sine c to ra bng 4 im, mi ln
mun xut sng sine, chng trnh s xut ra 4 gi tr th hin 1 chu k ca sng sine.

62

Trong chng trnh trn, cc gi tr c khai bo trong bin data_BPSK[2][4]. y
l 1 mng 2 chiu kch thc 2x4 th hin 2 dng sng sine: pha 0 l {0, 1000, 0, -
1000} v pha 180 l {0, -1000, 0, 1000}. Gi tr ny th hin bin ca sng sine
trong 1 chu k, ti thi im 0, T/4, T/2 v 3T/4 (T l chu k).
Sau khi xut ra 4 im, mu vo c dch sang phi 1 bit v ly mt n bit LSB.
Lp li nh vy cho n ht chiu di ca mu.
Nh vy, mi mu vo 16 bit c 16 symbol, mi symbol s to ra 1 chu k sng sine
gm 4 im, do vi mi mu vo, chng trnh xut ra 4 x 16 =64 mu ra v bin
m i_BPSK gip xc nh khi no c php ly mu vo k tip.
4. Bin dch chng trnh. Nu thnh cng, np chng trnh bin dch ln kit
chy th.
5. M my pht sng ln v quan st dng sng xut ra. y hy quan st theo 2
cch: (1) s dng Code Compose Studio v cc gi tr ca b m ni
out_buffer. (2) quan st tn hiu xut ra ng ra Line Out ca kit bng
Oscilloscope.
6. Do y s dng my pht sng, dng sng thay i lin tc nn kt qu ra kh
kim chng. Hy sa cu lnh sample_data = input_sample( ) thnh
sample_data = 0x???? (mt gi tr bt k 16 bit dng s hex) ri bin dch, np
v chy li chng trnh.V li dng sng xut ra trong CCS. Lc ny, mu vo l
gi tr c nh do nhp vo v dng sng xut ra s d dng kim chng hn.
7. Hy th mt vi gi tr nhp vo v v dng sng xut ra.
Bi tp
Hy chp ton b folder BPSK sang mt folder mi v t tn l QPSK. Chnh sa li
chng trnh thc hin iu ch QPSK. Sau bin dch v chy trn kit kim
chng kt qu thc hin.
Gi :
- iu ch QPSK cn 4 pha: 0, 90, 180 v 270 nn cn khai bo 1 mng 4 x 4:
4 sng sine lch pha nhau 90, mi sng sine c 4 im. t tn mng l
data_QPSK[4][4] thay cho data_BPSK v sa li tn bin cho ph hp.
- Mi symbol gm 2 bit, do cn s dng mt n thch hp ly 2 bit LSB v
mi ln dch 2 bit.
- Thay i bin m cho thch hp v mi mu vo ch gm 8 symbols.

Trong phn bo co, trnh by phn m ngun ng vi gii thut iu ch (phn t
thc hin). Gii thch nhng g lm v v mt vi dng sng iu ch thu c
kim chng.

63

Ti liu tham kho
[1] Rulph Chassaing , Digital Signal Processing and Applications with the C6713 and 6746
DSK, J ohn Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005.
[2] L Tin Thng, X l s tn hiu & Wavelet, Nh xut bn i hc Quc Gia TP. HCM,
2004.
[3] J . Proakis, D. Manolakis, Introduction to Digital Signal Processing, MacMillan Publisher,
1989.
[4] The Wikipedia ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ )

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