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Le Van Viet Man

Seminar:

QUY TRNH CONG NGHE SAN XUAT XUC XCH TIET TRUNG

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MUC LUC
Trang Tong quan ..................4 Phan I: Nguyen lieu.................. .. . . . .6 1/ nguyen lieu chnh ...................................... 6 1.1/ Tht heo ................................................... 6 1.1.1/ Phan loai .............................................. 6 1.1.2/ Cau truc tht ......................................... 6 1.1.3/ Thanh phan hoa hoc cua tht............. 6 1.1.4/ cac dang h hong cua tht .................. 8 1.2/M heo...................................................... 9 1.3/ Da heo...................................................... 9 1.4/Tieu chuan anh gia nguyen lieu......... 9 2/Phu lieu .......................................................10 2.1/nc a vay.............................................. 10 2.2/Protein au nanh ..................................... 10 2.3Tinh bot...................................................... 10 3/Gia v............................................................ 11 3.1/Muoi tinh ..................................................11 3.2/Bot ngot.....................................................11 3.3/ng ....................................................... 11 3.4/Bot tieu......................................................12 4/Phu gia ......................................................... 12 4.1/Muoi Nitrite.............................................. 13 4.2/Tari.............................................................13 4.3/Vitamin C................................................ 13 Phan II: S o quy trnh cong nghe........................ 14

1/S o quy trnh cong nghe san xuat xuc xch tiet trung .......... 15 2/Thuyet minh quy trnh cong nghe............. 16 2.1/ Cap ong ................................................ 16 2.2/Ra ong .................................................... 17 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

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GVGD : TS. Le Van Viet Man 2.3/Ra............................................................ 18 2.4/Qua trnh xay tho..................................... 18 2.5/Qua trnh xay nhuyen.............................. 19 2.6/Qua trnh nhoi & nh lng .................. 20 2.7/Tiet trung ................................................. 20 2.8/Say kho...................................................... 2.9/Hoan thien ................................................ 3/Cac thiet b s dung trong quy trnh ........ 22 Phan III: anh gia chat lng san pham .............. 33 Phan IV: Cac rui ro va cach khac phuc ............... 37 Phan V : Tai lieu tham khao................................... 39

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TONG QUAN
Cuoc song hien ai ngay cang ap ng tot hn nhng nhu cau cua con ngi. Ben canh nhu cau c an mac ep, c song cuoc song thoai mai, tien nghi th con ngi con co nhu cau c an ngon, an ay u chat dinh dng e co sc khoe tot. T o, con ngi co the lam viec tot hn, hieu qua hn. V l do o ma nganh cong nghiep che bien thc pham ngay cang phat trien manh me, gop phan ap ng nhu cau ve an uong cho moi ngi. Cac san pham thc pham c che bien t tht cung cap ay u thanh phan dinh dng can thiet cua c the. Theo so lieu thong ke cua Cuc Thong ke thanh pho th trong nam 2002, nhu cau oi vi cac san pham thc pham che bien t tht tang len rat nhanh tren 12%. Trong o xuc xch la mot trong nhng san pham che bien t tht rat c quan tam. Xuc xch la mot san pham an lien ngay cang pho bien do tnh tien li va co gia tr dinh dng cao. Xuc xch co the c san xuat mot cach thu cong (theo qui mo gia nh ) hoac theo qui mo cong nghiep. Hien nay tren th trng co rat nhieu loai xuc xch khac nhau. Tuy theo nguyen lieu ta co the phan loai xuc xch nh sau : xuc xch ga ,xuc xch bo, xuc xch tom, xuc xch heo theo phng thc san xuat ta co xuc xch triet trung , xuc xch xong khoi Trong khuon kho cua quyen tieu luan nay , nhom chung em xin gii thieu qui trnh cong nghe san xuat xuc xch triet trung.

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Phan I :NGUYEN
1/ Nguyen lieu chnh:

LIEU

1.1/ Tht heo Tht va nhng san phan che bien t tht la mot trong nhng phan c ban trong khau phan thc an. o la nguon quan trong cung cap lng ln protein va cac chat khoang nh sat(Fe),ong (Cu) magie(Mg), photpho(P). Ngoai ra tht con cung cap nhieu vitamin nh : vitamin A, vitamin B1(thiamin), B2(riboflavin), B6, PPva trong tht cha ay u cac acid amin khong thay the vi t le kha can oi. 1.1.1/ Phan loai Tht heo la nguyen lieu chnh trong qua trnh che bien xuc xch. No co vai tro quyet nh chat lng cua san pham. Tht heo c phan thanh cac loai sau: a/ Theo % nac : +Tht heo nac : nac chiem t le cao >80% +Tht heo na nac na m: %nac 50%-80% +Tht heo m : %nac <50% b/ Theo trang thai tht: +Tht bnh thng : Tht co mau sat ti , be mat rao , khong r nc , pH cua tht co tr so 5.6-6.2 +Tht PSE (pale,soft,excudative): Tht co mau b nhat , mem, be mat khong rao co r nc pH cua tht thap <=5.2 +Tht DFD (dark,firm, dry) Loai tht nay co mau b sam, be mat b kho cng, tr so pH kha cao >=6.4 1.1.2/ Cau truc cua tht Phu thuoc vao vai tro ,chc nang va thanh phan hoa hoc ,ngi ta chia tht thanh cac loai mo nh sau: mo c, mo lien ket , mo xng , mo m, mo mau.

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a/ Mo c : ay la loai mo chiem t le cao nhat trong cau tao cua tht. No bao gom nhieu si t c xep thanh bo, cac si c c cau tao t miozin hoac actin. Chc nang chu yeu cua no la thc hien hoat ong co gian . Thanh phan hoa hoc cua mo c : nc chiem t le: 72%-75% , protein :18%-21%. Con lai la cac thanh phan khac :glucid, lipit, khoang, vitamin b/ mo lien ket: ay la loai mo c phan bo rong rai co vai tro lien ket cac si t c ,cac bo c lai vi nhau ,tao cau truc chat che cho tht . c/ mo m: Mo m c tao thanh t cac te bao mlien ket vi nhau di dang li xop. Lng mo m trong cau truc tht nhieu hay t phu thuoc vao giong loai , gii tnh va ieu kien nuoi dng. 1.1.3/ Thanh phan hoa hoc cua tht heo: Thanh phan dinh dng trong 100gr tht heo: Tht heo Nac Trung bnh M Nc (%) 72 60.1 47.5 Protein (%) 20 16 12.5 Lipit (%) 7 23 39.3 Glucid (%) 0.4 0.3 0.2 Tro (%) 0.6 0.6 0.5 Nang lng (cal/g) 143 286 406

Thanh phan acid amin khong thay the trong protein tht heo: Acid amin Leusin Isoleusin Lyzin Valin methionin % 7.5 4.9 7.8 5.0 2.5 Acid amin Tryptopan Phenylalanine Threonin Arginin Histidin % 1.4 4.1 5.1 6.4 3.2

Ham lng chat khoangtrong tht: (mg/100gr tht) Tht heo Nac Trung bnh M Ca 10.9 13.2 2.5 Mg 29 41 42 Fe 2.2 2.3 2.5 K 442 442 442 Na 161 129 148 P 150 170 180

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Ngoai ra trong tht con co mot so vitamin co ham lng cao nh: vitamin B1 (0.75-0,95mg/100gr), vitamin B2(0.25-0.4 mg%), vitamin B6 (0.42-0.5 mg%), acid pentotenic (0.7-1.5 mg%), va mot so cac vitamin khac nh: vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin Aco ham lng nho hn. 1.1.4/ Cac dang h hong tht Tht trong qua trnh bao quan co the b bien chat va h hong . Nguyen nhan la do bao quan tht trong nhng eu kien khong thch hp, tao ieu kien thuan li cho cac enzim va vi sinh vat co san trong tht phat trien. Nhng bien oi nay dan en h hong ve cam quan, hnh thanh nhng chat co hai . Nhng hien tng h hong cua tht thng gap la: nht , thoi ra, len men chua, s thay oi mau sac va moc. - Sinh nht: Thng xuat hien tren be mat tht p lanh cac buong co o am khong kh tng oi cao hn 90%. ay la giai oan au cua s h hong. Lp nhay nay gom co nhieu vi khuan khac nhau : Micrococus albus, M.cadidus, M.aureus, E.coli, Steptococus liquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis, B.mycoidesToc o sinh nht con phu thuoc vao nhiet o . Nhiet o thch hp cho bao quan tht la 0oC. -Tht b chua: Do vi khuan lactic, nam men hoac cac enzim co san trong tht . Trong tht co cang nhieu glycogen th cang de b chua .qua trnh 1en men chua lam cho pH cua tht giam. V vay ,no la qua trnh trc cua qua trnh thoi ra. San pham cua qua trnh la cac acid focmic, axetic, butyric, lactic, propioic, xucxinic tht b chua co mau xam va mui kho chu. -S thoi ra tht : Do cac vi sinh vat hieu kh cung nh k kh phat trien sinh ra cac enzim proteaza phan giai protein. San pham cua qua trnh thoi ra gom : hydro sunfua, indol, statol, butyrictao mui kho chu cho tht Cac vi khuan hieu kh gay thoi thng gap : Bacerium megatherium, Bacillus subtilis, B.mensenterium, Proteus vulgaris Cac vi khuan k kh : Clotridium perfringens, Cl.putrificum, Cl.sporogenes -Tht moc : Do cac moc Mucor va Aspergillusphat tien tren tht ,lam cho tht tang tnh kiem do phan huy proteinva lipit, tao thanh cac acid bay hi , nam moc phat trien lam cho tht co mui moc ,nht dnh va bien mau -S bien mau cua tht : Mau cua tht trong qua trnh bao quan co the chuyen t o bien thanh mau xam , nau , hoac xanh luc do cac vi khuan hieu kh phat trien tren be mat

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Tom lai , trong cong nghe san xuat xuc xch tht heo co nhng ac tnh nh : Tao ga tr dinh dng cho san pham Tao cau truc , hnh thai cho san pham nh cau truc cua tht va s tao gel cua cac phan t protein co trong tht Tao ra mui v ac trng cho san pham 1.2/ M heo M heo la nguon cung cap chat beo. Xuc xch triet trung dung tat ca cac loai m nh m lng, m ui , m nongnhng khong dung m sa . M co tac dung lam tang o dnh o beo ,o bong ,lam tang gia tr cam quan cho san pham , giup tan dung nguon nguyen lieu va lam giam gia thanh , tang hieu qua kinh te 1.3/ Da heo : Da heo c s dung trong che bien xuc xch nham lam tang kha nang ket dnh , tang o dai cho xuc xch , ong thi lam giam gia thanh . 1.4/ Tieu chuan anh gia nguyen lieu *Tieu chuan anh gia chat lng tht:(TCVN 7049-2002) Kiem soat ve sinh thu y: Tat ca cac loai nguyen lieu tht s dung che bien eu phai qua kiem soat ve sinh thu y Tieu chuan cam quan Trang thai +Tht ti, co o an hoi cao, vet cat mong nc nhng khong r nc, be mat khong nht. +Khong con sot gan, xng, sun, long, to chc c khong bam dap, tu huyet, xuat huyet +Tht nhiem gao khong c dung che bien dang mieng ma phai a vao che bien dang xay. Mau sac +Khong c phep co mau o bam, nau am, xam hay tai nhat, xanh. +Tht, m khong b nhiem sac to vang. Mui v +Khong co mui oi cua tht b bien chat, cua m b oxy hoa gat dau. +Khong co mui heo noc, khang sinh hay hoa chat x l. +Khong co v la nh man, chua, chat Ve sinh +Bao b kn, sach se. +Tht, m khong dnh vat la nh: at, cat, phan, dau nht, day buoc, giay, la cay o ong lanh: Tht lanh ong phai co nhiet o tam tht -18 0C

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Tieu chuan hoa sinh

o pH +Tht ti: 5.66.0 +Tht lanh: 5.36.0 Lng NH3 +Tht ti: 20 mg/100 g +Tht lanh: 40 mg/100 g Lng H2S: Am tnh Han the:Khong c co Tieu chuan vi sinh +Tong so vi khuan hieu kh: 1 000 000/g +E.coli: 100/g +Staphilococus aureus: 100/g +Salmonella: 0/25g *Tieu chuan m Tuy theo pH cua tht ma dung loai m phu hp : tht co pH cao c phoi tron vi loai m t b phan giai va ngc lai . m c dung phai lang sach gia khong sot xng , long va cac tap chat khac *Tieu chuan dung da Da c s dung phai cao sach long , lang sach m khong co det bam , da khong qua cng va kho , khong dung da heo nai hoac heo noc . 2./ Phu lieu : 2.1/ Nc a vay: Nc a vay co vai tro rat quan trong trong qua trnh che bien, giup cho viec gi nhiet o thap (di 12 0C) trong qua trnh xay (do s ma sat xay ra gia cac dao va nguyen lieu a vao), ngoai ra no con la dung moi giup hoa tan cac chat phu gia. Nc a vay anh hng en kha nang tao nhu tng, tham gia vao viec tao cau truc va trang thai cua san pham thc pham che bien, ong thi lam tang o am cung nh trong lng cua san pham. 2.2/ Protein au nanh : Protein au nanh la mot san pham c che bien bang cach trch ly protein t au nanh vi ham lng protein cao (>90%), e cung cap cho cac nha che bien cac san pham tht. Protein au nanh co tnh nang cai thien cau truc hay tao cau truc trong cac dang san pham khac nhau (dang gel,nhu tng...), co kha nang gi nc, lien ket cac thanh phan chat beo, protein...nhanh chong nen c a vao trc tiep trong qua trnh tao nhu tng. e tao s can bang gia nguon protein ong vat va protein thc vat, cung nh tao cho san pham xuc xch tiet trung co gia tr dinh dng cao, th

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viec bo sung protein au nanh la thch hp v no co gia thanh re va co cac tnh nang cong nghe u viet khac. 2.3/ Tinh bot : Trong che bien cac san pham t tht tinh bot thng dung la tinh bot bap. Tinh bot tao ra o ac o deo , o dai ,o dnh ,o xop,o trongTrong san xuat xuc xch tinh bot se lien ket vi gel protein lam cho xuc xch co o an hoi ac trng. 3/ Gia v 3.1/ Muoi tinh (NaCl): Muoi c dung e tao v man lam tang gia tr cam quan cho xuc xch, lam tang kha nang ket dnh cua actin va myosin. Ngoai ra muoi con co tnh sat khuan nhe, gop phan lam giam s phat tien vi sinh vat gay hai *Tieu chuan cua muoi trong che bien : Ten ch tieu Mau sac Mui V Yeu cau Trang, trong Khong co mui Dung dch muoi 5% co v man thuan khiet, khong co v la Dang ben ngoai Kho rao, ti eu, trang sach C hat 115 mm Ham lng NaCl theo % khoi lng > 97% kho Ham lng chat khong tan trong nc < 25% tnh theo % khoi lng chat kho 3.2/ Bot ngot :( mono sodium glutamate) Bot ngot co vai tro quan trong trong che bien thc pham , tao ra v ngot giong nh tht. Do o no c s dung e lam tang v ngot cho xuc xch. Lieu lng toi a la 10g/1kg nguyen lieu . * Tieu chuan cua bot ngot : Ten ch tieu Trang thai Mau sac Mui V Yeu cau Bot mn, khong von cuc, de tan trong nc, so lng iem en trong 10 cm2 < 2 Trang Thm khong lan chua, khong tanh, khong co mui la khac Ngot ac trng cua bot ngot

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Ham lng nc o pH cua dung dch Ham lng natri glutamat Ham lng NaCl Sat Goc sunfat(SO42-) < 0,14% 6,57,0 > 80% < 18% < 0,05% < 0,002%

3.3/ ng : ng co tac dung tao v ngot cho san pham, lam du v muoi, lam mem tht. Ngoai ra ng con la chat phu gia lam giam hoat tnh cua nc. ng con ket hp vi muoi lam tang ap suat tham thau, km ham hoat ong cua mot so vi sinh vat khi bao quan. ng co kha nang lien ket vi nc bang lien ket hydro, bien nc t dothanh nc lien ket gop phan lam giam hoat tnh cua nc, c che s phat trien cua vi sinh vat. * Tieu chuan dung ng : Cac ch tieu Hnh dang Mui v Mau sac Yeu cau Dang tinh the tng oi eu, ti kho, khong von Tinh the cung nh dung dch ng trong nc cat co v ngot, khong co mui v la Tat ca tinh the eu trang ong anh. Khi pha trong dung dch nc cat th thu c dch trong suot.

3.4 / Bot tieu Bot tieu c s dung trong che bien xuc xch e tao vi cay nong ,mui thm lam tang tnh cam quan. * Tieu chuan cua bot tieu : Ten ch tieu Trang thai Yeu cau Ti, mn, kho, khong lan tap chat, c hat nho hn 0,2 mm Mau sac Mau xam Mui v Cay nong t nhien, mui thm ac trng Nam moc, sau mot Khong co Ham lng am <13% Chat khong bay hi chiet c (% khoi 6%

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lng chat kho) Tinh dau bay hi (ml/100g khoi lng kho) Ham lng piperin (% khoi lng kho) Tro tong so (% khoi lng kho) Tro khong tan trong axit (% khoi lng kho)

1 4% < 6% < 1,2%

Ngoai ra trong che bien xuc xch con dung cac phu gia khac nh : toi, bot tnham lam cho san pham co mui v thm ngon hn. 4./ Phu gia : Trong che bien xuc xch thng s dung cac phu gia :muoi nitrite, hng lieu , tari, vitamin . 4.1/ Muoi nitrite :(NaNO2 ) Tnh nang cua muoi nitrite : _ On nh mau hong t nhien cua tht khi gia nhiet, tang mau cua tht a x ly. _ Tang hng v va cau truc cho san pham. _ Tieu diet va c che cac vi sinh vat. _ Km ham s oxy hoa lipid. Tuy nhien muoi nitrite co tnh oc nen khi s dung phai tuan thu ve lieu lng. Lieu lng toi a cho phep la 125ppm. 4.2/ Tari :(polyphosphate) Tari co tnh nang cai thien kha nang nhu hoa va kha nang gi nc cua tht . co nhieu loai tari :tari-l,tari-k, tari-p Lieu lng cho phep :9g/1kg nguyen lieu (tnh theo P205) 4.3/ Vitamin C : Vitamin C giup chong oxy hoa tht trong qua trnh che bien, bao quan. No phan ng vi O2, ngan O2 tiep xuc phan ng vi cac thanh phan cua tht, vi nitrite nen giup nh mau cho san pham, tang nhanh kha nang tao mau cho san pham. Vitamin C lam giam lng nitrite d (neu co), ngan can s tao thanh nitrosamine, lam tang gia tr dinh dng cho san pham. No la loai vitamin rat can thiet oi vi c the con ngi. Vitamin C chiem lay O2 trong khong kh, ngan can s phat trien cua vi khuan hieu kh.

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Phan II :

S O QUI TRNH CONG NGHE

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1.S o qui trnh cong nghe san xuat xuc xch triet trung

M, da ` Cap ong

Tht Cap ong Bao quan


tmt = -30oC ttam = -18oC vkk = 3m/s = 30 phut tbq khoang 6 thang tmt =-18oC t=5oC =18-24h v=1m/s =85% H2O

Bao quan

Ra ong Ra Can

Ra ong

Xay tho

Xay tho Xay xuyen

=3-5mm
tphong =5oC tcuoi <12oC =0.2-0.5mm t=2-4oC p=0.2-0.3at Toco 80110cay/phut t=121oC p=2.1at =12-17phut t=70-80oC =5-10phut

Gia v, phu gia

Nhoi nh lng Tiet trung Say kho Lam nguoi Dan nhan Vo thung

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San pham

2/ Thuyet minh quytrnh cong nghe : 2.1/ Cap ong Giai oan cap ong: Nguyen lieu au thng khong s dung lien ma thng a vao cap ong, tr ong roi sau o mi a vao e che bien. Muc ch : Bao quan nguon nguyen lieu , han che s phat trien cua visinh vat , c che cac hoat ong sinh hoa ,giup cho qua trnh bao quan tht c lau . Giup cho viec san xuat dien ra lien tuc,on nh nguon nguyen lieu Nhng bien oi xay ra trong qua trnh lanh ong : Trong qua trnh lanh ong chu yeu xay ra qua trnh bien oi vat l ma cu the la bien oi ve nhiet o. Khi cho nguyen lieu vao moi trong lanh ong nhiet o cua nguyen lieu bien thien nh sau (hnh): nhiet o bat au giam en nhiet o ong bang (tb ). Sau o nhiet o tiep tuc ha mot t roi tang en iem C. tai nhiet o o nc trong san pham bat au ket tinh nhiet o tr nen khong oi. Khi nc trong san pham a ong bang het nhiet o tiep tuc giam xuong en nhiet o cua moi trng lanh ong . to A

tb tmt

B C D E bao quan

QT lanh ong

Do s thay oi nhiet o dan en thay oi ham am trong tht nen khoi lng cua tht thay oi. ay la yeu to can c quan tam v no anh hng en tnh kinh te cua qua trnh cong nghe Ngoai ra con co s bien oi ve chat , nc trong nguyen lieu se chuyen pha. Nc t do ket tinh trc sau o en nc lien ket . qua trnh ket tinh trai qua cac vung sau : - Vung 1: Nhiet o t :-1oC en -1,5oC nc t do bat dau ket tinh

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Vung 2:Nhiet o t :-2,5oC en -3oC nc lien ket dang Zol ket tinh - Vung 3: Nhiet o t :-20oC en -25oC nc lien ket dang Zol va keo ket tinh - Vung 4: Nhiet o t :-60oC en -65oC nc ong bang hoan toan Nc a ton tai dang tinh the, kch thc tinh the phu thuoc vao toc o lam lanh ong. Toc o nhanh kch thc tinh the se nho va ngc lai. Nguyen nhan co the giai thch nh sau :neu lam lanh cham , au tien am lp ngoai ong bang trc. Khi o am nhng iem nay se thap tao ra s chenh lech am vi cac iem ben trong do o co s chuyen am t cac iem ben trong ti vung ong bang va ket tinh tren khoi bang a c tao thanh lam cho tinh the bang ln dan len. Khi lam lanh ong vi toc o nhanh th hau het lng am trong khoi nguyen lieu ket tinh tai cho , v the kch thc tinh the be. Toc o lanh ong c tnh nh sau : V= Trong o x be day lp bang tao thanh trong thi gian t Ngoai ra con co mot so bien oi khac nh: bien oi sinh hoa ,bien oi cau truc te bao dan en nhng bien oi ve cam quan nh mau mui Phng phap thc hien : Tht sau khi mo, trc khi a vao he thong cap ong th c a qua phong lanh nhiet o khoang 0 - 5oC, thi gian khoang 4-5h, sau o a vao he thong cap ong. ay ta thc hien che o lanh ong theo phng phap gian tiep va tien hanh lanh ong nhanh trong moi trng co nhiet o khoang -30oC , thi gian cap ong khoang vai chuc phut ,toc o khong kh t 3-5 m/s. Khi nhiet o tam tht en -18oC th vao phong bao quan , nhiet o moi trng trong phong bao quan tmt=-18oC . Thi gian bao quan co the en 6 thang, c tnh bang cong thc sau: t = A.10-0.05t thang A : he so thc nghiem , oi vi tht heo A=1,78 t :nhiet o phong bao quan Trc khi s dung hai ngay th lay nguyen lieu t phong tr ong ra e thc hien qua trnh ra ong. 2.2/ Ra ong Qua trnh ra ong nham muc ch chuan b cho qua trnh che bien tiep theo: nang cao nhiet o cua tht en nhiet o theo yeu cau trong qua trnh che bien xuc xch tiet trung.
x t

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Tht khi tr ong thng co nhiet o tam at -20 -18 0C. Luc nay tht ong lai thanh mot khoi rat cng nen kho khan trong khi a vao may xay va thc hien qua trnh xay. Bien oi trong qua trnh ra ong : Qua trnh ra ong la qua trnh thuan nghch so vi qua trnh lanh ong. Tuy nhien co mot so bien oi la khong thuan nghch. Trong qua trnh ra ong nhiet o tht tang dan, cac tinh the a tan ra dan en cac bien oi trong cau truc tht va lam cho tht mem hn,thuan li cho qua trnh xay. Ngoai ra con co nhng bien oi nh s phat trien cua mot so vi sinh vat ,s hoa nhay be mat, trch ly dch bao Qua trnh ra ong c thc hien trong phong chuan b co nhiet o 5
0

C. Khi ra ong phai thc hien cham e giam s hao hut ve lng va chat. Chon che o ra ong nh sau: Moi trng: khong kh t nhien, van toc oi lu vkk = 1 m/s. Nhiet o phong: tph = 5 0C. o am: = 85%. Thi gian ra ong r. = 18-24 gi. Nhiet o tam tht: ttam = -4 -2 0C. 2.3/ Ra Nguyen lieu khi ra ong thng co lp mang nhn bao phu ben

ngoai, khi gap ieu kien thch hp vi khuan se phat trien manh. V the ta phai ra va lam sach nguyen lieu e loai tr vi khuan phat trien trong qua trnh che bien. Qua trnh c thc hien trong phong chuan b, ra bang voi nc ap lc manh Tht sau khi ra c lam rao bang cach thong gio t nhien hay nhan tao. 2.4/ Xay tho Muc ch Qua trnh xay tho nham lam giam kch thc cua khoi tht lanh ong e tao ieu kien cho qua trnh xay nhuyen, phoi tron ve sau tren may cutter. Cac bien oi xay ra :

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Qua trnh xay tho chu yeu xay ra qua trnh bien oi vat ly cat t mo lien ket lam giam kch thc khoi tht , gia tang nhiet o cua khoi tht do ma sat Thiet b dung xay tho la : may mincer. Cac thong so lam viec Qua trnh xay tho c thc hien trong phong che bien co nhiet o 5
0

C tren thiet b la may mincer. Kch thc hat tht sau xay hat = 3 5 mm

May mincer khi xay thc hien 2 che o tron va xay ong thi, nang suat cua thiet b co the en 500kg/h.

2.5/ Qua trnh xay nhuyen :


Qua trnh xay nhuyen ong vai tro het sc quan trong trong quy trnh san xuat xuc xch tiet trung . Qua trnh nay nham muc ch tao nen mot he nhu tng ben cua tat ca cac thanh phan vat chat co trong xuc xch nh : nguyen lieu ( tht nac , m heo, da heo), gia v, phu gia , tao nen mot he ong nhat . Qua trnh nay se anh hng trc tiep en cac qua trnh sau nay. Neu nh qua trnh xay nhuyen khong c tot , nguyen lieu khong c xay nhuyen th se rat kho khan cho qua trnh nhoi & ong clip sau nay ( neu san pham sau ong clip ma con gan th se b a ve giai oan tai che ) . Hn nua, neu kho xay nhuyen nguyen lieu , he nhu tng tao thanh khong ben th cung se anh hng en qua trnh hap va tiet trung sau nay v no se anh hng en kha nang tao gel cua protein khi b bien tnh , lam cho san pham cang khong eu , lam giam gia tr cam quan cua san pham . Cac qua trnh bien oi ay chu yeu ve mat vat ly ( kch thc ,hnh dang cua san pham ). Nguyen lieu gom co : tht nac sau khi xay tho at kch thc =35 mm se c a vao qua tnh xay nhuyen . thi gian au ( 13 vong quay au ),ta cho may hoat ong cham ong thi cho hon hp cac muoi , nitrite, phosphat vao .Cung trong thi gian nay ,ta cho may quay kho ( khong cho them nc a vay vao ) . Sau khi may a quay c 34 vong , ta cho them nc a vay vao. Nc a vay co vai tro rat quan trong trong qua trnh xay nhuyen v no la thanh phan cua nc e tao nhu tng , e hoa tan cac muoi va ac biet la gi nhiet o hon hp di 120 C . Sau khi cho nc a vay vao , ta cho may quay toc o nhanh khoang 20 vong ( luc nay ,nhiet o khoi tht at khoang 40 C ), ta se tiep tuc cho them m , da va 1/3 lng nc a vay vao hon hp & tiep tuc cho may van hanh toc o cao trong khoang 30 vong na ( luc nay nhiet o hon hp khoang 60 C ), ta se cho may chay cham lai va cho hng lieu , gia v va 1/3 lng nc a vay con lai vao va cho may van hanh toc o cao tr lai khoang 30 vong na .Trong thi gian nay , tat ca tht , m , da c xay nhuyen at kch thc =0.20.5 mm. Hon hp nay va nc ( tan ra t

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nc a vay ) tao nen mot he nhu tng .Quan sat khi thay hon hp a ong nhat , ta dng may xay nhuyen va nhanh chong vet san pham ra khoi chao trc khi nhiet o he nhu tng vt qua 120 C , V khi nhiet o he nhu tng qua 12o C th he se khong ben va se tao nen hien tng tach lp gia m , nc & protein va se khong tao thanh san pham c . Cac thong so lam viec : + Thi gian :10 phut / me . + nhiet o : di 120 C . + Kch thtc hon hp trc khi xay nhuyen : = 3 5 mm + Kch thtc hon hp sau khi xay nhuyen : = 0.2 0.5 mm

2.6/ Qua trnh nhoi va nh lng :

Qua trnh nhoi nham tao cho san pham co hnh dang , kch thc on nh va ong nhat . Ngoai ra , qua trnh nhoi ( chan khong ) cong vi viec vo bao b va ong clip con co tac dung han che s xam nhap cua oxy va cac loai vi sinh vat gay hai cho san pham. Hn na, qua trnh nhoi & vo bao con ong vai tro nh mot qua trnh chuan b cho qua trnh tiet trung , lam cho san pham co o ket dnh cao , ong thi co nh gel va lam cho san pham cang eu , tang gia tr cam quan . Hon hp nhu tng sau khi xay nhuyen se c chuyen qua may nhoi .Tai ay, hon hp se c a qua mot he thong ng ong va c bao goi . Mot he thong can ien t se lap chng trnh san e ieu khien li dao cat san pham v nhng khoang bang nhau ( tc khoi lng tng ng nhau ) ( Qui trnh nay co 2 loai san pham: cay xuc xch 40 g & 70 g ). Sau o , san pham se c ong clip nhom 2 au va c a ra khoi may nhoi e chuan b cho qua trnh tiet trung . Toan bo qua trnh c thc hien che o chan khong nham han che toi a s nhiem khuan cho san pham . Cac thong so ky thuat: + Nhiet o may : 2 40 C. + Ap suat :0.2 0.3 at. + Nang suat : 80 cay 70g/phut hay 110 cat 40 g/ phut. Thiet b : May Vacuum filler L5FSHB 2.7/ Tit trng Mc ch : + Lm chn sn phm + Tiu dit vi sinh vt + Ci thin cu trc Nhng bin i din ra: nhit v p sut cao, cc thnh phn trong cy xc xch c lm chn, cy xc xch s trng n ng u .

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Thit b Thit b s dng l ni autoclave. Xc xch c sp xp ngay ngn trong cc khay inox , sau c ua vo bn tit trng. y l bn tit trng theo kiu nu t, khi lng mt m l 800 kg. Cc thng s lm vic: p sut i khng Pk = 2,3 kgf/cm2. p sut th Pt = 8 kgf/cm2 . Nhit tm sn phm : 121 C Thi gian gi nhit gn= 12 pht i vi cy 40g, gn = 17 pht i vi cy 70g Cc s c c th xy ra v cch x l : + Khi p sut i khng khng t 2,3 kgf/cm2 cn bng vi p sut trng n ca cy xc xch th s lm cho cy xc xch trng n khng ng u.V vy cn phi ch trng iu chnh p sut cho chnh xc. + Cc thng s : nhit d , p sut ,thi gian c ci t m khi hot ng c cc sai lch th cng nh hng n cht lng ca xc xch nh:cy xc xch b mm. 2.8/ Sy kh: Mc ch: Trong qu trnh tit trng ,cy xc xch c trng n trong mi trng nc,nn khi a vo bo qun vi sinh vt s pht trin v xm nhp vo cy xc xch hai u clip,ni c m cao.Vy mc ch ca sy l lm kh nc hai u clip ca cy xc xch ,hn ch s h hng ca sn phm,ko di thi gian bo qun. Nhng bin i xy ra: Cy xc xch c lm kh Thit b , my mc: Xc xch c sy trong bn tit trng,dng khng kh nng lm kh sn phm. Cc thong s lm vic: Nhit sy : ts = 70 80 C Nhit tm sn phm: ttm= 50 55 c Thi gian sy : 510 pht. Wkk v =30%; Wkkr=55% Sau khi sy,sn phm c em lm ngui trc khi dn nhn. 2.9/ Hoan thien : ay la giai oan bao gom cac qua trnh: lam nguoi, dan nhan, vo thung, va cuoi cung la ta c san pham a i tieu thu. Tng cay xuc xch se c lam ep mat vi quy cach trnh bay hap dan, nang cao gia tr s dung cua san pham.

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Qua trnh hoan thien san pham c thc hien phong hoan thien co nhiet o bnh thng. Sau khi thc hien qua trnh say th nhiet o cua cay xuc xch khoang o t 70 C en 80oC. e thc hien viec dan nhan va vo thung th phai lam nguoi cay xuc xch. V neu e nhiet o qua cao th nhan de b boc ra va qua trnh hoan thien gap nhieu kho khan. Do o san pham xuc xch c a qua kho tr mot em e ha nhiet o. ay la phng phap lam nguoi san pham bang khong kh t nhien. Sau o, o san pham ra ban va cong nhan dan nhan cho tng cay xuc xch, roi xep vao thung carton. giai oan nay th ta co the s dung cac bang chuyen t ong dan nhan va cac thiet b em t ong e vao thung carton. Thanh pham c bao quan nhiet o thng, tranh tiep xuc trc tiep vi anh sang, nhiet o cao. 2.10/ Ty le phoi tron nguyen lieu trong cong nghe san xuat xuc xch tiet trung : Ten nguyen lieu Nac heo M heo nhuyen Da heo xay nhuyen Nc a vay % Khoi lng 35,63 xay 22,68 19,44 16,20 1,94 1,30 0,29 1,68 Ten nguyen lieu Toi Tieu Bot ngot Nhuc au khau Gng Paprica Vitamin C % Khoi lng 0,13 0,29 0,10 0,10 0,06 0,06 0,10

Protein au nanh Tinh bot Tari K7 Muoi/nitrite

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3/ Thiet b va nguyen tac hoat ong cua thiet b: 3.1/ S sap xep thiet b :

1.Dressing table L5-FKC-1/1 2.Boning table L5-FKC-1/3 3.Truck L5-FKM 07.000 4.Truck L5-FKM 07.000 5.Cutter L5-FKM 6.Meat mixer L5-FM2-U-150 7.Vacuum filler (stuffer) L5-FSHA 8.Sausage cording table L5-FKC-1/4

1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1

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9.Sausage stick hanging rack L5-FKC-1/5 10.Washing unit L5-FKC-1/8 10 1

11.Sausage cooking unit: 11.1.Sausage cooker L5-FKC-1 11.2.Water heater L5-NA-630 11.3.Overflow tank L5-OS-50/3 11.4.Electric pump 11.5.Set of pipelines and optional equipment 1 1 1 1 1

3.2/ thiet b tr ong : Tht sau khi nhap ve hoac sau khi c giet mo tai lo neu khong s dung ngay th phai em i tr ong e tranh b h thoi . Thiet b tr ong la kho lanh vi nang suat 1000 kg/me Mot vai hnh anh & cac thong so ky thuat cua kho lanh : ( nhiet o tam tht phai at 180 C ).

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Nhit sn phm Cng sut c tnh

Nhit tm sn phm vo Nhit tm sn phm ra Thit k theo yu cu

: :

10oC -18oC

Thit k v ch to theo tiu chun H.A.C.C.P. Vch v trn c lp ghp bng panel polyurethane (hoc panel polystyrenen), hai mt bc bng tole colorbond (hoc inox) v c cn sng. Nn cch nhit bng foam polyurethane (polystyrene), trn lp cch nhit beton ct thp. Sn phm c xp trn cc khay (nhm) v xp vo cc xe y. Dn lnh kiu t trn sn v x bng nc (hoc gas nng), mi dn c 4 qut loi hng trc. S lng dn lnh ph thuc vo cng sut cp ng.

H thng lnh

Hm ng c thit k ph hp vi :

My nn piston hoc trc vt Dn ngng t kiu ng chm hoc bay hi Mi cht lnh l ammoniac (R717) hoc CHFCl2 (R22)

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THNG S K THUT (TECHNICAL DATA) MODEL DATA Cng sut danh nh (Kg/m) Nomial capacity (Kg/shift) Nhit tm sn phm vo/ra (oC) Products central temperature in/out (oC) S tm plate/s tng Quantity of plates/number of stages Kch thc hiu qu ca tm plate (mm) Dimentions effect of plate (mm)Plate Taiwan Vt liu cch nhit/Vt liu v t Insulated material/cover material Nng sut lnh (TC= 40oC/Te=40oC) Ref. capacity (TC= 40oC/Te=40oC) (1) Nng sut lnh (TC= 40oC/Te=40oC) Ref. capacity (TC= 40oC/Te=40oC) (2) Chiu cao (H mm) Heigh (H mm) 5/4 7/6 RC-CF 500 500 RC-CF 700 700 RC-CF 1000 1000 RC-CF 1500 1500 RC-CF 2000 2000

+10/-18

9/8

13/12

17/16

2600 L x 1250 W x 22 t Polyurethane dy 150 mmm/bc inox 0.7 mm Polyurethane 150 mm thickness/cover by stainless steel 23 000 30 000 30 000 56 000 74 000

30 000

56 000

74 000

115 000

150 000

1512

1656

1800

2088

2376

3.3/ Thiet b ra ong : Sau khi tr ong ( thong thng toi a khoang 6 thang ) ,khi phan xng che bien co nhu cau thi tht phai c ra ong trc khi a vao quy trnh che bien Thiet b ra ong thng la can phong kn ,ngi ta se xep tht vao o & cho luong khong kh lanh ( khoang 5o C ) thoi vao vi mot van toc xac nh .

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Cac thong so lam viec cua phong ra ong : Nhiet o = 50 C. Thi gian = 24 h. Van toc kh =1 m/s. o am = 85%. San pham sau khi qua qua trnh ra ong se co nhiet o tai tam tht khoang -4-2 0 C Sau o nguyen lieu se c em i can & chuan b cho qua trnh xay tho . 3.4/ Thiet b xay tho ( may mincer). Qua trnh xay tho nham tao cho tht co kch thc 35 mm e chuan b cho qua trnh xay nhuyen. Thiet b xay tho la may mincer .

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Tht sau khi c ra ong se c a vao chao nhap lieu cua may mincer , tai ay tht se c he thong truc vt ay i den li dao cat gan ong truc vi truc vt & se c cat nho .Sat pha sau li dao cat co tam chan dang nh mot tam ray ( tht neu co kch thc nho hn kch thc lo tren tam chan th se cho lot qua ,neu khong th se b gi lai tren tam chan & se c li dao tiep tuc cat ).Nh vay tht sau khi xay tho se co kch thc 35 mm & se c thao ra ngoai theo ng ong ong truc vi truc xoan vt. Cac thong so lam viec cua may mincer : Nhiet o :50 C. Nang suat : 800 kg ( m + tht ) /h. 3.5/ thiet b xay nhuyen : Tht,m,da sau khi xay tho c a qua may xay nhuyen e tao cho san pham co dang paste . Nguyen tac lam viec cua may cutter : tht se c o vao chao ,chao nay co the quay c vi toc o cham trong khi do li dao se cat vi van toc nhanh (1500 vong/ph 4500 vong /ph) & se cat hon hp

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m ,da ,tht & cac loai nguyen lieu khac ra dang nhu tng ( dang paste).

Thiet b xay nhuyen la may cutter :

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Cac thong so ky thuat cua cutter :


L5-FKM L5-FKM L5-FKM-01

Bowl capacity, m3 Number of knives Cutting speed, m/s Overall dimensions, mm: length width height Weight, kg Installed power, kW Cutter drum body Bowl

0.125 3 66 (2,600 rpm. )

0.125 6 108 (3,600 rpm. )

0.125 6 108 (3,600 / min.)

3,000 1,850 1,800 2,200 30,63


iron, molded

2,650 1,750 2,015 1,540 39


stainless steel welded

2,650 1,750 2,015 1,600 39,5


stainless steel welded

fit with covers

fit with covers

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3.6/ May nhoi nh lng : Tht sau khi xay nhuyen se c a qua may nhoi & nh lng e nh hnh cay xuc xch . May nhoi la may vacuum filler : Nguyen tac lam viec cua may : tht se c a vao chao nhap lieu ,sau o se c a qua mot ng ong & c ong bao & ong clip nhom hai au e hnh thanh hnh dang cua mot cay xuc xch .

3.7/ May hap tiet trung : Luc nay ,san pham con ang dang song ,ta hap tiet trung e lam chn san pham . May hap tiet trung la mot phong hap co dang :

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Nguyen tac hoat ong cua phong hap cung tng t nh noi hap auto clave :

Nhng vi cong suat ln hn e phu hp vi quy mo san xuat cong nghiep ( noi auto clave chu yeu dung trong phong th nghiem ) Sau o ,san pham se c em i say , ong thung & phan phoi .

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Phan III :

TIEU CHUAN ANH GIA SAN PHAM

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Thc pham la nguon cung cap dong vat chat, nang lng va thong tin cho con ngi. Do o san pham t khi cha mot chat n chat ma thng la to hp cac chat khac nhau, di tac dung cua nhng ieu kien cong nghe xac nh, a tng tac hai hoa vi nhaue cuoi cung tao ra thanh pham co cau truc, hnh dang, mau sac, va tnh cam v...thch hp vi th hieu cua mot cong ong. V vay chat lng cua mot san pham thc pham phai c bao ham cac mat sau: Yeu cau ve hoa ly: TEN CH TIEU o am Phan ng eber (nh tnh NH3) GII HAN TOI A khong qua 17-18% am tnh

Phan ng vi thuoc th ch am tnh acetat (nh tnh H2S) <=40.0 Ham lng NH3 (mg/100g) <=6.20 o PH Cac yeu cau khac: nam trong gii han -Ham lng muoi nitrit, cho phep nitrat cua Na vaK -Pham mau theo quy nh cua thc pham Bang : D lng thuoc tr sau GII HAN TOI A (mg/kg) Ho tetracyclin 0.1 Ho cloramphenicol khong phat hien + oc to nam moc: ham lng aflatoxin B1 cua tht che bien co x ly nhiet khong ln hn 0.005mg/kg Bang: D lng hoocmon: TEN CH TIEU Dietyl stylbestrol Testosterol Estadiol GII HAN TOI A (mg/kg) 0.0 0.015 0.0005 TEN CH TIEU

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Bang : Ham lng kim loai cho phep trong tht va san pham t tht TEN CH TIEU Asen( As ) Ch (Pb) ong (Cu) Thiec (Sn) Kem (Zn) Thuy ngan (Hg) Cadimi (Cd) Antimon (Sb) GII HAN TOI A(mg/kg) 1 2 20 40 40 0.05 1 1

Yeu cau ve ham lng Vi sinh vat: Bang gii han cho phep cua cac VSV co trong san pham che bien t

tht:

VINH SINH VAT

TSVKHK Coliforms Escherichia coli Clostridium perfringens Salmonella (trong 25g) Bacillus cereus Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium botulinum

GII HAN CHO PHEP TRONG 1g HAY 1ml THC PHAM 3.105 50 3 0 0 10 10 0

Yeu cau ve cam quan: + Dang ben ngoai va trang thai c ly: Be mat kho,san, tht nac an hoi, mem va khong b mun, lat cat kho, mn,ti, mau sang. Cay xuc xch s chac tay, ac trng cho san pham. +Mau sac: ac trng cho san pham, mau ti, sang, khong co vet la. +Mui : mui thm rat ac trng, khong co mui la. +V : v ac trng, khong co v la. Yeu cau ve bao b va bao quan:

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San pham xuc xch c goi bang nha tong hp PVDC. Yeu cau cua vat lieu la can kho khong vt qua 30ppm,Bari khong vt qua 100ppm, Vinyliden khong qua 6 ppm. No phai chuyen dung cho thc pham va khong anh hng en chat lng san pham. Nhan cua thc pham bao goi san phai c gan vao bao b thc pham sao cho khong b bong, ri hoac tach ra khoi bao b.Phai v tr de thay,ro rang, de oc oi vi khach hang. Phai ghi ten thc pham, ngay san xuat, hang s dung va nha san xuat ... Van chuyen: phng tien chuyen ch phai kho, sach. Bao quan: bao quan ni kho sach, am bao an toan VSTP. Thi han s dung theo cong bo cua nha san xuat.

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Phan IV :

CAC RUI RO VA CACH KHAC PHUC

Trong qua trnh che bien xuc xch tiet trung , moi nguy quan tam nhat la vi sinh vat. ay la moi nguy tiem an co nguy c cao. S phat trien cua chung co anh hng khong nho en xuc xch tiet trung . Xuc xch tiet trung la mot loai thc pham dung e an lien khong qua che bien lai va co thi gian bao quan lau, nen van e vi sinh vat gay oc ton tai trong xuc xch phai c nghien cu ky. Nha che bien phai am bao

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sao cho san pham cua mnh en tay ngi tieu dung phai at tieu chuan an toan , ve sinh va dinh dng . Mot cach tong quat, vi sinh vat luon co mat khap moi giai oan che bien nhng tuy theo so lng t hay nhieu co nguy hiem cho thc pham hay khong la tuy thuoc cau ky thuat cua cong oan o. Rui ro t qua trnh che bien va bao quan co the do cac nguyen nhan sau : - Nguyen lieu,gia v,phu gia khong c kiem tra cac ch tieu chat lng chat che dan en cac moi nguy ve sinh , ly, hoa hoc cho san pham . T o lam cho san pham kem chat lng va khong an toan . - Trong cac cong oan che bien , cong nhan hay ngi van hanh khong tuan thu che o ve sinh nghiem ngat , khong thc hien nghiem tuc cac yeu cau ky thuat ( nh ve che o nhiet o,thi gian) . - Cac s co xay ra t may moc ma ngi van hanh khong phat hien hay khong ieu chnh kp thi. - Qua trnh bao quan xuc xch tiet trung khong ung theo quy nh . Tom lai , tat ca cac rui ro tren se c han che en mc thap nhat khi ta ap dung he thong tieu chuan HACCP vao quy trnh cong nghe. Rui ro trong qua trnh phan phoi san pham en tay ngi tieu dung - Do cac he thong phan phoi bao quan khong ung quy nh . - Do san pham c tieu thu khi a qua han s dung . e han che cac rui ro nay , ta phai xay dng cac kenh phan phoi e phan phoi san pham trc tiep en tay ngi tieu dung , thu hoi san pham qua han, cung cap thong tin ve san pham en tay ngi tieu dung . Ngoai ra , trong qua trnh san xuat ta con gap cac s co ve ien ,chay no,cac s co ve an toan lao ong . e khac phuc cac s co nay,ta phai tuan thu nghiem ngat cac quy nh ve an toan lao ong ,an toan ien, phong chay cha chay.

Phan V :
1/Le Bach Tuyet va cac cong s Cac qua trnh cong nghe c ban trong san xuat thc pham NXB Giao Duc -1996.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO.

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GVGD : TS. Le Van Viet Man


2/Le ngoc Tu Hoa sinh cong nghiep Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc ky thuat Ha Noi, 1998. 3/Lng c Pham Vi sinh vat hoc va an toan ve sinh thc phamNXB Nong nghiep Ha Noi-2000 4/Tieu chuan vi sinh oi vi lng thc thc pham Q 867/1998/QBYT cua Bo y te . 5/Tieu chuan TCVN 5167-90. 6/TCVN 7087-2002( ghi nhan thc pham va bao goi ). 7/TCVN 7049-2002 ( tht che bien co x ly nhiet ). 8/ Luan van tot nghiep cua Nguyen Ba Thanh GVHD : TS Pham Minh Tam . 9/Nguyen ThanhGiao trnh may va thiet b lanh HBK Ha Noi 1976. 10/A.J.Grove.M.A,G.E.Newell,J.D.Carthyanimal biologyClifton House,Eustonrvad,London. 11/R.L.Earleunit operation in food processingpergamon Press 1966. 12/ Cac trang web : - www.temp.com.ua - www.orbitalfoods.com - www.vissan.com.vn - www.recom.vnn.vn.

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