Chuyn 1:

S phn t ca mt tp hp.Tp hp con

1.Mt tp hp c th c mt ,c nhiu phn t, c v s phn t,cng c th
khng c phn t no.
2.Tp hp khng c phn t no gi l tp rng.tp rng k hiu l : .
3.Nu mi phn t ca tp hp A u thuc tp hp B th tp hp A gi l tp
hp con ca tp hp B, k hiu l A B hay B A.
Nu A B v B A th ta ni hai tp hp bng nhau,k hiu A=B.
V d 4. Cho hai tp hp
A = { 3,4,5}; B = { 5,6,7,8,9,10};
a) Mi tp hp c bao nhiu phn t?
b) Vit cc tp hp khc tp hp rng va l tp hp con ca tp hp A va l tp hp con ca
tp hp B.
c) Dng k hiu thc hin mi quan h gia tp hp A,B v tp hp ni trong
cu b). Dung hnh v minh ha cc tp hp .
Gii. a) Tp hp A c 3 phn t , tp hp B c 6 phn t.
b) V s 5 l phn t duy nht va thuc tp hp A va thuc tp hp B.v vy ch c mt tp
hp C va l tp hp con ca tp hp A ,va l tp hp con ca tp hp B: C = {5}.
c) C A v C B. biu din bi hnh v:
Bi tp:
1. Cho hai tp hp
M = {0,2,4,..,96,98,100};
Q = { x N* | x l s chn ,x<100};
a) Mi tp hp c bao nhiu phn t?
b)Dng k hiu thc hin mi quan h gia M v Q.
2.Cho hai tp hp
R={m N | 69 m 85};
S={n N | 69 n 91};
a) Vit cc tp hp trn;
b) Mi tp hp c bao nhiu phn t;
c) Dng k hiu thc hin mi quan h gia hai tp hp .
3.Vit cc tp hp sau v cho bit mi tp hp c bao nhiu phn t:
a) Tp hp A cc s t nhin x m 17 x = 3 ;
b) Tp hp B cc s t nhin x m 15 y = 16;
c) Tp hp C cc s t nhin x m 13 : z = 1;
d) Tp hp D cc s t nhin t , t N* m 0:t = 0;
4. Tnh s im v mn ton trong hc k I . lp 6A c 40 hc sinh t t nht mt im 10 ;
c 27 hc sinh t t nht hai im 10 ; c 29 hc sinh t t nht ba im 10 ; c 14 hc sinh
t t nht bn im 10 v khng c hc sinh no t c nm im 10.

dung k hiu thc hin mi quan h gia cc tp hp hc sinh t s cc im 10 ca

lp 6A , ri tnh tng s im 10 ca lp .
5. Bn Nam nh s trang ca mt cun sch bng cc con s t nhin t 1 n 265 .hi bn
nam phi vit tt c bao nhiu ch s?
6. tnh s trang ca mt cun sch bn Vit phi vit 282 ch s. hi cun sch c bao
nhiu trang.
Chuyn2

Cc php ton trong N

1. Tnh cht giao hon ca php cng v php nhn.
D a + b = b + a ; a.b = b.a
Khi i ch cc s hng trong mt tng th tng khng i
Khi i ch cc tha s trong mt tch th tch khng i.
2. Tnh cht kt hp ca php cng v php nhn:
(a + b ) + c = a + ( b + c); (a.b).c = a(b.c);
Mun cng mt tng hai s vi mt s th ba , ta c th cng s th nht
vi tng ca hai s th hai v th ba.
Mun nhn mt tch hai s vi s th ba ,ta c th nhn s th nht vi
tch ca s th hai v s th ba.
3. Tnh cht phn phi ca php nhn i vi php cng.:
a(b+ c) = ab + ac
Mun nhn mt s vi mt tng , ta c th nhn s vi tng s hng ca
tng ri cng cc kt qu li.
1. iu kin thc hin php tr l s b tr ln hn hoc bng s tr.
2. iu kin a chia ht cho b ( a,b N ; b 0) l c s t nhin p sao cho
a= b.p.
3. Trong php chia c da;
s b chia = s chia x thng + s d ( a = b.p + r)
s d bao gi cng khc 0 v nh hn s chia.

V d . a) Tnh tng ca cc sng t nhin t 1 n 999;

b) Vit lin tip cc s t nhin t 1 n 999 thnh mt hang ngang ,ta c s
123.999. tnh tng cc ch s ca s .
Gii . a) Ta c 1 + 2 + 3 + + 997 + 998 + 999 = (1+ 999) + ( 2 + 998 ) +(3 + 997 ) ..+
(409 + 501 ) = 1000.250 = 250000.
b) s 999 c tng cc ch s bng 27, v th nu tch ring s 999 , ri kt hp 1 vi
998; 2 vi 997 ; 3 vi 996; thnh tng cp c tng bng 999, th mi tng nh vy u c
tng cc ch s l 27.v vy c 499 tng nh vy ,cng thm vi s 999 cng c tng cc ch s
bng 27.do tng cc ch s nu trn l 27.50= 13500.

V d . Tm s c hai ch s,bi rng nu vit ch s 0 xen gia hai ch ca s th c

s c ba ch s gp 9 ln s c hai ch s ban u.
Gii : gi s c hai ch s phi tm l ab trong a ,b l cc s t nhin t 1 n 9.theo
bi ,ta c:
a0b = 9 ab hay 100a + b = 9( 10a + b ) hay 100a + b = 90a + 9b
Do 5a = 4b. bng php th trc tip ta thy trong cc s t nhin t 1 n 9 ch c a=
4 ,b = 5 tha mn 4a = 5b.
S c hai ch s phi tm l 54.
Bi tp :
1.
a)
b)
c)

Tnh
1 + 7 + 8 +15 + 23 + .+ 160;
1 + 4 + 5 + 9 + 14 +.+ 60 + 97;
78.31 + 78.24 + 78.17 +22.72.

2.a)Hy vit lin tip 20 ch s 5 thnh mt hng ngang,ri t du + xen gia cc ch s

c tng bng 1000.
b) Hy vit lin tip tm ch s 8 thnh mt hng ngang,ri t du + xen gia cc ch s
c tng bng 1000.
3.Chia cc s t nhin t 1 n 100 thnh hai lp : lp s chn v lp s l.hi lp no c
tng cc ch s ln hn v ln hn bao nhiu?
4. in cc ch s thch hp vo cc ch c php tnh ng :
a) 1ab + 36 = ab1 ;
b) abc + acc + dbc = bcc
5. Cho ba ch s a,b,c vi 0 < a < b < c ;
a) Vit tp hp A cc s c ba ch s ,mi s gm c ba ch s a, b ,c:
b) Bit rng tng hai s nh nht trong tp hp A bng 488.tm tng cc ch
a + b + c.
4
1
0

2
8

5. Cho 1 bng vung gm 9 vung nh hnh v.

hy in vo cc ca bng cc s t nhin t 1 n 10
(mi s ch c vit mt ln) sao cho tng cc s
mi hang ,mi ct ,mi ng cho bng nhau.
6. K hiu n! l tch ca cc s t nhin t 1 n n : n! = 1.2.3n.
Tnh : S = 1.1! + 2.2! + 3.3! + 4.4! + 5.5!

7. Trong mt t giy k vung kch thc 50.50 vung .trong mi ngi ta vit mt s
t nhin . bit rng bn to thnh mt hnh nh hnh v th tng cc s trong bn u
bng 4 .hy chng t rng mi s u bng 1.
8.Mt s c by ch s ,cng vi s c viets by ch s nhng theo th t ngc li th
c tng l s c by ch s.hy chng t rng tng tm c c t nht mt ch s chn.
9.Cho bng gm 16 vung nh hnh v .hy in vo cc
bng ca bng cc s t nhin l t 1 n 31 (mi s ch
1
29
5
2
5
3
3
17
2
9
7
vit mt ln.) sao cho tng cc s trong cng mt hng,
cng mt ct , cng mt ng cho u bng nhau

10.Cho dy s 1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,.( dy s phi b na xi) trong mi s (bt u t s th

ba) bng tng hai s ng lin trc n.chn trong dy s 8 s lin tip ty .chng minh
rng tng ca 8 s ny khng phi l mt s ca dy cho.
11. Mt s chn c bn ch s, trong ch s hng trm v ch s hang chc lp thnh mt
s gp ba ln ch s hng nghn v gp hai ln ch s hang n v.tm s .
12.Tm cc s a,b,c,d trong php tnh sau:
abcd + abc + ab + a = 4321 .
13.Hai ngi chi mt tr chi ln lt bc nhng vin bi t hai hp ra ngoi.mi ngi n
lt mnh bc mt s vin bi ty .ngi bc vin bi cui cng i vi cacr hai hp l ngi
thng cuc.bit rng hp th nht c 190 vin bi ,hp th hai c 201 vin bi.hy tm thut
chi m bo ngi bc bi u tin l ngi thng cuc.
Bi tp cng c
1. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc mt cch hp l:
A = 100 + 98 + 96 + .+ 2 - 97 95 - - 1 ;
B = 1 + 2 3 4 + 5 + 6 7 8 + 9 + 10 11 12 + - 299 330 + 301 + 302;
2. Tnh nhanh
a) 53.39 +47.39 53.21 47.21.
b)2.53.12 + 4.6.87 3.8.40;
c) 5.7.77 7.60 + 49.25 15.42.
3.Tm x bit:

a) x : [( 1800+600) : 30] = 560 : (315 - 35);

b) [ (250 25) : 15] : x = (450 - 60): 130.
4. Tng ca hai s bng 78293.s ln trong hai s co ch s hng dn v l 5 ,ch hng
chc 1,ch s trm l 2.nu ta gch b cc ch s i th ta c mt s bng s nh nht .tm
hai s .
5.Mt php chia c thng l 6 d 3 .tng ca s b chia ,s chia v s d l 195.tm s b
chia v s chia.
6.Tng ca hai s c a ch s l 836.ch s hng trm ca s th nht l 5 ,ca s th hai l
3 .nu gch b cc ch s 5 v 3 th s c hai s c hai ch s m s ny gp 2 ln s kia.tm
hai s .
7.Mt hc sinh khi gii bi ton ng l phi chia 1 s cho 2 v cng thng tm c vi 3
.nhng do nhm ln em nhn s vi 2 v sau ly tch tm c tr i 3 .mc d vy
kt qu vn ng .hi s cn phi chia cho 2 l s no?
8. Tm s c ba ch s .bit rng ch s hng trm bng hiu ca ch s hng chc vi ch s
hng n v.chia ch s hng chc cho ch s hng n v th c thng l 2 v d 2.tch ca
s phi tm vi 7 l 1 s c ch s tn cng l 1.
9. Tm s t nhin a 200 .bit rng khi chia a cho s t nhin b th c thng l 4 v d 35
.
10. Vit s A bt k c 3 ch s ,vit tip 3 ch s 1 ln na ta c s B c 6 ch s.chia s
B cho 13 ta c s C. chia C cho 11 ta c s D.li chia s D cho 7.tm thng ca php chia
ny.
11. Khi chia s M gm 6 ch s ging nhau cho s N gm 4 ch s ging nhau th c
thng l 233 v s d l 1 s r no .sau khi b 1 ch s ca s M v 1 ch s ca s N th
thng khng i v s d gim i 1000.tm 2 s M v N?
chuyn 3

Ly tha v cc php ton

1. Ly tha bc n ca a l tch ca n tha s bng nhau,mi tha s bng a:
an = a.aa ; (n tha s a, n 0).
2.Khi nhn hai ly tha ca cng c s , ta gi nguyn c s v cng cc s
m
a m an = a(m+n)
V d .
Hy chng t rng: a) (22)3 = 22 . 3 ; (33)2 = 33 . 2 ; (54)3 = 5 4. 3;
b) (am)n = a m . n ; (m,n N).
Gii:
a) (22)3 = 22.22.22 = 22+ 2+2 = 26 = 22.3
tng t lm nh vy tao c: (33)2 = 33 . 2 ; (54)3 = 5 4. 3;
b) Mt cch tng qut ta c (am)n = a m . n ; (m,n N).
V d 9. a) Hy so snh : 23.53 vi (2.5)3 ; 32 .52 vi (2.5)2;
b) Hy chng minh rng : (a.b)n = an .bn ; (n 0);
Gii . a) 23.53 = 8.125 = 1000;

(2.5)3 = 103 = 1000;

Vy 23.53 = (2.5)3
Tng t ta d dng chng minh c : (a.b)n = an .bn ; (n 0);
32 .52 = (2.5)2;
Bi tp:
1. Vit cc s sau di dng ly tha:
a) 10 ; 100 ; 1000; 10000; 100..0; (n s 0 );
b) 5 ; 25; 625; 3125;
2.So snh cc s sau:
a) 3200 vi 23000 ; b) 1255 vi 257 ; c)920 vi 2713 d)354 vi 281;
3.Vit cc tch sau dng ly tha:
a) 5.125.625 ; b) 10.100.1000 ; c) 8 4.165.32; d) 274.8110 ;
4.So snh:
a) 1030 vi 2100 ; b) 540 vi 62010 ;
5.Mt hnh lp phng c cnh l 5 m.
a) tnh th tch ca hnh lp phng;
b) nu cnh ca hnh lp phng tng ln 2 ln , 3 ln th th tch ca hnh lp phng tng
ln bao nhiu ln.
6. Trong cch vit h thp phn s 2100 c bao nhiu ch s?

C4.Tnh cht chia ht ca mt tng,mt hiu, mt tch

1. Tnh cht 1.nu tt c cc s hng ca mt tng u chia ht cho
cng mt s th tng chia ht cho s :
a m ; b m ; c m a + b + c m .
2. Tnh cht 2 ,nu ch c mt s hng ca tng khng chia ht cho mt
s ,cc s hng cn li u chia ht cho s th tng khng chia ht
cho s :
a .. m ; b m ; c m a + b + c .. . m .
V d: Cho ba s t nhin a, b, c, trong a v b l cc s chia ht cho 5 d 3 cn c l s khi
chia cho 5 d 2.
a) Chng t rng mi tng (hiu)sau: a + c ; b + c ; a - b ; u chia ht cho 5 .
b) Mi tng(hiu) sau: a+ b + c ; a + b c ; a+ c b ;c chai ht cho 5 khng?
Gii : t a = 5n + 3 ; b = 5m + 3 ; c = 5p + 2 ;(n,m,p N)
a) t ta c :
a + c = (5n + 5p + 5) 5 v cc s hng u chia ht cho 5.
Tng t: b + c = 5m + 5p + 5 5 ; a b = 5n 5m 5
b) a + b + c = 5n+ 5m + 5p + 8 khng chia ht cho 5 v 8 .. . 5;
tng t: a + b c .. . 5 ; a + c b .. . 5.
Bi tp:
1.Tm s t nhin x :
a) 113 + x 7
b) 113 + x 13

2. Chng t rng:
ab + ba 11 ; abc - cba 99;
3.Chng t rng:
a) Trong ba s t nhin lin tip , c mt v ch mt s chia ht cho 3;
b) Trong hai s t nhin lin tip , c mt v ch mt s chia ht cho 4;
4. Chng t rng :
810 8 9 - 8 8 55 ; 7 6 + 7 5 - 7 4 11; 81 7 27 9 - 9 13 45; 109 10 8 - 10 7 555;
5.Chng t rng : nu s abcd 99 th ab + cd 99 v ngc li.
6.Chng t rng : nu s abcd 101 th ab - cd 101 v ngc li
7.Chng t rng:
a) Mi s t nhin c ba ch s ging nhau u chia ht cho 37;
b) Hiu gia s c dng 1ab1 v s c vit bi chnh cc s nhng theo th t ngc li
th chia ht cho 90.
8. Mt s c ba ch s chia ht cho 12 v ch s hang trm bng ch s hang chc . Chng t
rng tng ba ch s ca s chia ht cho 12.

C6. Du hiu chia ht

1. Du hiu chia ht cho 9: cc s c tng cc ch s chia ht cho
9 th chia ht cho 9 v ch nhng s mi chia ht cho 9.
1. Du hiu chia ht cho 3: cc s c tng cc ch s chia ht cho
3 th chia ht cho 9 v ch nhng s mi chia ht cho 3.Du
hiu chia ht cho 2 : cc s c ch s tn cng l ch s chn
th chia ht cho 2 v ch nhng s mi chia ht cho 2.
2. Du hiu chia ht cho 5: cc s c ch s tn cng l ch s 0
hoc 5 th chia ht cho 5 v ch nhng s mi chia ht cho
5.
2.

V d1. Dng ba ch s 9, 0 ,5 ghp thnh cc s co ba ch s tha mn mt trong cc iu

kin sau:
a) S chia ht cho 5;
b) S chia ht cho 2 v cho 5.
Gii. a) Mt s chia ht cho 5 th s tn cng bng 0 hoc 5 . vy c ba s c ch s chia ht
cho 5 l: 950 ; 590 ; 905.
b)Mt s chia ht cho 2 v cho 5 th s tn cng bng 0 . vy c hai s c ch s chia ht cho
2 v cho 5 l: 950 ; 590 ;
V d2. Cho s 123 x43 y . hy thay x,y bi cc ch s s cho chia ht cho 3 v 5.
Gii. S 123 x43 y 5 nn y = 0 hoc y = 5.
Vi y = 0 , ta c s 123x 430 . s ny phi chia ht cho 3 , nn 1 + 2 + 3 + x + 4+ +3 3
hay 12 + (x+ 1) 3 , nhng 1 x + 1 10 ,nn x + 1 = 3 ; 6 ; 9.

- Nu x + 1 = 3 th x = 2 ,ta c 1232430
- Nu x + 1 = 6 th x = 5 ,ta c 1235430
- Nu x + 1 = 3 th x = ,ta c 1238430
Vi y = 5 , ta c s 123x 435 . s ny phi chia ht cho 3 , nn 1 + 2 + 3 + x + 4+ +3 + 5
3 hay 18 + x 3 ,nn x = 0 ; 3 ; 6 ; 9. ta c cc s sau : 1230435; 1233435; 1236435 v
1239435

Bi tp :
1. in ch s vo du * c s :
b) Chia ht cho 2 : 3 * 46 ; 199 * ; 20 * 1 ;
c) Chia ht cho 5 : 16 * 5 ; 174 * ; 53 * 6 ;
2. Dng c ba s 5,6,9 ghp thnh cc s t nhin c ba ch s:
a) Ln nht v chia ht cho 5;
b) Nh nht v chia ht cho 2;
3. Tm tp hp cc s t nhin n va chia ht cho 2 va chia ht cho 5 v
1995 n 2001 .
4. Chng t rng trong nm s t nhin lin tip lun c mt s chia ht cho 5.
5. Chng t rng:
a) Trong ba s t nhin bt k bao gi cng chn c hai s c hiu chia ht cho 2;
b) Trong su s t nhin bt k bao gi cng chn c hai s c hiu chia ht cho 5;
6. Chng t rng:
a) (5n + 7 )(4n + 6) 2 vi mi s t nhin n;
b) (8n + 1 )(6n + 5) .. . 2 vi mi s t nhin n;
7. Ngi ta vit cc s t nhin ty sao cho s cc s l gp i s cc s chn. tng cc s
vit c chia ht cho 2 hay khng? V sao?
8. C 5 t giy .ngi ta x t giy thnh 6 mnh . li ly mt trong s mnh giy no , x
mi mnh thnh 6 mnh.c nh vy sau mt s ln , ngi ta m c 2001 mnh giy.hi
ngi ta m ng hay sai?
9. Cho su ch s : 2 , 3 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,9.
a) c bao nhiu s c ba ch s ,cc ch s trong mi s u khhacs nhau, c lp thnh t cc
ch s trn?
b) Trong cc s c lp thnh c bao nhiu s nh hn 400? Bao nhiu s l s l ? bao nhiu
s chia ht cho 5?
Bi tpcng c:
1.in ch s vo du * :
a) 2001 + 2 * 3 chia ht cho 3;
b) 5 * 793 * 4 chia ht cho 9;
2. in ch s vo du * c s chia ht cho 3 m khng chia ht cho 9 :
51 * v 745 *
3.Dng ba trong 4 ch s 3,6,9,0 hy ghp thnh s t nhin c ba ch s sao cho s :
a) Chia ht cho 9;
b) Chia ht cho 3 m khng chia ht cho 9.

4. Phi thay cc ch s x, y bi ch s no s 123 x44 y 3

5. Tng (hiu) sau c chia ht cho 3 , cho 9 khng?
102001 + 2 ; 102001 1 .
6. Tm cc ch s x,y bit rng s 56 x3 y chia ht cho 2 v 9.
7. Tm cc ch s x,y bit rng s 71x1 y chia ht cho 445.
8. Tm tt c cc s c dng 6a14b , bit rng s chai ht cho 3 , cho 4 v cho 5.
9. Tm hai s t nhin lin tip , trong c mt ch s chia ht cho 9 , bit rng tng ca
hai s tha mn cc iu kin sau:
a) L s c ba ch s;
b) L s chia ht cho 5;
c) Tng ca ch s hng trm v ch s hng n v l s chia ht cho 9;
d) Tng ca ch s hng trm v ch s hng chc l s chia ht cho 4;

C7 Phn tch mt s ra tha s nguyn t.

Phn tch mt s t nhin ra tha s nguyn t l vit s di dng
mt tch cc tha s nguyn t . mi s t nhin ln 1 u phn tch
c ra tha s nguyn t.
D phn tch mt s ra tha s nguyn t bng cch no th cui cng
cng c cng mt kt qu.
V d . Cho s t nhin A = axbycz trong a, b, c, l cc s nguyn t i mt khc nhau,
cn x, y ,z l cc s t nhin khc 0 .chng t rng s c s ca A c tnh bi cng thc :
(x + 1)(y + 1)(z + 1).
Gii. S c s ca A ch cha tha s nguyn t a l x, ch cha tha s nguyn t b l y,
ch cha tha s nguyn t c l z, ch cha tha s nguyn t ab l xy, ch cha tha s
nguyn t ac l xz, ch cha tha s nguyn t bc l yz, ch cha tha s nguyn t abc l
xyz.v A l c ca chnh n . do s c ca A bng:
x + y + z + xy + yz + xz + xyz + 1 = x(z + 1) + y(z + 1) + xy(z + 1) + (z + 1) = (z + 1)(x + y
+ xy + 1) = (z + 1)[(x + 1) + y(x + 1)] = (x + 1)(y + 1)(z + 1).
V d : s B = 233554 th s c s ca B l (3 + 1)(5 + 1)(4 + 1) = 4.6.5 = 120.
Bi tp.
1. Tm s t nhin nh nht:
a) C 9 c; b) C 15 c.
2. Cho s t nhin B = axby trong a,b l cc s nguyn t khc nhau , x, y l cc s t
nhin khc 0 . bit B2 c 15 c . hi B3 c bao nhiu c?
3. Tm s t nhin a , bit 105 a v 16 a 50 .
4. Mt trng c 805 hc sinh. Cn phi xp mi hang bao nhiu hc sinh hc sinh mi
hng l nh nhau , bit rng khng xp qu 35 hng v cng khng t hn 15 hng.
5. S t nhin n c tng cc c bng n (khng k n) c gi l s hon chnh (s hon
thin , s hon ton).

a) Chng t rng cc s 28,496 l s hon chnh.

b) Tm s hon chnh n , bit n = p.q trong p,q l cc s nguyn t.
6. Tm s t nhin n, bit rng s n c 30 c v khi phn tch thnh tha s nguyn t th c
dng n = 2x3y trong x + y = 8.

C8. c chung v c chung ln nht

1c chung ca hai hay nhiu s l c ca tt c cc s .
Bi chung ca hai hay nhiu s l bi ca tt c cc s .
.CLN ca hai hay nhiu s l s ln nht trong tp hp cc c chung
ca cc s .
2. Mun tm CLN ca hai hay nhiu s , ta thc hin ba bc sau:
Bc 1: Phn tch mi s ra tha s nguyn t.
Bc 2 : Chn cc tha s nguyn t chung.
Bc 3 : Lp tch cc tha s , mi tha s ly vi s m nh nht ca
n.tch l CLN phi tm.
Ch : Hai hay nhiu s c CLN l 1 gi l cc s nguyn t cng nhau.
Trong cc s cho , nu s nh nht l c ca cc s cn li th CLN
ca cc s cho l s nh nht .
3.Mun tm c chung ca cc s cho ,ta tm cc c CLN ca cc s

V d1. Tm s t nhin a bit rng khi chia 39 cho a th d 4, cn khi chia 48 cho a th d 6.
Gii. Chia 39 cho a th d 4 , nn a l c ca 39 4 = 35 v a > 4 .chia 48 cho a th d 6 nn
a l c ca 48 6 = 42 v a > 6 . do a l c chung ca 35 v 42 dng thng a > 6.
(35) = { 1, 5, 7, 35} ; (42) = {1,2,3,6,7,14,21,42}.
C(35,42) = { 1,7}. Vy a = 7 .
V d.2 Tm hai s t nhin c tng 432 v CLN cua chng bng 36.
Gii. Gi hai s t nhin phi tm l a v b . v CLN(a,b) = 36 , nn a = 36c v b = 36d , (c,d) =
1. theo bi tng ca hai s bng 432 nn: a + b = 432 hay 36(c + d) = 432,do c + d = 12.
nh vy ta phi tm cc cp s c,d c tng bng 12 v (c,d) = 1 . cc cp s l 1 v 11 ; 5 v
7.cc s t nhin cn tm l a = 36 , b = 396 v a = 180 , b = 252 hoc ngc li.
Bi tp:
1. Vit cc tp hp :
a) C(8,12,24); C(5,15,35);
b) BC(8,12,24); BC(5,15,35);
2. Tm giao ca hai tp hp :
A = { n N : n l c ca 18}
B = { m N : m l c ca 36}.
3. Tm s t nhin a, bit rng khi chia 264 cho a th d 24 , cn khi chia363 cho a th d 43.

4. C 100 quyn v v 90 bt bi. C gio ch nhim mun chia s v v bt thnh mt s

phn thng nh nhau gm c v v bt pht phn thuopwngr cho hc sinh. Nh vy th cn
li 4 quyn v 18 bt bi khng th chia u cho cc hc sinh.tnh s hc sinh c thng?.
5. Gi G l tp hp cc s l bi ca 3 ; H l tp hp cc s l bi ca 18. tm G H.
6. C mt s sch gio khoa. Nu xp thnh tng chng 10 cun th va ht ,thng tng
chng 12 cun th tha 2 cun, thnh tng chng 18 cun th tha 8 cun .bit rng s sch trong
khong t 715 n 1000 cun.tm s sch .
Bi tp cng c.
1. Tm CLN ca c s c 9 ch s c vit bi cc ch s 1 , 2, 3 ,4, 5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 v trong
mi s cc ch s u khc nhau.
2. Tm hai s t nhin bit rng tng ca chng bng 66 , CLN ca chng bng 12.
3. Tm 2 s t nhin ,bit tch ca chng bng 864 v CLN ca chng bng 6.
4. Mt lp hc c 28 nam v 24 n.c bao nhiu cch chia s hc sinh ca lp thnh cc t
sao cho s nam v n c chia u cho cc t.
5. Ngi ta mun chia 240 bt bi , 210 bt ch v 180 tp giy thnh 1 s phn thng nh
nhau. Hi c th chia c nhiu nht l bao nhiu phn thng,mi phn thng C bao
nhiu bt bi , bt ch, tp giy?.
6. Bit rng 3n + 1 v 5n + 4 ( n N) l 2 s khng nguyn t cng nhau .tm CLN ca 2
s trn.

Bi chung nh nht

Tit 18.
1.BCNN ca hai hay nhiu s l s nh nht khc o trong tp hp cc bi chung ca cc
s .
2. Mun tm BCNN ca hai hay nhiu s , ta thc hin 3 bc sau:
Bc 1: Phn tch mi s ra tha s nguyn t.
Bc 2: Chn cc tha s nguyn t chung v ring.
Bc 3: Lp tch cc tha s , mi tha s ly vi s m ln nht ca n.tch l
BCNN phi tm.
Ch : Nu cc s cho tng i mt nguyn t cng nhau th BCNN ca chng l
tch ca cc s .
Trong cc s cho nu s ln nht l bi ca cc s cn li th BCNN ca cc s cho
l s ln nht .
3.Mun tm bi chung ca hai hay nhiu s , ta tm cc bi ca BCNN ca cc s .
V d: Mt s t nhin chia cho 2, cho 3 , cho 4 , cho 5 , cho 6 u d 1 , nhng khi chia cho 7 th khng cn d.
a) Tm s nh nht c tnh cht trn.
b) Tm dng chung ca cc s c tnh cht trn.
Gii.
a) Gi x l s phi tm th x 1 ( 2 ,3 ,4, 5 , 6) nn x 1 l bi chung ca 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
BCNN ( 2,3,4,5,6) = 60
Vy x 1 nhn cc gi tr: 60 ,120,180,240,300, do x nhn cc gi tr: 61 ,121 ,181,241,301,
Trong cc s trn, s nh nht chia ht cho 7 l s 301.
b) V x 1 l bi ca 60 nn x- 1 = 60n hay x = 60n + 1 (n N*) v x 7 .ta c : x = 60n + 1 = 7.8n 7 +
4 (n + 2). V 7.8n 7 ,do x 7 th phi c 4(n + 2) 7 hay n + 2 7 . dt n + 2 = 7k th n = 7k
2 (k N*).
x = 60n + 1 = 60 (7k - 2) + 1 = 420k 119 . tm x ta ch vic cho k cc gi tr : k = 1, 2, 3,

Bi tp.
1. Tm BCNN ca ba s sau : s nh nht c hai ch s ,s ln nht c ba ch s v s nh nht c bn ch
s.
2. C th ch dung mt ch s 2 lp cc s c dng : 2, 22, 22,222,.. sao cho s :
a) l bi ca 5 c khng?
b) L bi ca 9 c khng?
2. Tm BCNN(30 , 45) v CLN(30 ,45) . th li rng tch ca BCNN (30 , 45) v CLN(30 , 45) bng tch
ca hai s 30 v 45.
3. Ba em An , Bo , Ngc cng hc mt trng nhng 3 lp khc nhau .An c 5 ngy trc nht mt ln ,
Bo 10 ngy trc nht mt ln, cn Ngc 8 ny trc nht mt ln.ln u ba em cng trc nht mt
ngy .hi my ngy sau ba em li cng trc nht vo cng mt ngy? n ngy mi em trc nht
my ln?
4. Bn Nam ngh mt s c ba ch s. nu bt s i 8 th c s chia ht cho 7 .nu bt i 9 th c s
chia ht cho 8 ,nu bt i 10 th c s chia ht cho 9. hi bn Nam ngh s no?

Cng hai s nguyn cng du.

.
Mun cng hai s nguyn cng du ta cng hai gi tr tuyt i ca chng ri t trc
kt qu du ca chng
V d. tnh tng cc s nguyn x bit:
a) - 10 x - 1 ; b) 5 < x < 15 .
Gii . a) - 10 x - 1 nn x = { - 10 , - 9 , - 8 , - 7 , - 6 , - 5 , - 4 , - 3 , - 2 , - 1}. Vy tng phi tm l : A = (- 10)
+ (- 9) + (- 8) + (- 7) + (- 6) + (- 5) + (- 4) + (- 3) + (- 2) + ( - 1)
= - ( 10 + 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1) = - 55
b) 5 < x < 15 nn x = { 6 ,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14} . tng phi tm l
B = 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 = 90.
Bi tp:
1. So snh :
a) 3 + 5 v 3 + 5;
b) (- 3) +(- 5) v - 3 + - 5;
T rt ra nhn xt g v a + b v a + b vi a , b Z.
2. in du < , > vo trng mt cch thch hp:
a) 7 + - 23

15 + - 33

b)- 11 + 5

- 8 + - 2

c) - 21+- 6
-7
3. Tm x Z bit :
a) (+ 22) + (+ 23) + x = 21 + - 24
b) - 3 + - 7 = x + 3
c) 8 +x = - 8+ 11;
d) x + 15 = - 9
4. Tm cc cp s nguyn x, y bit x + y= 5.
5. Cho 1 s nguyn trong tng ca 5 s bt k l s nguyn dng. Chng t rng tng ca 31 s l s
nguyn dng?

Cng hai s nguyn khc du.

1. Hai s nguyn i nhau c tng bng 0 .
2. Mun cng hai s nguyn khc du khng i nhau ta tm hiu hai gi tr tuyt i ca chng (s
ln tr s nh) v t trc kt qu tm c du ca s c gi tr tuyt i ln hn.
Vi mi s nguyn a ta c a + 0 = 0 + a = a.
V d. Cho php cng (* 15) + ( * 7) trong du * ch du + hoc du . hy xc nh du ca cc s
hng tng bng:
a) 22 ; b) 22 ; c) 8 ; d) - 8 .
Gii . Trong cu a v b , gi tr ca tng bng tng cc gi tr tuyt i ca hai s hng nn l php cng hai s
nguyn cng du . du ca tng l du chung ca hai s hng , ta c :
a) (+ 15) + (+7) = 22;
b) (- 15) + (- 7) = - 22
Trong cu c v d , gi tr tuyt i ca tng bng hiu hai gi tr tuyt i ca hai s hng nn l php cng hai
s nguyn khc du. du ca tng l du ca s c gi tr tuyt i ln hn, ta c:
c)
(+ 15) + (- 7) = 8;
d) (- 15) + (+ 7) = - 8.
Bi tp.
1. Tnh tng a + b , bit:
a) a = - 117 , b = 23;
b) a = -375 , b = - 725;
c) a = - 425 , b = - 425 .
2. Tm x Z , bit :
a) x + 15 = 105 + ( - 5);
b) x 73 = (- 35) + - 55;
c) x + 45 = - 17 + - 28.
3. thay du * bng ch s thch hp :
a) ( - *15) + ( - 35) = - 150;
b) 375 + ( - 5*3) = - 288;
c) 155 + ( - 1**) = 0.
4. Tnh tng ca hai s nguyn:
a) Lin tip v lin sau s + 15;
b) Lin trc v lin sau s - 37;
c) Lin trc v lin sau s 0;
d) Lin trc v lin sau s a.
5.a) Vit s - 7 thnh tng ca hai s nguyn c gi tr tuyt i khng ln hn 10.
b) Vit s - 15 thnh tng ca hai s nguyn c gi tr tuyt i khng ln hn 20.

Tnh cht ca php cng cc s nguyn.

1. Tnh cht giao hon : vi mi a , b Z : a + b = b + a.

2. Tnh cht kt hp: vi mi a , b Z : a + ( b + c) = (a + b) + c.
3. Cng vi s 0 : vi mi a Z : a + 0 = 0 + a = a.
4. Cng vi s i : tng ca hai s nguyn i nhau lun lun bng 0: : vi mi a
Z : a + ( - a) = 0 .
Nu tng ca hai s nguyn bng o th chng l hai s i nhau : : vi mi a , b Z
: a + b = 0 th a = - b b b = - a.

v d: Tnh tng ca s nguyn x , bit:

a) - 10 < x < 10 ;
b) - 10 < x 10 .
Gii. a) Cc s nguyn x tha mn - 10 < x < 10 l x = - 9 , - 8 , -7 ,.., 7 , 8 ,9.
Tng ca cc s nguyn l:
S = (- 9) + (- 8) + (- 7) + + 7 + 8 + 9 = [ (- 9) + 9] + [ (- 8) + 8] + [(- 7) + 7] = 0.
b) Tng t a) , tng bng 10.
Bi tp.
1. Tnh :
a) A = 1 + (-3) + 5 + ( - 7) +.+ 17 + ( -19);
b) B = (- 2) + 4 + (-6) + 8 + + ( - 18) + 20;
c) C = 1 + (-2) + 3 + (-4) + .+ 1999 + ( - 2000) + 2001;
2. Tnh tng cc s nguyn x , bit:
a) 50 < x 50;
b) - 100 x < 100.
3. Hy in cc s : 0 , - 2 , 2, - 4 , 4 ,- 6 , 6, 8 , 10 vo cc ca bng 3.3 = 9 vung ( mi s mt ) sao cho
tng ba s trn mi hng ngang , mi hng dc , mi ng cho u bng nhau.
4. Cho cc s : - 2 , -4 , - 5 , - 6 , 7, 9 , 11. hy sp xp cc s trn sao cho c mt s t tm vng trn , cc
s cn li nm trn ng trn v c ba s bt k trong cc s trn u nm trn mt ng thng m tng
ca chng bng nhau v bng 0.
5. Vit tt c cc s nguyn c gi tr tuyt i khng vt qu 50 theo th t ty . Sau dod c mi s cng
vi s ch th t ca n c mt tng. hy tnh tng ca tt c cc tng tm c.

Quy tc du ngoc.
1. Quy tc du ngoc : khi b du ngoc c du ng trc , ta phi i du tt
cc s hng trong du ngoc : du + thnh du v du - thnh du + .
Khi b du ngoc c du + ng trc th du cc s hng trong ngoc vn gi
nguyn.
2. Tng i s: trong mt tng i s ta c th :
- Thay i ty cc s hng km theo du ca chng;
- t du ngoc nhm cc s hng mt cch ty vi ch rng nu ng trc
du ngoc l du th phi i du tt c cc s hng trong ngoc
V d. Tnh nhanh: A = - 3752 ( 29 3632) 51.
Gii. p dng quy tc du ngoc v tnh cht ca tng i s ta c:
A = - 3752 ( 29 3632) 51 = - 3752 29 + 3632 51 = - (3752 3632) ( 29 + 51)
A = - 120 80 = - 200.
Bi tp.
1. Tnh nhanh:
a) 4524 ( 864 999) ( 36 + 3999);
b) 1000 ( 137 + 572) + ( 263 291 );
c) - 329 + ( 15 101) ( 25 440).
2. Tm s nguyn x , bit :
a) 3 ( 17 x) = 289 ( 36 + 289)
b) 25 ( x + 5) = - 415 ( 15 415);
c) 34 + (21 x) = ( 3747 30) 3746.
3. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc a b c , bit:
a) a = 45 , b = 175 , c = - 130;
b) a = - 350, b = - 285, c = 85;
c) a = - 720 , b = - 370 , c = - 250.

4. Cho n s nguyn bt k : a1, a2 ,,an. chng t rng S = a1 a2 + a2 a3+.+an-1 + an+an a1

l mt s chn.
5. Cho 15 s t nhin khc nhau v khc 0 , trong mi s khng ln hn 28. Chng t rng trong 15 s d
cho bao gi cng tm c t nht mt nhm gm 3 s m s ny bng tng ca hai s cn li hoc mt
nhm gm 2 s m s ny gp i s cn li.

Quy tc chuyn v.
1. Tnh cht ca ng thc : khi bin i cc ng thc ta thng p dng cc tnh
cht sau:
Nu a = b th a + c = b + c;
Nu a + c = b + c th a = b;
Nu a = b th b = a .
2. Quy tc chuyn v : khi chuyn mt s hng t v ny sang v kia ca mt ng
thc ta phi i du s hng : du + thnh du v du thnh
du + .
V d: Tm x Z , bit :
a) 3 x = (- 21) ( - 9) , hay 3 x = -21 + 9 hay 3 x = - 12 , do x = 3 + 12 = 15.
b) x 15 = 17 48 hay x = - 16.
Bi tp:
1. Tm y Z , bit :
a) y + 25 = - 63 ( - 17);
b) y + 20 = 95 _ 75;
c) 2y 15 = -11 ( - 16);
d) - 7 _ 2y = - 37 ( - 26).
2. Cho ba s - 25; 15; x (x Z). tm x , bit :
a) Tng ca ba s trn bng 50;
b) Tng ca ba s trn bng - 35;
c) Tng ca ba s trn bng 10.
2. Cho x , y Z . Hy chng minh rng:
a) nu x y > 0 th x > y ;
b) nu x > y th x y > 0.
3. Cho a Z. tm s nguyn x bit:
a) a + x = 11 ;
b) a x = 27.
Trong mi trng hp hy cho bit vi gi tr no ca a th x l s nguyn dng, s nguyn am , s 0?
4. Cho a Z. tm x Z bit
a) x= a ;
b) x + a = a.

bi v c ca mt s nguyn.
1. Bi v c ca mt s nguyn : cho a , b Z v b 0 . nu c s nguyn q sao
cho a = bq th ta ni a chia ht cho b. ta cn ni a l bi ca b va b l c ca a.
Ch :
Nu a = bq th ta cn ni a chia cho b c q v vit a : b = q.
S 0 l bi ca mi s nguyn khc 0.
S 0 khng phi l c ca bt k s nguyn no.

 Cc s 1 v 1 l c ca mi s nguyn.
2. Tnh cht:
Nu a chia ht cho b v b chia ht cho c th a cng chia ht cho c :
a b v b c a c.
Nu a chia ht cho b th bi ca a cng chia ht cho b :
m Z ta c a b a = am b.

Nu hai s a ,b chai ht cho c th tng v hiu ca chng cng chia ht cho

c
a c v b c ( a + b ) c v ( a b ) c.

V d . Tm s nguyn n , sao cho: (n - 6) ( n 1 ).

Gii . (n - 6) ( n 1 ) hay [ ( n 1 ) 5] ( n 1 ) suy ra ( - 5) ( n 1 ) hay (n 1) l c ca ( - 5). Do
:

Nu n 1 = -1 th n = 0;

Nu n 1 = 1 th n = 2;

Nu n 1 = - 5 th n = -4;

Nu n -1 = 5 th n = 6.

Th li:

Vi n = 0 th n 6 = - 6 , n- 1 = -1 v ( 6) ( - 1);

Vi n = 2 th n 6 = - 4 , n- 1 = 1 v ( 4) 1;

Vi n = -4 th n 6 = - 10 , n- 1 = -5 v ( 10) ( - 5);

Vi n = 6 th n 6 = 0 , n- 1 = 5 v 0 5;

vy n = - 4 , 0 , 2 ,6.
Bi tp
1. Chng t rng :
a) Tng ca ba s nguyn lin tip th chia ht cho 3;
b) Tng ca nm s nguyn lin tip th chia ht cho 5.
2. C hay khng mt hnh vung m s o di cc cnh l s nguyn v s o din tihcs bng 11111 ; (
2001 ch s 1)?
3. Tm s nguyn n sao cho:
a) (3n + 2) ( n 1 ).

b) (3n + 24) ( n 4 ).
c) (n2 + 5) ( n + 1 ).
4. Cho x, y l cc s nguyn . chng t rng nu 6x + 11y chia ht cho 31 th x + 7y cng chia ht cho 31.
iu ngc li c ng khng?
5. Chng t rng vi mi s nguyn n th :
a) ( n - 1)( n + 2) + 12 khng chia ht cho 9;
b) ( n + 2)( n + 9) + 21 khng chia ht cho 49;

Phn s bng nhau.

Hai phn s

a
c
v
gi l bng nhau nu : a. b = c. d.
b
d

V d . Lp cc cp phn s bng nhau t bn trong nm s sau: 3; 6; 12; 24; 48.

Gii. T nm s cho , c ba ng thc sau: 3. 24 = 6.12 ; 3.48 = 6.24; 6.48 = 12.24.
Vi ng thc 3.24 = 6.12 , trc ht ta lp mt cp phn s

3
12
=
(1). lp cc cp phn s bng nhau
6
24

khc ta lm nh sau:

Tro i v tr s 3 v 24 ca (1), ta c cp phn s

24
12
=
.
6
3

Tro i v tr s 6 v 12 ca (1), ta c cp phn s

3
6
=
.
12
24

Tro i v tr s 3 v 24 , 6 v 12 ca (1), ta c cp phn s

24
6
=
.
12
3

Tm li t ng thc 3.24 = 6.12, ta lp c 4 cp phn s bng nhau.

Cch lm tng t vi hai ng thc cn li , ta c 8 cp phn s bng nhau na.
Vy c tt c 12 cp phn s bng nhau:
3
12 24
12 3
6
24
6
=
;
=
;
=
;
=
;
6
24
6
3 12
24 12
3
3
48 48
24
3
6
48
6
=
;
=
;
=
;
=
;
6
24
6
3
24
48 24
3
6
24 48
24
6
12 48
12
=
;
=
;
=
;
=
;
12
48 12
6
24
48 24
6

V d. Tm cc cp s nguyn x, y bit :
Gii. T

2
x

y
.
3

2
y
=
, suy ra xy = - 6.
x
3

tm cc cp s nguyn x , y ta phi xt tt c cc cch phn tch s -6 dc dangjtichs ca hai s nguyn:

( - 6) = ( - 1).6 = 6 .( -1) = ( -2) .3 = ( - 3) .2.
V vai tr ca x , y nh nhau nn c 8 cp s nguyn tha mn bi :

-1

-6

-3

-2

-1

-6

-3

-2

Bi tp.
1.Vit cc phn s sau di dng phn s co mu dng:
22
3
11 51
;
;
;
;
37 19 39 57

2.Tm cc s nguyn x,y bit:

a)

7
x
x
x
3
5
=
; b)
=
; c)
=
.
y
y
y 1
3
11
19

3. Tm cc s nguyn x , y ,z ,t bit :
12
x
y
z
t
=
=
=
=
.
6
5
3
17
9

4.Tm cc s nguyn x, y , z bit :

4
24
x
z3
=
= 2 =
.
y
6
3
2

5. Lp cc cp phn s bng nhau t bn trong su s sau :

- 5 ; - 3 ; - 2 ; 6 ; 10 ; 15.
6. Tm cc s t nhin a , b , bit rng a ,b l cc s nguyn t cng nhau
v

a + 7b 29
=
.
a + 5b
28

Rt gn phn s.
1. Mun rt gn mt phn s ta chia c t v mu ca phn s cho mt s
c chung ( khc 1 hoc 1) ca chng c phn s n gian hn.

2. Phn s ti gin l phn s khng th rt gn c na. phn s

a
ti
b

gin nu avb l hai s nguyn t cng nhau.

V d. Chng t rng phn s

5n + 3
l phn s ti gin vi n
3n + 2

N.

V n N , nn 5n + 3 N* v 3n + 2 N* . do vy chng minh phn s

N. at phi chng minh 5n + 3 v 3n + 2 l hai s nguyn t cng nhau.

5n + 3
l phn s ti gin vi n
3n + 2

Gi CLN ca 5n + 3 v 3n + 2 l d ( d N v d 1) , ta c 5n + 3 d v 3n + 2 d , do 3(5n + 3) d v
5(3n + 2) d . suy ra 5(3n + 2) - 3(5n + 3) hay 15n + 10 15n 9 d , hay 1 d , do d = 1 .vy phn
5n + 3
s
l phn s ti gin vi n N.
3n + 2
V d . tm phn s bng phn s
Gii . ta c:

188887
, bit tng gia t v mu ca phn s l 6.
211109

188887
17
17 k
=
. Cc phn s pahir tm c dng
(k
211109
19
19k

Z , k 0).

V tng gia t v mu ca phn s l 6 nn 17k + 19k = 6 suy ra k = 3.

Vy phn s phi tm l :

17.3 51
=
19.3
57

Bi tp
1. Rt gn cc phn s sau:

a)

2 3.3
2 2.3 2.5

b)

( 2) 3 .33.5 5.7.8
3.2 4.5 3.14

2. Rt gn cc phn s sau:
a)

5 2.611.16 2 + 6 2.12 6.15 2

25 28 + 25 24 + ... + 25 4 + 1
;
b)
2.612.10 4 812.960 3
25 30 + 25 28 + ... + 25 2 + 1

3. Chng t rng vi mi s nguyn n , cc phn s sau l phn s ti gin:

a)

15n +1
30n +1

b)

n 3 + 2n
.
n 4 + 3n 2 + 1

4. Tm tt c cc s nguyn phn s
5. a) Cho phn s
5
?
7

18n + 3
l phn s ti gin.
21n + 7

13
. Phi them vo t v mu ca phn s , s t nhin no c phn s bng phn s
9

b) Cho phn s

19
. Phi thm vo t v mu ca phn s , s t nhin no c phn s bng phn s
44

22
?
47

6. Dung mt trong chn ch s t 1 n 9 ghp thnh mt phn s m mi phn s ln lt bng : 2 ,3, 4,

5,6 ,7 , 8, 9.
7. Tm phn s ti gin

a
, bit:
b

a) Cng t vi 4 . mu vi 10 th c mt phn s bng phn s cho;

b) cng mu vo t , cng mu vo mu th c mt phn s gp 2 ln phn s cho.
8. Tm phn s , bit :
a) Phn s bng phn s

9
v BCNN ca t v mu l 360;
20

b) Phn s bng phn s

20
v CLN ca t v mu l 36.
39

9. Tm phn s

a
1
, bit rng phn s bng phn s
.
ab
6a

10. Chng t rng nu phn s

5n 2 + 1
l s t nhin vi n
6

N th c phn s

n
n
v
l cc phn s ti
2
3

gin.

Quy ng mu nhiu phn s.

Mun quy ng mu nhiu phn s vi mu dng ta lm nh sau:
Bc 1 : Tm mt bi chung ca cc mu ( thng l BCNN) lm mu chung.
Bc 2: Tm tha s ph ca mi mu ( bng cch chia mu chung cho tng mu).
Bc 3: Nhn t v mu ca phn s vi tha s ph tng ng.
V d. Rt gn ri quy ng mu s cc phn s sau:

4.5 + 4.11 15.8 +10.7

2 4.5 2.7
;
v 3
.
8.7 4.3
5.6 + 20.3
2 .5.7 2.11

Gii. rt gn cc phn s:
4(5 +11)
4.5 + 4.11
4.16
16
=
=
=
;
4(2.7 3)
8.7 + 4.3
4.11
11
5(3.8 2.7)
15.8 +10.7
5.10
10
5
=
=
=
=
;
5(6 + 4.3)
5.6 + 20.3
5.18
18
9
2 .5
10
2 4.5 2 .7
2.2 3.5.5.7
=
=
=
.
3
2
3
7.11
77
2 .5.7 .11
2 .5.7.7.11

Quy ng mu ba phn s :

16 5 10
;
;
.
11 9 77

Mu chung : 7.9.11 = 693.

Cc tha s ph tng ng : 9.7 = 63 ; 7.11 = 77 v 9.
Vy :

16
16.63
1008 5
5.77
385 10 10.9
90
=
=
;
=
=
;
=
=
.
11
11.63
693
9
9.77
693
77
77.9 693

Bi tp:
1. Tm mu chung ca cc phn s sau :
a)

13
2 .3.5 2
2

11
19
23
; b) 2
v
2
2 .3 .5.7
3 .7.11
3.7 2.13
4

2. Tm tt c c phn s m t v mu u l cc s t nhin khc 0 c mt ch s , t km mu 3 n v v c

a) BC ca cc t l 210;
b) BC ca cc mu l 210;
c) BC ca cc t v mu l 210;
3. Tm cc ch s a , b ,c :
a) Phn s

36
= a + b;
ab

b) Phn s

1000
= abc .
a +b +c

4. Cho ba phn s:

5 2 5.3 2 4 6.9 5 + 6 9.120 2929 101

;
;
2.1919 + 404
5 3 + 5 2.3 2
8 4.312 611

Rt gn ri quy ng mu cc phn s .
6. Tm phn s c mu bng 11 , bit rng khi cng t vi 18, nhn mu vi
7 th c mt phn s bng phn s ban u.
7. a) Tm phn s bng phn s

8
, c tch gia t v mu bng 324;
18

b)Tm phn s bit tch ca t v mu l 550 v mu ca phn s ch cha cc s nguyn t 2 v 5.

So snh phn s.
1. Vi hai phn s cng mu dng , ta c :
a) Nu a < c v b > 0 th

a c
<
.
b b

b) Nu a > c v b > 0 th

a c
> .
b b

2. Mun so snh hai phn s khng cng mu , ta vit chng di dng hai phn
s c cng mt mu dng ri so snh cc t vi nhau. Phn s no c t ln
hn th phn s ln hn.

V d: Hy tm cc phn s , tha mn mi iu kin sau:

a) C mu l 30 , ln hn

5
6
v nh hn
.
17
17

b) C mu l 5 , ln hn

2
1
v nh hn
.
3
6

Trong mi trng hp trn hy sp xp cc phn s theo th t t nh n ln.

Gii. a) Gi phn s cn tm l

a
, trong a
30

Z., ta c:

5
a
6
150
17a
180
<
<
, quy ng mu chung ca ba phn s ta c :
<
<
; suy ra 150 < 17a <
17
30
17
510
510
510
9
3
10
1
180 , do 8 < a < 11 , m a Z. nn a = 8 ,10. vy c hai phn s tha mn bi :
=
;
=
.
30 10 30
3

Sp xp cc phn s theo th t t nh n ln :

5
3 1
6
<
<
<
.
17
10 3
17

b) Cch lm tn t : ta tim c ba phn s tha mn bi :

3 2 1
;
;
.
5
5
5

Sp xp cc phn s theo th t t nh n ln :

2
3 2 1
1
<
<
<
<
.
3
5
5
5
6

Bi tp :
1. in s thch hp vo ch co du
a)

10
...
...
...
...
5
<
<
<
<
<
;
23
23 23 23 23
23

b)

1 ...
...
1
<
<
<
.
5
30 15 10

2. Hy tm cc phn s , sao cho :

a) C mu l 20 , ln hn
b) Ln hn

5
5
v nh hn
.
7
6
4
. cng cng thm 3 vo t v mu ca phn s th phn s tm c ln hn hay nh
5

3. a) Cho phn s
hn

4
?
5

b) Cho phn s
hn

4
5
v nh hn
;
13
13

5
. cng cng thm 3 vo t v mu ca phn s th phn s tm c ln hn hay nh
4

5
?
4

4. Cho hai phn s

1
2
v
. hy tm :
6
3

a) Nm phn s c t v mu cng l s dng , sao cho cc phn s ln hn

1
2
v nh hn
;
6
3

b) hai mi phn s c t v mu cng l s dng , sao cho cc phn s ln hn

1
2
v nh hn
;
6
3

c) C nhn xt g v s cc phn s c cng t v mu cng l s dng , sao cho cc phn s ln hn

nh hn

2
;
3

5. Hy vit ba phn s c mu khc nhau , xen gia hai phn s :

1
1
v
2
3

1
v
6

Tnh cht c bn ca php cng phn s.

1. Tnh cht giao hon : khi i ch cc phn s trng mt tng th tng
khng i .
Vi mi phn s

a
c
a
c
c
a
v
ta c :
+
=
+ .
b
d
b
d
d
b

2. Tnh cht kt hp : mun cng mt tng hai phn s vi phn s th

ba , ta c th cng phn s th nht vi tng hai phn s cn li.
Vi mi phn s

p
a c
,
,
q
b d

ta c : (

p
a
c
a
c
+
)+
=
+(
+
q
b
d
b
d

p
).
q

3. Tng ca mt phn s vi 0 bng chnh phn s : Vi mi phn s

a
a
a
a
, ta c
+0=
+0=
.
b
b
b
b
V d : Tnh nhanh cc tng sau:
a) A =

2 3 4 1 5
1
+
+ + +
+
.
7
8
7 7
8
3

b) B =

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
+
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 7
6
5
4
3
2

Gii.a) p dng tnh cht giao hon v kt hp ca php cng phn s , gp cc phn s c cng mu vo tng
nhm, ta c :
A=(

2 4 1
3 5
1
1
+ + )+(
+
)+
=
.
7 7 7
8
8
3
3

b)p dng tnh cht giao hon v kt hp ca php cng phn s , gp cc phn s c tng bng 0 vo tng
nhm, ta c :
B=(

1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7
+
)+(
+ )+( +
)+(
+ )+( +
)+(
+ )+
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8

B =

7
.
8

Bi tp:
1.Thc hin php tnh mt cch hp l , tnh cc tng sau:

A=

2 3 3
1
1
1
1
+
+ +
+
+
+
9
4
5 15 57
3
36

B=

1 1 5 1 3
1
1
+
+
+ +
+
+
2
5
7
6 35
3
41

C==

1 3 1
1
7
4
2
+ +
+
+
+
+
2
5
9 127 18
35
7

2. Tm cc s nguyn x bit :
a)

1
2 1 1
3 2 3 5
1
+
+ +
x<
+
+ +
+
.
3
5
6
5
4
7 5 7
4

b)

5
4 20 12 11
3 7
4
8
2
+
+
+
+
<x
+
+
+
+
17
9
31
17
31
7
15 7 15 3

3. Cho S =

1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+.+
+
. Hy so snh S vi
51 52 53
99 100
2

4. Ba vi nc cng chy vo mt chic b khng cha nc. Nu m ring tng vi th vi th nht chy y b
trong 3 gi , vi th hai chy trong 4 gi v vi th ba trong 5 gi.Hi:
a) Trong 1 gi, ni vi chy c my phn ca b?
b) Trong 1 gi,c ba vi cng chy th c my phn ca b?