Gio trnh mn o lng in Chng I: Khi nim c bn v k thut o lng in

I. Cc nh ngha v khi nim c bn v k thut o lng

1. nh ngha v phn loi v o lng a. nh ngha v o lng: o lng l mt qu trnh nh gi nh lng cn o, c kt qu bng s so vi n v o. Kt qu o c th hin di dng M = X/X0 X= M.X0 (1.1) Trong : - X l i lng o. - M l con s o. - X0 l n v o. V d: U = 220V Trong : - U l i lng o. (in p) - 220 l con s o. - V l n v o in p (von). b. Phn loi php o: *. Php o trc tip: Kt qu nhn c t mt php o trc tip m c. *. Php o gin tip: L s phi hp ca nhiu php o trc tip. *. Php o hp b L php o gin tip nhng s lng php o trc tip nhiu hn, kt qu thu c thng thng qua gii h phng trnh. *. Php o thng k L o nhiu ln ri ly kt qu trung bnh. 2. Khi nim v i lng o a. nh ngha i lng o l mt thng s c trng cho i lng vt l cn o. b. phn loi i lng o: *. Theo tnh cht thay i i lng o - i lng o tin nh: L i lng o bit trc quy lut thay i theo thi gian ca chng, nhng mt (hoc nhiu) thng s ca chng cha bit cn phi o. - i lng o ngu nhin:

L i lng o m s thay i theo thi gian khng theo mt quy lut no c. *. Theo cch bin i i lng o: - i lng o lin tc hay i lng o tng t (Analog). Dng tng t cho tn hiu lin tuc. - i lng o ri rc hay i lng o s (Digital). Dng dng c o ch th s. *. Theo bn cht i lng o: - i lng o nng lng: L i lng o m bn thn n mang nng lng, v d nh: Dng in, in p, Sc in ng, cng sut. - Cc i lng o thng s: V d nh in tr, in cm, in dung - Cc i lng o khng in: L nhng i lng khng mang c trng ca i lng in, v d nh nhit , tc , trng lng, c. Tn hiu o: L loi tn hiu mang c tnh thng tin v i lng o 3. Khi nim v n v o. a. nh ngha n v o l gi tr n v tiu chun ca mt i lng o no y c quc t quy nh m mi quc gia u phi tun th. b. Phn loi: - n v o c bn: L n v o chun, th hin chnh xc cao m cc nh khoa hc v k thut hin i c th thc hin c. - n v o dn xut: L n v c lin quan n cc n v o c bn bi nhng quy lut th hin bng cc biu thc. - n v o c bn v dn xut: Nm 1960 Hi ngh quc t v Mu v Cn thng qua n v o quc t SI nhiu nc c th s dng ch r cc n v o theo bng di y Bng 1.1 n v c bn v dn xut trong lnh vc in, in t Cc i lng Tn n v K hiu in p, th in Vn V ng Dng in Ampe A Cng in trVn trn met V/m ng Lng in Culng C in tr m

in tr ring in dung in cm H s in mi tuyt i T thng Cm ng t Cng t trng H s t thm

m trn mt Fara Henri Fara trn mt Vebe Tesla Ampe trn mt Hen ri trn mt

/m F H F/m Wb T A/m H/m

Bng 1.2 Bi, c s thng dng ca v o Tn ca Gi tr - K hiu Tn ca Gi tr tip c s tip bi s u u ng ng -12 pic 10 p ca 101 nan 10-9 n hect 102 micr 10-6 kil 103 mili 10-3 m Mga 106 cenli 10-2 c Giga 109 ci 10-1 d Tra 1012

K hiu

Da H K M G T

4. Chun Trn th gii ngi ta ch to ra nhng n v tiu chun c gi l cc chun. Sau y l mt s chun cp 1 Quc gia ca n v c bn h thng SI Chun v n v dng in dng in : Ampe (A) l chun dng in khng i khi chy trong hai dy dn thng, song song, di v hn, tit din trn nh khng ng k, t cch nhau 1 met trong chn khng, s gy ra trn mi mt ca dy mt lc 2.10-7 N. Chun v n v kilgam: Kilgam (kg) l n v khi lng ca mu kilgam quc t t ti trung tm Mu v Cn quc t Pari. Chun v thi gian : Giy (s) l khong thi gian ca 9192631770 chu k pht x, tng ng vi thi gian chuyn gia hai mc gn nht trng thi c bn ca nguyn t Xzi 133. 5. Mu : Mu l thit b o khi phc mt i lng vt l nht nh. Nhng dng c mu phi t chnh xc rt cao t 0,001% n 0,1% tu theo tng cp, tng loi. V d: Cn dng in vi chnh xc n 0,001%. in tr mu cp I vi chnh xc 0, 01%, cp II vi chnh xc n 0,1%. Pin mu cp I c in p 1,01855 50.10-6V.
II. Khi nim v phng php o

1. Phn loi cc cch thc hin php o C cc php o sau y: - Php o trc tip 2. phn loi phng php o

a. phng php o bin i thng: Phng php o bin i thng l phng php o c cu trc theo kiu bin i thng, khng c khu phn hi X A SS X NX B S Nx/N0 D X0 X0 N0 (Hnh 1.1) i lng cn o X c a qua cc khu bin i v bin thnh con s NX. n v o ca i lng o X0 cng bin thnh N0, sau c so snh gia i lng cn o vi n v o qua b so snh (SS) qu trnh c thc hin bng mt php o Nx/N0. Kt qu biu din di dng : X = Nx/N0 .X0 (1.2) Dng c bin i thng thng c sai s ln v tn hiu, v i qua nhiu khu bin i. b. Phng php bin i kiu so snh Phng php bin i kiu so snh L phng php o c s cu trc theo mch vng, ngha l c khu phn hi. X SS Xk XB A D D D A Nk

(Hnh 1.2)

Tn hiu X c so snh vi tn hiu Xk t l vi i lng mu X0. qua b so snh ta c: X Xk = X. Ta c cc phng php so snh sau: - So snh cn bng: L php so snh m i lng cn o X v i lng mu X0 = 0 tc l: X Xk = X = 0 X = Xk = Nk . X0 (X0 l n v o). (1.3) - So snh khng cn bng: l php o m X k l i lng khng i, lc ta c: X Xk = X (1.4) Ngha l kt qu php o c nh gi theo X. Tc l bit trc Xk, o X c th suy ra X (X = Xk +X) Xk = const.

(phng php ny dng o cc i lng khng in nh nhit ) - So snh ng thi: L php o so snh cng mt lc i lng o X v i lng mu Xk khi Xv Xk trng nhau, qua Xk xc nh c gi tr X. - So snh khng ng thi: L php o c thc hin theo cch sau: Ta cho i lng X to ra trng thi trong thit b o ri thay X bng Xk vi trng thi nh nhau, nh vy ta c X = Xk. Thng thng gi tr mu Xk a vo thit b s khc trc, sau X lm cn c qua vch khc nh gi kt qu. Thit b ny dng nh gi trc tip Ampemet, Vonmt kim ch. III/. Khi nim v thit b o 1. nh ngha Thit b o l thit b k thut dng gia cng tn hiu mang thng tin o thnh dng tin li nht cho ngi quan st. Tt c cc php o u thc hin thng qua cc phng php o: + Phng php o bin i thng. + Phng php o so snh. 2. phn loi thit b o a. Dng c o: Dng c o l thit b gia cng cc thng tin o lng v th hin kt qu o di dng con s, th hoc bng s. Dng c o gm: - Dng c o tng t (Analog): L dng c o m gi tr ca kt qu o thu c l mt hm lin tc. Cc loi dng c ny gm dng c o t ghi v ch th kim. - Dng c o ch th s (Digital): L dng c o m kt qu o c th hin bng s. b. B chuyn i o lng B chuyn i o lng l thit b bin i tn hiu o u vo thnh tn hiu ra thun li hn bin i tip hoc truyn t, gia cng, lu gi nhng khng quan st c. B chuyn i o lng gm: - Chuyn i cc i lng in thnh i lng khc nh cc b chuyn i tng t s (A/D) hoc s tng t (D/A) - Chuyn i cc i lng khng in thnh cc i lng in. l cc b bin i s cp v l b phn chnh ca u o hay cm bin. c. H thng thng tin o lng.

H thng thng tin o lng l t hp cc thit b o v nhng thit b truyn thng t ng thu thp s liu t nhiu ngun khc nhau, truyn cc thng tin o lng qua khong cch theo knh lin lc v bin i n v dng thun tin cho vic o lng v iu khin. H thng thng tin o lng c phn thnh cc nhm: - H thng o lng. - H thng kim tra t ng. - H thng chun on k thut. - H t hp o lng v tnh ton.
IV. Khi nim v dng c o

1. Phn loi dng c o a. Theo cch bin i C hai loi dng c o: - Dng c o bin i thng: L dng c o m i lng cn o X c bin i thnh lng ra Y theo mt ng thng khng c khu phn hi. - Dng c o kiu bin i b: L dng c o c mch phn hi vi cc chuyn i ngc, bin i lng ra Y thnh i lng b Xk b vi tn hiu o X. Mch o l mch khp kn. Php so snh c din ra sau cc chuyn i s cp. b. Theo phng php so snh - Dng c o nh gi trc tip: L dng c o c khc theo n v ca i lng o t trc, khi o i lng o so snh vi n cho ra kt qu. - Dng c o kiu so snh: L dng c o thc hin vic so snh qua mi ln o. S o l kiu bin i b. c. Theo phng php a ra thng tin - Dng c o tng t: L dng c o c s ch l mt hm lin tc ca i lng o. Dng c o tng t gm dng c o c kim ch, dng c o kiu t ghi (kt qu o c ghi li di dng ng cong ph thuc thi gian). - Dng c o ch th s: l dng c o trong i lng o lin tc c bin i thnh ri rc v kt qu th hin di dng s. d. Theo i lng o Cc dng c o c mang tn i lng o nh vonmt, ampemt, mmt v.v e. Theo mc nh s dng f. Theo iu kin bo v 2. Cc c tnh ca dng c o a. Sai s dng c o bao gm:

- Sai s h thng: l sai s c bn m gi tr ca n lun lun khng i hoc thay i c quy lut. V nguyn tc sai s ny c th loi tr. - Sai s ngu nhin: L sai s m gi tr ca n thay i rt ngu nhin do s thay i ca mi trng bn ngoi (p sut, nhit , m, ...), sai s ny gi l sai s ph. - Sai s tuyt i (X): l hiu gia gi tr i lng o X v gi tr thc Xth (gi tr i lng o xc nh c vi mt chnh xc no nh cc dng c mu) X = X Xth - Sai s tng i (X): c nh gi bng phn trm ca t s sai s tuyt i v gi tr thc. X = X/ Xth.100% - Cp chnh xc ca dng c o: l gi tr sai s cc i m dng c o mc phi. Ngi ta quy nh cp chnh xc ca dng c o l sai s tng i quy i ca dng c. qX = Xm/ Xm.100% Trong : Xm l sai s tuyt i cc i Xm l gi tr ln nht ca thanh o V d: Cp chnh xc 1.10n; 2. 10n; 2,5.10n; 4. 10n; 5. 10n ; 6. 10n vi n = 1; 0; -1; -2. Cp chnh xc 1,5 qX = 1,5% b. nhy nhy ca dng c o (S) tnh bng: S = dY/dX = F(X) Trong : Y l i lng ra X l i lng vo Nu F(X) khng i th S = dY/dX = F(X) quan h ca dng c o l tuyn tnh, chia ca thanh o khc u. i lng nghch o ca nhy l hng s ca dng c o. Nu mt dng c o bao g m nhiu khu bin i, mi khu c nhy ring ca n S 1, S2Sn th nhy ca ton dng c o l: S = S1 . S2 . S 3 . . . S n c. in tr ca dng c o v cng sut tiu th * in tr vo in tr vo l in tr u vo ca dng c o. Mi dng c o u c gi tr in tr vo, in tr c th ln, nh ph thuc vo tnh cht i tng o. * in tr ra

in tr ra ca dng c o xc nh cng sut truyn ti cho chuyn i tip theo. in tr ra cng nh, cng sut truyn ti cng ln, thng thng mch o c hiu qu ngi ta phi hp tr khng vi u ra trc, vi u vo ca chuyn i sau. d. tc ng nhanh xc lp nhanh chnh l thi gian dng c o xc lp kt qu o xc lp kt qu o trn ch th . i vi dng c tng t thi gian c tnh bng giy ; i vi dng c o ch th s c th o c hng nghn im o trong mt giy. . tin cy tin cy ca dng c c xc nh gia thi gian lm vic tin cy trong iu kin cho php, n ph thuc nhiu yu t : - Kt cu ca dng c. - tin cy ca cc linh kin s dng - iu kin lm vic ca dng c o

Chng II Cc C cu ch th
A. C cu ch th ca dng c o tng t

Dng c o tng t l dng c m ch s ca n l i lng lin tc t l vi i lng o lin tc. Trong dng c o lin tc ch yu l c in. C tin hiu vo l c in, tn hiu ra gc quay kim.
I. C cu c in

1. Khi nim chung a. Nguyn l lm vic ca c cu ch th c in Khi cho dng in vo c cu ch th c in, do tc ng ca t trng ln phn ng ca c cu o s to ra m men quay (Mq). ln ca mmen ny t l vi ln ca dng in a vo c cu ch th (ng vi dng I 1 ta c Mq1, vi dng I2 ta c Mq2. . .). Mmen quay i vi tt c cc loi c cu chnh l tc thay i ca nng lng in t trng We so vi gc lch ca phn ng. M = dWe/ d Do c cu to nn. Trong : We Nng lng in t trng Gc quay phn ng Nu t vo phn ng mt l xo phn khng th khi phn ng quay l xo b xon li sinh ra mmen cn (Mc). Mmen ny t l thun vi gc lch v c biu din di biu thc sau: Mc = D Lc ny kim s gi yn. D l mmen cn ring ph thuc vo kch thc v vt liu ch to l xo (hoc day treo) Khi Mq = Mc ta c: M = dWe/ d = 1/D. dWe/ d y l phng trnh c tnh ca thang o. Ngoi hai mmen trn cn c - Mmen n nh l mmen sinh ra theo lc qun tnh ca phn ng. - Mmen ma st sinh ra gia trc quay ca trc quay phn ng vi trc ca n. Mm = KGn Trong : K l h s t l G khi lng phn ng N S m - Mmen cn du

Mcd = Pd/dt P l h s cn du cn tr dng c cn du - Mmen ng lng: Bt c vt no ang chuyn ng cng c mmen ng lng Mlng = m.v.R V = d/dt .R Mlng = mR2 d/dt = J d/dt b. Cu to c bn ca dng c ch th c in Mi dng c ch th c in v c bn nh sau: */. Trc v phn ng L b phn m bo cho phn ng quay nh khung dy, kim ch, lo xo cn Trc lm bng thp trn c ng knh t (0,8 n 1,5mm), u trc hnh chp vi nh = (450 n 600) v nh bn cu c bn knh t (0,05 n 0,3mm) */. Kim v ch th nh sng */. Thang o: ph thuc c cu o */. Cn du: rt ngn qu trnh dao ng ca phn ng v xc lp v tr cn bng mt cch nhanh chng, trong c cu cn bng c b phn cn du