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NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

..

..
Hng Yn, thng 5 nm 2012
Gio vin hng dn

NHN XT CA HI NG PHN BIN

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...

Ngy thng nm 2012

MC LC
MC LC2
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LI M U..4
CHNG I: TNG QUAN............5
1.1.

Tnh cp thit ca
ti.5

1.2.

Mc ch, yu cu ca
ti......5

1.3.

Gii hn ca
ti.5

1.4.

Cc phng n thit
k..6

CHNG II: THC NGHIM..8

2.1. Xy dng s khi tng qut..8
2.2. S nguyn l chung9
2.3.Cc khi trong mch.....10
2.3.1. Khi ngun...10
2.3.2. Khi x l.11
2.3.3. Khi cm bin..12
2.3.4. Khi hin th.12
2.4. S mch in...13
2.5. S mch m phng bng proteus13
2.6. Thit k chng trnh iu khin....14
CHNG III: KT QU..18
3.1. Kt qu t c..18
3.2. Hng pht trin ca ti..18
PH LC...20
KT LUN37
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LI M U
Ngy nay, s pht trin mnh m ca khoa hc cng ngh, cuc sng
ca con ngi c nhng thay i ngy cng tt hn, vi nhng trang thit
b hin i phc v cng cuc cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc. c
bit gp phn vo s pht trin th ngnh k thut in t gp phn
khng nh trong s nghip xy dng v pht trin t nc. Trong mn
k thut vi iu khin c pht trin mnh da trn nhng tin b ca cng
ngh tch hp cc linh kin bn dn v h lp trnh c b nh kt hp vi
my tnh in t. T nhng thi gian u pht trin cho thy s u vit
ca n v cho ti ngy nay tnh u vit ngy cng c khng nh thm.
Nhng thnh tu ca n c th bin c nhng ci tng chng nh
khng th thnh nhng ci c th, gp phn nng cao i sng vt cht v
tinh thn cho con ngi.
gp phn lm sng t hiu qu ca nhng ng dng trong thc t
ca mn vi iu khin chng em sau mt thi gian hc tp c cc thy, c
gio trong khoa ging dy v cc kin thc chuyn ngnh, ng thi c s
gip nhit tnh ca thy Nguyn Vn Din chng em thit k v xy
dng m hnh m 2 sn phm theo chiu cao trn bng ti
Cng vi s l lc ca bn thn nhng do thi gian, kin thc v kinh
nghim ca chng em cn c hn nn s khng th trnh khi nhng sai st.
Chng em rt mong c s gip v tham kho kin ca thy c v cc
bn nhm ng gp pht trin thm ti.

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Mch m sn phm

CHNG I: TNG QUAN

1.1.Tnh cp thit ca ti
Hin nay l thi i khoa hc k thut pht trin, cc nh my x
nghip sn xut sn phm ca mnh trn cc bng chuyn hin i, sn phm
xut ra rt nhanh v nhiu v vy vic m xem c bao nhiu sn phm
hon tt xut ra t bng chuyn cui cng th ngi cng nhn kh c th
thc hin chnh xc c. V vy mch m sn phm s gip ta kim sot
c sn lng cho ra ti mi bng chuyn.
Khng ch vy, h thng m sn phm cn gip ngi lao ng bt
phn mt nhc chn tay m cho php tng hiu sut lao ng ln gp nhiu
ln, ng thi m bo c chnh xc cao.
1.2.Mc ch, yu cu ca ti
- Mc ch ca mch m sn phm l gip cho nh my m c s
lng sn phm ca nh my to ra mt cch n gin, chnh xc m khng
tn nhiu cng sc lao ng ca cng nhn.
- Yu cu ca mch m sn phm l phi chy mt cch chnh xc,
n nh, gn nh d lp t d sa cha v r tin.
1.3. Gii hn ca ti
Cc sn phm rt a dng vi nhiu chng loi: c, rng, kch c
khc nhau. Nhng vi kh nng ca thit b lp th mch ch c th m i
vi sn phm c kh nng che c nh sng.
Nhim vu:
Thit k m hinh
Thit k phn cng, lp lu thut toan va vit chng trinh iu khin
m c 2 san phm khac nhau theo chiu cao.
S lng san phm ti a mi loai la 99
Hin thi s lng san phm m c trn led 7 thanh
Thuyt minh y u, trinh bay khoa hoc.

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1.4. Cc phng n thit k

1.4.1. m sn phn dng IC ri
Cc u im sau:
Cho php tng hiu sut lao ng.
m bo chnh xc cao.
Tn s p ng ca mch nhanh,cho php m vi tn s cao.
Tn hao cng sut b, mch c th s dng pin.
Kh nng m rng, gi thnh h, mch n gin d thc hin
Vi vic s dng k thut s kh c th p ng c vic thay i s
m. Mun thay i mt yu cu no ca mch th buc phi thay i
phn cng. Do mi ln phi lp li mch dn n tn km v kinh t m
nhiu khi yu cu khng thc hin c bng phng php ny.
Vi s pht trin mnh ca ngnh k thut s c bit l cho ra i cc
h vi x l v vi iu khin rt a chc nng do vic dng k thut vi x l,
k thut vi iu khin gii quyt nhng b tc v kinh t hn m phng
php dung IC ri kt ni li khng thc hin c.
1.4.2. m sn phm dng k thut vi x l:
Ngoi nhng u im nh lit k trong phng php dng IC ri th mch
m sn phm dng k thut cn c nhng u im sau:
Mch c th thay i s m mt cch linh hot bng vic thay i phn
mm, trong khi phn cng khng cn thay i m mch IC ri khng thc
hin c,nu c th thc hin c th cng gp kh khn do ngi cng
nhn kh tip cn, d nhm.
S linh kin s dng trong mch t hn, mch n gin hn so vi mch
dng IC ri.
Mch cng c th kt ni giao tip c vi my tnh thch hp cho ngi
qun l ti phng k thut .

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1.4.3.m sn phm dung vi iu khin:

Ngoi nhng u im ca hai phng php trn, phng php dng
vi iu khin cn c nhng u im sau:
Trong mch c th s dng ngay b nh trong i vi nhng chng
trnh c quy m nh, rt tin li m vi x l khng thc hin c.
N c th giao tip ni tip trc tip vi my tnh m vi x l cng giao
tip c vi my tnh nhng l giao tip song song nn cn c linh kin
chuyn i d liu t song song sang ni tip giao tip vi my tnh.

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CHNG II: THC NGHIM

2.1. Xy dng s khi tng qut

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2.2. S nguyn l

Nguyn l hot ng:

-Khi cha c sn phm i qua tc l cm bin cha tc ng,cha c
tn hiu n mch iu khin ta thy 4 led hin th v 0.
-Khi c sn phm i qua:
+ Nu sn phm cao i qua s tc ng vo cm bin cao, tn hiu
c a v vi iu khin. Led hin th mc sn phm cao tng ln 1
n v v s ph nh sn phm thp.
+Khi co san phm thp i qua, cam bin cao khng b tc ng m
ch c cm bin thp c tc ng, tin hiu lp tc c a v vi
iu khin va hin th led 7 thanh tng ln 1 n v.

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2.3.Cc khi trong mch

2.3.1. Khi ngun

-in p u vo l 12V xoay chiu, qua b phn chnh lu cung cp ngun

12V mt chiu v qua IC7805 cung cp ngun 5V mt chiu.
-Ngun 5V cung cp in p cho mch iu khin v khi hin th, cm bin.

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2.3.2. Khi x l

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-IC89C51 ly tn hiu vo t cm bin a ra chn P3.2,P3.3 tng ng

vi 2 mc sn phm.

2.3.3. Khi cm bin

Khi cm bin gip nhn bit sn phm tng ng vi chiu cao ca

sn phm m cho ta cc tn hiu khc nhau gi tn hiu ti khi x l.
2.3.4. Khi hin th

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n s dng 4 led 7 thanh loi ant chung v c iu khin bi vi

iu khin t cng P2 v P0.

2.4. S mch in

2.5. S mch m phng bng proteus

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2.6.Chng trnh iu khin

//////////////////CODE DEM SAN PHAM////////////////////////
#include <REG51.H>
sbit LED1=P2^0;
sbit LED2=P2^1;
sbit LED3=P2^2;
sbit LED4=P2^3;

unsigned int a[10] =

{0xC0,0xF9,0xA4,0XB0,0x99,0x92,0x82,0xF8,0x80,0x90 };
int n,m,k,h,x;
////////////////////ham tre///////////////////
void delay(int t)
{
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while(t--);

}
void ngat_ngoai0(void) interrupt 0 // goi chuong trinh ngat ngoai 0
{ x=1;
n=n+1;
if(n<=9)
n=n;
else
{
m=m+1;
n=0;}
if(m==9&&n==9)
{
m=0;
n=0; }
}
void ngat_ngoai1(void) interrupt 2 ///ngat ngoai 1
{
if(x%2==0)
{k=k+1;
if(k<=9)
k=k;
else
{
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h=h+1;
k=0;}
if(k==9&&h==9){
k=0;
h=0;
}
}
x=0;
}
void main()

///////////////////////////chuong trinh chinh

{
EA=1;
PX0=1;
IE0=1;
IE1=1;
EX0=1;
EX1=1;
IT0=1;
IT1=1;
n=0;
m=0;
k=0;
h=0;
while(1)
{
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LED1=0;
P0=a[n];
delay(500);
LED1=1;
LED2=0;
P0=a[m];
delay(500);
LED2=1;
LED3=0;
P0=a[k];
delay(500);
LED3=1;
LED4=0;
P0=a[h];
delay(500);
LED4=1;
}
}

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CHNG III: KT QU
3.1. Kt qu t c
Sau 8 tun thc hin n vi ti: Thit k, ch to m hnh h
thng m sn phm theo chiu cao trn bng ti chng em t c
mt s kt qu sau:
S m chnh xc
Hin th r rng.
Mch in khng qu phc tp, bo m s an ton, d s dng.
Gi thnh khng qu t.
Tuy nhin n cn gp phi mt s nhc im sau:
- B tr mch cha khoa hc, cha mang tnh cng nghip.
- Mch vn cn b nhiu tn hiu.
- Ch phn loi c 2 loi sn phm:cao v thp.
3.2. Hng pht trin ca ti
Sau qu trnh nhn v lm ti m sn phm theo chiu cao chng
em thy y l mt ti rt hay v c ng dng rt nhiu trong i sng
cng nh trong cng nghip.

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Trong thc t c rt nhiu dy chuyn phn loi sn phm s dng nhng

c tnh khc nhau ca sn phm nh: phn loi sn phm da trn kch
thc, phn loi sn phm da trn cht liu, phn loi sn phm theo trng
lng..
Hin nay, trn th trng c rt nhiu loi cm bin nh cm bin vt liu,
cm bin quang, cm bin in dung, cm bin t tim cn, cm bin sng
siu m,c dng rt nhiu trong cc nh my, x nghip.T m hnh v
mch nguyn l m chng em lm, chng ta c th pht trin ti ln
nhiu cp v hng khc nhau ti c tnh ti u v thc t hn.
Trong thc t khi m sn phm ta c th p dng ng thi nhiu cm bin
qu trnh phn loi ti u v ph hp hn vi yu cu ca cng ngh.
Trong gii hn ca ti chng em ch xin trnh by vic m sn phm
da trn chiu cao s dng vi iu khin. Trong nhng ti v m v phn
loi sn phm tip theo, chng ta c th s dng PLC v my tnh iu
khin cc dy chuyn m v phn loi sn phm. Vic iu khin cc dy
chuyn trong cc nh my ln a s l cc dy truyn t ng v yu cu
chnh xc rt cao. m bo cng sut ln cho nhng dy truyn .
Nhng nh thit k thng dng h thng kh nn thy lc, kt hp modul
plc

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PH LC
1.1.Ti liu v IC 89C51
1.1.1. Gii thiu b vi iu khin AT89C51
IC vi iu khin AT89C51 co cac c im sau:
4k byte ROM
128 byte RAM c tru bn trong va co th m rng b nh ra ngoai.
2 b inh thi 16 bit (Timer 0 va Timer1)
Mach giao tip ni tip
B x ly bit
H thng iu khin va x ly ngt
Cac knh iu khin/ d liu/ ia chi
Cac thanh ghi chc nng c bit.
1.1.2.S khi ho vi iu khin AT89C51
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Phn chinh cua vi iu khin AT89C51 la b x ly trung tm CPU (central

processing unit) bao gm:
Thanh ghi tich luy A
Thanh ghi tich luy phu B, dung cho phep nhn va phep chia
n vi logic hoc ALU (Arithermetic logical unit )
T trang thai chng trinh PSW (Program Status Word )
Bn bng thanh ghi
Con tro ngn xp
Ngoai ra con co b nh chng trinh b giai ma lnh, b iu khin thi
gian va logic
n vi x ly trung tm nhn trc tip xung t b dao ng, ngoai ra con co
kha nng a mt tin hiu gi nhip t bn ngoai.
Chng trinh ang chay co th dng lai nh mt khi iu khin ngt bn
trong. Cac ngun ngt co th la: cac bin c bn ngoai, s tran b m inh
thi hoc cugx co th la giao din ni tip.
Hai b inh thi 16 bit hoat ng nh mt b m
Cac cng ( Porto, Port1, Port2, Port3 ) s dung vao muc ich iu khin

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Trong vi iu khin AT89C51 co hai thanh phn quan trong khac la b nh

va cac thanh ghi.
B nh gm co b nh RAM va b nh ROM dung lu tr d liu va ma
lnh. Cac thanh ghi s dung lu tr thng tin trong qua trinh x ly. Khi
CPU lam vic no lam thay i ni dung cua cac thanh ghi.
1.1.3.S chn tin hiu cua AT89C51

1.1.4. Chc nng cua cac chn AT89C51:

Port0: La Port co 2 chc nng trn chn t 32 n 39 trong cac thit k
c nho ( khng dung b nh m rng ) co 2 chc nng nh cac ng IO.
i vi cac thit k c ln ( vi b nh m rng ) no c kt hp knh gia
cac bus.
Port1: la Port I/O trn cac chn 1 n 8. Cac chn c ki hiu P1.0, P1.1,
P1.2. co th dung cho cac thit bi ngoai nu cn. Port1 khng co chc nng
khac , vi vy chung ta chi c dung trong giao tip vi cac thit bi ngoai.
Port2: la mt Port cng dung kep tren cac chn 21 n 28 c dung nh
cac ng xut nhap hoc la byte cao cua bus ia chi i vi cac thit k
dung b nh m rng.
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Port3: la mt Port cng dung kep tn cac chn 10 n 17. Cac chn cua
Port nay co nhiu chc nng, cac cng dung chuyn i co lin h vi cac
c tinh c
Bit
P3.0
P3.1
P3.2
P3.3
P3.4
P3.5
P3.6
P3.7

bit nh bang sau:

Tn
Chc nng chuyn i
RXD
D liu nhn cho port ni tip
TXD
D liu phat cho port ni tip
INTO
Ngt 0 bn ngoai
INT1
Ngt 1 bn ngoai
TO
Ngo vao cua timer/counter0
T1
Ngo vao cua timer/counter1
WR
Xung ghi b nh d liu ngoai
RD
Xung ghi b nh d liu ngoai
Chc nng cua cac chn trn Port3

PSEN ( progaram store enable ): PSEN la tin hiu ra trn chn 29. No la tin
hiu iu khin cho phep b nh chng trinh m rng va thng c
ni n chn OE (Ouput Enable ) cua mt EPROM cho phep oc cac byte
ma lnh.
PSEN se mc thap trong thi gian ly lnh. Cac ma nhi phn cua chng
trinh c oc t EPROM qua bus va c cht vao thanh ghi lnh cua
AT89C51 se giai ma lnh. Khi thi hanh chng trinh trong ROM ni
( AT89C51) se mc thu ng (mc cao).
ALE ( Address Latch Enable ): tin hiu ra ALE tn chn 30 tng hp vi
cac thit bi lam vic vi cac x ly 8585, 8088, 8086 dung ALE mt cach
tng t cho lam vic giai cac knh, cac bus ia chi va d liu khi port0
c dung trong ch o chuyn i cua no: va la bus d liu va la bus thp
cua ia chi. ALE la tin hiieeuj cht ia chi vao mt thanh ghi bn ngoai
trong na u cua chu ky b nh. Sau o, cac ng port0 dung xut hoc
nhp d liu trong na sau chu ky cua b nh.
Cac xung tin hiu ALE co tc bng 1/16 ln tn s dao ng trn chip va
co th c dung la ngun xung nhip cho cac h thng. Nu xung trn
AT89C51 la 12MHz thi ALE co tn s 2MHz. Chi tr khi thi hanh lnh
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Mch m sn phm

MOVX, mt xung ALE bi mt. Chn nay cung c lam ngo vao cho xung
lp trinh cho EPROM trong AT89C51.
EA ( External Acces): tin hiu vao EA trn chn 31 thng c mc ln
mc cao (+5V) hoc mc thp (GND). Nu mc cao, AT89C51 thi hanh
chng trinh t ROM ni trong khoang ia chi thp (4K). Nu mc thp,
chng trinh chi c thi hanh t b nh m rng .
SRT ( Reset): ngo vao RST trn chn 9 la ngo reset cua AT89C51. Khi tin
hiu nay c ni ln mc cao ( trong it nht 2 chu ki may ), cac thanh ghi
trong AT89C51 tai cac gia tri thich hp khi ong h thng.
Cac ngo vao b dao ng trn chip: Nh a thy trong cac hinh trn,
AT89C51 co mt b dao ng trn chip. No thng c ni vi thanh anh
gia hai chan 18 va 19. Cac tu gi cung cn thit. Tn s thng thng la
12MHz.
Cac chn ngun: AT89C51 vn hanh vi ngun n +5V, Vcc c ni
vao chn 40 va Vss (GND ) c ni vao chn 20.
1.1.5.T chc b nh
B nh chng trinh va b nh d liu ni tru
Tt ca cac b Flash Microcontrollers cua Atmel u t chc cac vung ia chi
tach bit i vi b nh chng trinh va b nh d liu, c m ta hinh
di y. Cac vung nh chng trinh va d liu tach bit cho phep b nh
d liu c truy cp bi ia chi 8 bit, co th c lu tr vi tc cao va
c vn hanh bi mt b CPU 8 bit. Tuy nhin, ia chi b nh d liu 16
bit cung co th c tao ra thng qua thanh ghi con tro d liu (DPTR).
B nh chng trinh co th chi c oc. Chung co th la b nh chng
trinh 64 Kbyte co kha nng inh ia chi trc tip. oc c ni dung t
b nh chng trinh ngoai cn xac inh trang thai phu hp cho chn /PSEN.
B nh d liu chim mt vung ia chi ring bit so vi b nh chng
trinh. 64Kbyte b nh ngoai co th c inh ia chi trc tip trong vung b

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nh d liu ngoai, CPU tao ra tin hiu oc va ghi (/RD, /WR) truy cp b
nh d liu ngoai.
B nh chng trinh ngoai va b nh d liu ngoai co th c kt hp bi
cac tin hiu /RD va /PSEN a vao mt cng AND va s dung u ra cua
cng nay oc ni dung t b nh d liu/ chng trinh ngoai.

AT89C51 c b nh d liu chim mt khong khng gian b nh c lp

vi b nh chng trnh. Dung lng ca RAM ni tr h V K ny l
128 byte, c nh a ch t 00h n 7Fh.phm vi a ch t 80h n
Ffhdanhf cho SFR. Tuy nhin b V K cng c th lm vic vi RAM ngoi
tr c dung lng cc i l 64 Kbyte c nh a ch t 0000h n
FFFFh.
+ vng nh 128 Byte thp
Vng nh 128 Byte thp c nh a ch t 00h n 7Fh, c chia thnh
3 vng con nh th hin hnh 2.10
-Vng nh th nht c ln 32 byte c nh a ch t 00h n 1Fh bao
gm 4 bng thanh ghi (bng 0 n bng 3), mi bng c 8 thanh ghi 8 bit.
Cc thanh ghi trong mi bng c tn gi t R0 n R7. Vng RAM ny c
truy cp bng a ch tr tip mc byte, v qu trnh chn s dng bng
thanh ghi no l ty thuc vo vic la chn gi tr cho RS1 v RS0 trong
PSW.
- Vng th hai c ln16 byte c nh a ch t 20h n 2Fh, cho php
truy cp trc tip bng a ch mc bit. B V K cung cp cc lnh c kh
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nng truy cp ti vng nh 128 bit ny (nu truy cp dng mc bit th vng
ny c a ch c nh t 00h n 7Fh) mc bit, vng nh ny a ch
c truy xut di dng byte hay bit ty vo lnh c th. Chng hn, t
bit ti a ch 5Fh c mc logic 1, ta thc hin lnh: SETB 5Fh. Sau khi thc
hin lnh ny, mc du 5Fh l a ch mc cao nht trong byte c a ch
2Bh, nhng n khng lm nh hng ti cc bit khc trong byte ny.
y l u im r nt ca b V K khi thc hin vic truy xut cc bit ring
r thng qua phn mm. Cc bit c th c t, xa hay thc hin chc
nng AND, OR ch thng qua 1 lnh. Ngoi ra cc cng xut/ nhp cng
c th c nh a ch dng bit, iu ny lm n gin vic giao tip bng
phn mm vi cc thit b xut/ nhp n bit.
Vng nh cn li gm 80 byte c a ch t 30h n 7Fh c dnh ring
cho ngi s dng lu tr d liu. y c th l vng RAM a mc ch.
C th truy cp vng nh ny bng a ch trc tip hoc gin tip thng qua
cc thanh ghi (R0 hoc R1) dng mc byte.

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B nh chng trnh ngoi v b nh d liu ngoi tr

a) B nh chng trnh ngoi tr:

B nh chng trinh ngoai la b nh chi oc, c cho phep bi tin

hiu /PSEN. Khi co mt EPROM ngoai vic s dung, ca P0 va P2 u
khng con la cac cng I/O na. Khi b V K truy cp b nh chng
trinh ngoai tru, no lun s dung knh ia chi 16 bit thng qua P0 va P2.
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Mt chu ki may cua b V K co 12 chu ki dao ng. Nu b dao ng

trn chip co tn s 12MHz, thi mt chu ki may dai 1s . Trong mt chu ki
may in hinh, ALE co hai xung va hai bytecuar lnh c oc t b nh
chng trinh (nu lnh chi co mt byte thi byte th hai c loai bo). Khi
truy cp b nh chng trinh ngoai tru b V K phat ra hai xung cht ia
chi trong mi chu ki may. Mi xung cht tn tai trong hai chu ki dao
ng t P2- S1 n P1- S2, va t P2- S4 n P1- S5.
ia chi hoa b nh chng trinh ngoai tru, byte thp cua ia chi (A0
A7) t b m chng trinh cua b V K c xut qua cng P0 tai cac
trang thai S2 va S5 cua chu ki may, byte cao cua ia chi (A8 ....A15) t
b m chng trinh c xut qua cng P2 trong khoang thi gian cua
ca chu ki may. Tip theo xung cht, b V K phat ra xung chon /PSEN.
Mi chu ki may cua chu ki lnh gm hai xung chon, mi xung chon tn
tai trong 3 chu ki dao ng t P1- S3 n ht P1- S4 va t P1- S6 n ht
P1- S1 cua chu ki may tip theo. Trong khoang thi gian phat xung chon
thi byte ma lnh c oc t b nh chng trinh nhp va on chip.
b) B nh d liu ngoai tru

B nh d liu ngoai tru c cho phep bi cac tin hiu /WR va /RD cac
chn P3.6 va P3.7. V K truy cp b nh d liu ngoai bng ia chi hai byte
( thng qua cng P0 va P2) hoc 1 byte ( thng qua cng P0).
T s trn ta thy:

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/EA c ni vi +Vcc cho phep vi iu khin vi b nh chng

trinh ni tru .
- /RD ni vi ng cho phep xut d liu (/OE_ Output data Enable) cua
Ram.
-

/WR ni vi ng cho phep ghi d liu (/WE_Write datab Enable) cua

Ram.
Nguyn ly truy cp b nh d liu ngoai tru c th hin bng cac thi
thi gian. Tuy nhin, tuy thuc vao nhim vu oc d liu t b nh hay ghi
d liu vao b nh ma nguyn ly truy cp b nh d liu la khac nhau.
-

Qua trinh oc d liu ngoai tru, b vi iu khin phat ra mt xung cht

ia chi (ALE) cho cht bn ngoai (LATCH) trong mi chu ky may, tn tai
trong 2 chu ky dao ng t P2_S4 n P1- S5. ia chi hoa b nhduwx
liu ngoai, byte thp cua ia chi t thanh ghi con tro (DPL) hoc Ri cua VK
c xut qua cng P0 trong khoang cac trang thai S5 cua chu ki may trong
chu ki lenh. Tip theo byte thp cua ia chi t b nh chng trinh (PCL)
cung c xut qua cng P0 ua ti b m chng trinh thc hin lnh
tip theo. Byte cao cua ia chi t DPTR (DPH) cua VK c xut qua cng
P@ trong khoang thi gian t S5 n S4 cua chu ki may tip theo. Sau o
byte cao cua ia chi t PC (PCH) cung c xut qua cng P2 a n b
m chng trinh. Nu ia chi co dai 1 byte thi no c xut qua cng P0
t DPL hoc Ri. Tip theo xung cht, VK xut ra tin hiu iu khin /RD
cho phep oc d liu t b nh ngoai. Xung /RD tn tai trong 3 trang thai
cua mi chu ki may t P1- S1 n P2- S3, va trong khoang thi gian nay d
liu t b nh ngoai c oc vao VK.
-

Qua trinh ghi d liu vao b nh ngoai tru:

Tng t nh qua trinh oc d liu, nhng y chung ta dung tin hiu iu

khin ghi /WR.
d) Cac thanh ghi chc nng c bit

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Cac thanh ghi ni tru cua AT89C51 c truy xut ngm inh bi b lnh. Vi
du lnh INC A se tng ni dung thanh ghi tich luy A ln 1 n vi. Tac
ng nay c ngm inh trong ma lnh.
Cac thanh ghi trong AT89C51 c inh dang nh mt phn cua RAM trn
chip. Vi vy mi thanh ghi se co mt ia chi (ngoai tr thanh ghi trc tip, se
khng co li khi t chung vao trong RAM trn chip). o la ly do
AT89C51 co nhiu thanh ghi. Cung nh R0 n R7, co 21 thanh ghi chc
nng c bit vung trn cua RAM ni t ia chi 80h n FFh. Chu y rng
hu ht ia chi t 80h n FFh khng c inh nghia. Chi co 21 ia chi
SFR la c inh nghia.
Ngoai tr thanh ghi tich luy A co th truy xut ngm nh a noi, a s cac
SFR c truy xut dung ia chi trc tip. Chu y rng mt vai SFR co th
c ia chihoas bit hoc byte. Ngi thit k phai than trong khi truy xut
bit va byte.
Hoat ng cua b inh thi (Timer)
Gii thiu:
Mt inh nghia n gian cua timer la mt chui cac flip flop chia i tn s
ni tip nhau, chung nhn tin hiu vao lam ngun xung nhip. Ngo ra cua tn
s cui lam ngun xung nhip cho flip flop bao tran cua timer (flip flop
c). Gia tri nhip phn trong cac flip flop cua timer co th xem nh s m
s xung nhip t khi khi ng timer. Vi du timer 16 bit se m ln t 0000h
n FFFFh. C bao tran se ln 1 khi s m tran t FFFFh n 0000h.
AT89C51 co 2 timer 16 bit, mi timer co 4 cach lam vic. Ngi ta s dung
cac timer inh khoang thi gian: m s kin hoc tao tc baud cho
port ni tip trong AT89C51.
Trong cac ng dung inh khoang thi gian, ngi ta lp trinh timer mt
khoang u n va t c tran timer. C c dung ng b hoa chng
trinh thc hin mt tac ng nh kim tra trang thai cua cac ca ngo vao

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hoc gi cac s kin ra cac ngo ra. Cac ng dung khac co th s dung vic
tao xung nhip u n cua timer o thi gian tri qua gia hai s kin.
m s kin dung xac inh s ln xay ra cua mt s kin. Mt s kin la
bt c tac ng ngoai nao co th cung cp mt chuyn trang thai trn mt
chn cua AT89C51. Cac timer cung co th cung cp xung nhip tc baud
cho port ni tip trong AT89C51.
Truy xut timer cua AT89C51 dung 6 thanh ghi chc nng c bit cho trong
bang sau:
STR
TCON
TMOD
TL0
TL1
TH0
TH1

Muc ich
iu khin timer
Ch timer
Byte thp cua timer 0
Byte thp cua timer 1
Byte cao cua timer 0
Byte cao cua timer 1

ia chi
88h
89h
8Ah
8Bh
8Ch
8Dh

Thanh ghi ch timer (TMOD)

Thanh ghi TMOD cha hai nhom 4 bit dung t ch lam vic cho timer
0 va timer 1.
Bit
7
6

Tn
GATE
C/T

Timer
1

M ta
Bit (m) cng, khi ln 1 timer chi chay khi

INT1 mc cao
Bit chon ch counter/timer
1= b m s kin

5
M1
1
4
M0
1
3
GATE
0
2
C/T
0
1
M1
0
0
M0
0
Hoat ng cua ngt

0= b inh khoang thi gian

Bit 1 cua ch (mode)
Bit 0 cua ch
Bit (m) cng
Bit chon ch counter/timer
Bit 1 cua ch
Bit 0 cua ch

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Ngt la hoat ng ngng tam thi mt chng trinh nay thi hanh mt
chng trinh khac. Cac ngt co mt vai tro quan trong trong thit k va kha
nng thc thi cua vi iu khin. Chung cho phep he thng ap ng khng
cung luc ti mt cng vic va giai quyt mt cng vic o trong khi mt
chng trinh khac ang thc thi.
Mt h thng c iu khin bng ngt cho ao giac la lam nhiu vic ng
thi . di nhin CPU mi ln khng th thc thi mt chng trinh thc thi
mt chng trinh khac, ri quay v chng trinh ban u. Chng trinh giai
quyt ngt c goi la chng trinh phuc vu ngt.
T chc ngt
AT89C51 co 5 ngun ngt:
- 2 ngt ngoai
- 2 ngt timer
- 1 ngt port ni tip
Tt ca cac ngt se khng c t sau khi reset h thng va cho phep ngt
ring re bi phn mm.
a) Cho phep va khng cho phep ngt.
Mi ngung ngt c cho phep hoc khng cho phep tng ngt mt qua
thanh ghi chc nng c bit c inh ia chi IE (Intereup Enable): cho phep
ngt ia chi A8h. Cung nh cac bit cho phep mi ngun ngt, co mt bit
cho phep hoc cm toan b c xoa cm tt ca ngt hoc c t ln 1
cho phep tt ca cac ngt
Bit
IE.7
IE.6
IE.5
IE.4
IE.3
IE.2
IE.1

Ky hiu
EA
EA
ET5
E5
ET1
EX1
ET0

ia chi
AFh
AEh
ADh
ACh
ABh
AAh
A9h

M ta (1= cho phep, 0 = cm)

Cho phep hoc cm toan b
Khng c inh nghia
Cho phep ngt t timer 2 (8052)
Cho phep ngt ni tip
Cho phep ngt t timer 1
Cho phep ngt ngoai 1
Cho phep ngt t timer 0

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IE.0

EX0

A8h

- n chuyn ngnh 1Mch m sn phm

Cho phep ngt ngoai 0

Tom t thanh ghi IE

b) u tin ngt
Mi ngun ngt c lp trinh ring vao mt trong hai mc u tin qua
thanh ghi chc nng c bit c ia chi bit IP (Interrup Pritority: u tin
ngt) ia chi B8h
Bit
IP.7
IP.6
IP.5
IP.4
IP.3
IP.2
IP.1
IP.0

Ky hiu

PT2
PS
PT1
PX1
PT0
PX0

ia chi

M ta (1 = cho phep, 0= cm)

Khng c inh nghia
Khng c inh nghia
BDh
u tin ngt t timer 2 (8052)
BCh
u tin ngt ni tip
BBh
u tin ngt t timer 1
BAh
u tin ngt ngoai 1
B9h
u tin ngt t timer 0
B8h
u tin ngt ngoai 0
Tom tt thanh ghi IP

Cac ngt u tin c xoa sau khi reset h thng t tt ca cac ngt mc
u tin thp hn.
X ly ngt
Khi co mt ngt xay ra va c CPU chp nhn, chng trinh chinh bi ngt
quang. Nhng hoat ng sau xay ra:
-Thi hanh lnh hoan chinh lnh ang thi hanh
-Cac DC vao ngn xp
-Trang thai ngt hin hanh c ct bn trong
-Cac ngt c chn tai mc cua ngt
-Nap DC vao ia chi vector ISR
-ISR thc thi:
ISR thc thi va ap ng ngt. ISR hoan tt bng lnh RETI. iu nay lam ly
lai gia tri cu cua PC t ngn xp va ly lai trang thai ngt cu. Chng trinh
lai tip tuc thi hanh tai ni ma no dng.
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1.2. Cm bin
1.2.1.Gii thiu s lc v mch cm bin
cm nhn mi ln sn phm i qua th cm bin phi c phn pht v
phn thu. Phn pht pht ra nh sng hng ngoi v phn thu hp th nh
sng hng ngoi v nh sng hng ngoi c c im l t b nhiu so vi cc
loi nh sng khc. Hai b phn phat va thu hoat ng vi cung tn s. Khi
co san phm i qua gia phn va phn thu anh sang hng ngoai bi che b
phn thu se hoat ng vi tn s khac vi tn s phat nh th se tao mt
xung tac ng ti b phn x li. Vy b phn phat va b phn thu phai co
ngun tao dao ng. B phn dao ng tac ng ti cng tc ong ngt cua
ngun phat va ngun thu anh sang. Co nhiu linh kin phat va thu anh sang
hng ngoai nhng chung em chon led thu, phat hng ngoai.
1.2.2. Cu tao, nguyn li hoat ng cua led hng ngoai
- Led c cu tao t GaAs vi vung cm co rng la 1,43V tng ng
bc xa 900nm. Ngoai ra khi pha tap Si vi nguyn vt liu GaAlAs rng
vung cm co th thay i. Vi cach nay, ngi ta co th tao ra dai song gia
800- 900nm va do o tao ra c s iu hng sao cho led hng ngoai phat
ra bc song thich hp nht cho im cc ai cua nhay cac b thu.
- Hoat ng: Khi mi ni p n c phn cc thun thi dong in qua
mi ni ln hn vi s dn in la do hat tai a s, con khi mi ni c phn
c nghich thi chi co dong ri do s di chuyn cua hat tai thiu s. Nhng khi
chiu sang vao mi ni, dong in nghich tng ln gn nh ty l vi quang
thng trong luc dong thun khng tng. c tuyn volt ampe cua led hng
ngoai nh sau:

1.3 IC LM324.
1.3.1. Hnh dng.

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Hnh 4.1-Hnh dng thc t ca IC LM324

1.3.2. Cu to ( s chn ).

Hnh 5.2 S cu to chn ca IC LM324

IC LM324 c 14 chn,trong c 3 b khuch i thut ton lm vic
tng t nhau
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+) B 1 : gm chn 1,2,3 trong chn 1 l cng ra, chn 2 l cng o,

chn 3 l cng thun.
+) B 2 : Gm chn 5,6,7 trong chn 5 l thun, chn 6 l cng o. Chn
7 l cng ra.
+) B 3 : Gm chn 8,9,10 trong chn 8 l cng ra, chn 9 l cng o,
chn 10 l cng thun.
+) B 4 :Gm chn 12,13,14 trong chn 14 l cng ra, chn 13 l cng
o, chn 12 l cng thun.
Chn 4 ni ngun, chn 11 ni GND.
1.3.3. Nguyn l hot ng trong mch
IC LM324 c nhim v so snh in p gia cng o v cng thun.
Trong mch dng b 1,2,3 ca IC. Khi in p cng o ln hn cng thun
th in p u ra mc 0 ( xp x 0V ). Khi in p cng o nh hn cng
thun th in p mc 1 (bng ngun cung cp 5V DC).

KT LUN
Trong thi gian thc hin ti vi s ch bo v gip tn tnh ca
thy Nguyn Vn Din, n nay ti : Thit k, ch to m hnh h
thng m 2 sn phm theo chiu cao trn bng ti c hon thnh.
Chng em c gng vn dng nhng kin thc hc trng gii
quyt nhng yu cu .
Tuy nhin do thi gian v trnh chuyn mn c hn nn n cn
tn ti nhng thiu st v hn ch.
Chng em rt mong nhn c kin v gp ca cc thy c trong
khoa v tng thit k cng nh m hnh sn phm ca chng em sn
phm c hon thin hn.
Cui cng chng em xin c cm n qu thy c gio to iu
kin tt nht gip chng em hon thnh c ti.

Hng yn, ngy 09 thng 05 nm 2012

Nhm sinh vin thc hin
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inh Th Lin
Phm Th Loan

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