TRNG THCS YN LC

T SINH HO

Phn I: M U C s l lun: Dy v hc ho hc cc trng hin nay v ang c i mi tch cc nhm gp phn thc hin thng li cc mc tiu ca trng THCS. Ngoi nhim v nng cao cht lng hiu bit kin thc v vn dng k nng, cc nh trng cn phi ch trng n cng tc pht hin v bi dng hc sinh gii cc cp. y l nhim v rt quan trng trong vic pht trin gio dc cc a phng. c bit cc trng THCS ca huyn. Xut pht t nhim v nm hc do Phng GD & T v Trng THCS Yn Lc ra, vi mc tiu: Nng cao s lng v cht lng cc i tuyn HSG cc cp, c bit l HSG cp tnh . Mt khc, chng trnh ho hc THCS ng tm vi chng trnh ho hc THPT. Do vy lng kin thc i vi HSG l rt rng ( nhiu bi tp l thi tuyn sinh cc trng i hc, cao ng trong c nc, hoc HSG ca lp 11, 12), nn trong hc ho hc khng ch n thun l s dng kin thc c m c c tm kim kin thc mi v vn dng kin thc c trong cc tnh hung mi. Xut pht t thc t ging dy cc bi ton ho hc cho thy, mt bi ton ho hc c th c nhiu li gii khc nhau: c nhng cch gii di dng kh hiu, c nhng cch ngn gn, n gin d hiu. V vy p ng c yu cu chng ta phi tm ti v pht hin ra cc cch gii n gin, ngn gn v d hiu. Qua thc tin tm hiu, tham kho cc t liu trong ging dy ho hc, ti xy dng v p dng chuyn : BI TON P DNG NH LUT BO TON ELECTRON nhm gip cc em hc sinh c kinh nghim trong gii ton ho hc, cc em c cch gii mi, nhanh gn, d hiu v n gin cho cc bi ton lin quan n phn ng oxi ho kh. Gip cc em hng th, say m trong hc tp ho hc THCS ni ring. II. Mc ch v i tng: 1. Mc ch: - Nghin cu cc kinh nghim v bi dng k nng gii bi tp ho hc cho hc sinh lp 9 d thi HSG cp tnh. - Nu ra phng php gii cc dng ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron nhm gip hc sinh nhn dng v gii nhanh cc bi tp ho hc lin quan n phn ng oxi ho kh. 2. i tng: Hc sinh i tuyn hc sinh gii mn ho hc ca Trng THCS Yn Lc. I.

-1Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron

TRNG THCS YN LC

T SINH HO

Phn II: NI DUNG A. MT S KIN THC CN NH I. Mt s khi nim c bn. - Cht oxi ho: l cht nhn electron ca cht khc. - Cht kh: l cht nhng electron cho cht khc. - Qu trnh oxi ho: l qu trnh xy ra s mt electron. - Qu trnh kh: l qu trnh xy ra s nhn electron. VD: Xc nh cc cht oxi ho, cc cht kh v vit cc bn phn ng oxi ho kh sau: +7 1 +2 0 1. KMn O 4 + HCl KCl + Mn Cl 2 + Cl 2 + H 2O - Cht oxi ho: Mn+7(KMnO4) - Cht kh: Cl-1(HCl) - Qu trnh nhng electron: 2Cl-1 Cl2 + 2e 1 mol 2 (mol electron) - Qu trnh nhn electron: Mn+7 + 5e Mn+2 1 mol 5 mol electron 0 2. Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + N2O + H2O - Cht oxi ho: N+5(HNO3) - Cht kh: Al - Qu trnh nhng electron:

Al

Al

+3

+ 3e

1 mol 3 mol electron - Qu trnh nhn electron: 2N+5 + 2 x 4e 2N+1 2x4 mol electron 1 mol II. Ni dung: 1. Nguyn tc: Trong mt phn ng oxi ho kh: Tng s electron do cht kh nhng bng tng s electron do cht oxi ho nhn. T c th suy ra: Tng s mol electron m cc cht kh nhng bng tng s mol electron do cc cht oxi ho nhn. Da trn nguyn tc ny chng ta c th gii c nhiu bi ton nu dng cc phng php khc s khng gii c hoc li gii di dng, phc tp. 2. Phm vi p dng. Cc bi ton lin quan n phn ng oxi ho kh trong chng trnh THCS v THPT, c bit l cc bi ton oxi ho kh phc tp nhiu giai on, nhiu qu trnh. -2Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron

TRNG THCS YN LC

T SINH HO

III. Mt s lu : - Bi ton cn phi kt hp thm cc phng php khc nh: phng php bo ton nguyn t, phng php bo ton khi lng. - Tnh oxi ho ca cc axit: HNO3, H2SO4 c nng. + Sn phm kh ca HNO3 thng l: N2, NO, NO2, N2O, NH4NO3. + Sn phm kh ca H2SO4 c nng: SO2, S, H2S. - Mt s axit c tnh kh nh: HCl, HBr, HI, H2S . - Nu mt hoc nhiu kim loi tc dng vi cc axit c tnh oxi ho mnh nh: HNO3, H2SO4 c, nng. th ngc axit trong mui =

electron nhan

dien tich ion

- Nu bi ton to ra cc sn phm c s oxi ho trung gian th ta ch quan tm n trng thi s oxi ho u v cui ca cht kh v cht oxi ho, m khng cn quan tm n giai on trung gian. V d 1 : st ngoi khng kh mt thi gian thu c hn hp gm st v cc oxit st. Ho tan hn hp ny bng dung dch HNO3 d thu c dung dch mui st (III) nitrat v kh NO l sn phm kh duy nht. VD ny ta nhn thy: Fe0 hn hp c Fe0, Fe+2, Fe+8/3, v Fe+3 Fe+3 Do ta c th b qua giai on trung khi to thnh hn hp, m bn cht ch t 0 Fe Fe+3 V d 2: Trn bt Al vi Fe2O3 ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm trong iu kin khng c khng kh sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp cht rn. Ho tan hn hp cht rn trn bng lng va dd H2SO4 c nng, thu c kh SO2 l sn phm kh duy nht. VD ny ta nhn thy: Al0 Al+3 Fe+3 hn hp c Fe0, Fe+2, Fe+8/3, v Fe+3 Fe+3 Do vy ta c th b qua qu trnh nhn electron ca Fe+3 v qu trnh nhng electron ca Fe v cc oxit st. V vy qu trnh nhng electron ch do Al0 Al+3 Qu trnh nhn electron ca S+6 S+4 Da vo phng php nh lut bo ton electron, theo ti chia lm 3 dng bi tp c bn: 1. Bi ton c mt cht kh v mt cht oxi ho. 2. Bi ton c nhiu cht kh v mt cht oxi ho ( hoc mt cht kh v nhiu cht oxi ho). 3. Bi ton c nhiu cht kh v nhiu cht oxi ho.

-3Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron

TRNG THCS YN LC

T SINH HO

B. P DNG. I. Bi ton c mt cht kh v mt cht oxi ho. V d 1. ( thi HSG tnh Ph Th nm 2005 - 2006) Ho tan ht 2,16 gam FeO trong HNO3 sau phn ng thy thot ra 0,244 lit kh X (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Tm X? Hng dn Kh X sinh ra cha nit: NxOy (x= 1, 2. y = 0, 1, 2, 3). Ta c: nFeO = 0,03 mol, nX = 0,01 mol Ta c cc bn phn ng oxi ho kh: Fe+2 Fe+3 + 1e xN+5 + (5x- 2y)e xN+2y/x. 0,03 mol 0,03 mol (5x 2y)0,01mol 0,01x mol p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 0,03 = (5x 2y)0,01. Vy 5x 2y = 3 x 1 2 y 1 (nhn) 2,5 (loi) Vy X l: NO V d 2: (PP gii nhanh cc bi ton trc nghim - Xun Hng) Trn 5,4 gam Al vi hn hp Fe2O3 v CuO, ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm trong iu kin khng c khng kh sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp cht rn A. Ho tan hn hp cht rn A bng lng va dung dch HNO3 th thu c bao nhiu lt kh N2O (ktc)( N2O l sn phm kh duy nht). Hng dn:

Al

5, 4 = 0, 2( mol ) 27

Cc qu trnh nhng v nhn electron. Al Al+3 + 3e 0,2 mol 0,6 mol +5 2N + 2 x 4e 2N+1 8a mol a mol Theo nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 8a = 0,6 a = 0,075 (mol) Vy: V N O = 0, 075 x 22, 4 = 1, 68 (lt) Nhn xt: y ta b qua qu trnh nhng v nhn electron ca Fe+3 v Cu+2 v ban u l Fe+3 v Cu+2 trong cc hp cht, nhn electron thnh Fe v Cu nhng khi phn ng vi HNO3 th li thnh Fe+3 v Cu+2.
2

-4Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron

TRNG THCS YN LC

T SINH HO

V d 3: (PP gii nhanh cc bi ton trc nghim - Xun Hng) Nung m(g) Fe2O3 vi kh CO thiu thu c 6,52(g) hn hp Y gm 4 cht rn. Ha tan Y ht vo dd HNO3 th thu c 6,72lt kh NO (ktc) duy nht. Tm m. Hng dn: nNO = 0,3 (mol) Ta c cc bn phn ng oxi ho kh: C+2 C+4 + 2e a mol a mol 2a mol +5 N + 3e N+2 0,9 mol 0,3 mol p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c:

CO

= 0, 45(mol ) = n

CO 2
CO

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta tnh c:

m Fe O = m + mCO m m = 13,92( gam) Fe O

2 3

II. Bi ton c nhiu cht kh v mt cht oxi ho ( hoc mt cht kh v nhiu cht oxi ho). V d 1: ( thi HSG tnh lp 9 - Gia Lai nm hc 2009 - 2010) m gam st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian thu c cht rn X c khi lng (m + 1,6) gam. Nu cho ton b X tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c, nng, d th thu c 4,48 lt kh SO2 (ktc) duy nht thot ra. Tnh m. Hng dn Trong cht X c th c: Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 nn ta c s : +O H SO 4,48 lt SO2 m (g) Fe m + 1,6 (g) hh X c: Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 dd Fe2(SO4)3
2 2 4

4, 48 = 0, 2(mol ) 2 22, 4 1, 6 nO 2 = 32 = 0, 05(mol )

n SO

Vy ta c cc qu trnh nhng v nhn electron ca cc cht: - Qu trnh nhng electron. Fe Fe+3 + 3e

m mol 56 3m mol 56

- Qu trnh nhn electron. -5Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron

TRNG THCS YN LC
-2

T SINH HO

O2 + 4e 2O 0,05 mol 0,2 mol +6 S (H2SO4) + 2e S+4(SO2) 0,4 mol 0,2 mol Theo nh lut bo ton electron ta c: Tng s mol electron nhng = tng s mol electron nhn.
3m = 0, 4 + 0, 2 m = 11, 2( gam) 56

V d 2: ( thi Olympic 30/04/2006) Cho 2,52 g hh X gm Al v Mg trn theo t l mol 2 : 3 tc dng vi H 2SO4 c th thu c mui sunfat v 0,03 mol mt sn phm duy nht cha lu hunh. Xc nh sn phm to thnh v vit cc phng phn ng. Hng dn: Theo bi ra ta tnh c s mol ca Al v Mg nAl = 0,04 (mol) nMg = 0,06 (mol) Ta c cc bn phn ng oxi ho kh nh sau: Al Al+3 + 3e Mg Mg+2 + 2e 0,04 mol 0,12 mol 0,06 mol 0,12 mol +6 +(6 - n) S + ne S 0,03n 0,03 Theo nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 0,03n = 0,24 n = 8. Vy sn phm kh l: H2S V d 3: (Cc dng ton v PP gii ho hc 12 - phn v c - L Thanh Xun) Cho hn hp kim loi A gm Zn v Al. Ly na hn hp A tc dng vi dung dch CuSO4 d. Phn ng xong em ton b cht rn to thnh cho tc dng ht vi HNO 3 thu c 4,48 lt NO duy nht (ktc). a. Nu cho hn hp A tc dng ht vi HNO3. Tnh th tch kh N2 duy nht (ktc) sinh ra b. Nu khi lng hn hp A l 24,9 gam. Tnh khi lng tng kim loi trong A. Hng dn: S mol NO = 0,2 (mol) Gi x, y l s mol Zn, Al trong na hn hp A. Zn Zn+2 + 2e Al Al+3 + 3e x mol 2x mol y mol 3y mol +5 +2 N (HNO3) + 3e N (NO) 0,6 mol 0,2 mol 2x + 3y= 0,6 (1) a) Hn hp A tc dng ht vi HNO3 : Zn Zn+2 + 2e Al Al+3 + 3e 2x 4x 2y 6y -6Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron

TRNG THCS YN LC

T SINH HO

+ 10e 10a mol Ta c: 4x + 6y = 10a Vy a =

V N2

2N (HNO3)

+5

N2 a mol

2(2 x + 3 y ) = 0,12(mol ) 10 = 0,12 x 22, 4 = 2, 688 (lt)

b) 65x + 27y = 12,45 (2) x = 0,15 ; y = 0,1 mZn= 0,15.65 .2 = 19,5 (g); mAl = 24,9 - 19,5 = 5,4 (g) III. Bi ton c nhiu cht kh v nhiu cht oxi ho. V d 1: ( thi HSG tnh lp 9 - Ph Yn nm hc 2006 - 2007) 1- Ho tan m gam hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (c ho tr khng i) trong dung dch HCl d th thu c 1,008 lt kh (ktc) v dung dch cha 4,575 gam mui khan. Tnh m. 2- Mt khc cng ho tan m gam hn hp A trn trong dung dch cha hn hp HNO 3 c v H2SO4 nhit thch hp th thu c 1,8816 lt hn hp 2 kh (ktc) c t khi hi so vi H2 l 25,25. Xc nh kim loi M. Hng dn 1- Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra: Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 2M + 2nHCl 2MCln + nH2 . S mol H2 = 1,008 : 22,4 = 0,045 s mol HCl phn ng = 0,045.2 = 0,09 Bo ton khi lng : Khi lng kim loi + khi lng HCl phn ng = khi lng mui + khi lng H2 m + 0,09.36,5 = 4,575 + 0,045.2 m = 1,38 (g) 2- Gi x, y l s mol Fe, M 56x + My = 1,38 (1) 2x + ny = 0,09 (2) - Tc dng vi HNO3 c, H2SO4 : S mol 2 kh = 1,8816 : 22,4 = 0,084 ; M 2 kh = 25,25.2 = 50,5 Khi lng mol NO2 = 46 < 50,5 khi lng mol kh cn li > 50,5 SO2

n NO = 0, 063(mol ) n SO = 0, 021(mol )
2 2

-7Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron

TRNG THCS YN LC

T SINH HO

Ta c cc bn phn ng oxi ho kh nh sau: Fe Fe+3 + 3e x mol 3x mol +n M M + ne y mol ny mol +5 N (HNO3) + 1e N+4(NO2) 0,063 mol 0,063 mol +6 +4 S (H2SO4) + 2e S (SO2) 0,042 mol 0,021 mol Theo nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 3x + ny = 0,105 (3) T (2), (3) x = 0,015 ny = 0,06 th vo (1): 56.0,015 + M . 0,06 : n = 1,38 M = 9n chn n = 3 M = 27(Al) V d 2: (PP gii ton ho v c - Quan Hn Thnh) 1. Cho 7,22g hn hp X gm Fe v kim loi M c ha tr khng i. Chia hn hp thnh 2 phn bng nhau: - Ho tan ht phn 1 trong dung dch HCl c 2,128 l H2. - Ho tan ht phn 2 trong dung dch HNO3 c 1,792 l kh NO duy nht. Xc nh kim loi M v % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp X? 2. Cho 3,61g X tc dng vi 100ml dung dch A cha Cu(NO 3)2 v AgNO3. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch B v 8,12g cht rn D gm 3 kim loi . Cho cht rn D tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c 0,672 l H 2. Cc cht kh o kc v cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Tnh CM ca Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3 trong dung dch A. Hng dn: 1. t s mol ca kim loi Fe v M trong mt na hn hp l x, y v ho tr ca M l n:

n H = 0, 095(mol ) n = 0, 08(mol )
2

NO

Theo bi ra ta c: 56x +My =3,61(1) Cc bn phn ng oxi ho kh xy ra: Phn 1: Fe Fe+2 + 2e x mol 2x mol +n M M + ne y mol ny mol + 2H + 2e H2 -8Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron

TRNG THCS YN LC

T SINH HO

0,19 mol 0,095 mol Theo nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 2x + ny = 0,19(2) Phn 2: Fe Fe+3 + 3e x mol 3x mol +n M M + ne y mol ny mol +5 N (HNO3) + 3e N+2(NO) 0,24 mol 0,08 mol Theo nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 3x + ny = 0,24(3) T (1), (2), (3) ta tnh c: x = 0,05 mol y= M = 9n. n M Vy M l Al. x = 0,05 mol y = 0,03 mol %mFe = 77,56%; %mAl = 22,44% 1 9(loi) 2 18 (loi) 3 27(nhn)
0, 09 mol n

2. t nng mol ca Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3 trong 100 ml dung dch A l a v b. S mol ca Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3 trong 100 ml dung dch A: 0,1a v 0,1b V cht rn D gm 3 kim loi nn Fe d, cc mui trong dung dch A ht. Cht rn D tc dng vi dung dch HCl ch c Fe phn ng: Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 S mol ca st d: nFed =

nH

=
2

0, 672 = 0, 03(mol ) 22, 4

Vy s mol Fe phn ng vi dung dch A: 0,03 mol Ta c cc bn phn ng oxi ho kh: Fe Fe+2 + 2e Cu+2 + 2e 0,02 mol Al 0,03 mol 0,04 mol 0,1a mol +

Cu 0,1a Ag 0,1b mol mol

0,2a mol e 0,1b mol

Al+3 + 3e Ag+ 0,09 mol 0,1b mol

-9Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron

TRNG THCS YN LC

T SINH HO

p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 0,2a + 0,1b = 0,13(1) mD = mFed + mCu + mAg mCu + mAg =6,44 64.0,1a + 108.0.1b = 6,44(2) T (1) v (2) ta tnh c: a = 0,5M b = 0,3M V d 3: (PP gii nhanh cc bi ton trc nghim - Xun Hng) Hn hp A gm Mg v Al, hn hp B gm O2 v Cl2. Cho 1,29 gam hn hp A phn ng ht vi 1,176 lt hn hp B (ktc) thu dc 4,53 gam hn hp X gm cc oxit v mui clorua. Tnh % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp u. Hng dn: nB = 0,0525(mol) - t a, b l s mol ca Mg v Al trong 1,29 gam hn hp A. Ta c: 24a + 27b = 1,29 (1) - t x, y l s mol ca O2 v Cl2 trong hn hp B Ta c: x + y = 0,0525 (2) Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: mA + m B = m X mB = 4,53 - 1,29 = 3,24 (gam) 32x + 71y = 3,24 (3) Cc bn phn ng oxi ho kh xy ra: Mg Mg+2 + 2e O2 + 4e 2O-2 a mol 2a mol x mol 4x mol +3 Al Al + 3e Cl2 + 2e 2Cl-1 b mol 3b mol y mol 2y mol p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 2a + 3b = 4x + 2y (4) T 1, 2, 3 v 4 ta c: a = 0,02 (mol) b = 0,03 (mol) x = 0.0125 (mol) y = 0,04 (mol) %mMg = 37,2% ; %mAl = 62,8%

- 10 Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron

TRNG THCS YN LC

T SINH HO

LUYN TP
Bi 1: (PP gii ton ho v c - Quan Hn Thnh) Hn hp X gm FeS2 v MS c s mol nh nhau, M l kim loi c ho tr khng i . Cho 6,51g X tc dng hon ton vi lng d dd HNO 3 un nng, thu c dd A1 v 13,216 lit (kc) hn hp kh A2 c khi lng l 26,34g gm NO2 v NO. Thm 1 lng d dd BaCl2 long vo A1, thy to thnh m1 g kt tu trng trong dd d axit trn. Hy cho bit kim loi M trong MS l kim loi g ? Tnh gi tr khi lng m1.Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong X. p s: M l Zn, m1 = 20,97g. %mFeS2 =
120.0,03 .100% = 55,3% . %mZnS = 44,7% 6,51

Bi 2: (PP gii nhanh cc bi ton trc nghim - Xun Hng) Ho tan 5,64g Cu(NO3)2 v 1,7g AgNO3 vo nc c 101,43g dd A. Cho 1,57g hh X bt kim loi gm Zn v Al vo dd A ri khuy u. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c phn rn B v dd D ch cha 2 mui. Ngm B trong dd H 2SO4 long khng thy c kh thot ra.Tnh C% mi mui c trong dd D. p s: C% (Zn(NO3)2) =3,78%. C% (Al(NO3)3) = 2,13% Bi 3: (PP gii ton ho v c - Quan Hn Thnh) Ho tan 22,064g hn hp X gm Al v Zn va vi 500ml dd HNO 3 long thu c dd A v 3,136 lit (kc) hn hp kh Y gm 2 kh khng mu (trong c 1 kh ho nu ngoi khng kh), khi lng hn hp kh Y l 5,18g. Tnh % s mol mi kim loi trong hn hp X.C cn dd A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan p s: %Al = 11,53%, %Zn = 88,47%. mmui = 69,804 g Bi 4: ( thi HSG tnh Ph Th nm 2003 - 2004) Cho 12,45g hh X gm Al v kim loi M(II) tc dng vi dd HNO 3 d thu c 1,12 lit hh kh (N2O v N2) c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 18,8 v dd Y .Cho Y tc dng vi dd NaOH d thu c 0,448 lit kh NH3.Tm kim loi M v khi lng mi kim loi trong X .Bit nX = 0,25 mol cc kh o kc. p s: M l Zn. mAl = 0,1. 27 = 2,7 g . mZn = 0,15.65 = 9,75 g Bi 5: (PP gii nhanh cc bi ton trc nghim - Cao Th Thin An) Hn hp A gm 2 kim loi R 1, R2 c ho tr x, y khng i (R 1, R2 khng tc dng vi nc v ng trc Cu trong dy hot ng ha hc ca kim loi). Cho hn hp A phn ng hon ton vi dd Cu(NO3)2 th thu c m g Cu. Cho m g Cu tc dng ht vi dd HNO3 d thu c 1,12 l kh NO duy nht ktc. Nu cho lng hn hp A trn phn ng hon ton vi dd HNO3 th thu c bao nhiu lt N2. Cc th tch kh o ktc. S: VN = 22,4.0,015 = 0,336 lit
2

- 11 Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron

TRNG THCS YN LC

T SINH HO

Bi 6: (PP gii nhanh cc bi ton trc nghim - Cao Th Thin An) m(g) Fe trong khng kh b oxi ha 1 phn thnh 22(g) hn hp cc oxit v Fe d. Ha tan hn hp ny vo dung dch HNO 3 d thu c 4,48 lit kh NO duy nht (kc). Tm m. p s: m = 18,76 (gam) Bi 7: (PP gii nhanh cc bi ton trc nghim - Cao Th Thin An) Cho 16,2 gam kim loi M (ho tr khng i) tc dng vi 0,15 mol oxi. Cht rn thu c sau phn ng cho ho tan hon ton vo dung dch HCl d thu c 13,44 lt H2 (ktc). Xc nh kim loi M (Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton). p s: M l Al Bi 8: (PP gii nhanh cc bi ton trc nghim - Cao Th Thin An) Oxi ho chm m gam Fe ngoi khng kh gam hn hp A gm FeO , Fe 2O3 , Fe3O4 v Fe d . Ho tan A bng lng va 200 ml dd HNO 3 thu c 2,24 lt NO ( ktc) . Tnh m v CM dd HNO3. p s: m = 10,08 (gam) C M ( HNO ) = 2M Bi 9: Cho m gam kim loi A tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO 3 long thu c 0,672 lt NO ( ktc) , c cn dd sau phn ng thu c 12,12 gam tinh th A(NO 3)3.9H2O . Kim loi A l p s: Kim loi : Fe
3

Bi 10: Ho tan hon ton 17,4 gam hh 3 kim loi Al , Fe , Mg trong dd HCl thy thot ra 13,44 lt kh ktc . Nu cho 34,8 gam hh 3 kim loi trn tc dng vi dd CuSO 4 d , lc ton b cht rn to ra ri ho tan ht vo dd HNO 3 c nng th th tch kh thu c ktc l : p s: V = 53,76 (lt) Bi 11: ( thi HSG lp 9 - tnh H Nam nm 2009-2010) Cho 13,9 gam hn hp gm Al v Fe trn theo t l s mol l 1: 2 vo 200 ml dung dch A cha Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3. Sau phn ng hon ton thu c 37,2 gam cht rn B gm 3 kim loi. Cho ton b cht rn B vo dung dch HCl d, thu c 1,12 lt kh( ktc). Tnh nng mol ca mi cht trong dung dch A. p s: C Cu ( NO3) = C AgNO = 1M Bi 12: ( thi tuyn sinh lp 10 THPT chuyn tnh Ninh Bnh nm hc 2010-2011) Ho tan a gam mt oxit st bng dung dch H2SO4 c nng ch thu c Fe2(SO4)3, SO2 v H2O. Mt khc kh hon ton a gam oxit st trn bng CO d nhit cao ri ho tan hon ton lng st to ra bng dung dch H2SO4 c nng thu c Fe2(SO4)3, H2O v kh SO2 nhiu gp 9 ln hm lng kh SO2 th nghim trn. Tm cng thc ca oxit st. - 12 Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron
2 3

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T SINH HO

p s: Fe3O4 Bi 13: Ha tan 5,6 gam Fe bng dung dch H2SO4 long (d), thu c dung dch X. Dung dch X phn ng va vi V (ml) dung dch KMnO4 0,5M. Gi tr ca V l: p s: V = 40 ml Bi 14: Cho dng kh H2 i qua ng s ng 15,075 gam hn hp Fe, Al v CuO nung nng. Ly cht rn thu c cho tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c 6,72 lt kh(ktc), ri ho tan tip cht rn cn li bng dung dch HNO 3 c, d thu c 2,24 lt kh(ktc). Tnh % theo khi lng cu mi cht trong hn hp u. p s: % CuO = 53,07%; %Al = 30,62%; %Fe = 16,31% Bi 15: Khi cho 9,6 g Mg tc dng ht vi ddH2SO4 m c, thy c 49 g H2SO4 tham gia phn ng, to mui MgSO4 , H2O v sn phm kh A. Xc nh A? p s: A l H2S Bi 16: Trn 60g bt Fe vi 30g bt lu hunh ri un nng (khng c khng kh) thu c cht rn A. Ho tan A bng dd axit HCl d c dd B v kh C. t chy C cn V lt O2 (ktc). Tnh V, bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. S : VO = 22,4.1,47 = 32,928 lit Bi 17: Cho hn hp bt kim loi A gm 0,02 mol Fe, 0,04 mol Al, 0,03 mol Cu v 0,015 mol Zn ha tan ht vo dung dch HNO3 thu c V lit hn hp kh gm NO v N2O c t khi so vi Hidro l 16,75.Tnh V ( ktc). p s: V = 0,896 (lt) Bi 18: Hn hp A gm 0,05 mol Mg, 0,02 mol Al v 0,04 mol Fe tc dng ht vi dd HNO3 thu c V lit hn hp kh gm N2 v N2O c t khi so vi Hidro bng 20. Tnh V ( o ktc ). p s: V = 1,792 (lt) Bi 19: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp Cu, Mg, Al tc dng vi HNO3 d c 1,12 lt hn hp X (ktc) gm NO v NO2 c t khi so H2 bng 21,4. Hy tnh tng khi lng mui nitrat to thnh.
2

p s: mmui = 5,69 gam Bi 20: Ho tan hon ton 4,431 gam hn hp Al, Mg bng dd HNO3 long thu c dung dch A v 1,568 lt (ktc) hn hp 2 kh khng mu c khi lng 2,59 gam, trong c mt kh b ho nu trong khng kh. - 13 Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron

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1. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp. 2. Tnh s mol HNO3 phn ng. 3. Khi c cn dung dch A th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan. p s: 1. %Al = 12,798% v % Mg = 87,204% 2. Bi 21: t chy 5,6 gam bt Fe trong bnh ng O2 thu c 7,36 gam hn hp A gm Fe2O3, Fe3O4 v Fe. Ho tan hon ton lng hn hp A bng dung dch HNO3 thu c V lt hn hp kh B gm NO v NO2 c t khi so H2 bng 19. 1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. 2. Tnh V (ktc). p s: V = 0,896 (lt) Bi 22: Ho tan hon ton 19,2 gam Cu bng dung dch HNO3, ton b lng kh NO thu c em oxi ho thnh NO2 ri chuyn ht thnh HNO3. Tnh th tch kh oxi (ktc) tham gia vo qu trnh trn. p s: V = 8,96 (lt) Bi 23: Cho m1 gam hn hp gm Mg, Al vo m2 gam dung dch HNO3 24%, sau khi cc kim loi tan ht c 8,96 lt hn hp kh X gm NO, N2O v N2 bay ra (ktc) v c dung dch A. Thm mt lng oxi va vo X, sau phn ng thu c hn hp kh Y. Dn Y t t qua dung dch NaOH d c 4,48 lt hn hp kh Z i ra (ktc), t khi hi ca Z so vi H2 bng 20. Nu cho dung dch NaOH vo A c lng kt ta ln nht th thu c 62,2 gam kt ta. Tnh m1, m2. Bit lng HNO3 ly d 20% so vi lng cn thit phn ng. p s: m1 = 23,1 gam; m2 = 913,5 gam Bi 24: Ho tan a gam hn hp X gm Mg, Al vo dung dch HNO3 c ngui, d th thy thu c 0,336 lt NO2 00C, 2atm. Cng a gam hn hp trn khi cho vo dung dch HNO3 long, d th thu c 0,168 lt kh NO 00C, 4atm. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u? p s: mAl = 0,54 gam MMg = 0,36 gam - 14 Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron

n HNO

= 0, 49mol
3

3. mmui = 28,301 gam

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Bi 25: Th tch dung dch FeSO4 0,5M cn thit d phnn ng va vi 100 ml dung dch cha KMnO4 0,2M v K2Cr2O7 0,1M trong mI trng axit l bao nhiu? Bi 26 Hoa tan 2,4 g hn hp Cu va Fe co ty l s mol 1:1 vao dung dich H 2SO4 c, nong. Kt thuc phan ng thu c 0,05 mol mt san phm kh duy nht co cha lu huynh. Xac inh san phm o p s: SO2 Bi 27: Trn 2,7 gam Al vao 20 g hh Fe2O3 va Fe3O4 ri tin hanh phan ng nhit nhm c hn hp A. Hoa tan A trong HNO 3 thy thoat ra 0,36 mol NO2 la san phm kh duy nht. X khi lng cua Fe2O3 va Fe3O4 p s: V = 0,32 lt

m Fe O p s : m Fe O
2 3

= 6, 08( gam)
3

= 13,92( gam)
4

Bi 28:
C 3,04 gam hn hp Fe v Cu ho tan ht trong dung dch HNO 3 to thnh 0,08 mol hn hp NO v NO2 c t khi hi so vi H2 l 21. c nh % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u? p s: %Fe = 36,84%;

%Cu = 63,16% Bi 29:

t nng mt hn hp bt gm Al v Fe3O4 trong mi trng khng c khng kh. Nhng cht cn li sau phn ng nu cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, s thu c 6,72 lt kh hiro (o ktc). Nu cho tc dng vi dung dch HCl d, s thu c 26,88 lt kh hiro (o ktc). a. Gii thch cc th nghim, vit cc phng trnh phn ng. b. Tnh thnh phn phn trm ca tng cht trong hn hp ban u.

p s: %Al = 27,95%; %Fe3O4 = 72,05% Bi 30:

Ho tan hon ton mt lng oxit FeXOy bng H2SO4 c nng, thu c 2,24 lt SO2 ( ktc), phn d d cha 120 gam mt loi mui st duy nht. 1) Xc nh cng thc ca oxit st trn. 2) Trn 10,8 gam bt Al vi 34,8 gam bt FeXOy trn ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm. Gi s ch xy ra phn ng kh Fe XOy thnh Fe. Ho tan hon ton hn hp cht rn sau phn ng bng dung dch H 2SO4 20% (d = 1,14 g/ml) th thu c 10,752 lt H2 ( ktc). a) Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng nhit nhm. b) Tnh th tch ti thiu dung dch H2SO4 20% dng.

p s:

1. Fe3O4

- 15 Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron

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2. a. H% = 80% b. V H SO = 464, 21(ml )

2 4

Phn III: KT LUN

Chuyn Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron gip hc sinh ch ng lnh hi kin thc hn, hc sinh c s vn dng linh hot vi cc kiu, cc dng bi tp hn. Trong thc t ging dy i tuyn HSG ni chung v i tuyn HSG ho 9 ni ring cn nhiu kh khn. Xong chng ti vn c gng u t ht mc vi mong mun c mt kt qu ngy cng cao hn. Trn y l mt s suy ngh ca chng ti v Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron trong vn bi dng HSG Ho 9. Chuyn s khng trnh khi nhng thiu st mong c s tham gp ca cc bn ng nghip chuyn t kt qu cao hn. Ti xin chn thnh cm n! Yn Lc, ngy 14 thng 10 nm 2010 Ngi vit chuyn

Phm Vn Phng

- 16 Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron

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Phn IV: Ph lc Cc ti liu tham kho

<1> Phng php gii ton ho hc v c <2> Bi dng ho hc THCS <3> Tuyn tp 351 bi ton ho hc <4> Hng dn gii nhanh BT ho hc v c <5> Phng php gii ton ho v c <6> n luyn thi ho hc <7> Ton- Ho- Sinh Nguyn Thanh Khuyn Nguyn Tun Hng V Tng Huy Xun Hng Nguyn Phc Ho Tn o Hu Vinh Nguyn Thi Ho L nh Nguyn Nguyn Vn Sang <8> 350 BT ho hc chn lc 12 <9> Tp san bo Ho hc ng dng <10> Ho hc s cp cc bi chn lc <11>Hng dn gii nhanh BT ho hc v c <12> Phng php gii ton ho v c <13> Cc thi HSG cp huyn, cp tnh Ng Ngc An o Hu Vinh o Hu Vinh

Cao Thi Thin An Quan Hn Thnh

- 17 Chuyn : Bi ton p dng nh lut bo ton electron