TI LIU LUYN THI I HC MN SINH NM 2012 - 2013

PHNG PHP GII BI TON V LAI 1, 2 HAY NHIU CP TNH TRNG TNG PHN, S TUNG TC GIA CC GEN KHNG ALEN
I. CCH NHN DNG QUY LUT DI TRUYN 1. Trng hp bi ton xc nh t l phn ly kiu hnh i con: 1.1. Da vo kt qu phn ly kiu hnh ca i con: 1.1.1. Khi lai 1 tnh trng: Tm t l phn tch v KH th h con i vi loi tnh trng t xc nh quy lut di truyn chi phi. + 3:1 l quy lut di truyn phn tch tri ln hon ton. + 1:2:1 l quy lut di truyn phn tch tri khng hon ton (xut hin tnh trng trung gian do gen nm trn NST thng hoc gii tnh. + 1:1 hoc 2:1 t l ca gen gy cht. + 9:3:3:1 hoc 9:6:1 hoc 9:7 l tnh trng di truyn theo tng tc b tr. + 12:3:1 hoc 13:3 l tnh trng di truyn theo quy lut tng tc t ch tri. + 9:3:4 l tng tc t ch do gen ln. + 15:1 l tng tc cng gp kiu khng tch ly cc gen tri. 1.1.2. Khi lai 2 hay nhiu cp tnh trng: + Tm t l phn tch v kiu hnh th h con i vi mi loi tnh trng. + Nhn t l KH ring r ca loi tnh trng ny vi t l KH ring ca loi tnh trng kia. Nu thy kt qu tnh c ph hp vi kt qu php lai th c th kt lun 2 cp gen quy nh 2 loi tnh trng nm trn 2 cp NST khc nhau, di truyn theo nh lut phn li c lp ca Menden (tr t l 1:1 nhn vi nhau). V d 1: Cho lai hai th c chua: qu -thn cao vi qu -thn thp thu c 37.5% qu -thn cao: 37.5% qu - thn thp: 12.5% qu vng - thn cao: 12.5% qu vng-thn thp. Bit rng mi tnh trng do 1 gen quy nh. 1.2. Da vo kt qu phn ly kiu hnh trong php lai phn tch: Da vo kt qu ca php lai xc nh t l v loi giao t sinh ra ca cc c th cn tm. + Nu t l KH 1:1 th l s di truyn 1 tnh trng do 1 gen chi phi + Nu t l KH 3:1 th c di truyn theo quy lut tng tc gen, trong tnh trng c 2 kiu hnh. - Tng tc b tr 9:7 - Tng tc t ch 13:3 - Tng tc cng gp 15:1 + Nu c t l KH 1:2:1 th tnh trng c di truyn theo quy lut tng tc gen trong trng hp tnh trng c 3 kiu hnh. - Tng tc b tr 9:6:1 - Tng tc t ch ln 9:3:4 - Tng tc t ch tri 12:3:1 + T l KH 1:1:1:1 l s di truyn tng tc b tr 1 tnh trng c 4 kiu hnh 9:3:3:1 hoc l lai 2 cp tnh trng tun theo nh lut phn ly c lp c t l kiu hnh l 9:3:3:1. 2. Nu bi khng xc nh t l phn li kiu hnh ca i con m ch cho bit 1 kiu hnh no con lai. + Khi lai 1 cp tnh trng, t l 1 kiu hnh c bit bng hoc l bi s ca 25% (hay
1 ). 4 1 ), hay khi lai 16

+ Khi lai 2 cp tnh trng m t l 1 kiu hnh c bit bng hoc l bi s ca 6.25% (hay

n cp tnh trng m t t l ca KH bit cho php xc nh c s loi giao t ca b (hoc m) c t l bng nhau v bng 25% hoc l c s ca 25%. l cc bi ton thuc nh lut Menden. V d 2 : Cho lai 2 cy u thun chng khc nhau 2 cp tnh trng tng phn, F 1 thu c ton b cy thn cao - hoa . Cho F1 tp giao F2 thu c 16000 cy trong c 9000 cy thn cao - hoa . Hai cp tnh trng trn b chi phi bi quy lut di truyn. A. Tng tc t ch B.Tng tc b tr C. Phn li c lp D. Tng tc cng gp

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3. Tnh trng do 1 hay 2 gen quy nh? Xc nh kiu gen tng ng ca c th lai: Ty vo s t hp i con ca tng php lai v tnh tri ln hon ton hay khng hon ton th h lai. + Php lai hai c th d hp (thng l cho F1 giao phi vi nhau) cho s t hp khng qu 4 th thng do 1 gen quy nh; s t hp hn 4 nhng khng qu 16 thng do 2 gen quy nh. * V d 3: Khi lai F1 d hp c F2 phn ly t l 11: 2: 2: 1 (tng c 16 t hp) th chc chn khng phi l 1 gen quy nh. + Php lai phn tch F1: nu cho s t hp khng qu 4 nhng khng phi 1:1, lc ny li do 2 gen quy nh... * V d 4: Khi lai phn tch c 3 : 1 xanh (4 t hp) th cng chc chn khng phi l 1 gen. + Lai F1 vi 1 c th bt k: s t hp ti a khi lai hai c th d hp vi nhau, t c th loi tr cc kh nng khng ng. *V d 5: Khi lai hai c th bt k v tnh trng A m cho con ti 8 t hp th chc chn tnh trng do 2 gen quy nh, trong 1 c th d hp c 2 gen, 1 c th d hp 1 gen (thng l d hp v ng hp ln gen cn li)... 4. Gen ny c gy cht khng? Du hiu ca kiu ny l s t hp i con khng chn, c th l 3, 7,.. thay v 4, 8... y l 1 du hiu t gp nhng vn phi ngh n. Nu i con phn ly t l c bit VD 2:1 th gn nh c th chc chn l gen gy cht, v thng l gy cht trng thi ng hp tri. 5. Cc trng hp ring: + Da vo kt qu phn li kiu hnh ca F1 lai vi c th kh c. cn ch nhng t l c bit sau y: 7:1; 4:3:1; 6:1:1; 5:3 y l t l ca tnh trng ny sinh do tng tc gen, ty tng trng hp c th m xc nh chnh xc tnh trng c xt, di truyn theo quy lut di truyn no. + Trng hp ng tri da vo iu kin nh: 1 tnh trng c qui nh bi 1 cp gen c 3 alen, I A = IB > IO. S kiu gen ti a l 6, s kiu hnh ti a l 4. V d 6: Mu lng ca mt loi c mo chu s kim sot ca dy a allen xp theo th t tnh tri gim dn l: R1 (lng ) > R2 (lng en) > R3 (lng xm). Hy xc nh Kiu gen ca c lng , lng en v lng xm. II. PHNG PHP GII BI TP : 1. Trong php lai 1, 2 hay nhiu cp tnh trng tng phn: thng gp 2 dng chnh - Dng ton thun: cho bit tnh trng (hay gen) tri, ln t tm t l phn tch i sau - Dng ton nghch: cho bit kt qu i con t tm kiu gen ca b m 1.1.Tnh s loi v thnh phn gen giao t: 1.1.1. S loi giao t: Ty thuc vo s cp gen d hp trong kiu gen + Trong KG c 1 cp gen d hp 21 loi giao t + Trong KG c 2 cp gen d hp 22 loi giao t + Trong KG c 3 cp gen d hp 23 loi giao t Vy trong KG c n cp gen d hp 2n loi giao t V d 7: Kiu gen AaBbCcDd c kh nng to ra bao nhiu loi giao t? 1.1.2.Thnh phn gen (KG) ca giao t Trong t bo (2n) ca c th gen tn ti thnh tng cp tng ng, cn trong giao t (n) ch cn mang 1 gen trong cp. + i vi cp gen ng hp AA (hoc aa): cho 1 loi giao t A (hoc 1 loi giao t a) + i vi cp gen d hp Aa: cho 2 loi giao t vi t l bng nhau gm giao t A v giao t a + Suy lun tng t i vi nhiu cp cp gen d hp nm trn cc cp NST khc nhau, thnh phn kiu gen ca cc loi giao t c ghi theo s phn nhnh (s Auerbac) hoc bng cch nhn i s. V d 8: Cho bit thnh phn gen mi loi giao t ca kiu gen sau:AaBBDdee Ta c s sau: KG ca giao t l :ABDE, Abde, aBDe, aBde V d 9: Trong iu kin gim phn bnh thng, c th AaBbCcDD sinh ra cc loi giao t no? A. ABCD v abcD B. ABCD, ABcD, AbCD, AbcD C. ABCD, AbcD, aBCD, AbcD, abCD, AbCd, abcD, AbcD D. ABCD, AbcD, AbCD, AbcD, aBCD, abCD, abcD, AbcD.

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1.2.Tnh s kiu t hp, kiu gen, kiu hnh v cc t l phn li i con (dng ton thun) 1.2.1. S kiu t hp: Mi loi giao t c t hp t do vi cc loi giao t ci to thnh nhiu kiu t hp trong cc hp t. V vy s kiu t hp gia cc loi giao t c v ci l: S kiu t hp = s loi giao t c x s loi giao t ci Kiu t hp khc nhau nhng c th a n kiu gen ging nhau => s KG s kiu t hp V d 10: Nu cy m c 3 cp gen d hp, 3 cp gen ng hp, cy b c 2 cp gen d hp, 4 cp gen ng hp ln. S kiu t hp giao t i F1 l A. 16 B.32 C.64 D.128 1.2.2 S kiu gen, kiu hnh i con : S di truyn ca cc cp gen l c lp vi nhau, v vy s t hp t do gia cc cp gen cng nh gia cc cp tnh trng. V vy, kt qu v kiu gen cng nh v kiu hnh i con c xc nh: + T l kiu gen chung ca nhiu cp gen = Tch cc t l kiu gen ring l ca mi cp gen. S kiu gen tnh chung = Tch s cc kiu gen ring ca mi cp gen + T l kiu hnh chung ca nhiu cp tnh trng = Tch cc t l kiu hnh ring l ca mi cp tnh trng. S kiu hnh tnh chung = Tch s kiu hnh ring ca mi cp tnh trng V d 11: Cho gi thuyt sau: A: ht vng a: ht xanh B: ht trn b: ht nhn D: thn cao d: thn thp Cc cp gen ny di truyn c lp nhau. Ngi ta tin hnh php lai gia 2 c th c kiu gen: AabbDd lai vi AaBbdd. Xc nh s kiu gen v s kiu hnh chung ca con lai. 1.2.3. Tnh t l phn ly i con :

T l phn li kiu gen i con = Tch cc t l kiu gen ring l ca mi cp gen.

V d 12: Du ty: genR (tri khng hon ton)quy nh tnh trng qu Gen r (ln khng hon ton) quy nh tnh trng qu trng Gen Rr quy nh qu hng Gen H quy nh tnh trng cy cao (tri) Gen h quy nh tnh trng cy thp (ln) 2 cp gen ny nm trn 2 cp NST khc nhau. Khi cho lai 2 cy du ty d hp v hai cp gen trn F 1 c t l kiu di truyn l: A. 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 B. 3 : 6 : 3 : 1 : 2 : 1 C. 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 4 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1 D. C 3 trn u sai V d 13: php lai AaBbccDdee x AabbccDdEe s sinh ra kiu gen aabbccddee chim t l bao nhiu ?(Vi 5 cp gen nm trn 5 cp NST khc nhau, cc tnh trng u tri hon ton.) V d 14: Cho lai 2 c th AaBbCc, vi 3 cp gen nm trn 3 cp NST khc nhau, cc tnh trng u tri hon ton. a.T l kiu di truyn c th d hp 2 cp gen, cp gen cn li ng hp: A. A.
1 64 1 64

B. B.

8 64 8 64

C. C.

24 64 24 64

D. D.

32 64 32 64

b. T l kiu di truyn c th d hp 1 cp gen, 2 cp cn li ng hp: V d 15: C th d hp kiu gen AaBb tp giao s cho F1 phn tnh kiu hnh theo t l no, nu cc gen ny phn ly c lp v gen A tri khng hon ton? A. 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 B. 6 : 3 : 3: 2: 1: 1 C. 27: 9 : 9: 9: 3: 3: 3:1 D. 9 : 3 : 4 V d 16: Cho lai phn tch c th ci d hp 4 cp gen nm trn 4 cp NST khc nhau, t l kiu kiu hnh i F1 l: A. 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 B. 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 C. 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1: 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 D. 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 CNG THC TNG QUT Khi so snh lai mt cp tnh trng v lai hai cp tnh trng ta thy rng trong lai mt cp tnh trng F2 phn li thnh 2 loi kiu hnh theo t l 3 : 1, trong khi lai 2 cp tnh trng chng phn li thnh 4 loi kiu hnh theo t l 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. T l ny ng vi bnh phng ca biu thc (3 + 1)

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(3 + 1)2 = 9 + 3 + 3 + 1 Mt cch tng t trong lai 3 cp tnh trng s phn li kiu hnh F2 cho 8 loi kiu hnh ng vi: (3 + 1)3 = 27 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 1 T c th nu nhn xt khi qut: Trong lai n cp tnh trng th t l phn li kiu hnh F2 ng vi cng thc (3 + 1)n. Cng thc phn tnh chung trong nh lut phn ly c lp ( trng hp c tnh tri hon ton) i vi c th c n cp gen d hp phn li c lp, khi AaBb...Nn t th. F1 F2 S kiu S kiu S loi T l kiu S loi T l kiu Kiu gen t hp giao t kiu gen gen kiu hnh hnh giao t Lai 1 tnh Aa 21 21 x 21 31 (1:2:1)1 21 (3:1)1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Lai 2 tnh AaBb 2 2 x2 3 (1:2:1) 2 (3:1)2 Lai 3 tnh AaBbCc 23 23 x 23 33 (1:2:1)3 23 (3:1)3 ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... .............. ............... Lai n tnh AaBbCc... 2n 2n x 2n 3n (1:2:1)n 2n (3:1)n Tng qut hn, nu mt cy d hp v n cp allen giao phn vi cy d hp v m cp allen th ta c: + Cy d hp v n cp allen c 2n loi giao t + Cy d hp v m cp allen c 2m loi giao t Do => Tng s hp t = 2n x 2m = 2n+m - T l cy c kiu hnh tri =
1 1 1 - T l th ng hp ton tri = = 2 2 2
n +m n m n +m

3 4

k +m

1 1 1 - T l th ng hp ton ln = = 2 2 2

Tm s kiu gen ca mt c th: Mt c th c n cp gen nm trn n cp NST tng ng, trong c k cp gen d hp v m = n-k cp gen n k n k m m ng hp. S kiu gen c th c ca c th tnh theo cng thc: A = Cn 2 = Cn 2 Trong : A l s kiu gen c th c ca c th n l s cp gen k l s cp gen d hp m l s cp gen ng hp V d 17: Trong c th c 4 cp gen nm trn 4 cp NST tng ng, c th b c 3 cp gen d hp, 1 cp gen ng hp. cn m th ngc li. C bao nhiu kiu giao phi c th xy ra? A. 64 B.16 C.256 D.32 1.3. Tm kiu gen ca b m (dng ton nghch): 1.3.1. Kiu gen tnh ring ca tng loi tnh trng: Xt ring kt qu i con lai F1 ca tng tnh trng 1.3.1.1. F1 ng tnh: + Nu b m (P) c kiu hnh khc nhau th F 1 nghim ng nh lut ng tnh ca Menden => tnh trng biu hin F1 l tnh trng tri v th h P u thun chng: AA x aa + Nu P cng kiu hnh v F1 mang tnh trng tri th 1 trong 2P c KG ng hp tri AA, P cn li c th l AA hoc Aa. + Nu P khng r kiu hnh v F1 mang tnh trng tri, th 1 trong 2P l ng hp tri AA, P cn li mang KG ty : AA, Aa, aa. 1.3.1.2. F1 phn tnh: + F1 phn tnh theo t l 3:1 - F1 nghim ng nh lut phn tnh ca Menden => tnh trng
3 1 l tnh trng tri, l tnh trng ln v 4 4

P u d hp Aa x Aa. - Trong trng hp tri khng hon ton th t l F1 l 1:2:1. - Trong trng hp gen gy cht trng thi ng hp th t l F1 l 2:1

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+ F1 phn tnh theo t l 1:1 F1 l kt qu c trng ca php lai phn tch th d hp => th 1Pc KG d hp Aa, P cn li ng hp aa. + F1 phn tnh khng r t l: Da vo c th mang tnh trng ln F 1 l aa =>P u cha gen ln a, phi hp vi kiu hnh ca P suy ra KG ca P. 1.3.2. Kiu gen tnh chung ca nhiu loi tnh trng: 1.3.2.1. Trong php lai khng phi l php lai phn tch: Kt hp kt qu v KG ring ca tng loi tnh trng vi nhau. V d 18: c chua A: qu a: qu vng B: qu trn b: qu bu dc Cho lai 2 cy c chua cha r KG v KH vi nhau th thu c F1 gm: 3 -trn, 3 -bu dc, 1 vng-trn, 1 vng-bu dc. Tm KG 2 cy thuc th h P. V d 19: C th c d hp hai cp gen AaBb nm trn 2 cp NST khc nhau. Cho bit 2 loi tnh trng trn tri hon ton.Cho lai c th trn vi c th ci. F1 thu c t l kiu hnh 3:3:1:1. Kiu gen ca c th ci l: A. AaBb C.aaBb B.Aabb D.B v C ng V d 20: Mt loi thc vt gen A quy nh cy cao, gen a- cy thp; gen B qu , gen b- qu trng. Cc gen di truyn c lp. i lai c mt loi kiu hnh cy thp qu trng chim 1/16. Kiu gen ca cc cy b m l A. AaBb x Aabb. B. AaBB x aaBb. C. Aabb x AaBB. D. AaBb x AaBb. 1.3.2.2. Trong php lai phn tch: Khng xt ring tng loi tnh trng m phi da vo kt qu ca php lai xc nh t l v thnh phn gen ca mi loi giao t sinh ra suy ra KG ca c th . V d 21 : C th c d hp hai cp gen AaBb nm trn 2 cp NST khc nhau. Cho bit 2 loi tnh trng trn tri hon ton.Cho lai c th trn vi c th ci. F1 thu c t l kiu hnh 1:1:1:1. Kiu gen ca c th ci sinh ra l A. AaBb B.aaBb C. Aabb D.aabb 2. Tng tc gia cc gen khng alen: Mi kiu tng tc c 1 t l KH tiu biu da theo bin dng ca (3:1)2 nh sau: 2.1. Cc kiu tng tc gen: 2.1.1. Tng tc b tr c 3 t l KH: 9:3:3:1; 9:6:1; 9:7. 2.1.1.1. Tng tc b tr gen tri hnh thnh 4 KH: 9:3:3:1 A-B- A-bb aaB- aabb thuc t l: 9:3:3:1 2.1.1.2. Tng tc b tr gen tri hnh thnh 3 KH: 9:6:1 A-B- (A-bb = aaB-) aabb thuc t l 9:6:1 2.1.1.3. Tng tc b tr gen tri hnh thnh 2 KH: 9:7 A-B- (A-bb = aaB- = aabb) thuc t l 9:7 2.1.2. Tng tc t ch c 3 t l KH: 9:3:4; 12:3:1; 13:3 2.1.2.1. Tng tc t ch gen tri hnh thnh 3 KH: 12:3:1 (A-B- = A-bb) aaB- aabb thuc t l 12:3:1 2.1.2.2. Tng tc t ch gen tri hnh thnh 2 KH: 13:3 (A-B- = A-bb = aabb) aaB- thuc t l 13:3 2.1.2.3. Tng tc t ch gen ln hnh thnh 3 KH: 9:3:4 A-B- aaB- (A-bb = aabb) thuc t l 9:3:4 2.1.3. Tc ng cng gp (tch ly) hnh thnh 2 KH: 15:1 (A-B- = A-bb = aaB-) aabb Tng qut n cp gen tc ng cng gp => t l KH theo h s mi s hng trong khai trin ca nh thc Newton (A+a)n. Tng tc b tr km theo xut hin tnh trng mi Tng tc t ch ngn cn tc dng ca cc gen khng alen. Tng tc cng gp mi gen gp phn nh nhau vo s pht trin. 2.2. Dng ton thun: Cho bit kiu tng tc tm t l phn li i con V d 22 : nga s c mt ca 2 gen tri A v B cng kiu gen qui nh lng xm, gen A c kh nng nh ch hot ng ca gen B nn gen B cho lng mu en khi khng ng cng vi gen A trong kiu gen.

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Nga mang 2 cp gen ng hp ln cho kiu hnh lng hung. Cc gen phn li c lp trong qu trnh di truyn. Tnh trng mu lng nga l kt qu ca hin tng no? A. tc ng cng gp B. Tc ng c ch C. Tri khng hon ton D. Tc ng b tr V d 23: Lai hai dng b thun chng qu trn c F 1 ton qu dt; F2 gm 271 qu dt : 179 qu trn : 28 qu di. S di truyn hnh dng qu tun theo quy lut di truyn no? A. Tng tc t ch B. Tng tc cng gp C. Tri khng hon ton D. Tng tc b tr V d 24: Cho lai hai dng vt thun chng lng vng vi lng xanh, c F 1 ton mu hoa thin l (xanhvng).F2 gm 9/16 mu thin l : 3/16 lng vng : 3/16 lng xanh : 1/16 lng trng. Tnh trng ny di truyn theo quy lut: A. Phn li c lp C.Tri khng hon ton B. Tng tc gen D. Lin kt gen 2.3.Dng ton nghch: Thng da vo kt qu phn tnh th h lai suy ra s kiu t hp giao t v s loi b m => s cp gen tng tc. Sau khi xc nh c s cp gen tng tc, ng thi xc nh c kiu gen ca b m v suy ra s lai c th c ca php lai thy t l KG thuc dng no, i chiu vi kiu hnh ca bi d on kiu tng tc. Thng th tng t l chn th h con bao gi cng l mt s chn bi n l tch ca mt s chn vi mt s nguyn dng khc khi thc hin php nhn xc sut trong qun th. T , suy ra s loi giao t ca b m. + Khi lai F1 x F1 to ra F2 c 16 kiu t hp nh: 9:3:3:1; 9:6:1; 9:7; 12:3:1; 13:3, 9:3:4; 15:1. (16 = 4*4 => P gim phn cho 4 loi giao t) + Khi lai F1 vi c th khc to ra F2 c 8 kiu t hp nh: 3:3:1:1; 4:3:1; 3:3:2; 5:3; 6:1:1; 7:1. (8 = 4*2 => mt bn P cho 4 loi giao t, mt bn P cho 2 loi giao t) + Khi lai phn tch F1 to ra F2 c 4 kiu t hp nh: 3:1; 1:2:1; 1:1:1:1. (4 = 4*1 => mt bn P cho 4 loi giao t, mt bn P cho 1 loi giao t) V d 25: Khi lai cy hoa thun chng vi cy hoa trng thun chng, F 1 thu c 100% hoa . Cho lai F 1 vi cy hoa trng thun chng trn, F 2 thu c 3 hoa trng : 1 hoa . S di truyn tnh trng trn tun theo quy lut no? V d 26: u thm, s c mt ca 2 gen tri A, B trong cng kiu gen qui nh mu hoa , cc t hp gen khc ch c 1 trong 2 loi gen tri trn, cng nh kiu gen ng hp ln s cho kiu hnh hoa mu trng. Cho bit cc gen phn li c lp trong qu trnh di truyn. lai 2 ging u hoa trng thun chng, F1 thu c ton hoa mu . Cho F1 giao phn vi hoa trng thu c F2 phn tnh theo t l 37.5% : 62,5% trng. Kiu gen hoa trng em lai vi F1 l A. Aabb hoc aaBb B. Aabb hoc AaBB C. aaBb hoc AABb D. AaBB hoc AABb V d 27: Lai 2 dng b thun chng qu trn, thu c F1 ton qu dt; cho F1 t th phn F2 thu c 271 qu dt : 179 qu trn : 28 qu di. Kiu gen ca b m l A. Aabb x aaBB B. AaBb x AaBb C. AaBB x Aabb D. AABB x aabb V d 28: Ng, tnh trng kch thc ca thn do 3 cp alen (A 1a1, A2a2, A3a3) quy nh. Mi gen ln lm cho cy cao thm 10cm, chiu cao cy thp nht 80cm. Nu F 1 ng lot xut hin kiu hnh Ng cao 110cm. Kiu gen ca P l A. A1A1A2A2A3A3 x a1a1a2a2a3a3 B.A1A1A2A2a3a3 x a1a1a2a2A3A3 C. A1A1a2a2A3A3 x a1a1A2A2a3a3 D.1 trong 4 trng hp ni trn. 2.4.Tm li: Khi xt s di truyn ca 1 tnh trng, iu gip chng ta nhn bit tnh trng c di truyn theo quy lut tng tc ca 2 gen khng alen l + Tnh trng c phn li KH th h sau theo t l 9:3:3:1 hay bin i ca t l ny. + Tnh trng c phn li KH th h sau theo t l 3:3:1:1 hay bin i ca t l ny. + Kt qu lai phn tch xut hin t l KH 1:1:1:1 hay bin i ca t l ny. III: DI TRUYN HC V XC SUT VN DNG KIN THC T HP GII NHANH MT S DNG BI TP XC SUT TRONG DI TRUYN PHN LI C LP A. CC DNG BI TP C TH VN DNG 1.Tnh xc sut c v ci trong nhiu ln sinh() 2. Xc nh tn s xut hin cc alen tri hoc ln trong trng hp nhiu cp gen d hp PLL, t th. 3. Xc nh tng s KG, s KGH, KGDH trong trng hp nhiu cp gen PLL, mi gen c 2 hoc nhiu alen. 4. Xc nh s trng hp th lch bi khi xy ra ng thi 2 hoc nhiu t bin lch bi.

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5. Xc nh tn s xut hin cc t hp gen khc nhau v ngun gc NST. 6. Mt s bi tp m rng B. BI TP IN HNH, PHNG PHP GII V CNG THC TNG QUT Trong thc t, nhiu lc chng ta c th gp nhng tnh hung rt khc nhau.Vn quan trng l ty tng trng hp c th m chng ta tm cch gii quyt hiu qu nht.Trc mt bi ton xc sut cng vy, iu cn thit u tin l chng ta phi xc nh bi ton thuc loi no? n gin hay phc tp? C lin quan n t hp hay khng? Khi no ta nn vn dng kin thc t hp ? - Kin thc t hp ch p dng khi no cc kh nng xy ra mi s kin c s t hp ngu nhin, ngha l cc kh nng phi PLL. Mt khc s phn li v t hp phi c din ra mt cch bnh thng. Mi s kin c 2 hoc nhiu kh nng c th xy ra, xc sut ca mi kh nng c th bng hoc khng bng nhau: trng hp n gin l xc sut cc kh nng bng nhau v khng i nhng cng c trng hp phc tp l xc sut mi kh nng li khc nhau v c th thay i qua cc ln t hp. Trong phn ny ti ch cp n n nhng trng hp s kin c 2 kh nng v xc sut mi kh nng khng thay i qua cc ln t hp.Tuy nhin t cc dng c bn ,chng ta c th t vn v rn cho HS k nng vn dng gii cc bi tp phc tp hn. - Vi bi ton xc sut n gin, thng khng cn vn dng kin thc t hp nn gii bng phng php thng thng, d hiu v gn nht. - Nu vn kh phc tp, khng th dng phng php thng thng hoc nu dng phng php thng thng gii s khng kh thi v i hi phi mt qu nhiu thi gian. Chng ta phi tm mt hng khc gii quyt vn th kin thc t hp nh l mt cng c khng th thiu c. Do vy vic nhn dng bi ton trc khi tm ra phng php gii quyt l vn ht sc quan trng v cn thit m khi dy cho HS Thy (c) phi ht sc lu . Vi nhng bi ton t hp tng i phc tp trc khi gii cho HS, GV cn phi phn tch t cc trng hp n gin n phc tp; chng minh quy np i n cng thc tng qut. - Tr s xc sut qua n ln t hp ngu nhin gia 2 kh nng a v b cc s kin l kt qu khai trin ca: (a+b)n = Cn0an b0 + Cn1 an-1 b1 + Cn2 an-2 b2 + ... + Cna a1 bn-1 + Cna a0 bn Nu cc kh nng mi s kin c xc sut bng nhau v khng i qua cc ln t hp, do b = n a nn Cna = Cnb. Ta d thy rng tr s xc sut cc trng hp xy ra lun i xng. 1. Tnh xc sut c v ci trong nhiu ln sinh a. Tng qut: - Mi ln sinh l mt s kin hon ton c lp, v c 2 kh nng c th xy ra: hoc c hoc ci vi xc sut bng nhau v = 1/2. - Xc sut xut hin c, ci trong n ln sinh l kt qu ca s t hp ngu nhin: (+) (+)(+) = (+)n n ln S kh nng xy ra trong n ln sinh = 2n - Gi s l a, s l b b = n a - S t hp ca a v b l kt qu ca Cna Lu : v b = n a nn ( Cna = Cnb ) * TNG QUT: - Xc sut trong n ln sinh c c a v b l kt qu ca Cna / 2n Lu : ( Cna / 2n = Cnb/ 2n) V d 29: Mt cp v chng d kin sinh 3 ngi con v mun c c 2 ngi con trai v 1 ngi con gi. Kh nng thc hin mong mun l bao nhiu? 2. Xc nh tn s xut hin cc alen tri hoc ln trong trng hp nhiu cp gen d hp PLL, t th a. Tng qut: GV cn lu vi HS l ch p dng i vi trng hp cc cp gen PLL v u trng thi d hp - Gi n l s cp gen d hp s alen trong mt KG = 2n - S t hp gen = 2n x 2n = 4n - Gi s alen tri ( hoc ln) l a S alen ln ( hoc tri) = 2n a - V cc cp gen PLL t hp ngu nhin nn ta c: (T + L) (T + L) (T + L) = (T + L)n (K hiu: T: tri, L: ln)

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n ln - S t hp gen c a alen tri ( hoc ln ) = C2na * TNG QUT: Nu c n cp gen d hp, PLL, t th th tn s xut hin t hp gen c a alen tri ( hoc ln ) = C2na / 4n V d 30: Chiu cao cy do 3 cp gen PLL, tc ng cng gp quy nh.S c mt mi alen tri trong t hp gen lm tng chiu cao cy ln 5cm. Cy thp nht c chiu cao = 150cm. Cho cy c 3 cp gen d hp t th. Xc nh - Tn s xut hin t hp gen c 1 alen tri, 4 alen tri. - Kh nng c c mt cy c chiu cao 165cm 3. Xc nh tng s KG, s KGH, KGDH trong trng hp nhiu cp gen PLL, mi gen c 2 hoc nhiu alen a. Tng qut: xc nh tng s KG, s KGH, KGDH trong trng hp nhiu cp gen PLL, mi gen c 2 hoc nhiu alen, GV cn phi cho HS thy r: * Vi mi gen: Phn tch v chng minh s KGDH, s KGH, s KG ca mi gen, ch ra mi quan h gia 3 yu t vi nhau v vi s alen ca mi gen: - S alen ca mi gen c th ln hn hoc bng 2 nhng trong KG lun c mt ch 2 trong s cc alen . - Nu gi s alen ca gen l r th s KGDH = Cr2 = r( r 1)/2 - S KGH lun bng s alen = r - S KG = s KGH + s KGDH = r +r( r 1)/2 = r( r + 1)/2 * Vi nhiu gen: Do cc gen PLL nn kt qu chung = tch cc kt qu ring V vy GV nn gi cho HS lp bng sau: GEN S ALEN/GEN S KIU GEN S KG NG HP S KG D HP I 2 3 2 1 II 3 6 3 3 III 4 10 4 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n r r( r + 1)/2 r r( r 1)/2 ( Lu : thay v tnh r( r + 1)/2, c th tnh nhanh 1 + 2 + 3 + +r ) V d 31: Gen I v II ln lt c 2, 3 alen. Cc gen PLL. Xc nh trong qun th: - C bao nhiu KG? - C bao nhiu KG ng hp v tt c cc gen? - C bao nhiu KG d hp v tt c cc gen? - C bao nhiu KG d hp v mt cp gen? - C bao nhiu KG t nht c mt cp gen d hp? * S KG d hp v t nht mt cp gen: S KG d hp v t nht mt cp gen ng ngha vi vic tnh tt c cc trng hp trong KG c cha cp d hp, tc l bng s KG s KG ng hp v tt c cc gen ( thay v phi tnh 1.3dd+ 2.3d + 1.3d ) -Vy s KG trong t nht c mt cp d hp = s KG s KG ng hp = 18 6 = 12 4. Xc nh s trng hp th lch bi khi xy ra ng thi 2 hoc nhiu t bin lch bi a. Tng qut Nu bi ton l xc nh s cc trng hp th lch bi khi xy ra ng thi 2 hoc nhiu t bin, t cch phn tch v chng minh tng t trn; GV nn gi cho HS i n tng qut sau: Gi n l s cp NST, ta c: DNG T BIN Lch bi n S TRNG HP TNG NG VI CC CP NST Cn = n
1

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Lch bi kp Cn2 = n(n 1)/2 C a th lch bi khc nhau Ana = n!/(n a)! V d 32: B NST lng bi ca loi = 24. Xc nh - C bao nhiu trng hp th 3 c th xy ra? - C bao nhiu trng hp th 1 kp c th xy ra? - C bao nhiu trng hp ng thi xy ra c 3 t bin; th 0, th 1 v th 3? 5. Xc nh tn s xut hin cc t hp gen khc nhau v ngun gc NST a. Tng qut: gii cc bi ton v ngun gc NST i vi loi sinh sn hu tnh, GV cn phi gii thch cho HS hiu c bn cht ca cp NST tng ng: mt c ngun gc t b, mt c ngun gc t m. Trong gim phn to giao t th: - Mi NST trong cp tng ng phn li v mt giao t nn to 2 loi giao t c ngun gc khc nhau(b hoc m ). - Cc cp NST c s PLL, t hp t do . Nu gi n l s cp NST ca t bo th: * S giao t khc nhau v ngun gc NST c to nn = 2n. S t hp cc loi giao t qua th tinh = 2n . 2n = 4n V mi giao t ch mang n NST t n cp tng ng, c th nhn mi bn t b hoc m t nht l 0 NST v nhiu nht l n NST nn: * S giao t mang a NST ca b (hoc m) = Cna Xc sut mt giao t mang a NST t b (hoc m) = Cna / 2n . - S t hp gen c a NST t ng (b) ni (giao t mang a NST ca b) v b NST t ng (b) ngoi (giao t mang b NST ca m) = Cna . Cnb Xc sut ca mt t hp gen c mang a NST t ng (b) ni v b NST t ng (b) ngoi = Cna . Cnb / 4n V d 33: B NST lng bi ca ngi 2n = 46. - C bao nhiu trng hp giao t c mang 5 NST t b? - Xc sut mt giao t mang 5 NST t m l bao nhiu? - Kh nng mt ngi mang 1 NST ca ng ni v 21 NST t b ngoi l bao nhiu? 6. Mt s bi tp m rng T nhng kin thc t hp v xc sut c bn phn tch trn, GV c th gip cc em vn dng linh hot gii nhng bi tp c phn phc tp, tru tng hn. Sau y l mt vi v d: V d 34: C 5 qu trng sp n. Nhng kh nng no v gii tnh c th xy ra? Tnh xc sut mi trng hp? V d 35: Bnh mu kh ng ngi do t bin gen ln nm trn NST gii tnh X,alen tri tng ng quy nh ngi bnh thng. Mt gia nh c ngi chng bnh thng cn ngi v mang gen d hp v tnh trng trn. H c d nh sinh 2 ngi con. a. Nhng kh nng no c th xy ra? Tnh xc sut mi trng hp? b. Xc sut c c t nht 1 ngi con khng b bnh l bao nhiu? V d 36: u H lan, tnh trng ht mu vng tri hon ton so vi tnh trng ht mu xanh.Tnh trng do mt gen quy nh nm trn NST thng. Cho 5 cy t th v sau khi thu hoch ly ngu nhin mi cy mt ht em gieo c cc cy F1 . Xc nh: a. Xc sut F1 c 5 cy u cho ton ht xanh? b. Xc sut F1 c t nht 1 cy c th cho c ht vng?

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