7.

1 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIA

7.1.1 c tnh ca cc nguyn t VIA Phn nhm VI gm oxy (O), lu hunh (S), selen (Se), telu (Te), poloni (Po) - gi l lancogen Quan trng oxy v lu hunh, polini l nguyn t him, c tnh phng x 2 4 Cu hnh electron lp ngoi l ns np C kh nng nhn 2 in t to nn X(-2) Tnh oxy ha gim theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn Oxy c trng c s oxy ho -2 cn c bit -1, +1, +2 S, Se, Te ngoi s oxy ha -2 cn c dng +2, +4, +6

7.1 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIA

7.1.2 n cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VIA Mt s thng s ho l
Thng s ho l Bn knh nguyn t R(A0) Nng lng ion ha l1(eV) Nhit nng chy tnc(0C) Nhit si ts(0C) O 0,66 13,62 -218,61 -182,87 S 1,04 10,36 119,3 444,6 Se 1,14 9,75 217 634,8 Te 1,32 9,01 449,8 990,0 8,43 254 962 Po

Khi lng ring d(g/cm3)

Hm lng trong v tri t (%ngt)

1,27
58,0

2,06
0,3

4,80

6,24

9,30

1,5.10-5 1,3.10-7 2.10-15

7.1 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIA

Oxy

Hai dng th hnh O2, O3 Cht kh, khng mu, khng mi, khng v. Cu hnh electron [He]2s22p4 Nhit nng chy v nhit si thp, km tan trong nc Hot tnh cao, c bit khi un nng v c xc tc Nguyn t ph bin nht trong thin nhin. 3 ng v O16, O17, O18

7.1 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIA

O3 khng bn, hot tnh oxy ho cao hn O2 O3 c to thnh khi phng in qua O2 hoc tc dng dng electron, ntron hay bc x sng ngn ln oxy O2, O3 c ng dng nhiu trong thc t cng nghip, ho cht c bn

Nng ln hn 10-5% , ozon tr thnh c hi

7.1 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIA

Lu hunh

Tn ti di dng th hnh khc nhau, thng thng l t phng (S) v n t (S)

S c mu vng, bn nhit thng, un nng ln 95,50C n chuyn sang n t (S) S dn, cch in, cch nhit, khng tan trong nc, d tan trong dung mi hu c Phi kim loi in hnh - hot ng mnh, phn ng vi nhiu n cht (tr I2, N2, Au, Pt)

7.1 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIA

Kim loi c i lc vi S ln hn c th y kim loi c i lc vi S yu hn ra khi sunfua ca n Mn > Cu > Ni > Co > Fe S c i lc ln vi oxy, chy cho nhiu nhit C th phn ng vi mt s cht c tnh oxi ha mnh cho tnh kh Tham gia phn ng cng to thnh sunfua, sunfat Nguyn t ph bin trong thin nhin, c dng lm axit, thuc cha bnh, dim, thuc tr su, lu ho cao su

7.1 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIA

Selen, Telu, Polini

Selen c 2 dng th hnh: nu Se, dng xm; Se Se c tnh bn dn Telu c 2 dng: dng tinh th trng bc, dng v nh hnh mu nu. Telu cng l cht bn dn Polini l kim loi mm, trng bc, c l tnh ging ch. Po l nguyn t him, phng x

7.1 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIA

7.1.3 Hp cht ca cc nguyn t nhm VIA Cc hp cht c s oxy ho m a, Hp cht ca oxy

Cc hp cht ca oxy i a s oxy ho -2, -1 (tr F2O4, F2O2, O3 c s oxy ho dng) Cc oxit u c tnh axit hoc baz hay lng tnh Nc l oxit ca hydro, l cht hot ng Cc hp cht O2-1 gi l peoxit bc cao Peoxit ca kim loi gi l mui ca axit H2O2 H2O2 va c tnh oxy ho va c tnh kh

7.1 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIA

b. Hp cht ca lu hunh

Trng thi oxy ho -2, -1, trong sunfua v polisunfua Ging oxit NaSH, Al(SH)3, H3PS4 H2S l trng thi c trng oxy ho -2, l cht kh
c trng c s oxy ho m H2Se, H2Te, Na2Se, Na2Te, Na2Se2, Na2Te2 Tnh kh tng dn do bn gim Phn ln cc hp cht ny l cht bn dn

c. Hp cht ca Se, Te

7.1 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIA

Hp cht c s oxy ho dng

Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIA c bit t S tr i c s oxy ho +1 +6 c trng nht l +4, +6 in hnh l cc hp cht vi halogen v oxy

7.2 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIB

7.2.1 c tnh ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VIB

c gi l phn nhm crom gm: Crom (Cr), Molipden (Mo), Vonfram (W)
Cu hnh Cr: [Ar]3d54s1; Mo: [Kr]4d55s1; W: [Xe]4f145d46s2 Cr c s oxy ho c trng l +3. Mo v W l +6. Ngoi ra cn c 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 To ra anion ca poliaxit

7.2 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIB

7.2.2 Cc n cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VIB Mt s thng s ho l
Thng s ho l Bn knh nguyn t R(A0) Nng lng ion ha l1(eV) Khi lng ring d(g/cm3) Nhit nng chy tnc(0C) Nhit si ts(0C) Hm lng trong v tri t (%ngt) Cr 1,27 6,76 7,2 1890 Mo 1,39 7,10 10,2 2620

W
1,40 7,98 19,3 3380

3390
6.10-3

4800
3.10-4

5900
6.10-4

7.2 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIB

L nhng kim loi mu trng bc, c nh kim Khi lng ring ln, dn in, dn nhit, kh nng chy, kh si C 3 khi ln tp cht tr nn cng v dn D to hp kim vi Fe Mo nh hng n s pht trin ca thc vt v ng vt Nhit thng bn vi khng kh, hi m nhit cao, dng bt tc dng vi oxy

7.2 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIB

iu kin thng phn ng vi Flo Nhit cao tc dng vi phi kim N, C Nhit cao 600 8000C tc dng vi nc gii phng H2 Ha tan t trong axit, mun ho tan nhanh ta dng hn hp HNO3 v HF Khng tan trong dung dch kim nhit thng nhng tan trong hn hp kim nng chy vi nitrat hay clorat Trong thin nhin l kim loi tng i ph bin di dng khong vt qung Cr iu ch bng nhit nhm, Mo, W c iu ch bng phng php kh

7.2 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIB

7.2.3 Cc hp cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VIB Hp cht X(+2):

Cc hp cht bc (+2) ca crom: CrO (en), CrS (en), CrHal2 (khng mu), Cr(OH)2 ( mu vng) c tnh baz Cc hp cht Cr(+2) c tnh kh mnhs

Hp cht X(+3)

c trng ch vi Cr Cr2O3 lng tnh nhng tr v mt ho hc, khng tan trong nc v kim

7.2 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIB

Cr2O3 c iu ch bng nhit phn hay kh Cc hydroxit crom cng km hot ng c tnh lng tnh nhng yu Cc mui Cr+3 ph bin, chng bn, d tan trong nc v thu phn mnh bn ca hp cht +6 tng t Cr n W Cht rn c mu khc nhau: CrO3: sm; MoO3: trng; WO3: vng ti

Hp cht X(+6)

7.2 Cc nguyn t phn nhm VIB

Axit H2CrO4 khng bn cn H2MoO4 l cht rn bn, khng tan trong nc Hp cht +6 c tnh axit gim t Cr n W Hp cht +6 to phc anion polyme Hp cht +6 c tnh oxy ho v tnh oxy ho gim t Cr n W