1

ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com

www.onthicaohoc.com
THNG K
1. Tng th
Tng th l tp hp tt c cc i tng m ta quan tm nghin cu trong thc tin khi x l s liu
thng k. S phn t ca tng th c k hiu l N.
- Nu N l s hu hn ta c tng th hu hn
- Nu N l s v hn ta c tng th v hn
V d 1: Chng hn, khi mun xc nh chiu cao trung bnh ca ngi Vit Nam th tng th l ton
b thanh nin Vit Nam, cn khi mun xc nh thu nhp bnh ca mt h dn Tp. H Ch Minh th
tng th l ton b cc h dn Tp. H Ch Minh,...
2. Mu
Mu l tp hp con ca tng th v c trch ra t mt tng th theo 1 quy tc xc nh no th
c gi l mu. S phn t ca mu k hiu l n (kch thc mu hay c mu).

2.1 Cc dng mu c th gp:
a) Mu lit k
Lit k di dng: x
1
, x
2
,, x
n
trong mi s liu c th lp li nhiu ln.
V d 2: Ngi ta iu tra thu nhp (triu ng/thng) ca 20 ngi th nhn c cc gi tr sau:
6 6.5 7.5 6.5 6 8 9 8.5 6.5 5.5 7.5 8.5 9 8.5 6 7.5 12 8.5 7.5 8.5
b) Mu lp
V d 3: Quay li V d 2
Gi tr quan st (x
i
)
1
x

2
x

k
x
S ln (tn s) n
i

1
n
2
n

k
n
1
n l s ln xut hin ca gi tr x
1
.
V d 4: iu tra nng sut la trn din tch 100 hecta trng la ca mt vng, ta thu c bng s
liu sau
Nng sut (t/ha) 41 44 45 46 48 52 54
S ha c nng sut tng ng 10 20 30 15 10 10 5


2
ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com
www.onthicaohoc.com
c) Mu chia khang
Gi tr quan st
1 2
a a
2 3
a a
n 1 n
a a

S ln (tn s) n
i
n
1
n
2
n
k

Trong n
i
l tn s gi tr ri vo khong (a
i
, a
i+1
] v n
1
+ n
2
++ n
k
=n.
Vi
i i 1
i
a a
x
2
+
+
= l gi tr i din ca nhm quan st th i.
V d 5: o ng knh ca 100 chi tit do mt nh my sn xut kt qu cho bng sau
ng knh (mm) S chi tit
19,8 19,85
19,85 19,90
19,90 19,95
19,95 20,00
20,00 20,05
20,05 20,10
20,10 20,15
20,15 20,20
3
5
16
28
23
14
7
4
Tham s c trng ca mu lp:
Trung bnh mu
k
i i
i 1
1
x n x
n
=
=

Phng sai mu
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
k
2 2 2 2
i i 1 1 2 2 k k
i 1
1 1
s x x n x x n x x n ... x x n
n n
=
(
= = + + +
(

.
lch chun mu
2
s s =


Phng sai mu hiu chnh
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
k
2 2 2
2
i i 1 1 2 2 k k
i 1
1 1
s x x n x x n x x n ... x x n
n 1 n 1
=
(
= = + + +
(

.
lch chun mu hiu chnh
2
s s =


3
ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com
www.onthicaohoc.com
Cch tnh cc tham s c trng trn mu lp bng my tnh
FX 500MS, 570MS.
Bc 1: Di chuyn vo b nh thng k bng t hp phm: Mode + 2 s hin ln ch SD trn mn
hnh.
Lu : Mt s my phi n Mode hai ln mi thy phm Mode +1 tng ng vi ch SD.
Bc 2: Xa b nh thng k bng t hp phm: Shift + Mode + 1 + = + AC
Bc 3: Nhp s liu theo nguyn tc l Gi tr quan st nhp trc ; Sau nhp s ln xut hin gi
tr quan st
i i
x Shift + ',' + n ' M ' + + +
Tin hnh nhp cho n gi tr quan st cui cng. Sau khi nhp xong nhn AC thot.
Bc 4: In kt qu theo cc t hp phm sau:
X: Shift + 2 + 1 + = Gi tr trung bnh mu.
s

: Shift + 2 + 3 + = lch chun mu.

s : Shift + 2 + 3 + = lch chun mu hiu chnh.
FX 500ES, 570ES.
Bc 1: Xa b nh thng k bng t hp phm: Shift + 9 + 3 + = + AC
Bc 2: Di chuyn vo b nh thng k: Shift + Mode + Mi tn xung + 4 + 1
Bc 3: Nhp s liu bng t hp phm: Mode + 3 + 1
Sau trn mn hnh xut hin hai ct l X v Freq
Ct X th ta nhp gi tr quan st x
i

Freq l s ln xut hin gi tr quan st x
i
.
Lu : Nhp ht ct X ri mi chuyn qua ct Freq. Sau khi nhp xong nhn AC thot.
Bc 4: Xem kt qu
X: Shift + 1 + 5 + 2 + = Gi tr trung bnh mu
s

: Shift + 1 + 5 + 4 + = lch chun mu.

s : Shift + 1 + 5 + 4 + = lch chun mu hiu chnh



4
ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com
www.onthicaohoc.com





C LNG
1. c lng khong (1 mu)
c lng khong i vi tham s thng k
( )
2
, , = ca tng th l mt quy tc da trn thng
tin ca mu xc nh min hay khong m tham s
( )
2
, , = hu nh nm trong .
V d 1: c lng gi tr trung bnh ca tng th da trn gi tr trung bnh mu x
Bc 1: x gi l c lng im ca . Vy th ta c th hnh dung rng
x x x < < < + hoc k hiu l
( )
x
Bc 2:
( )
x ; x + gi l khang c lng
Bc 3: gi l chnh xc, cng nh cng chnh xc V d:
6
X (10 )

= =
Bc 4:
( )
P x x 1 < < + = = gi l khong tin cy ca c lng ( 95% )
( )
P x ; x
(
+ =

: xc sut mc sai lm trong c lng
Ch : Trong thc t ta thng n nh khong tin cy 1 = 95% trc
Mu
(Bit)
Tng th
(Cha bit)
Suy an
c lng, Kim nh
Ly mu


5
ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com
www.onthicaohoc.com

Hai bi tan c
lng khong
Trung bnh mu: X
lch chun mu hiu chnh: s
c lng t l ca tng th p
Ta cn nghin cu t l p cc phn t trn
tan b tng th c mt tnh cht no .
Cn c vo mu nh tnh. Hy a ra mt
khang c lng p (f , f ) + vi
tin cy 1 =

c lng gi tr trung bnh ca tng th
Ta cn nghin cu k vng E(X) = ca BNN
X trn tan b tng th. Cn c trn mt mu
nh lng n 30 .Hy a ra mt khang c
lng
( )
X ; X + vi tin cy 1 =


Thut gii
Bc 1
Tnh c trng mu (nu cn)
T l mu
m
f
n
=
Bc 2
Tra bng Laplace tm z

sao cho
(z )
2

= , gi l (khong) tin cy;

1 =
Bc 3
Tnh chnh xc
s
z
n

=
f (1 f )
z
n

=
Vy vi tin cy 1 = th gi tr
trung bnh ca tng th
( )
X ; X +
Bc 4
a ra khang c lng
v kt lun
Vy vi tin cy 1 = th t
l ca tng th p (f , f ) +


6
ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com
www.onthicaohoc.com
Ch :
Nu kch c mu n l ty ( ) n 30or n 30 < v
2
X ~ N( , ) m bit. Lc ny th ta khng cn tnh s v ly z
n

=
Nu n<30 v
2
X ~ N( , ) ; cha bit. Th bc 2 thay cho bng Laplace ta cn tra bng phn phi Student dng n -1 v ct
( ) Voi 1 = . Ta tm
n 1 n 1
s
t thayz t
n


=
Dng ton:
C 3 tham s : n, , 1 = ( bit bit z

)
Cc tham s mu: x, s
1) Bit n, ? =
2) Bit n, ? =
3) Bit , n ? =
Dng cng thc z
n

= hay
s
z
n

= .


7
ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com
www.onthicaohoc.com
V d 2: im trung bnh mn ton ca 100 th sinh d thi vo HKT l 5 vi lch chun mu (
hiu chnh) s = 2,5.
1) c lng im trung bnh mn ton ca mt th sinh d thi vo HKT vi khong tin cy l 95%.
2) Vi chnh xc 0,25 im. Hy xc nh khong tin cy.
Gii:
Theo gi thit ca bi ton ta c n =100, x =5 im , s = 2,5 im.
1) c lng im trung bnh mn ton ca ton th th sinh vi khong tin cy l 95%.
Gi x l im trung bnh mn tan ca mt th sinh d thi trong mu 100 ngi kho st
Bc 1: Cc tham s c trng cho x =5 im, s = 2,5 im.
Bc 2: Vi n=100 >30 nn ta tra bng Laplace tmz

vi
0.95
(z ) 0.475
2 2

= = = z 1.96

=
Bc 3: Tnh chnh xc
s 1, 96*2, 5
z 0.5
n 100

= = = im
Bc 4: Vy vi khong tin cy 95% th khong c lng im trung bnh mn ton ca mt th sinh
d thi vo HKT l (4,5; 5,5) im.
2) Vi chnh xc 0,25 im. Hy xc nh khong tin cy.
n 0.25*10
0, 25(diem) z 1
s 2.5
(z ) (1, 00) 0.3413
(1, 00) 2*0.3413 0.6826 68.26%
2

= = = =
= =

= = = =

Vy 68, 26% =
V d 3: Tui th ca mt loi bng n c bit theo phn phi chun vi lch chun 100 gi.
1) Chn ngu nhin 100 bng th nghim, thy mi bng tui th trung bnh l 1000 gi. Hy c
lng tui th trung bnh ca bng n x nghip A sn xut vi khong tin cy 95%.
2) Vi chnh xc l 15 gi. Hy xc nh khong tin cy.
3) Vi chnh xc l 25 gi v khong tin cy l 95% th cn th nghim bao nhiu bng.
V d 4: Trng lng cc bao bt m ti mt ca hng lng thc theo quy lut chun. Kim tra 20 bao,
thy trng lng trung bnh ca mi bao bt m l 48kg, v phng sai mu hiu chnh l s
2
= (0,5kg)
2
.
1) Vi khong tin cy 95% hy c lng trng lng trung bnh ca mt bao bt m thuc ca hng.
2) Vi chnh xc 0,26 kg, xc nh khong tin cy.
3) Vi chnh xc 160 g ; khong tin cy 95%, tnh c mu n.
Gii:
Theo gi thit ca bi ton ta c n 20 ; x 48(kg) ;s 0, 5 (kg) ; 95% = = = =


8
ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com
www.onthicaohoc.com
1) Vi khong tin cy 95% hy c lng trng lng trung bnh ca mt bao bt m thuc ca hng
Gi x l trng lng trung bnh ca mt bao bt m trong 20 bao kho st.
Bc 1: Cc tham s c trng mu bit x 48(kg) ;s 0, 5(kg) = =
Bc 2: V n=20 <30 v cha bit nn ta tra bng Student tm
n 1
t

. Trong trng hp ny l
19
0.05
t 2.0930 =
Bc 3: Tnh chnh xc
n 1
s
t 0.234
n

= = (kg).
Bc 4: Vy vi khong tin cy 95%, th khong c lng trng lng trung bnh ca mt bao bt m
thuc ca hng l ( ) 47, 766; 48, 234 kg
2) Vi chnh xc 0,26 kg, xc nh khong tin cy.
Ta c
n 1 n 1
s . n 0.26*20
t 0.26 (kg) t 2.325
s 0.5 n

= = = = =
Nhn xt:
n 1
t 2, 325 2, 5395

= ( 2,5395 l gi tr gn nht 2,325 nht trong bng tra bc t do n -1

=19)
T y ta tm c 0, 98 98% = =
3) Vi chnh xc 160 g ; khong tin cy 95%, tnh c mu n.
2
0.16kg, 95% z 1.96
z *s 1.96*0.5
n 6.125 n (6.125) 37.51 38
0.16

= = =
= = = = =

V d 5: L tri cy ca mt ch hng c ng thnh st mi st 100 tri. Kim tra 50 st thy c
450 tri khng t tiu chun.
1) c lng t l tri cy khng t tiu chun ca l hng vi khong tin cy 95%.
2) Mun c lng t l tri cy khng t tiu chun vi chnh xc 0,5% th khong tin cy t
c l bao nhiu?
Gii:
1) c lng t l tri cy khng t tiu chun ca l hng vi khong tin cy 95%.
Gi p l t l tri cy khng t tiu chun, ta cn c lng p vi khong tin cy l 95%
Bc 1: Tnh t l mu
450
f 0, 09
5000
= =
Bc 2: Tra bng Laplace tm z

vi
0.95
(z ) 0.475 z 1.96
2 2

= = = =
Bc 3: Tnh chnh xc
f (1 f ) 0, 09*(1 0, 09)
z 1, 96 0, 008
n 5000

= = =


9
ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com
www.onthicaohoc.com
Bc 4: Vi khang tin cy 95% th khon c lng t l tri cy khng t tiu chun ca l hng
l ( ) p 0.082; 0.098 .
2) Mun c lng t l tri cy khng t tiu chun vi chnh xc 0,5% th khong tin cy t
c l bao nhiu?
T cng thc
f (1 f )
z
n

=
Suy ra
n 5000
z 0, 005* 1, 24
0, 09(1 0, 09) f (1 f )
(z ) (1.24) 0.3925
(1.24) 2* (1.24) 2*0.3925 0.785 78.5%
2

= = =

= =

= = = = =

Vy khong tin cy t c l 78,5%
V d 6: Mt l hng c 5000 sn phm. Chn ngu nhin 400 sn phm t l hng kim tra th thy
c 360 sn phm loi A.
1) Hy c lng s sn phm loi A c trong l hng vi khong tin cy96%?
2) Nu mun c lng s sn phm loi A ca l hng t c chnh xc 150 sn phm v
khong tin cy 99% th phi kim tra bao nhiu sn phm ?.
V d 7: iu tra nng sut la trn din tch 100 hecta trng la ca mt vng, ta thu c bng s
liu sau:
Nng sut (t/ha) 41 44 45 46 48 52 54
S ha c nng sut tng ng 10 20 30 15 10 10 5
1) Hy c lng nng sut la trung bnh ca mt hecta trong vng vi khong tin cy 95%?
2) Nhng tha rung c nng sut t 48t/ha tr ln l nhng tha c nng sut cao. Hy c lng t
l din tch c nng sut cao trong vng vi khong tin cy 97%.


10
ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com
www.onthicaohoc.com
KIM NH
Gii thiu
Trong thc tin cuc sng c nhiu bi ton i hi chng ta phi kim nh kt qu ca chng.
Chng hn nh bi ton: t l mc bnh A trong dn c l 5%. Trong mt ln iu tra sc khe ca 300
dn c sng trong vng, ngi ta thy c 24 ngi mc bnh A. Nh vy t l mc bnh A c tng ln
so vi trc y hay khng?. Hoc mt v d khc: mt ch hiu n ni rng 95% khch hng hi lng
vi cch phc v ca qun. Ngi ta tin hnh iu tra 150 khch hng ca qun v thy c 132 ngi
ni hi lng. Nh vy ch ca hng trn c ni qu s tht v t l khch hng hi lng khng?...
Cc bi ton kiu nh trn c gi l bi ton kim nh gi thuyt. Thng thng bi ton kim nh
c hai gi thuyt i nghch nhau: chp nhn tnh cht A (do 1 ngi, 1 c quan, 1 t chc, ... a ra)
hay bc b tnh cht A. Trong tnh cht A c th l trung bnh
0
, phng sai
2
0
, t l
0
p ,...
1. Khi nim
V d 1: Mt t chc cho rng chiu cao trung bnh hin nay ca thanh nin VN l 1.65m. Hy lp gi
thit kim chng kt qu ny?
0 0
1 0
H : = =1.65 m
H : =1.65m

: chiu cao TB thc t ca thanh nin hin nay
0
= 1.65: chiu cao TB ca thanh nin hin nay theo li t chc ny
H
0
gi l gi thuyt khng ( gi thuyt n)
H
1
gi l gi thuyt ngc li ( gi thuyt i)
Ta tin hnh kim nh (kim tra) nh sau:
Thu thp s liu thc t (ly mu): o chiu cao ca khong 1 triu ngi
Dng 1 quy tc kim nh tng ng v quy lut phn phi ca thng k phi c bit( thng l
quy lut phn phi chun) cng vi gi thit ang xt (kim nh gi tr trung bnh) quyt nh:
chp nhn hay bc b H
0
.
Chp nhn H
0
: t chc ny bo co ng. Con s 1.65m l ng tin cy.
Bc b H
0
: t chc ny bo co sai.
2. Kim nh hai pha v kim nh 1 pha
a) Kim nh 1 pha
Khi gi thuyt H
1
c tnh cht 1 pha th vic kim nh c gi l kim nh 1 pha
Ho: = o hay o hay o
H
1
: < o hay H
1
: > o
Trong
( )
2
, , = v
( )
2
0 0 0 0
, , =


11
ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com
www.onthicaohoc.com
b) Kim nh 2 pha
Khi gi thuyt H
1
c tnh cht 2 pha th vic kim nh c gi l kim nh 2 pha
Ho: = o
H
1
: o
Trong
( )
2
, , = v
( )
2
0 0 0 0
, , =
3. Cc bc ca mt bi ton kim nh
Bc 1: Pht biu cc gi thuyt H
0
v i thuyt H
1.

Bc 2: nh mc ngha .
Bc 3: Chn tiu chun kim nh (Khi n >=30 tiu chun l phn phi chun, ngc li khi n <30
tiu chun l phn phi Student).
Bc 4: T mu c th a ra quyt nh: chp nhn hay bc b H
0
.
4. Bi ton kim nh tham s (1 mu)


12
ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com
www.onthicaohoc.com

Hai bi tan kim nh
Kim nh 2 pha
Trung bnh mu: X
lch chun mu hiu chnh: s
Kim nh t l
Trc nay ta bit rng
0
p p = , ti thi
im hin ti ta nghi ng v mun kim
nh iu ny. t gi thuyt
0 0
1 0
H :p p
H : p p
=

cn c vo mu nh tnh. Hy
kim nh l bc b hay chp nhn H
0
vi
n nh trc

Kim nh GTTB ca tng th
Trc nay ta bit rng k vng
0
E(X) = =
trn tan b tng th. Ti thi im ny ta nghi
ng v mun kim nh iu . t gi thuyt
0 0
1 0
H : =
H :

cn c vo mt mu nh lng
n 30 . Hy kim nh chp nhn hay bc b H
0

vi n nh trc.
Thut gii
Bc 2
Tnh c trng mu (nu cn)
T l mu
m
f
n
=
Bc 3
Tra bng Laplace tm z

sao cho
1
(z )
2

= . Vi l mc ngha

Bc 4
Tm mc so snh Z
( ) 0
X
Z n
s

=
( )
0
0 0
f p n
Z
p (1 p )

Bc 5
So snh v kt lun
* Nu Z z

chp nhn H
0
vi mc ngha
* Nu Z z

> bc b H
0



13
ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com
www.onthicaohoc.com
Ch :
Nu kch c mu n l ty ( ) n 30or n 30 < v
2
X ~ N( , ) m bit. Lc ny th ta khng cn tnh s v ly
( ) 0
X
Z n

Nu n<30 v
2
X ~ N( , ) ; cha bit. Th bc 2 thay cho bng Laplace ta cn tra bng phn phi Student dng n -1 v ct . Ta tm
n 1
t thayz

. Lc ny bc 4 ta so snh Z vi
n 1
t

.



14
ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com
www.onthicaohoc.com
V d 1: Gim c mt x nghip cho bit lng trung bnh ca 1 cng nhn thuc x nghip hin nay
l 600 ngn ng/thng.Chn ngu nhin 36 cng nhn thy lng trung bnh l 520 ngn ng/thng,
vi lch chun = 40 ngn ng/thng. Li bo co ca gim c c tin cy c khng, vi mc
c ngha l = 5%.
Gii:
Bc 1:
: l tin lng trung bnh thc s ca cng nhn hin nay
0
= 600 : l tin lng trung bnh ca cng nhn theo li gim c
H
0
:
0
600 = = ngn ng/thng
H
1
: 600 ngn ng/ thng
Bc 2: Cc tham s c trng trn mu l x = 520 ngn ng/thng ; = 40 ngn ng/thng
Bc 3: Vi n=36 >30 ta chn tiu chun kim nh l phn phi Laplace vi
[ ]
1
z 0.475 z 1, 96
2


= = = .
Bc 4:
( ) 0
X
Z n

vi X 520, n 36 30, 40 = = > = Ta c

( ) 520 600 36
Z 12
40

= =
Bc 5: Kim nh bng cch so snh |Z| vi z

. Ta c Z 12 1, 96 z :

= > = bc b H
0

Kt lun: Vi mc ngha l 5%, khng tin vo li ca gim c. Lng trung bnh thc s ca cng
nhn b hn 600 ngn ng / thng (do
0
X 520 600 = < = ).
V d 2: Quan st mc hao ph xng ca 25 xe my thuc cng mt loi v cng chy trn mt qung
ng, ngi ta thu c kt qu sau:
Mc hao ph xng
(lt/100km)
1.9 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.7
S xe 5 9 8 3
Vi mc ngha 0.05, hy so snh mc hao ph xng thc t so vi mc hao ph nh sn xut a ra l
2.2 (lt/100km)
Gii:
Bc 1:
: l mc hao ph xng trung bnh thc t ca loi xe
0
= 2.2 : l mc hao ph xng trung bnh ca loi xe do nh sn xut a ra
H
0
:
0
2.2 = = (lt/100km)
H
1
: 2.2 (lt/100km)


15
ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com
www.onthicaohoc.com
Bc 2: Cc tham s c trng trn mu l

( )
i i
2
2 2
i i
1
X x n 2.72(lit / 100km);
n
1
s x X n s s 0.19(lit / 100km)
n 1
= =
= = =

Bc 3: Vi n=25 <= 30 nn ta chn tiu chun kim nh l phn phi Student vi
n 1
t 2.0639

=
Bc 4:
( )
( ) 0
X
2.72 2.2 25
Z n 1.895
s 0.19

= = =
Bc 5: Kim nh bng cch so snh |Z| vi
n 1
t

. Ta c
n 1
Z 1.895 2.0639 t :

= < = chp nhn H

0

Kt lun: Vi mc ngha l 5%, mc hao ph xng trung bnh ca nh my l ph hp vi mc hao
ph xng thc t.
V d 3: Mt ca hng thc phm nhn thy thi gian va qua trung bnh mt khch hng mua 25 ngn
ng thc phm trong ngy. Nay ca hng chn ngu nhin 15 khch hng thy trung bnh mt khch
hng mua 24 ngn ng trong ng y v phng sai mu hiu chnh l s
2
= (2 ngn ng)
2
. Vi mc
ngha l 5% , th xem c phi sc mua ca khch hng hin nay c thay i so vi trc y.
V d 4: Ly kin 199 ging vin trong trng Bch Khoa v vic day hc theo li tn ch th c 104
ging vin ng . Kim nh vi mc ngha 5% v gi thuyt cho rng c mt na s ging vin
trong trng Bch khoa ng dy theo li tn ch.
Gii:
Bc 1:
: t l ging vin thc t ng ging dy theo li tn ch
0
: t l ging vin ng ging dy theo li tn ch theo gi thuyt
0
0 0
1 0
1
1
H :
H :
2
H : 1
H :
2

Bc 2: Cc tham s c trng trn mu
m 104
f
n 199
= =
Bc 3: Vi mc ngha l 5%, tra bng Laplace vi [ ]
1
z 0.475 z 1, 96
2


= = =
Bc 4:
( ) ( )
( )
0
0 0
f p n 0.5226 0.5 199
Z 0.6376
p (1 p ) 0.5 1 0.5

= = =


Bc 5: Kim nh bng cch so snh |Z| vi z

. Ta c Z 0.6376 1.96 z :

= < = chp nhn H

0



16
ThS c 097 267 0808 onthicaohoc_toankinhte@yahoo.com
www.onthicaohoc.com
Kt lun: Vi mc ngha l 5%, gi thuyt cho rng c mt na s ging vin ng ging dy theo
li tn ch l ph hp vi thc t.