1.

Vt liu mng: c s la chn vt liu mng

2. Nguyn tc chung phn tch cc cht qua mng. VD vi
mng bn thm
3. C ch chuyn khi qua mng
4. Hin tng thm thu, cn bng thm thu, v thm thu
ngc.
5. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh phn tch qua mng
NF/ RO
6. Cc PT c bn trong thm thu ngc Bi tp
(dng nc, dng mui, hiu sut kh mui, hiu sut thu hi)
7. L thuyt nhit ng v cn bng thm thu -- Bi tp
8. M hnh bn thc nghim
9. Thm thu ngc:
+ L thuyt ho tan - Khuch tn
+ Thuyt mao qun
10. Cc thng s cn thit thit k 1 modun mng trong XL
nc cp
11. Cc thng s thit k mng MBR (Vit cc thng s v
biu thc)
12. Fouling (tc nghn qua mng): Hin tng, nguyn nhn,
cch khc phc
13. Lm sch mng: cc ho cht b sung cho CN lm sch
mng
14. Tiu chun nc vo mng
15. Cc ho cht lm sch mng
16. chn lc v nng sut ring
17. ng lc ca qu trnh mng


Cu1. Vt liu mng, c s la chn vt liu mng
1.1. VT LIU MNG
Mng lc l mt lp mng vt liu mng c kh nng phn tch
vt cht theo c tnh vt l v ha hc ca chng khi chu mt p
lc nht nh.
Cc vt liu c s dng lm mng: vt liu hu c
(Cellulose, Polyacrylic, Nylon66) v vt liu v c (oxit nhm,
cacbua silic, oxit titan)

Yu cu i vi vt liu mng: C b mt ring ln; Lm vic
trong nhng iu kin nht nh ca hn hp kh (nhit ,
m,...); Qu trnh ti sinh phi d dng; Tr lc tng i nh;
Bn v mt c hc, ha hc; Kh nng tch cao ( chn lc cao);
Nng sut ring cao ( thm); Bn ha hc i vi tc dng ca
mi trng; Bn c hc bo ton hn hp khi vn chuyn, lp
t v bo qun
1.2. PHN LOI MNG THEO VT LIU MNG
- Theo bn vng c hc ca vt liu mng:
Mng bt kn (mng polyme): l mng polme di tc dng
ca p sut hay cc yu t khc vn bt kn. Mng c c trng
bi tnh n hi n gin ha s bt kn ca n trong thit b.
Mng c lm t cc nguyn liu a dung mi v c nng sut
ring cao. Mng c cu trc ng hng hoc d hng.
Mng c cu trc rn: bao gm cc mng kim loi, mng
gm, mng bi, mng thy tinh xp v cc loi vt liu khc
Mng xp: Mng ny c ng dng rng ri vi thm thu
ngc, lc vi lng, siu lc. Mng ny tch cc cht tan trong
nc. Mng ny c cu trc ng hng hoc d hng
Mng khng xp (mng khuch tn): Mng ny tch cc
hn hp kh, lng bng phng php bay hi qua mng hoc thm
tch. Mng ny l th gi ng nht ca dung mi v cht tan i
qua mang di tc dng ca gradient nng
- Theo kch thc vt liu mng c 4 loi: MF, UF, NF v
RO.
Loi
mng
Mng vi lc
(MF)
Mng siu vi
lc (UF)
Mng nano
(NF)
Mng thm
thu ngc
(RO)
Loi
mng
Xp, i
xng
Xp, i xng
Bt i xng,
t hp
composite

dy
mng
10-150 m ~ 150 m
Lp 150
m, lp da
mng 1m

Kch
thc l
mng
0,05-10 m 0,002-0,05 m 0,001-0,002m < 0,001m
p sut
ng lc
0,1-2 bar 1-10 bar 5-20 bar 10-100 bar
Tc
lc
>0,5
m
3
/m
2
.ngy.
bar
>0,1-0,5
m
3
/m
2
.ngy.bar
>0,05
m
3
/m
2
.ngy.bar

C ch
hot
ng
Ry (sng)
lc
Ry lc
Ha tan,
khuch tn
Sng lc
Vt liu
mng
Gm, s,
si, polyme
Gm, s, si,
polyme
Polyme
Composite,
g, cc
polyme
Thit k
mng
ng, si
rng
ng, si rng,
bn v khung
ng, bn v
khung
ng, bn v
khung
Cc cht
b gi li
Tn thuc
l, nha cy,
cc khong
Protein, tinh
bt silic ct,
thuc nhum,
Tinh bt,
ng, thuc
tr su, thuc
Acid,
ng,
mui, cc
cht, st,
mt s loi
vi khun, vi
rt
cht bo v cc
cht thi rn
dit c, BOD,
COD
amino acid,
BOD, COD,
cc VSV
trong nc

Cu 2. Nguyn tc chung phn tch cc cht qua mng. VD
vi mng bn thm
2.1. Nguyn tc phn tch cc cht qua mng
ng lc qu trnh phn tch da vo:
+ Gradien p sut qu trnh mng kh p (nh qu trnh thm
thu ngc, siu lc v lc vi lng)
+ Gradien nng - qu trnh mng khuch tn (qu trnh thm
tch, bay hi qua mng v tch kh qua mng)
+ Gradien nhit - qu trnh mng nhit (qu trnh chng ct
bng nhit)
+ Gradien th in tch qu trnh mng thm tch (qu trnh in
thm tch, in thm thu)
2.2.V d vi mng bn thm (ch cho dung mi i qua, khng
cho cht tan i qua)






Trong : Jo, J1, J2: lu lng dng vo, dng c v dng thm
(m
3
/m
2
.h)
Co, C1, C2: nng cht tan trong dng vo, dng c
v dng thm
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht:
(Jo x Co) = (J1 x C1) + (J2 x C2) (1)
Jo = J1 + J2 (2)
H s thu hi:
o
J
J
R
2
=
(3)
T (1), (2) v (3), tnh c:
R
C R C
C
o

=
1
.
2
1

chn lc ca qu trnh tch c xc nh nh sau:
% 100
2

=
o
o
C
C C

Trong : Co, C2: nng cht tan trong dng vo, dng thm.
Nng sut ring ( thm ca mng) c tnh:
t . F
V
G =

Trong : V: th tch dng vo (lt hoc kg); F: b mt lm vic
ca mng (m
2
)
: thi gian lc (giy hoc gi hoc ngy)
Lng cht tan qua mng: M = k.F.cp.
Trong : cp: ng lc ca qu trnh mng; F: b mt lm vic
ca mng
: thi gian ca qu trnh; k: h s chuyn khi khi
dch chuyn cht qua mng, c tnh nh sau:
2 1
1 1
1
|
o
|
+ +
=
m
k

Trong : 1: h s cp khi t dung dch tch ti b mt mng;
2: h s cp khi t b mt mng vo dng thm
: chiu dy lp mng;
m: h s dn cht qua mng
Ghi ch:
1) H s chuyn khi k c th c biu din qua tr lc chung R
R
k
1
=
vi R = r1 + rm + r2 =
2 1
1 1
|
o
|
+ +
m

1
1
|
: tr lc t dung dch cn tch ti b mt mng
m

o : tr lc i vi s vn chuyn cht qua mng

2
1
|
: tr lc t b mt mng ti dng thm
2) Cc thnh phn tr lc ph thuc vo dng ca qu trnh mng
v iu kin thc hin qu trnh

Cu 3. C ch chuyn khi qua mng
C 2 c ch c bn:
3.1. C ch mao qun (c ch ry phn t) (PF)
C ch: cc cht c kch thc ln hn kch thc l ca mao qun b
gi li trn b mt mng.







Vi c ch mao qun, c s ca s khuch tn dng i lu th p
sut ng lc y tnh theo nh lut Darcy:
dx
dP
C k J
i i
'
=
(2)
Trong :
dx
dP : gradient p sut trong mi trng xp
Ci: nng ca cu t th i trong nc vo; k: h s c trng
cho bn cht ca mi trng
Nhn xt:
Khi dng c c t ti nng no s xy ra qu trnh phn cc
trn b mt mng, dn n cn ra mng trnh hin tng phn cc.
M hnh PF kh gn vi cc m hnh vt l.

3.2. C ch ha tan khuch tn (SD)
Cht thm thu ha tan trong vt liu mng v sau khuch tn qua
mng. S phn tch ph thuc tnh tan ca cht cn phn tch trong
nc v linh ng ca cc phn t trong nc.
Khuch tn dng vo tun theo nh lut Fick
dx
dC
D J
i
i i
=
(1)
Trong : J
i
: dng khuch tn ca cu t th i
Di: h s khuch tn
Nhn xt
1) Mi s chuyn ng d theo c ch mao qun hay ha tan khuch
tn u tun theo mt ng lc nht nh (P, C, T, E)
2) Cng dng ca cu t th i c biu th theo
dx
d
L J
i
i i

=
(3)
Trong :
dx
d
i
: gradient th nng ha hc ca cu t th i
Li: h s t l gia ng lc th nng ha hc mng vi cng
dng
Trong iu kin ng nhit, ng lc ca qu trnh ch gii hn vi
gradient nng v gradient p sut, do th nng ha hc c
vit di dng:: di = R.T.d[ln(i.ni)] + Vi.dP (4)
Trong : ni: phn mol ca cu t th i
i: h s hot ng ca phn mol thnh phn th i
P: p sut
Vi: th tch mol ca thnh phn hay cu t th i
3) i vi pha khng nn c (cht lng/nc/nc thi) th tch
khng i vi p sut, tch phn biu thc (4) c:
i = i
o
+ R.T [ln(i.ni)] + Vi (P Pi
o
) (5)
4) Vi cc pha c kh nng nn c, do th tch thay i
theo p sut, ly tch phn biu thc (4) cn p dng nh lut kh l
tng: i = i
o
+ R.T [ln(i.ni)] + R.T ln (
i
o
P
P
) (6)
gi tr i
o
ca 2 phng trnh trn ng nht, khi p sut
tham chiu Pi
o
c nh ngha l p sut hi bo ha ca cu t
th i, do vy gi tr Pi
o
cn c gi l Pi
bo ha
.
M hnh cc cht ha tan, c bit l cc kh.

CU 4. Hin tng thm thu, cn bng thm thu v thm
thu ngc
4.1. Hin tng thm thu:
Thm thu l hin tng dung dch xuyn qua mng phn
chia t dung dch c nng thp hn sang dung dch c nng
cao hn. Nhng dung dch xuyn qua mng c xu hng lm gim
nng ca dung dch c nng cao hn. S di chuyn ny c
th quan st bng s tng gim th tch ca dung dch. Xu hng
ca hin tng ny l cn bng nng .
4.2. Cn bng thm thu
Gi CA l nng ca dung dch A; CB l nng ca dung
dch B. Khi CA < CB th dng dung mi t dung dch A thm qua
mng bn thm chuyn vo dung dch B lm cho p sut thy tnh
ca dung dch B tng ln n mt cao t no th qu trnh
t cn bng. Tc l tc chuyn dung mi trong dung dch A
vo dung dch B bng tc chuyn dung mi trong dd B vo dd
A v khi nng trong hai dung dch l bng nhau. p sut
tng ng vi qu trnh cn bng thm thu ny gi l p sut
thm thu
t
.
4.3. Thm thu ngc:
- Khi nim: Thm thu ngc l qu trnh ngc li vi qu
trnh thm thu, ngha l dung dch c nng cao s di chuyn
qua mng sang dung dch c nng thp hn.
- Nguyn l hot ng: Thm thu ngc hot ng trn c
ch chuyn ng ca cc phn t trong dung dch c nng cao
hn nh p lc nn ca my bm cao p to ra mt dng chy
mnh y cc thnh phn ha hc, cc kim loi, tp cht c trong
dung dch ny chuyn ng mnh, vng ra vng c p lc thp l
dung dch c nng thp hn hay tri theo dng nc ra ngoi
theo ng thi.
Gi CA l nng ca dung dch A; CB l nng ca dung
dch B. Khi CA < CB th dng dung mi t dung dch A thm qua
mng bn thm chuyn vo dung dch B lm cho p sut thy tnh
ca dung dch B tng ln n mt cao t no th qu trnh
t cn bng. Tc l tc chuyn dung mi trong dung dch A
vo dung dch B bng tc chuyn dung mi trong dd B vo dd
A v khi nng trong hai dung dch l bng nhau. p sut
tng ng vi qu trnh cn bng thm thu ny gi l p sut
thm thu t . Nu tip tc tng p sut trn dd B th dng chy
s c xu hng chuyn ng ngc tc l dung mi trong dd B s
qua mng vo dd long hn lm cho CA > CB. Khi p sut tng
cng ln th vn tc dng chy ngc cng ln, nh vy dd A cng
m c hn.

Cu 5: Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh phn tch cc cht
qua mng nano (NF).
- Cu trc dung dch cht tan: Dung dch l hn hp ng th
t nht l 2 cu t v c thnh phn thay i. V dung dch gm
nhiu cu t nn c trng ch yu ca dung dch l nng . S
phn b cht tan, s lin kt gia cc phn t dung mi v phn t
cht tan to thnh mt h ng nht s quyt nh tnh cht c
trng ca dung dch. Tt c cc tnh cht trn ca dung dch u
ph thuc vo cu trc dung dch, nng dung dch m t ph
thuc vo bn cht dugn dch.
i vi mng NF th bn cht dung dch rt quan trng, v vi
cc cht khc nhau th c ch tch khc nhau. i vi nhng phn
t cht tan khng tch in th c ch tch hon ton ging vi qu
Jo, Co (dng vo)
J2, C2 (dng
thm)

J1, C1 (dng c)

Mng bn thm
dng vo
dng thm

dng c

Mng bn thm
trnh RO, cn nhng phn t cht tan tch in ta c c ch loi tr
Donnan v c ch loi tr dung mi.
Ngoi ra, qu trnh tch qua mng NF cn ph thuc vo bn
cht cht in ly dung dch. Mng NF c tnh cht tch tt cc
ion ha tr cao c bit l ion ho tr II, hiu sut tch ion ha tr I
thp hn v mng NF ngn cn cc ion ha tr II i qua mng tt
hn cc ion ha tr I. Theo cc nh KH th iu ny l do qu trnh
tch cc ion ha tr I ph thuc vo pH cn ion ha tr II th khng.
- la chn ca cc ion: la chn ca mng NF ph
thuc vo thnh phn dung dch u vo. la chn tng khi
tng p sut tc tng dng i lu, dng nc trong i qua nhanh
hn. Dung dch cng long th chn lc cng tng.
Kh nng hydrat ha khc nhau ca cc ion c nh hng n
tnh la chn v thm thu ca mng. la chn tng khi kh
nng hydrat ha ca ion tng (tng ng vi bn knh ion gim) v
ngc li kh nng hydrat tng th thm thu gim. Kh nng
hydrat ho ca ion c sp xp nh sau:
Ha tr I: Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Rb+ >Cs+; Cl- > Br- >
NO3- > CNS-
Ha tr II: Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Cr2+ > Ba2+
Ha tr I v II: Sr2+ > Ba2+ > Li2+ > Na+ > K+; SO4
2-
> Cl-
> Br- > NO3
-
> I-
- p sut lm vic: L mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nh
hng n qu trnh thm thu ngc. Mun qu trnh thm thu
ngc xy ra th phi to ra p sut ln hn p sut thm thu
to ra ng lc qu trnh. p sut cng tng th ng lc qu trnh
(P - ) cng ln, thm thu v chn lc cng tng. Tuy
nhin mc tng ca cc thng s ny trong tng vng p sut
khng ging nhau.
Lc u khi p sut tng th c thm thu v chn lc
cng tng. Nu tip tc tng p sut th thm thu t ti gi tr
cc i ri gim xung dn la chn hu nh khng thay i.
V lc u khi p sut tng s lm tng ng lc ca qu trnh,
ng thi mng b bin dng dn n ng knh mao qun thu
hp li cho nn la chn s tng v chn lc cng tng. Nu
tip tc tng p sut th nhng ng mao qun s b khit dn li, b
mt lm vic ca mng gim dn, gim nhanh hn s tng ng
lc ca qu trnh. V vy, lng nc qua mng gim i.
Khng phi lm vic p sut cng cao l cng tt v khng
nhng thm thu gim, la chn khng tng c bao nhiu
m cn do mng b nn qu ln dn ti mng b bin dng qu gii
hn n hi, lm ph hy mng. Thng thng, vi mi loi mng
th cc nh SX u a ra cc thng s lm vic ca mng.
- Nng dung dch: Khi nng thay i khng ch ng
lc ca qu trnh thm thu ngc thay i (do p sut thm thu
ph thuc vo nng ) m cu trc dung dch cng thay i.
Vi dung dch long nh hng ca nng n chn v
thm thu ca mng l khng ng k v trong dung dch lun
tn ti cc phn t nc t do to thnh mt lp mng nc
nguyn cht trn b mt mng. Nhng khi nng dung dch tng
dn th s phn t nc t do trong dung dch gim i, chng
chuyn dn vo lp v hydrat ha th nht v th hai. Khi lc
tng tc gi cc ion cht tan v dung mi rt ln, mi lin kt ny
rt bn vng do b mt mng khng to thnh lp nc nguyn
cht c v xy ra hin tng bt kn cc mao qun, do
chn lc v thm thu ca mng gim i rt nhanh.
- Vt liu Mng NF: Trong qu trnh phn tch bng mng
NF, mng bn thm c nh hng rt ln n cht lng qu
trnh.Cc mng c chn lc v thm thu rt khc nhau, cc
mao qun c ng knh khc nhau, cc khuyt tt ca mao qun
trn tng vng ca mng cng khc nhau nn ng knh ca mao
qun ch tnh theo ng knh trung bnh. Ngoi ra, NF l mng
tch in b mt, v th khi tch cc phn t tch in nh dung
dch mui, nu tch in tri du th to ra lp in tch kp. NF u
tin k/tn ion cng du qua b mt mng.
- Hin tng phn cc nng :Trong qu trnh k/tn qua
mng, s tch t cht tan trn b mt mng s lm cho vn tc
k/tn qua mng chm hn vn tc chuyn cht tan t nhn pha n
b mt mng. T gy ra s chnh lch nng gia nhn pha
v b mt mng. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng phn cc nng
.
Hin tng ny s: Lm tng dng cht tan i qua mng, lm
gim chn lc ca mng; Lm gim ng lc ca qu trnh do
lm gia tng p sut thm thu; Gim b mt lm vic ca mng,
lm gim dng dung mi.
- nh hng ca hin tng ng cn v ko mng trn b
mt mng: i vi qu trnh kh mn th ngoi cc yu t trn
cn xt n nh hng ca hin tng ng cn, ko mng ha
hc, ko mng sinh hc trn b mt mng. Hin tng ny nu
khng c kim sot s lm tng p sut dng vo ln rt ln,
ng thi lm gim hiu s thu hi. Nu lu s lm tt mng v
ph hng b mt mng.

Cu 6: Cc PT c bn trong thm thu ngc:
- Dng sn phm:
J1 = K1(P-) ; K1 = Kw*A
J1: thng lng hay tc dng (m3/m2s); P: chnh p sut
trc v sau mng (atm)
: chnh lch p sut gia 2 bn mng : = 1,21*T*mi;
K1: h s chuyn khi ca nc sch (m3/m2s.atm)
Kw: h s thm nc ca mng; A: din tch mng
: chiu dy mng (x); Mi: nng phn mol ca cu t th i
Nhn xt: K1 do nh SX a ra v c xc nh t vic gii cc
PT iu kin chun. K1 ph thuc vo c tnh ca mng, nhit
, v nng cc cu t ha tan trong dung dch.
- Dng mui: (hay dng c c) cho bit hiu sut kh mui,
hm ca nhit v thnh phn mui.
J2: dng mui (kg/m2s) J2 = K2*C vi C = Cf Cp
Cf: nng mui ca dung dch vo (kg/m3).
Cp: nng mui trong sn phm (kg/m3)
K2: h s chuyn khi ca mui (m/s)
Nhn xt: nc khi khuch tn qua mng, nng mui cn li
trong dung dch tng. Khi xy ra hin tng tch t mui trn
b mt mng (b mt mng pha chu p), dn n hin tng phn
cc nng .
- Hiu sut thu hi: Gi R l hiu sut thu hi R = QpQf*
100%
Qp: lu lng dng sn phm (m3/ngy); Qf: lu lng nc vo
(m3/ngy
Nhn xt: R ph thuc vo nng mui ha tan trong nc vo.
- Hiu sut kh mui: Cho bit kh nng kh mui ca mng,
c xc nh nh sau:
SR = (1 - CpCf)*100% hay SR = (1 - TDSpTDSf) *100%
SR: hiu sut kh mui; Cf: nng mui trong nc vo (kg/m3)
Cp: nng mui trong nc sn phm (kg/m3);
TDSf: tng cht rn ha tan trong nc vo (mg/l)
TDSp: tng cht rn ha tan trong nc sn phm (mg/l)
Nhn xt: lng mui khuch tn qua mng ph thuc vo:nhit
; nng cc mui ha tan trong nc vo; bn cht loi mng;
p sut tc ng ln mng
Cu: thm thu ngc: thuyt ha tan k/tn v thuyt mao
qun:
- Thuyt mao qun: Thuyt ny cho rng: b mt mng gm
nhiu mao qun c kch thc l nh ch cho cc phn t
dung mi i qua, m gi li cc phn t cha tan. xp ca
mng v cu trc ca l mao qun s quyt nh tc ca dng
thm v chn lc ca mng.
Thuyt ny da theo c ch ry phn t. Ph hp vi cc
phn t c kch thc ln v ln so vi ng knh mao qun.
- Thuyt ha tan k/tn: Thuyt ny cho rng: di tc dng
ca p sut cao dung mi v cht tan u k/tn qua mng. Mng
lc ny c coi l mt h ng nht. Cc phn t sau khi ha tan
vo mng ri k/tn phn t.
- Tnh tan hay linh ng ca phn t:: y dng dung
mi v dng cht tan c tc k/tn khc xa nhau v chng t l
vi gradien th ha hc trn mng.
- chn lc v tc ca qu trnh c quyt nh bi
ha tan v h s k/tn ca cc cu t trong dung dch.
Nhn xt: Thuyt ny khng ph hp vi thc t v ti mt p sut
v nhit nht nh th vn tc k/tn ca cc cu t qua mng t
l vi ng lc l hiu th ha, mt i lng kh nh, trong khi
tc ca qu trnh phn tch li ln hn rt nhiu.
Cu 7: L thuyt nhit ng v cn bng thm thu:
- Quan h p sut thm thu v nng dung dch:
- p sut thm thu c th c tnh theo cng thc: = -
RTV1lnXi
Xi: nng ca cc cu t trong dung dch (mol)
T: nhit tuyt i ( K); V1: th tch ring phn ca dung mi
(mol/cm3)
- Vi dung dch thc: = - RTV1 lnai vi ai: hot ca dung
dch
- Vi dung dch long: = C2RT = m2M2V2RT
M2: KL cht tan (g); V2: th tch ca dung dch (lt)
M2: phn t lng ca cht tan (mol/l); C2: nng ca cht tan
(mol/l)
- Quan h gia p sut thm thu v h im kt tinh c
biu th bng cng thc:
= Th01 V1 TsTs*
V1: th tch ca dung dch; = Ts* - Ts : h im kt tinh.
Ts*: nhit kt tinh ca dung mi nguyn cht
Ts: nhit kt tinh ca dung dch kho st
h01: nhit bay hi ca dung mi
Nhn xt: p sut thm thu ph thuc vo: Nng ca cht tan;
Nhit lm vic; Bn cht ca cht tan.
Ghi ch: vi qu trnh thm thu ngc, ng lc ca qu trnh
c xc nh nh sau:
P = P -
P: p sut tc ng ln dung dch; : p sut thm thu
Tuy nhin trong thc t mng khng gi li ton b cc cht, do
vy ng lc ca qu trnh c xc nh theo CT: P = P (
) vi : p sut TT ca dung dch chuyn qua mng

Cu 8: Cc m hnh bn thc nghim
Cc MH da trn MH c hc thng k do Mason v Lansdale pht
trin (1990)
- MH c hc thng k cho tch mui nh sau:
SR = (C1.
A M
p
1 + C2)
-1

- Dng thm :
A
M
p = (D1.Cw +D2) (P - )
- Nng ti thnh ca mng: Cw = Cb + (Cb-
Cd)(exp(
K A M
p
.
) 1)
Trong : C1, C2, D1, D2: Tng ng l cc hng s
SR: h s tch mui
Mp: lng dng thm, m3/s
A: din tch b mt mng, m2
Cw: nng mui ti thnh ca mng, kg/m3
Cb: nng mui trong phn cp cho mng, kg/m3
Cd: nng mui trong dng thm, kg/m3
K: h s chuyn khi, m/s
: h s
Nhn xt: MH mao qun m c kch thc nh. PT c dng sau:
+ Tch mui:
SR = 1 {A1 (1 A1). Exp (-A2.Mp/A.Dsw) 1}
+ Dng thm:
A
M
p
= (P - )/ (B1.Cd + B2.)
+ Nng ti thnh ca mng
Cw = Cb + (Cb-Cd ) [exp (Mp/A.K) -1]

Cu 9: Mt s PT c bn v cc bin ca h thng:
Trong h thng RO, c mt s bin bao gm:
- p sut thm thu
- Vn chuyn nc
- Vn chuyn mui
- H s tch mui
- Thu hi nc
- Phn cc nng
a. PTCB mui v lng dng thm
Ta c CT: Mf = Mp + Mb; XfMf = XpMp + XbMb
Mf: lng dng vo (kg/s); Mp: lng dng thm (kg/s)
Mb: lng dng thi (kg/s); Xf: lng mui ca dng
vo (kg/m3)
Xp: mui dng thm /dng sn phm (kg/m3); Xb:
mui dng thi (kg/m3)
b. PT cho qu trnh vn chuyn nc
PT sau xc nh lng nc i qua mng bn thm Mp =
(P - ) KwA
Vi: P = P- Pp; = - p
Pp v p: tng ng l p sut (thy lc) thm v sp sut thm
thu
P, : tng ng l p sut (thy lc) trung bnh v ASTT trung
bnh bn pha mng c nc cp vo
Ta c: P=0.5 Pf+ Pb; =0.5 f+ b
y: Pf v f: p sut thy lc v p sut thm thu trn b
mt mng (pha cp nc vo)
Pb v b : p sut thy lc v p sut thm thu ca dng
mui
c. PT vn chuyn mui:
Tc dng mui qua mng c biu th nh sau:
Ms=(X - Xp)KsA
Ms: lng dng mui i qua mng (kg/s); Ks: h s thm
mui ca mng (m3/m2s)
Xp: nng tng cc CR ha tan thm qua mng (kg/m3); A:
din tch b mt mng (m2);
X : c nh ngha nh sau: X=MfXf+ MbXbMf+Mb
Xf, Xb: tng ng l nng mui trong nc vo v nng
mui trong dng thi
Nhn xt:
- lng nc qua mng t l vi: (P - )
- lng mui qua mng t l vi (X- Xp)
- mui ca dng thm Xp ph thuc vo tc tng i
ca dng nc v dng mui qua mng thm thu.
Xp= Ms/Md
d. Cc m hnh bn thc nghim
Cc MH da trn MH c hc thng k do Mason v Lonsdale pht
trin (1990)
- MH c hc thng k cho tch mui nh sau: SR =
(C1x(
1
/ Mp A
) + C2)
-1

- Dng thm: Mp/A= (D1Cw+ D2)(P - 6)
- Nng ti thnh ca mng:Cw= Cb+ (Cb- Cd)(e
Mp/AK
1)
C1, C2, D1, D2: tng ng l cc hng s; SR: h s tch mui
Mp: lng dng thm (m3/s); A: din tch b m mng (m2)
Cw: nng mui ti thnh ca mng (kg/m3)
Cb: nng mui trong phn/khoang cp cho mng (kg/m3)
Cd: nng mui trong dng thm (kg/m3); K: h s chuyn khi
(m/s)
6: h s
Nhn xt: MH mao qun c kch thc nh, c PT dng sau:
+ Tch mui: SR=1- (A1 (1- A1).e
(-A
2
.M
p
/(A.D
SW
))
1)
+ Dng thm: Mp/A= (P - 6)/(B1Cd+ B2)
+ Nng ti thnh ca mng: Cw= Cb+ (Cb Cd) e
Mp/AK


-
1)
Cc bin trong trng hp ny tng t nh cc bin ca MH c
hc thng k, ngoi tr:
A1, A2, B1, B2: l cc h s ; : h s nht ng hc
DSW: h s khuch tn ca cht tan trong dung dch (m2/s)
Nhn xt: 2 dng MH u l dng phi tuyn v cn c gii bng
phng php lp c th xc nh c lng dng thm, h s
kh mui, v nng ti thnh mng.

10. Cc thng s cn thit thit k 1 modun mng trong XL
nc cp








CU 11: Cc thng s thit k mng MBR:
- Nng sinh khi: X = 8000 18000mg/l
- T l F/M : F/M < 0.12 (
- Th tch b (dng AO MBR): V=
- Din tch mng cn thit :
- Lu lng dng thm thc t:Jnet =
J: thng lng (dng thm).Chn mng Kobuta: J = 25 l/pht
tp : Chu k lm sch vt l ca mng. Chn tp = 0,167 gi = 10
Jp :dng ra ngc, chn Jp = 35 l/pht
Tp: thi gian cn thit lm sch vt l, Chn Tp = 1
tc : Chu k lm sch ha hc( Chn tc =168h)
Tc: thi gian cn thit lm sch ha hc , Chn Tc = 2h
n : t s lm sch vt l v lm sch ha hcn =
Xc nh din tch mng : Am=
- Chn ch lm vic : thng 10 hot ng / 1 ngh
- Lu lng nc c bm ra khi mng trong 1h
- Qm =
- Thi gian tho nc sch : tm =
CU 12: Fouling (Tc mng): hin tng, nguyn nhn,
phng php khc phc
Hin tng: Tc mng l nguyn nhn lm gim lu lng dng
thm qua mng, lm tng p sut dng vo ln rt ln ng thi
lm gim hiu s thu hi.
Nguyn nhn:
+ Hin tng tc mng c th do cc nhn t sau: Kt ta ca cc
mui; Kt ta ca cc oxit kim loi; Cn l lng/cc cht dng
keo; S pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
+ Cc thnh phn gy tc nghn mng ch yu: Cc mui ng
cn ch yu l : CaCO3, CaSO4, BaSO4, SrSO4, CaF2; Cn l lng
v ht keo; Vi sinh vt ( vi khun v ng vt nguyn sinh);
Hydroxit kim loi (v d nh st v nhm); Silicat (SiO2)
+ Cc nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng tc mng gm Hp ph:
tng tc gia cht tan v mng; Kt t; Tng tc mng, dung
mi v cht tan(kch thc v hnh dng phn t, i lc mng
phn t); Tng tc gia cc cht tan( lc tnh in, lc Vander
Waals,.); Grlatin ha; Polyme ha; Kt bng; S dnh bm;
Phn cc nng
Cc phng php khc phc:
- SS v ht keo: SS c loi b bng phng php lng. Cc
ht keo kh c loi b bng phng php ny do ht keo tch
in m v n nh trong mi trng nc. Trong qu trnh RO
cc ht keo tp hp trn b mt hoc to mng vi cc mui, dn
ti s khng nh cc ht ke, cc ht keo s b keo t v gy tc
mng.
- o c th nng tc mng do ht keo: S dng ch s mt
bn SDI = 1001-titftt
tt: tng thi gian kim tra thng khong 15; ti : thi gian kim tra
ban u (giy) np 500 mg mu
tf: thi gian (giy) np 500 mg mu sau 15
- Kim sot cc vn do cc ht keo gy ra : lc cc vt liu
lc hay phng php keo t/ ng t
- Kim sot tc mng do sinh hc: Nguyn nhn do hu ht cc
nc ngun cha cc vi sinh vt do s hnh thnh lp bn trn
b mt. v vy trong cc mu nc cp vo v nc mui phi
kim tra nh k v TBC. ---Khc phc: clo ha s b u dy
truyn trc cng on lc. Nc phi c kh clorine trc khi
bm vo cng on lc mng.
- Kim sot ng cn: NN gy bi s kt ta ca cc mui tan:
CaCO3, CaSO4, BaSO4, SrSO4, CaF2
- Th nng ng cn c xc nh bi: phn tch ha hc
nc u vo, t l thu hi ca h thng RO v gii hn ha tan
ca mui:
+ CaCO3: Tn ti trong nc di dng Ca(HCO3 ).
+ Th nng ng cn c tnh theo LSI i vi nc l v SDSI
i vi nc mui: LSI = pH b - pHs
pH b : pH ca nc mui; pHs : gi tr pH bo ha
LSI < 0 => CaCO3 c xu th ha tan
LSI > 0 => CaCO3 c xu th kt ta
--Khc phc : B sung axit gim ch s LSI; B sung cht
chng ng cn gim xu th cn cu khi LSI >0; Lm mm
nc cp vo bng phng php trao i ion
- Mui Sunphate: Nu CaSO4, BaSO4, SrSO4 c mt trong
nc cp vo th phi tnh th phi tnh gii hn ha tan.
Vi Ibp :tch s ion ca dng nc mui
i vi CaSO4 : Ibp = (mCa
2+
)b(m SO4
2-
)b
Ksp l tch s ion ha tan; Nu Ibp > Ksp : th kt ta xy ra; Ibp <
Ksp: dung dch khng bo ha; Ibp = Ksp : dung dch cn bng
hoc bo ha
--Khc phc : Gim h thng thu hi hay cht chng ng cn
- Hydroxit kim loi: Ph bin nht l st, thng tn ti trong
nc di dng Fe
2+
, khi c mt Oxy s chuyn ha Fe
3+
, nhm
c th kt ta di dng hydroxit nhm.- Khc phc : thc hin
bng cch oxy ha hc hoc kt ta ha hc Silica
Khi qu bo ha, silica ha tan to ra silica dng keo hoc gel
silica trn b mt mng -Khc phc: Gim h s thu hi; Lm
mm bng vi; Kim sot pH hoc nhit


13. Lm sch mng: cc ho cht b sung cho CN lm sch
mng

Cu14: Tiu ch nc vo mng vi cng ngh RO:
- Cht lng nc vo cn p ng cc yu cu sau: Clorine trong
dng nc vo bng khng; Hm lng st trong nc dng vo <
0,05mg/l; SDI trong dng nc vo nh hn 3; TDS trong dng
vo p ng cc tiu chun thit k h thng RO
- Cc ha cht b sung cho qu trnh cng ngh: Cht keo t
gim hin tng tc mng do cc ht keo trong dng nc vo;
nh lng axit iu chnh pH nhm gin th nng ng cn;
nh lng Clorine gim s pht trin sinh hc; Cn loi b
Clorine trc khi x l bng mng; B sung ha cht chng ng
cn; B sung Alkali iu chnh pH trong dng nc sn phm
m bo tiu chun nc sinh hot
- Cc ha cht lm sch mng: Cht ty ra loi b cc cht gy
tc mng dng keo; Axit citric oxit ha st; Formadehyt
kim sot sinh hc
15. Cc ho cht lm sch mng
16. chn lc v nng sut ring
17. ng lc ca qu trnh mng