đồ án nghịch lưu

Trng i hc s phm k thut Hng yn
Khoa in in t
n mn hc
MC LC
trang
CHNG I Gii thiu mt s van ban dn cng sut......................5

1.1. Diode cng sut ...............5
1.2. Transistor cng sut ........7
1.3 . Mosfet cng sut .................8
1.4 . Thyristor .............................12.
CHNG II Tng quan v mach nghich lu mt pha..........................................14
2.1. Tng quan v nghich lu.......................................................................................14
2.2.Nghch lu c lp.................................................................................................14
2.2.2 .Nghch lu c lp ngun p mt pha qua my bin p im gia..................15
2.2.3. Nghch lu c lp ngun p cu 1pha..............................................................18
2.2.4.Nghch lu c lp ngun dng cu 1 pha..........................................................21
CHNG III Tinh toan va thit k mach...............................................................25
3.1.Tnh ton my bin p.............................................................................................25
3.2.Mosfet cng sut IRF3205......................................................................................26
3.3.Thit k mch iu khin........................................................................................28
3.4. Mch lc................................................................................................................33
3.5. Mch cch ly ........................................................................................................34
3.6. Nguyn l hot ng ca ton h thng................................................................36
Hng pht trin ca ti.......................................................................................38
Kt lun ......................................................................................................................39
Ti liu tham kho.
SVTH: Nguyn Danh Sch

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
GVHD: Nguyn Trung Thnh

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
NHN XET CUA GIAO VIN

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Hng Yn, thng 11 nm 2012

Giao vin hng dn
NGUYN TRUNG THNH

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
LI NI U
Ngy nay vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca k thut bn dn cng sut ln, cc thit
b bin i in nng dng cc linh kin bn dn cng sut c s dng nhiu trong
cng nghip v i sng nhm p ng cc nhu cu ngy cng cao ca x hi. Trong
thc t s dng in nng ta cn thay i tn s ca ngun cung cp, cc b bin tn
c s dng rng ri trong truyn ng in, trong cc thit b t nng bng cm ng,
trong thit b chiu sng... B nghch lu l b bin tn gin tip bin i mt chiu thnh
xoay chiu c ng dng rt ln trong thc t nh trong cc h truyn ng my bay, tu
thu, xe la...
Trong thi gian hc tp v nghin cu, c hc tp v nghin cu mn in t
cng sut v ng dng ca n trong cc lnh vc ca h thng sn xut hin i. V vy
c th nm vng phn l thuyt v p dng kin thc vo trong thc t, chng em
c nhn n mn hc vi ti: Nghin cu ch to mch nghch lu mt pha.
Vi ti c giao, chng em vn dng kin thc ca mnh tm hiu v nghin
cu l thuyt, c bit chng em tm hiu su vo tnh ton thit k phc v cho vic
hon thin sn phm. Di s hng dn ch bo nhit tnh ca thy NGUYN NH
HNG cng vi s c gng n lc ca cc thnh vin trong nhm chng em hon
thnh xong n ca mnh. Tuy nhin do thi gian v kin thc cn hn ch nn khng
trnh khi thiu st khi thc hin n ny. V vy chng em rt mong s nhn c
nhiu kin nh gi, gp ca thy c gio, cng bn b ti c hon thin
hn.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
N MN HC
Sinh vin thc hin :
1. Nguyn Danh Sch

2. Trn Vn Thng
3. Trng c Thnh
Lp
: 602101
Kho hc
: 2010 - 2013
Ngnh o to
: K Thut in
Tn ti: Nghin cu ch to mch nghch lu mt pha

S liu cho trc:
- Cc trang thit b o, kim tra ti xng thc tp, th nghim TCS.

- Cc ti liu, gio trnh chuyn mn.
Ni dung cn hon thnh:
1. Lp k hoch thc hin
2. Phn tch mch nghch lu mt pha ngun dng v ngun p.
3. Thit k, ch to mch nghch lu mt pha m bo yu cu:
- S = 300VA;
4. Sn phm ca ti m bo tnh cng nghip v c tnh kh thi trong thc tin.
5. Trnh by quyn thuyt minh theo yu cu: font times new roman; l phi
2.5cm; l tri 3cm; cch trn 2cm, cch di 2cm; mc cc chng (phn) ch
vit hoa c 13, cc mc chnh ch thng in m, ni dung chnh ch 13. Cu
trc thuyt minh theo yu cu hin hnh ca b mn.
Gio vin hng dn:
Ngy giao ti: 21-9-2012
Nguyn Trung Thnh
Ngy hon thnh:

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
CHNG I
GII THIU MT S VAN BAN DN CNG SUT
Cc phn t bn dn cng sut u c nhng c tnh c bn chung,o lcc van bn
dn ch lm vic trong ch kho, khi m cho dng chy qua th c in tr tng
ng rt nh, khi kho khng cho dng chy qua th c in tr tng ng rt ln.
Cc van bn dn ch dn dng theo mt chiu khi phn t c t di in p phn cc
ngc, dng qua phn t ch c gi tr rt nh, c mA, gi l dng r.
1.1 Diode cng sut
a)cu tao
Diode cng sut l phn t bn dn c mt tip gip PN. Din tch b mt tip gip c
ch to ln hn so vi diode thng thng, c th t ti hng trc mm 2. Mt dng
in cho php ca tip gip c 10A/mm. 2 Do vy dng in nh mc ca mt s loi
diode c th t ti hng trm ampe, nh PK200, thm ch hng nghn ampe nh BB21250. Cu to v k hiu ca diode cng sut c m t nh hnh 1.1
Hnh 1.1: Cu trc v k hiu ca diode cng sut

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
b)c tnh vn ampe:
n g ,m a x
U
0
D0
m A
U
0
D0
m A
c tn h th c t c a d i o d e
m A
c t n h tu y n tn h h a c a d i o d e
c t n h l t n g c a d i o d e
Hnh 1.2 c tinh vn-ampe cua diode

c tnh V-A ca diode gm 2 nhnh, nhnh thun(1) nm gc phn t th
nht ng vi UAK > 0, nhnh ngc (2) nm gc phn t th ba ng vi
UAK < 0 hnh1.2.2-4.
-Trn ng c tnh thun ca diode nu in p U AK c tng dn t 0 n vt qu
gi tr UD0 0,6 0,7V, gi l in p ri trn diode theo chiu thun, th dng in i
qua diode c th t ti gi tr rt ln, nhng in p ri trn diode hu nh khng i.
-Trn ng c tnh ngc diode nu in p U AK c tng dn t 0 n gi tr U ngmax
th dng in qua diode c gi tr rt nh, gi l dng d. Cho n khi U AK t n gi tr
ln hn Ungmax th dng in qua diode tng t ngt, nh vy kh nng cn tr dng in
ca diode theo chiu ngc b ph v. y l hin tng diode b nh thng.
-Trong nhng tnh ton thc t ngi ta thng dng c tnh gn ng tuyn tnh ha
ca diode. Biu thc ton hc ca ng c tnh ny l:
u = UD0 + iDRD
Trong : UD0(V); ID (A); RD ().

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
-c tnh V-A ca diode thc t l khc nhau, n ph thuc vo dng in cho php v
in p ngc m diode chu c. Theo c tnh l tng th in tr tng ng ca
diode bng 0 theo chiu thun v bng theo chiu ngc.
1.2 Tranzisto cng sut ( Transistor lng cc BJT ).
Transistor lng cc l thit b gm ba lp bn dn NPN hoc PNP, c dng
ng ct dng in mt chiu c cng tng i ln.H s khuych i dng, k hiu
l = 10 100. in p Vbe
1V;
Vcc = ( 1 1,5 )
a)Cu to transistor ngc NPN
Hinh 1.3 Cu tao transistor ngc

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
b) Cu to transistor thun PNP
Hinh 1.4 Cu tao transistor thun

Cng sut tn tht trong Tranzistor khi lm vic vi ti xc nh nh hn nhiu ln so
vi cng sut tn tht khi transistor chuyn trng thi. Tch cng sut chuyn trng thi p c
vi thi gian chuyn trng thi tc l nng lng tn tht trong qu trnh chuyn trng thi.
Nng lng tn tht t l thun vi tn s hot ng ca transistor, khi nhit bn
trong Tranzistor khng c vt qu 200oC. gim nh nng lng tn tht do
Tranzistor chuyn trng thi gy nn ngi ta dng cc mch tr gip. Vic s dng cc
mch tr gip c xem l bt buc khi Tranzistor lm vic cc iu kin sau :
f > 5 kHz hoc VC 60V, IC > 5A
1.3 MOSFET cng sut

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
MOSFET, vit tt ca "Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor" trong

ting Anh, c ngha l "transistor hiu ng trng Oxit Kim loi - Bn dn", l mt thut
ng ch cc transistor hiu ng trng c s dng rt ph bin trong cc mch s v
cc mch tng t. Vi nhng Mosfet cng sut thng c s dng nh nhng chuyn
mch in t cng sut ln
+)Transistor MOSFET c xy dng da trn lp chuyn tip Oxit Kim lo v bn
dn ( v d Oxit Bc v bn dn Silic).Lp bn dn c 2 loi nn c 2 loi MOSFET :
NMOSFET hay PMOSFET. Thng thng cht bn dn c chn l silc nhng c mt
s hng vn sn xut cc vi mch bn dn t hn hp ca silc v germani (SiGe), v d
nh hng IBM. Ngoi silc v germani cn c mt s cht bn dn khc nh gali asenua
c c tnh in tt hn nhng li khng th to nn cc lp oxide ph hp nn khng th
dng ch to cc transistor MOSFET.
+) MOSFET c chia lm hai loi:
-MOSFET knh lin tc v MOSFET knh gin on.
-Mi loi knh lin tc hay gin on u c phn loi theo cht bn dn l knh N
hay P. Ta xt cc loi MOSFET knh N v suy ra cu to ngc li cho knh P.
1.3.1 Cu to v k hiu ca MOSFET knh lin tc
a)Cu to v k hiu
Hinh 1.5 Cu tao MOSFET knh lin tc

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
b)c tnh
Hinh 1.6 c tnh ra MOSFET knh lin tc
1.3.2 Cu to v k hiu ca MOSFET knh gin on

a)Cu to v k hiu

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
10

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
Hinh 1.7 Cu to ca MOSFET knh gin on
b)c tnh
Hinh 1.8 c tnh ra ca MOSFET knh gin on

1.3.3 Hot ng
Khi phn cc cho G c UGS>0V, cc in tch dng cc G s ht cc in t ca
nn P v pha gia ca hai vng bn dn N v khi lc ht ln th s in t b ht
nhiu hn, ni lin hai vng bn dn N v knh dn c hnh thnh.
Khi c dng in ID i t D sang S, in p phn cc cho cc G cng tng th
dng ID cng ln. in p UGS ln to thnh knh dn in gi l in p ngng
UGS(T) hay UT. Khi UGS<UT th dng cc mng ID = 0
Hot ng ca MOSFET c th c chia thnh ba ch khc nhau ty thuc
vo in p trn cc u cui. Vi transistor NMOSFET th ba ch l:
-Ch cut-off hay sub-threshold (Ch di ngng ti hn).
-Triode hay vng tuyn tnh
Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
11

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
-Bo ha
+)MOSFET thng dng trong iu khin cng sut, do vy a s n dng ch
ng ngt.Do vy a s n dng ch ng ngt.
So snh vi BJT ch ny.Khc bit th nht l m hnh:MOSFET l m hnh
ngun dng ph thuc p cn BJT l m hnh dng ph thuc dng.Nh vy kch dn
MOSFET cn a in p vo hai cc Vgs.Mt im khc ca MOSFET na l
MOSFET c Vds khng n nh nh Vce m n ph thuc vo gi tr n nh khc l
Rds-on ( ch ng ngt). Nh vy Vds = Id*Rds. Nh vy cng sut tiu tn trn
MOSFET ch yu ph thuc vo Rds..a s cc MOSFET bt u dn khi abs(Vgs) xp
x 5. Thng gi tr khuyn co l 10V. Khi in p ln hn 15 bt u c nguy c nh
thng Vgs. Kh nguy him l khi b thng MOSFET thng dn lun dn n d n.
Trong m hnh ca MOSFET c mt ci t k sinh t gi l Cgs cn quan tm n t ny
khi thit k mch .Hai gi tr quan trng cn quan tm khi thit k l:
- Vds max:Thng khi thit k dng di 2/3 gi tr ny. V d Vds Max ca IRF540
l 100V. Cho nn dng n iu khin cc ng c 24V l hp l. Khi b qu p
MOSFET cng b n to
- Imax dng max ca MOSFET thng rt cao so vi BJT cng loi v nhng khi
dng ch cng sut tiu tn tn nhit cho thch hp.
1.4 Thyristor
a)Cu to v k hiu:
-Thyristor l phn t gm c bn lp bn dn p-n-p-n to ra ba tip gip J 1, J2, J3 .
Thyristor c ba cc ant (A), catt (K), v cc iu khin G.

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
12

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
A
A
Iv
p
j1
IG2 > IG1 > IG0
n
j2
G
p
IG0 = 0
Idt
U
j3
n g ,m a x
v ,th
ong d
ong d
th ,m a x
a > C u t r c v k h i u c a t h y r i s t o r
b > c t n h v n - a m p e c a t h y r i s t o r
Hnh1.9 Cu tao va c tinh vn-ampe cua thyristor

b)c tnh vn ampe.
-Gm hai phn: Phn c tnh thun nm gc phn t th nht vi U AK > 0, cn phn
c tnh ngc nm gc phn t th ba vi UAK < 0.
a>Trng hp IG = 0:
*Khi UAK < 0 th tip gip J1 v J3 b phn cc ngc cn J2 phn cc thun, khi
dng in qua thyristor rt nh. Gi l dng in d.
-Nu thc hin tng UAK n gi tr nh hn Ung,max th dng in qua thyristor cng vn
rt nh. Nu c tip tc tng n gi tr U AK > Ung,max th x sy ra hin tng thyristor b
nh thng, dng in qua thyristor x tng ln rt ln, qu trnh ny khng o ngc
li c.
*Khi UAK > 0 khi tip gip J1 v J3 c phn cc thun cn J2 b phn cc ngc,
lc ny dng in qua thyristor cng rt nh, gi l dng in d.
-Nu ta thc hin tng UAK n gi tr ln hn in p thun ln nht U th,max th x sy ra
hin tng in tr tng ng A- K t ngt gim xung v ng in d dng chy
qua thyristor, v gi tr ca n ch ph thuc vo in tr mch ngoi. Nu khi dng
qua thyristor ln hn dng uy tr Idt th thyristor x dn dng trn ng c tnh thun (
ging nh diode). c tnh thun c c trng bi tnh cht dng in c th thay i
ln nhng in p ri trn thyristor gn nh khng i.
b> Trng hp IG > 0 .
Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
13

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
*Khi UAK > 0 nu t vo cc iu khin dng I G > 0 th qu trnh chuyn im lm vic

ln ng c tnh thun x xm hn. Nu dng iu khin cng ln th qu trnh chuyn
im lm vic ln ng c tnh thun x cng xm hn vi UAK nh hn.
*Khi UAK < 0 th qu trnh sy ra cng tng t trng hp IG = 0.
CHNG II
TNG QUAN V MACH NGHICH LU MT PHA
2.1.
Tng quan v nghch lu.
Trong cng ngh, ta thng gp vn bin i in p mt chiu thnh in xoay

chiu v ngc li bng cc thit b nn in. Cc thit b c gi l nghch lu.
Khi nim: Nghch lu l qu trnh bin i nng lng mt chiu thnh nng lng
xoay chiu.
Phn loi: nghch lu v c ban c chia lm hai loi:
- Nghch lu lm vic ch ph thuc vo li xoay chiu.
- Nghch lu lm vic ch c lp (vi cc ngun c lp nh c quy, my pht
mt chiu ....)
Nghch lu ph thuc c s nguyn l ging nh chnh lu c iu khin. Mch
nghch lu ph thuc l mch chnh lu trong c ngun mt chiu c i du so vi
chnh lu v gc m ca cc tiristo tho mn iu kin (/2 < < ) lc cng xut
ca my pht in mt chiu tr v li xoay. Tn s v in p nghch lu ny ph
thuc vo tn s in p li xoay chiu.
Nghch lu c lp lm nhim v bin i in p mt chiu t cc ngun c lp
(khng ph thuc vo li xoay chiu) thnh xoay chiu vi tn s pha tu . Tn s v
in p nghch lu. Ni chung c th iu chnh tu . C hai dng s nghch lu c
lp l mch cu v mch dng bin p c trung tnh.
S nghch lu lp c chia l ba loi c bn:
-
Nghch lu c lp in p .
Nghch lu c lp dng in

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
14

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
- Nghch lu c lp cng hng.

2.2 Nghch lu c lp
Nghch lu c lp l thit b bin i ngun in mt chiu thnh dng xoay chiu
vi ti c lp khng ph thuc vo li in. Dng xoay chiu c th bin i c vi
tn s mong mun nn cng gi l thit b bin tn gin tip. Gin tip v thng c
ngun mt chiu phi c mt khu chnh lu. mt s ti liu k thut thit b ny c
gi l nghch lu tonm hay onduleur.
Nh ni nghch lu c lp c phn lm ba loi l nghch lu c lp dng,
nghch lu c lp p v nghch lu c lp cng hng. Ngi ta cng c th phn loi
theo s pha mt pha, ba pha, cu... nghch lu c lp dng u vo phi c in cm
Ld ln v t o mch c np theo lut khng chu k. Dng u vo I d l lin tc,
phng khng nhp nh ngha l ngun cung cp thit b ny l ngun dng.Trong
nghch lu c lp cng hng ti c in cm ln, cng vi cc phn t R, L, C ca
mch to nn mch vng dao ng RLC v c cng hng p. Tn s ring ca mch
cng hng phi cao hn hoc bng tn s cng tc ca nghch lu c lp.Trong nghch
lu c lp p ngun cung cp cho n phi l ngun p (my pht phi c in tr trong
nh).
Lnh vc p dng ch yu ca nghch lu c lp dng v p l bin i tn s, cung cp
in xoay chiu cho cc thit b xoay chiu v phc v cho cc T.. c iu chnh tn
s.Cc nghch lu c lp cng hng c dng c li khi tn s ra khong 12 KHz.
Cp cho cc thit b nhit in, thit b siu m v cc truyn ng cao tc.
2.2.2 Nghch lu c lp ngun p mt pha qua my bin p im gia
a)S nguyn l

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
15

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
b)Dng sng v in p
Dng sng u v i vi ti in cm

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
16

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
hnh trn v khong dn cc linh kin bn dn. Ta nhn thy mi chuyn mch
dng in khng bng khng to nn gia mt linh kin c iu khin v 1 diode. Tnh
cht ny chung cho cc b nghch lu p. Do my bin p c im gia, in p trn cc
kho chuyn mch h bng 2 ln in p ngun mt chiu U ta gi b nghch lu nhn
i in p.
c) Cc biu thc tnh ton
Nu gi thit in p vo khng i, dng in ra hnh sin, my bin p v linh kin
bn dn l tng, ta d dng tm c in p ra v dng in vo:
- in p ra: Trong mt na chu k in p ra bng +
k kia. in p ra u c tr hiu dng bng:
- Tr hiu dng thnh phn c bn :

- T s iu ho:
U =
U 1 =
u ' =
1
U '1
n2
n2
U v U na chu
n1 / 2
n1 / 2
2n 2
U
n1
2 2
2n 2
U
n1
U ' 2 U ' 21 = 0.483
- Khai trin Fourier c:

U =
4 2n 2
1
1
1
*
U (Sin t +
Sin3 t +
Sin5 t +
Sin7 t ...) i sng c bn,
n1
3
5
7
ucn cha tt c cc iu ho bc l. Bin iu nghch vi bc ca n.

Dng in vo i c chu k bng mt na chu k ca cc i lng ra t <
Ta c biu thc:
i =
2n 2
I ' m Sin(t )
n1
Gi tr trung bnh:
I =
2n 2
2
I ' m cos
n1
Hiu dng:

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
17

Khoa in in t
I hd =
n mn hc
2n 2
1
I 'm
n1
2
Nhp nh:
i = i max - i min =
2n 2
I ' m (1 + Sin )
n1
T s iu ho:
i =
i =
1
2
I hd I 2
I
2 2 cos
cos 2
2.2.3 Nghch lu c lp ngun p cu 1pha :

a) S nguyn l
Trong :T1,T2,T3,T4 l cc thyristor c nhim v ng ct hoc iu chnh thay i

in
p xoay chiu ra ti
R,L:l ph ti
D1,D2,D3,D4:l cc diod n dng khi ti tr nng lng v ngun nui
is:l dng ngun xoay chiu dng rng ca
- Khi is >0 th ngun cung cp nng lng cho ti(cc thyristor dn dng)
- Khi is <0 th ti tr nng lng v ngun nui (cc diod dn dng)
C:l t lc

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
18

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
b) Dng sng in p v dng in
c) Nguyn l hot ng
Gi s T2 v T4 ang cho dng chy qua (dng ti i t B A). Khi
t = 0 cho xung
m T1 v T3, T2 v T4 b kho li, dng ti i = -Im khng th o
chiu mt cch t
ngt. N tip chy theo chiu c nhng theo mch D1 E D3ti
D1 v suy gim
dn, D1 v D3 dn dng khin T1 v T3 va kp m b kho li. Khi
t = t1, i = 0, D1 v
D3 b kho li, T1 v T3 s m li nu cn xung iu khin tc ng
cc cc G1, G3 dng
Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
19

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
ti i > 0 v tng chy theo chiu t AB.

Giai on t t = 0 n t1 l giai on hon nng lng.
Khi t = T/2 cho xung m T2 v T4 , T1 v T3 b kho li, dng ti chy
qua D2 v D4
khin cho T2 v T4 va kp m b kho li. Khi t = t3, i = 0, T2 v
T4 s m li , i < 0
chy theo chiu t BA. Dng ti i bin thin theo quy lut hm m
gia hai gi tr Im
v -Im. Cc xung iu khin Thyristor thng l xung chm.
* Biu thc ca dng ti i:
+ Khi bt u cho xung m T1 v T3 ta c phng trnh:
Di dng ton t Laplace ta c:
Trong i(0) = -Im v =R/L

Do
+ Khi cho xung m T2 v T4 ta c phng trnh

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
20

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
2.2.4.Nghch lu c lp ngun dng cu 1 pha :

Nghch lu dng l thit b bin i ngun dng mt chiu thnh dng xoay chiu
c tn s ty .
c im c bn ca nghch lu dng l ngun mt chiu cp ngun cho b bin
i phi l ngun dng, do in cm u vo (L d) thng c gi tr ln v cng
m bo dng in l lin tc.
a) Nguyn l lm vic:
S d nghch lu dng mt pha c trnh by nh trn hnh (s cu) v hnh
(s c im trung tnh).
*) Xt s cu: Cc tn hiu iu khin c a vo tng i tiristor T 1, T2 th
lch pha vi tn hiu iu khin a vo i T3, T4 mt gc 1800.
in cm u vo ca nghch lu ln (Ld = ), do dng in u vo c
san phng, ngun cp cho nghch lu l ngun dng dng dng in ca nghch lu (i N)
c dng xung vung.
Khi a xung vo m cp van T1, T2, dng in iN = id = Id. ng thi, dng qua t
C tng ln t bin, t C bt u c np in vi du + bn tri v du - bn
phi. Khi t C np y, dng qua t gim v khng.
Do iN = iC + iZ = Id = const, nn lc u dng qua ti nh v sau dng qua ti
tng ln. Sau mt na chu k (t = t 1) ngi ta a xung vo m cp van T 3, T4. Cp van
T3, T4 m to ra qu trnh phng in ca t C t cc + v cc -. Dng phng ngc
chiu vi dng qua T1 v T2 s lm cho T1, T2 b kha li. Qu trnh chuyn mch xy ra
gn nh tc thi. Sau , t C s c np in theo chiu ngc li vi cc tnh +
bn phi v - bn tri. Dng nghch lu iN = id = Id nhng i du.
n thi im (t = t2) ngi ta a xung vo m T1, T2 th T3, T4 s b kha li v
qu trnh c lp li nh trc. Nh vy, chc nng c bn ca t C l lm nhim v
chuyn mch cho cc tiristor. thi im t 1, khi m T3, T4, tiristor T1, T2 s b kha li
bi in p ngc ca t C t ln.

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
21

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
Hnh 1.1 S mt pha c im trung tnh v biu xung ca s cu mt pha.
Khong thi gian duy tr in p ngc t1 t1 = tk toff; toff l thi gian kha ca
tiristor hay chnh l thi gian phc hi tnh cht iu khin.
.tk = l gc kha ca nghch lu.
b) nh hng ca in cm u vo Ld i vi ch lm vic ca nghch lu:
Dng in vo ca nghch lu (i d) nh hng ln i vi ch lm vic ca n.
Dng u vo ph thuc vo gi tr ca in cm Ld.

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
22

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
Hnh 1.2 nh hng ca in cm Ld i vi ch lm vic ca nghch lu.

a) Ld = ; b) Ld hu hn nhng dng Id l lin tc; c) Dng Id gin on.
Nu in cm vo ln , dng in c san phng, ngun vo thc cht l

ngun dng. Dng dng qua tiristor l dng xung ch nht, do dng in ca nghch
lu cng l dng xoay chiu dng xung ch nht, v thi gian kha (t k) ca nghch lu l
ln nht. Khi in cm u vo chim mt gi tr trung bnh no m vn m bo
dng l lin tc , lc ny dng sng in nhp nh do vn cha cc sng iu ha bc
cao. Dng in p gn vi hnh sin hn, nhng thi gian kha ca tiristor b gim xung.
Khi dng in vo l gin on, gi tr in cm khng duy tr ngun l
ngun dng th thi gian tk l b nht.
i vi nghch lu dng in, quan trng nht l qu trnh chuyn mch ca
tiristor. Ph ti lun nh hng n qu trnh chuyn mch, do vy m bo nghch
lu lm vic tin cy th thi gian tk phi ln, tc l ngun u vo phi lun lun m
bo l ngun dng.
c) nh hng ca ph ti i vi vi ch lm vic ca nghch lu:
Ta xt trng hp Ld = (in cm v cng ln). S trn hnh 3.2 c th thay
th bng s hnh 3.4a.

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
23

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
Hnh1 .3 a) S thay th ca nghch lu dng mt pha.

b) nh hng ca ti i vi in p.
Ta c phng trnh ca in p trn ti:

T
t
E.1 + e 2. Rt .C 2e 2. Rt .C
Ut =
T
T
4
R
.
C
t
1 + e 2 Rt .C
.1 e 2. Rt .C
T phng trnh trn ta thy in p trn ti bin thin theo quy lut hm m c s
e. Khi thay i ph ti nh gim dng ti, dng qua t s t thay i v
du C I C
=
= const
dt
C
(ngun dng), do in p trn ti s c dng l nhng ng gn tuyn tnh (ng 1

trn hnh 3.4b), gc kha = .tk /2., vi tk l thi gian kha ca nghch lu.
Nghch lu dng khng c kh nng lm vic ch khng ti, v nu R t
th Ut v id . Trn thc t khi R t ln v cng th in p trn ti cng tin n
gi tr rt ln, do qu trnh chuyn mch khng th thc hin c, cng nh khng
c thit b bn dn no chu ng ni qu in p ln nh vy.
Ngc li, khi tng ph ti (tng ng vi vic gim gi tr R t), lc ny dng
np cho t s gim, ngc li dng phng ca t qua ti s tng ln. iu dn n
gim nng lng tch tr trong t, dng in p trn ti s c dng gn vi hnh ch nht,
nhng gc cng gim ng k v nh hng n qu trnh chuyn mch ca nghch lu
(ng 2 hnh 3.4b).

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
24

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
Thi gian tk l thi gian duy tr in p ngc t ln tiristor. Gc kha ca

nghch lu ph thuc vo tn s, ph ti v t chuyn mch.
tha mn iu kin lm vic ca nghch lu th min > .toff.
CHNG III
TNH TON V THIT K SN PHM.
S dung s nguyn ly mach nghich lu c lp ngun ap mt pha s dung may bin
ap im gia vi s n gian,d thit k .lp giap va chi phi thp.
3.1. Tnh chn my bin p mt pha tn s 50Hz
My bin th c th thay i hiu in th xoay chiu, tng th hoc h th, u ra
cho 1 hiu in th tng ng vi nhu cu s dng. My bin p c s dng quan
trng trong vic truyn ti in nng i xa. Ngoi ra cn c cc my bin th c cng sut
nh hn, my bin p (n p) dng n nh in p trong nh, hay cc cc bin th,
cc xc, ... dng cho cc thit b in vi hiu in th nh (230 V sang 24 V, 12 V, 3
V, ...). trong mch ny ta la chn my bin p im gia v so snh v mt kinh t v
mt k thut phng n la chn ny l ti u
My bin p c cc thng s: Uv = 12V, Ur = 220V, f = 50HZ, S= 300W

V th ta chn my bin p c N1=30(vng),N2=520(vng)
Vi :N1 l s vng dy qun ca cun dy s cp
N2 l s vng dy qun ca con dy th cp
T ta tnh c:N11=N12=N1/2=30/2=15(vng)
Do my bin p im gia nn in p U1 = 2.U11 = 2.12 = 24( V )
Cng sut ca my bin p: S = .U2.I2
Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
25

Khoa in in t
Trong :
n mn hc
S l cng sut ca my bin p

U2 l in p ca cun th cp my bin p
I2 l dng in ca cun th cp my bin p
l hiu sut my bin p

Chn = 0,85 ta tnh c dng in th cp ca my bin p
I2 =S/(
.U2 )=
= 1.6 ( A )
p dng t s my bin p
U 1 I2
=
U 2 .I 2
U2
I1 I =
1
U1
I1 =
220.1.6
= 14,67( A )
24
Cng sut ti a m ti chiu cl:

P1 = U1 . I1 = 24 .14,67 = 352 (W)
3.2. MOSFET cng sut IRF 3205
Nh tnh trn ta s chn MOSFET cng sut l IRF3205 v dng nh mc
l:110A
Thng s nh trong bng:
a)Hnh dng

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
26

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
b)Thng s v c tnh

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
27

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
3.3.Thit k mch iu khin

3.3.1. Nhim v v chc nng ca mch iu khin :
Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
28

Khoa in in t
*
n mn hc
Nhim v
-
iu chnh c rng xung trong na chu k dng ca in p t ln
colector v emitor ca van .

-
To ra c xung m c bin cn thit kho van trong na chu k cn li .
Xung iu khin phi c bin v nng lng m v kho van chc
chn .
-
To ra c tn s theo yu cu .
D dng lp rp, thay th khi cn thit, vn hnh tin cy, n nh .
Cch ly vi mch ng lc
Yu cu chung v mch iu khin l :
Mch iu khin l khu quan trng trong h thng, n l b phn quyt nh ch
yu n cht lng v tin cy ca b bin i nn cn c nhng yu cu sau :

+)V ln ca dng in v in p iu khin:
Cc gi tr ln nht khng vt qu gi tr cho php. Gi tr nh nht cng phi m bo
c rng cung cp cho cc van m v kho an ton. Tn tht cng sut trung bnh
cc iu khin nh hn gi tr cho php .
+)Yu cu v tnh cht ca xung iu khin :
Gia cc xung m ca cc cp van phi c thi gian cht, thi gian cht ny phi ln hn
hoc bng thi gian khi phc tnh cht iu khin ca van .
*
Yu cu v tin cy ca mch iu khin :
Phi lm vic tin cy trong mi mi trng nh trng hp nhit thay i , c t

trung...
+)Yu cu v lp rp v vn hnh :
S dng d dng , d thay th , lp rp . . .
3.3.2. Tnh ton mch iu khin:

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
29

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
to ra khi pht xung ta s dng vi mch CD4047B .Vi mch CD4047B mc

ch chnh trong mch l to dao ng(xung vung),chnh bi xung to ra t IC ny nn
IC CD4047B c chn to dao ng trong cc mch nghch lu.
in p u ra t c dng sin hay khng l ph thuc phn ln vo xung tc ng
vo cc chn iu khin ca cc van .Cc u ra n nh c tnh chun v i xng. V
cng sut tiu th thp. Chnh nhng u im m ta chn vi mch CD4047B thit
k mch iu khin cho mch nghch lu.
a) Mch to xung
b)S chn ca vi mch

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
30

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
Cu trc bn trong ca vi mch nh sau

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
31

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
+)IC4047 c 14 chn trong :

-Chn 1,2,3 l cc chn u vo(lm thay i c xung u ra)
- Chn 5 astable cho php mch lm b to dao ng a hi qua cng 5
-Chn 7 ni mass
-Chn 9 l chn khi ng li(ni mas)
-Chn 10chn 11 l chn u ra
- Chn 12 cho php kch m tr li khi n l xung dng
-Chn 13 hin th sng u ra (bnh thng khng cp g)
-Chn 14 l chn cho ngun (+) vo cung cp cho IC
c)Hot ng ca IC nh sau
Hot ng ca chn astable c php khi t u vo chn 5 mc cao hoc mc
thp cua chn 4 hoc cua 2 chn.
rng ca xung vung ca Q v
l hm ca u vo ph thuc vo RC
Chn 5 astable cho php mch lm b to dao ng a hi qua cng 5. rng xung
chn 13 bng 1/2 u ra Q trong ch astable. Tuy nhin iu ny ch ng 50%
Trong ch n nh n khi c sn dng u vo +trigger(8), khi chn
trigger(6) mc thp cc xung u vo c th thuc bt k thi im no tng ng vi
xung u ra
Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
32

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
+)Ta tnh ton c c xung ra l 50Hz nh sau:

-Gin thi gian tin hiu vo,ra v cng thc tnh rng xung
Dng sng u ra

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
33

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
Thay s: V DD = 12 V
V TR = 50% V DD
Vi f = 50 (hz)

T = 0.02 (s)
4.4RC = 0.02 RC = 4,5*10-3
Chn t c C = 10-4 f ,
R=47k
U max Q v
= 11 V
3.4.Mch ng lc
+)S nguyn l
Mch lc gm2 nhom van:Q1 ,Q2 v Q3,Q4 lp theo cch ghp song song nhm gia
tng h s khuch i ca mch
+)S xung iu khin n cc van

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
34

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
+)Tn hiu din p u ra
3.4. Mch cch ly:

Ta c in p u ra ti hai chn 10 v 11 ca 4047 l 9,5V .Dng in v in p
lm vic ca IC nh, cn mch ng lc dng lm vic ln. cch ly gia mch iu
khin v mch ng lc ta s dng PC817 c cu trc v thng s nh sau
Hnh dng

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
35

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
in p vo lm vic ca PC ln nht l 6V v th khi ni gia u ra Q v
ca
4047 v PC ta ni qua in tr gy st p trn in tr. Suy ra ta chn R= 1 k .

S lc v hot ng ca mch ny nh sau: Khi in p u ra chn 11ca 4047
l 4,8V qua diode v in tr c cp vo chn 1 ca Opto PC817 khi chn 3Opto c
in p l 5,8V tc ng xung n mch lc v lm cho ti hot ng

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
36

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
3.6. Nguyn l hot ng ton h thng:

a)S nguyn l
b)S board

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
37

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
c)Nguyn l hot ng
- Khi c cp ngun 4047 s hoat ng to ra tn hiu ti xung ti hai chn 10 v
11 lch pha nhau 180 .Tn hiu xung ny s c cp vo chn 1 ca Opto PC817 lm
cho PC817 hot ng. Tn hiu ra chn 3 ca PC817 i n kich m chn G ca Mosfet
lm cho Mosfet hot ng nh vy dao ng to ra s iu khin cho Mosfet lin tc
ng ngt to thnh dng in bin thin lin tc chy qua cun s cp => sinh ra t
trng bin thin cm ng ln cc cun th cp => cho ta in p ra 220V AC

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
38

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
HNG PHT TRIN CA TI
Mch nghch lu mt pha 12V sang 220V ngy nay c ng dng rng ri trong i
sng sinh hot, n c kh nng cung cp in p u ra 220V n nh s dng cho cc
thit b trong gia nh nh: qut, n, tivi... trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Ty
thuc vo cng sut mch, dung lng acquy m thi gian cung cp in cho cc thit b
l nhiu hay t. Vi mch nghch lu n gii quyt phn no nhu cu v in nng ca
con ngi, vai tr ca mch nghch lu th hin rt r khi in li b ct. Nhn chung
mch nghch lu c vai tr kh to ln trong i sng. Thc hin an ny chng em thit
k v ch to mch nghch lu cng sut b, ch yu dng cho cc thit b c cng sut
nh nh n, qut.
Ti y ,nhom thc hin an chung em co y inh phat trin tai Nghin cu ch
tao mach nghich lu mt pha co kha nng hoa vao li in , Chung em rt mong y
kin ong gop va s giup cua cac thy c trong khoa.

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
39

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
KT LUN
Sau qu trnh thc hin bn n chng em thu c mt s kt qu nh sau:

- Gii thiu mt s ng dng v c im ca mch nghch lu mt pha
- Phn tch nguyn l lm vic v cc thng s trong mch nghch lu mt pha.
-Hon thin sn phm theo yu cu t ra c th:
in p ra dng cho ti 220 V: cng sut :300VA
Tuy nhin an cua chung em con co nhc im la cha n inh c in ap ra
khi tai ln.
Vi s c gng n lc ca mi thnh vin trong nhm chng em hon thnh n
ca mnh theo ng thi gian. Mt ln na chng em xin gi li cm n ti cc thy c
trong khoa in - in T, c bit l thy Nguyn Trung Thnh trc tip hng
dn chng em trong vic hon thnh n. Chng em rt mong nhn c nhng kin
nhn xt, gp ca cc thy c v cc bn bn n ca chng em hon thin hn.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
40

Khoa in in t
n mn hc
Ti liu tham kho
1. V Minh Chnh Phm Quc Hi Trn Trng Minh

in t cng sut v truyn ng in _ NXB Khoa hc k thut
2. Nguyn Phng Tho Cng Thng
in t cng sut v truyn ng in _ Trng HSP K Thut Hng Yn

Trn Vn Thng
Trng c Thnh
41

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Trng i hc s phm k thut Hng yn

CHNG I Gii thiu mt s van ban dn cng sut......................5

SVTH: Nguyn Danh Sch

GVHD: Nguyn Trung Thnh

Trng i hc s phm k thut Hng yn

NHN XET CUA GIAO VIN

Hng Yn, thng 11 nm 2012

NGUYN TRUNG THNH

SVTH: Nguyn Danh Sch

GVHD: Nguyn Trung Thnh

Trng i hc s phm k thut Hng yn

Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

SVTH: Nguyn Danh Sch

GVHD: Nguyn Trung Thnh

Trng i hc s phm k thut Hng yn

1. Nguyn Danh Sch

Tn ti: Nghin cu ch to mch nghch lu mt pha

- Cc trang thit b o, kim tra ti xng thc tp, th nghim TCS.

Ngy giao ti: 21-9-2012

Nguyn Trung Thnh

Ngy hon thnh:

SVTH: Nguyn Danh Sch

GVHD: Nguyn Trung Thnh

Trng i hc s phm k thut Hng yn

Hnh 1.1: Cu trc v k hiu ca diode cng sut

SVTH: Nguyn Danh Sch

GVHD: Nguyn Trung Thnh

Trng i hc s phm k thut Hng yn

b)c tnh vn ampe:

Hnh 1.2 c tinh vn-ampe cua diode

SVTH: Nguyn Danh Sch

GVHD: Nguyn Trung Thnh

Trng i hc s phm k thut Hng yn

a)Cu to transistor ngc NPN

Hinh 1.3 Cu tao transistor ngc

SVTH: Nguyn Danh Sch

GVHD: Nguyn Trung Thnh

Trng i hc s phm k thut Hng yn

b) Cu to transistor thun PNP

Hinh 1.4 Cu tao transistor thun

SVTH: Nguyn Danh Sch

GVHD: Nguyn Trung Thnh

Trng i hc s phm k thut Hng yn

MOSFET, vit tt ca "Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor" trong

Hinh 1.5 Cu tao MOSFET knh lin tc

GVHD: Nguyn Trung Thnh

Trng i hc s phm k thut Hng yn

Hinh 1.6 c tnh ra MOSFET knh lin tc

1.3.2 Cu to v k hiu ca MOSFET knh gin on

SVTH: Nguyn Danh Sch

GVHD: Nguyn Trung Thnh

Trng i hc s phm k thut Hng yn

Hinh 1.7 Cu to ca MOSFET knh gin on

Hinh 1.8 c tnh ra ca MOSFET knh gin on

GVHD: Nguyn Trung Thnh

Trng i hc s phm k thut Hng yn

SVTH: Nguyn Danh Sch

GVHD: Nguyn Trung Thnh

Trng i hc s phm k thut Hng yn

IG2 > IG1 > IG0

Hnh1.9 Cu tao va c tinh vn-ampe cua thyristor

GVHD: Nguyn Trung Thnh

Trng i hc s phm k thut Hng yn

*Khi UAK > 0 nu t vo cc iu khin dng I G > 0 th qu trnh chuyn im lm vic