Materials & Construction I

STONES

Stone
All the Engineering Structures are some materials. made from

These materials are know as Engineering materials; Building materials or Materials of Construction . No material, existing in the universe is useless. Every material has its own field of application

Stone
An engineer has to be conversant with the properties of most of them . Stone, bricks, timber, steel, lime, cement, and metals are some commonly used materials. In order to carry out safe constructions , some standards for the materials to be used are fixed

stone :
Rock and stone

Rock is the term used to name a solid portion of the earth's crust. It has no definite shape and chemical composition . It is generally very big in site . The rocks have one or more than one minerals .

stone :
Rock and stone

stone :
Rock and stone

Stone : The stone is always obtained from rock, The rock quarried from quarries is called stone . Quarried stone may be in form of stone blocks, Stone aggregate , stone slabs, stone lintels , Stone flags ,etc .

stone :
Rock and stone

STONES:
The stones which are suitable for the construction of the structures such as retaining walls, abutments, dams, barrages, roads etc are known as building stones. Building stones should possess enough strength and durability. Stones have been considered as one of the popular building material from the olden days due to their availability in abundance from the natural rocks.

THE GEOLOGICAL CYCLE : ROCK FORMATION

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

IGNEOUS ROCKS

TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

EXAMPLES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

OTHER EXAMPLES OF PLUTONIC ROCKS

EXAMPLES OF VOLCANIC ROCKS

OTHER EXAMPLES OF VOLCANIC ROCKS

EXAMPLE OF HYPABASSAL ROCKS

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition of products of weathering on the pre-existing rocks. All the products of weathering are carried away from their place of origin by the agents like: frost, rain, wind, flowing water, etc..,

TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Sedimentary rocks is classified into four types based on the type of deposit occurs:

RESIDUAL DEPOSIT
CHEMICAL DEPOSIT

ORGANIC DEPOSIT
SEDIMENTARY DEPOSIT

RESIDUAL DEPOSITS

Some portion of the products of weathering remains at the site of origin

CHEMICAL DEPOSITS

Some materials that is carried away in solution may be deposited by some physio-chemical processes such as evaporation, precipitation, etc..,

ORGANIC DEPOSITS

Some portion of the product of weathering gets deposited through the agency of organisms.

SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS

The insoluble products of weathering are carried away in suspension and when such products are deposited they give rise to the Sedimentary deposits

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

These rocks are formed by the change in character of the preexisting rocks. The igneous & sedimentary rocks are changed in character when they are subject to great heat and pressure. The process of change is known as the metamorphism.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Following four types of metamorphism occur with various combination of heat, uniform pressure and directed pressure

THERMAL METAMORPHISM
CATACLASTIC METAMORPHISM

DYNAMO-THERMAL METAMORPHISM
PLUTONIC METAMORPHISM

PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION

EXAMPLES

CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION

USES OF STONES

It is used in foundations of buildings It is used in construction of dams, etc In its crushed (powdered form) it is used as artificial sand It is used as raw material for manufacturing of cement In its broken form it is used as material for construction of road and railway tracks It is used as decorative material in buildings It is also used as parts of buildings such as lintels and arches, etc It is also used as thin slabs for building roofing It is also used for ornamental works in buildings In its broken form it is used in the manufacture of concrete

Stone
Natural bed of stone
The plane along which stones can be easily split is known as natural bed of stone In stone masonry work , the stone should be used in such away that the direction of applied load is perpendicular to the natural bed of the stone .

Walls

Cornice

Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

Arch

Stone
-In the case of the walls the position of the stone blocks should be same in which they were originally deposited . This position gives maximum strength to the stone work in

the walls .
-In the case of arches , the bedding plane should be radial and at right angles to the face of the arch . -In the case of cornices the bed should be vertical .