Hirocacbon no

Bi 1 ng phn v danh php ca ankan

Hirocacbon no

Ni dung Mt vi khi nim v hirocacbon v hirocacbon no Cng thc tng qut ca ankan ng phn cu to ankan Danh php ankan Cc bi tp v cng thc tng qut, ng phn v danh php ca ankan

Hirocacbon no
Mt vi khi nim v hirocacbon v hirocacbon no Hirocacbon l loi hp cht ch cha cacbon v hiro Hirocacbon no l loi hirocacbon ch c cc lin kt n (lin kt xich ma) trong phn t C hai loi hirocacbon no:

- Ankan (no, mch h)

- Xicloankan (no, mch vng)

Hirocacbon no
Cng thc tng qut ca hirocacbon CnH2n+2-2k, n 1, n nguyn. - k l tng s lin kt pi v s vng n, k nguyn, k0. Cng thc tng qut ca ankan CnH2n+2, n 1, n nguyn.

S nguyn t H trong hirocacbon bt k lun phi tha mn:

L mt s nguyn chn. Nh hn hoc bng (2 s C + 2).

Hirocacbon no
ng phn cu to Ba cht u dy ng ng: CH4, C2H6 v C3H8 khng c ng phn.

T C4H10 tr i c ng phn v mch cacbon (bao gm mch khng

nhnh v mch c nhnh). V d: C4H10 c 2 ng phn cu to:

CH2 CH 3 CH 2

CH 3

CH 3 CH CH3

CH 3

C5H12 c 3 ng phn:

CH 3 CH2 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH3 CH 3 CH CH3 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 C CH 3 CH 3

Hirocacbon no
ng phn cu to (tt) S nguyn t cacbon (n) trong phn t ankan (CnH2n+2) tng th s ng phn cu to cng tng. V d: N S ng phn 3 1 4 2 5 3 6 5 7 9 8 18 9 35 10 75 15 4347 20 336319

Hirocacbon no
Danh php ankan: Danh php cc ankan khng nhnh Danh php gc hirocacbon no mch h ha tr I khng phn nhnh Danh php cc ankan c nhnh Danh php gc hirocacbon no ha tr I phn nhnh Tn thng gi ca mt s ankan v gc ankyl (gc hirocacbon no, mch h, ha tr I) c IUPAC lu dng.

Hirocacbon no
Danh php cc ankan khng nhnh i vi bn cht u:

- CH4: metan
- C2H6: etan - CH3CH2CH3: propan - CH3CH2CH2CH3: butan Tn ca cc ankan cao hn gm 2 phn: - Phn nn: ch s lng cacbon trong mch - Phn hu t: c trng cho hirocacbon no l an - V d: C5H12: pent + an = pentan C7H16: hept + an = heptan C12H26: oe + an = oecan

Hirocacbon no
Danh php gc hirocacbon no ha tr I Tn ca gc hirocacbon no ha tr I mch khng nhnh da theo

tn ca hirocacbon tng ng, ch i an thnh yl

V d: - CH3-: metyl

- C2H5-: etyl
- CH3CH2CH2-: propyl - CH3CH2CH2CH2-: butyl - CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2-: pentyl

Hirocacbon no
Danh php cc ankan c nhnh: Bc 1: Xc nh mch chnh: l mch cacbon di nht, c nhiu nhnh nht Bc 2: Tm cc mch nhnh v gi tn chng. Nu c nhiu mch nhnh ging nhau th dng tin t ch bi nh: i, tri, tetra, Bc 3: nh s cc nguyn t cacbon trn mch chnh, xut pht t u gn nhnh, sao cho tng s cc s ch v tr nhnh l nh nht. Bc 4: Gi tn hirocacbon theo trnh t sau: - S ch v tr nhnh + tn cc nhnh + tn ankan tng ng vi s nguyn t cacbon ca mch chnh. Ch : - Tn cc nhnh c xp theo th t ch ci trong bng ch ci, v d: etyl ng trc metyl (v e ng trc m trong bng ch ci). - Gia s v s c du , - Gia s v ch c du - - Gia ch v ch th vit lin.

Hirocacbon no
V d 1:

1 CH 3 2 CH CH3

3 CH 2

4 CH 3

2 metylbutan 2-metylbutan V d 2:

CH 3 2 1 CH 3 C CH 3
2,2 imetylpropan 2,2imetylpropan

3 CH 3

Hirocacbon no
V d 3: Hy chn mch cacbon chnh ca ankan c CTCT sau:

CH 3 CH 3 C CH 3 CH 2 CH CH CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3

Hirocacbon no
Cch chn mch chnh sai:

CH 3 CH 3 C CH 3

M ch C ch nh
CH 2 CH CH CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3

L do: Mch cacbon ny cha 3 nhnh (c khoanh trn).

Hirocacbon no
Cch chn mch chnh ng:

CH 3 CH 3 C CH 3 CH 2 CH CH CH 3
L do: Mch cacbon chnh di nht v cha nhiu nhnh nht (c 4 nhnh).

CH 2 CH 3

CH 3

M ch C ch nh

Hirocacbon no
V d 4: Hy nh s cc nguyn t cacbon trn mch chnh ca ankan sau:

CH 3 CH 3 C CH 3 CH 2 CH CH CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3

M ch C ch nh

Hirocacbon no
Cch nh s sai:

CH 3 6 5 CH 3 C CH 3 4 CH 2 3 CH 2 CH 1 CH 3
L do: Khi ankan ny c 4 nhnh cc nguyn t cacbon s 2,

CH 2 CH 3

CH 3

M ch C ch nh

3, 5 v 5.
Tng s ch v tr cc nhnh bng 2 + 3 + 5 + 5 = 15.

Hirocacbon no
Cch nh s ng:

CH 3 1 2 CH 3 C CH 3 3 CH 2 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 3
L do: Khi ankan ny c 4 nhnh cc nguyn t cacbon s 2,

CH 2 CH 3

CH 3

M ch C ch nh

2, 4 v 5.
Tng s ch v tr cc nhnh bng 2 + 2 + 4 + 5 = 13. nh s cc nguyn t cacbon trn mch chnh sao cho tng s

ch v tr cc nhm th l nh nht.

Hirocacbon no
V d 5: Hy gi tn h thng ca ankan sau:

CH 3 1 2 CH 3 C CH 3 3 CH 2 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3

M ch C ch nh

Hirocacbon no
Cch gi tn sai:

CH 3 1 2 CH 3 C CH 3 3 CH 2 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 3
2,2,5 trimetyl 4 etylhexan L do: nhm th metyl phi ng sau nhm th etyl do ch ci m ng sau ch ci e trong bng ch ci.

CH 2 CH 3

CH 3

M ch C ch nh

Hirocacbon no
Cch gi tn ng:

CH 3 1 2 CH 3 C CH 3 3 CH 2 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 3
4-etyl-2,2,5-trimetylhexan

CH 2 CH 3

CH 3

M ch C ch nh

Hirocacbon no
Danh php gc hirocacbon no mch h ha tr I phn nhnh Bc 1: Chn mch cacbon di nht c cha ha tr t do lm mch

chnh cho gc.

Bc 2: nh s nguyn t cacbon xut pht t nguyn t c ha tr t do. Bc 3: Gi tn gc theo trnh t sau: - S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn gc hirocacbon mch chnh. V d:

5 CH 3

4 CH 2

3 CH 2

2 CH 2

1 CH CH 3

5 CH 3

4 CH CH 3

3 CH 2

2 CH

1 CH 2 CH 3

1-metylpentyl

H 2C

2-etyl-4-metylpentyl

Hirocacbon no
Tn thng gi ca mt s ankan v gc ankyl (gc hirocacbon no, mch h, ha tr I) c IUPAC lu dng.

Ankan:

3
H 3C

1
H3 C

CH3

2
CH H 3C

1
CH3 H3 C

2
CH

3
CH 2

4
CH 3

1
H3 C C

3
CH3

isopentan (2-metylbutan)

isobutan (2-metylpropan)

neopentan (2,2-imetylpropan)

CH3

Hirocacbon no
Tn thng gi ca mt s ankan v gc ankyl (gc hirocacbon no, mch h, ha tr I) c IUPAC lu dng.

Nhm ankyl bc I, RCH2-:

- CH3-: metyl ; CH3CH2-: etyl ; CH3CH2CH2-: propyl

- CH3CH2CH2CH2-: butyl

3
H3 C
2 2 CH 1 1 CH 2 3 3 H3C

CH 3 C
2 2

1 1 CH 2

(2 metylpropyl) isobutyl (2-metylpropyl) H3 C isobutyl

neopentyl (2, 2 imetylpropyl) neopentyl (2,2imetylpropyl)

CH 3

Hirocacbon no
Nhm ankyl bc II, R2CH-:
H3C

2 1
CH

3
H3 C

2
CH2

1
CH CH3

H3C

isopropyl (1-metyletyl)

sec-butyl (1-metylpropyl)

Hirocacbon no
Nhm ankyl bc III, R3C-:
CH3 CH3

2
H3 C C

3
H3 C

2
CH2 C

CH3

CH3

tert-butyl (1,1- imetyletyl) tert-pentyl (1,1-imetylpropyl)

Hirocacbon no
Bc ca nguyn t cacbon v bc ca nhm ankyl Nguyn t C bc II Nguyn t C bc III

Nguyn t C bc 1

Nhm ankyl bc I

Nhm ankyl bc II

Nhm ankyl bc III

Cc bi tp v
cng thc tng qut, ng phn v danh php ca ankan

Hirocacbon no
Bi tp 1. Hy vit CTPT ca cc ankan c 6 v 8 nguyn t cacbon. Gii Cng thc phn t ca ankan c 6 nguyn t C: C6H14 Cng thc phn t ca ankan c 8 nguyn t C: C8H18

Hirocacbon no
Bi tp 2. Hy vit CTPT ca cc ankan c 14 v 20 nguyn t H. Gii Cng thc phn t ca ankan c 14 nguyn t H: C6H14 Cng thc phn t ca ankan c 20 nguyn t H: C9H20

Hirocacbon no
Bi tp 3. Vit cng thc phn t ca ankan trong cc trng hp sau: A. Khi lng phn t ca ankan bng 72 vC.

B. Ankan c khi lng ca C ln hn khi lng ca hiro l 58 vC.

C. t chy 1 lt ankan ( th kh iu kin thng) cn dng 32,5 lt khng kh.

D. Ankan c cng thc n gin l C4H9.

E. T l khi lng mC/mH = 5,25. Gii A. Gi cng thc phn t ca ankan l CnH2n+2, t gi thit ta c: 12n + 2n+2 = 72 n = 5, cng thc phn t ca ankan l C5H12. B. Gi cng thc phn t ca ankan l CnH2n+2, t gi thit ta c: 12n = 2n + 2 + 58 n = 6. Cng thc phn t ca ankan l C6H14.

Hirocacbon no
Bi tp 3 (tt) C. Gi cng thc phn t ca ankan l CnH2n+2, ta c phng trnh

phn ng chy:
CnH2n+2 + (3n + 1)/2O2 nCO2 + (n + 1)H2O. Theo gi thit th khi t chy 1 mol ankan th cn dng 32,5/5 = 6,5 mol O2 ; ngha l: (3n+1)/2 = 6,5 n = 4. Ankan c cng thc phn t l C4H10. D. Cng thc phn t ca ankan khi c dng: C4nH9n. Nh vy ta c: 9n = 2.4n + 2 n = 2. Cng thc phn t ca ankan l C8H18. E. Gi cng thc phn t ca ankan l CnH2n+2, ta c: 12n/(2n + 2) = 5,25 n = 7. Cng thc phn t ca ankan l C7H16.

Hirocacbon no
Bi tp 4. Hy chng minh rng trong phn t ankan: A. nH = 2.nC + 2. B. Mankan l mt s chn. Gii: A. T c im cu to ca ankan: mch h, phn t ch cha cc lin kt n C-C v C-H. Gi thit phn t ankan c n nguyn t C, v mi nguyn t C c 4 electron ho tr, nn tng s electron ho tr l 4n. V c n nguyn t C, mch h, nn c (n-1) lin kt C - C. V mi lin kt C - C tiu tn 2 electron ho tr ca C, nn s electron ho tr s dng to cc lin kt C C l 2(n1) electron.

Nh vy s electron ho tr cn li ca C to lin kt C - H l
4n2(n1) = 2n + 2. Hay s nguyn t H cn c l 2n + 2. Suy ra s nguyn t H = 2.s nguyn t C + 2. B. Cng thc chung ca ankan s l CnH2n+2. Mankan = 14n + 2, l mt s chn.

Hirocacbon no
Bi tp 5. Vit cng thc cu to, gi tn theo danh php IUPAC v nh s bc ca mi nguyn t cacbon cho cc ng phn ankan c 5 v 6

nguyn t C.
Gii Ankan c 5 nguyn t C c cng thc phn t l C5H12. C 3 ng phn

cu to c cng cng thc phn t C5H12.

I II I
CH 3 CH2 CH 2

I
CH 3

II
CH 2

H 3C

I
CH3

III
CH

II
CH2

I
CH3

I
H 3C C

IV I

CH 3

II pentan

I
H 3C

CH 3

2-metylbutan

2,2- imetylpropan

Hirocacbon no
Bi tp 5 (tt)

Ankan c 6 nguyn t C c cng thc phn t l C6H14.

C 5 ng phn cu to c cng cng thc phn t C6H14:

I
H 3C

I II II
CH 2 CH2 CH 2

II
CH 2

CH3

I
CH3

III
CH

II
CH2

II
CH2

I
CH3

I
CH3

II
CH2

III
CH

II
CH2

I
CH3

II hexan hexan I
CH 3

I CH3 2-metylpentan

I CH3 3-metylpentan III

CH

I
CH 3 C

IV II

I
CH 3

I
CH 3

III
CH

I
CH 3

CH 2

2,2- imetylbutan
CH 3

CH 3

2,3- imetylbutan
CH 3

Hirocacbon no
Bi tp 6. Gi tn theo danh php IUPAC cho cc ankan c cng thc cu to thu gn nht sau:

(A)

(C)

(D)

(B)

(E)

Hirocacbon no
Bi tp 6 (tt) Gii

(A) propan

(C) 2-metylheptan

(D) 2,2,4-trimetylpentan

(B) pentan

(E) 2,7,8-trimetyldecan

Hirocacbon no
Bi tp 7. Vit cng thc cu to v gi tn cc gc hirocacbon no ho tr mt c s nguyn t cacbon tng ng l 3, 4 v 5.

Gii
Cc gc hirocacbon no ho tr I c s nguyn t C l 3:
H 3C CH 2 CH 3 CH2 CH H 3C 1-metyletyl 1 metyletyl

propyl propyl
CH 3 CH CH3 CH2

Cc gc hirocacbon no ho tr I c s nguyn t C l 4:
H3 C CH 2 CH CH3 CH3 CH2 CH 2 H 3C H3 C C

CH 2 CH3

2 2-metylpropyl metylpropyl

1-metylpropyl 1 metylpropyl

butyl butyl

imetyletyl 1,11,1 imetyletyl

Hirocacbon no
Bi tp 8. Gi tn cc ankan c cng thc cu to thu gn nht sau theo danh php IUPAC:

Hirocacbon no
Bi tp 8 (tt) Gii

4-etyloctan 4 etyloctan

44-etyl-2-metyloctan etyl 2 m etyloctan

4 etyl 4-etyl-3,5 3,5 imetyloctan imetyloctan

5 etyl 2,4,6 trimetyloctan 5-etyl-2,4,6-trimetyloctan

imetyldecan 8 8-etyl-4-isopropyl-2,6etyl 4 isopropyl 2,6 imetyldecan